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Journal articles on the topic 'Beam quality, Beam Profile, High power laser'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Hou, Guanyu, Lijie Wang, Jian Feng, Andreas Popp, Berthold Schmidt, Huanyu Lu, Shili Shu, Sicong Tian, Cunzhu Tong, and Lijun Wang. "Beam Control in an Intracavity Frequency-Doubling Semiconductor Disk Laser." Applied Sciences 9, no. 8 (April 17, 2019): 1584. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9081584.

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In this paper, we have demonstrated a 1.3 W green laser using a V-shaped intracavity frequency doubling 1036 nm semiconductor disk laser. The beam quality of the fundamental and second harmonic generation (SHG) laser is investigated. It has been found that the output lasers at the fundamental and SHG wavelength both suffer from reduced beam quality along with power scaling. The measured beam profile is elliptical under high power operation. In order to improve the SHG laser beam, an intracavity aperture is employed to control the mode characteristics of fundamental frequency light. By fine-tuning the aperture, a nearly circular beam profile with improving beam quality and brightness is realized.

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2

Nguyen, Thanh-Phuong. "Characterization of High-power DFB-MOPA Diode Lasers Emitting at 1064 nm." Communications in Physics 29, no. 1 (February 5, 2019): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0868-3166/29/1/13221.

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Detail characterization of the such laser diode is important for the applications. Electro-Optical and spectral characteristics of the high power 1064 nm DFB-MOPA lasers are investigated at room temperature as function of injection current. Beam quality is characterized by waist diameter and far-field divergence angle versus average optical output power. Beam propagation ratio M2 is defined at difference intensity levels from lateral beam profile giving more detail laser behaviors at high power.

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3

Coroado, Julio, Supriyo Ganguly, Wojciech Suder, Stewart Williams, Sonia Meco, and Goncalo Pardal. "Selection of parameters in nanosecond pulsed wave laser micro-welding." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 115, no. 9-10 (May 31, 2021): 2929–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-07251-8.

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AbstractThe digital control of the latest nanosecond pulsed wave (PW) fibre lasers allows very high flexibility in controlling the application of the total energy to a workpiece, which brings several advantages to the joining process. By choosing different pulse shapes in different spatial profiles, it is possible to apply low energy per pulse with high precision and accuracy resulting in lower heat input. Since the energy of each pulse is insufficient to generate melting, these lasers operate at very high pulse repetition frequencies near continuous wave (CW) regime. Nevertheless, the peak powers of PW lasers are much higher than CW. In this research, the effect of peak power, pulse energy, pulse width, pulse repetition frequency and duty cycle has been studied. The experimental work was conducted in bead on plate of austenitic stainless steel to investigate the effect of laser on the weld geometry, i.e. depth of penetration and width. An empirical model, previously established for CW mode, which enables the achievement of a particular penetration depth independent of the beam diameter, was redesigned and tested for PW mode. The “pulse power factor model” allows the laser user to select a weld profile that meets certain quality and productivity requirements independent of the laser system. It was shown that identical depth of penetration but different weld metal profile can be obtained for a specific beam diameter for a range of different system parameters by keeping a constant trade-off between pulse power factor and interaction time.

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4

Ihama, Masahiro, Yuji Sato, Yuta Mizuguchi, Norio Yoshida, Sasitorn Srisawadi, Dhritti Tanprayoon, Tetsuo Suga, and Masahiro Tsukamoto. "Suppression of denudation zone using laser profile control in vacuum selective laser melting." Journal of Laser Applications 35, no. 1 (February 2023): 012004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/7.0000749.

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A vacuum selective laser melting method with a beam profile control was developed to fabricate the high quality 3D object. To investigate the quality of 3D fabrication, the denudation zone (DZ) as a quality indicator was evaluated to make a single bead. The main challenge is to clarify the correlation between the DZ and beam profiles. The beam profiles, such as a Gaussian mode, a doughnut mode, and a flat-top mode, were formed in several modes, by a dioptric system with a beam shaper. A stainless steel 316L (SS316L) powder was irradiated in arbitrary pressure to form a single bead, and then the DZ was measured. As a result, it was found that the flat-top mode recorded the minimum value of the DZ under atmospheric pressure. Thus, the dynamics of the metal vapor while the laser irradiation were observed by the Schlieren imaging technique under atmospheric pressure. The average velocity of metal vapor with flat-top mode was the slowest, i.e., 0.199 m/s. It was found that the DZ becomes small depending on the dynamics of metal vapor. The ambient pressure was reduced to 300 Pa in order to reduce the gas movement, and the DZ with flat-top mode was improved to record a minimum value of 0.048 mm, 1/3 of the DZ at atmospheric pressure.

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5

LUKISHOVA, SVETLANA G. "NONLINEAR OPTICAL RESPONSE OF CYANOBIPHENYL LIQUID CRYSTALS TO HIGH-POWER, NANOSECOND LASER RADIATION." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 09, no. 03 (September 2000): 365–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863500000212.

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Results from investigations are summarized into: (1) transient refractive and absorptive (two-photon) nonlinearities at 0.532 μm by the Z-scan method, and (2) reflective nonlinearity in the near-IR, of linearly nonabsorbing cyanobiphenyl liquid crystals under nanosecond laser irradiation. (1) For isotropic liquid crystals at the several-nanosecond time scale and several tens-micrometers beam-waist-diameter, transient molecular-reorientation and thermal/density refractive nonlinearities compete in changing the sign of the total transient refractive nonlinearity. For the different, given pulse durations, the influence of coupled thermal and density effects on nonlinear refraction depends, through buildup time, on the beam-waist diameter. Nonlinear absorption coefficients depend on the incident intensity. For planar nematic layers, cumulative effects in heating (and in refractive nonlinearity) were observed even at low, 2–10 Hz pulse repetition rate. These results are useful for optical power limiting applications, and for intensity and beam-quality sensors of pulsed, high-power lasers. (2) Reflective nonlinearity of chiral-nematic (cholesteric) mirrors near selective reflection conditions for circular polarized light at λ=1.064 μm was studied both under free space irradiation and inside a laser resonator. Specially chosen experimental irradiation conditions make it possible to attribute the observed changing of reflectivity to athermal helix unwinding by the optical field. The results can find applications in laser-resonator mirrors, Q-switches and soft apertures for beam-profile formation, and also in showing the limits of use cholesteric optical elements in high-power laser beams.

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6

Morimoto, Junji, Yutaka Katoh, Shinji Fukuhara, Nobuyuki Abe, Masahiro Tsukamoto, and Shigeru Tanaka. "Micro-Hardening of Carbon Steel with a Direct Diode Laser." Solid State Phenomena 118 (December 2006): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.118.197.

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Surface treatments, surface modification and surface engineering are required to improve the wear resistance, erosion resistance, friction resistance and corrosion protection. Transformation hardening of metals has been used since ancient times to increase the hardness and thereby vastly reduce the wear rate of metal surfaces in use. Today several processes are in use to achieve the controlled heating and rapid cooling required for transformation process. Transformation hardening is one of the most attractive processes for high power diode lasers, since their moderate beam quality and their low power density is sufficient for many applications. Generally laser hardening generates less distortion than conventional methods. In this study, the effect of laser beam characteristics (beam profile, power density, power etc) was examined on the micro hardening of carbon steel.

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7

Krainara, Siriwan, Shuya Chatani, Heishun Zen, Toshiteru Kii, and Hideaki Ohgaki. "Manipulation of Laser Distribution to Mitigate the Space-Charge Effect for Improving the Performance of a THz Coherent Undulator Radiation Source." Particles 1, no. 1 (November 7, 2018): 238–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/particles1010018.

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A THz coherent undulator radiation (THz-CUR) source has been developed at the Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University. A photocathode Radio-Frequency (RF) gun and a bunch compressor chicane are used for generating short-bunch electron beams. When the electron beam energy is low, the space-charge effect strongly degrades the beam quality, such as the bunch length and the energy spread at the high bunch charge condition at around 160 pC, and results in the reduction of the highest frequency and the maximum radiated power of the THz-CUR. To mitigate the space charge effect, we have investigated the dependence of the electron beam quality on the laser distribution in transverse and longitudinal directions by using a numerical simulation code, General Particle Tracer GPT. The manipulation of the laser distribution has potential for improving the performance of the THz-CUR source. The electron bunch was effectively compressed with the chicane magnet when the laser transverse distribution was the truncated Gaussian profile, illuminating a cathode. Moreover, the compressed electron bunch was shortened by enlarging the laser pulse width. Consequently, an enhancement of the radiated power of the THz-CUR has been indicated.

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8

Nahr, Florian, Dominic Bartels, Richard Rothfelder, and Michael Schmidt. "Influence of Novel Beam Shapes on Laser-Based Processing of High-Strength Aluminium Alloys on the Basis of EN AW-5083 Single Weld Tracks." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 7, no. 3 (May 9, 2023): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp7030093.

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The commonly used Gaussian intensity distribution during the laser-based processing of metals can negatively affect melt pool stability, which might lead to defects such as porosity, hot cracking, or poor surface quality. Hot cracking is a major factor in limiting production rates of high-strength aluminium alloys in laser-based processes such as welding or the powder bed fusion of metals (PBF-LB/M). Going away from a Gaussian intensity distribution to ring-shaped profiles allows for a more even heat distribution during processing, resulting in more stable melt pools and reduced defect formations. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the influence of different laser beam profiles on the processing of high-strength aluminium alloys by using a multicore fiber laser, allowing for in-house beam shaping. Single weld tracks on the aluminium alloy EN AW-5083 are produced with varying laser powers and weld speeds, as well as different beam profiles, ranging from Gaussian intensity distribution to point/ring profiles. The molten cross sections are analyzed regarding their geometry and defects, and the surface roughness of the weld tracks is measured. By using point/ring beam profiles, the processing window can be significantly increased. Hot cracking is considerably reduced for weld speeds of up to 1000 mm/s compared to the Gaussian beam profile. Furthermore, the melt pool width and depth are more stable, with varying parameters for the point/ring profiles, while the Gaussian beam tends to keyhole formation at higher beam powers. Finally, a strong decrease in surface roughness for the point/ring profiles, accompanied by a significantly reduced humping effect, starting even at lower beam powers of 200 W, can be observed. Therefore, these results show the potential of beam shaping for further applications in laser-based processing of high-strength aluminium alloys.

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9

Laptev, Alexei V., Gleb V. Kuptsov, Vladimir A. Petrov, and Victor V. Petrov. "ASTIGMATISM COMPENSATION IN BLOCK OF TEMPORAL BROADENING OF PULSE FOR PUMP CHANNEL OF HIGH POWER LASER SYSTEM." Vestnik SSUGT (Siberian State University of Geosystems and Technologies) 25, no. 4 (2020): 205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2411-1759-2020-25-4-205-212.

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A high peak and high average power femtosecond laser system based on media doped with Yb3+ ions is being developed at the Institute of Laser Physics of the SB RAS. For efficient laser amplification and to avoid optical damage is actually to compensate wave front distortion caused by grating astigmatism in pump channel. Based on theory of propagation of gaussian beam in space and through optical elements the calculation of optimal parameters of two lenses telescope and comparison with experimental data has been performed. The obtained results can be used for decrease of astigmatic effect on beam profile quality in design of laser systems with elements involving astigmatism.

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10

Li, Peizhi, Yu Fan, Chonghao Zhang, Zhiyuan Zhu, Wenteng Tian, and Anmin Liu. "Research on Heat Source Model and Weld Profile for Fiber Laser Welding of A304 Stainless Steel Thin Sheet." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5895027.

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A heat source model is the key issue for laser welding simulation. The Gaussian heat source model is not suitable to match the actual laser weld profile accurately. Furthermore, fiber lasers are widely recognized to result in good-quality laser beam output, a narrower weld zone, less distortion, and high process efficiency, compared with other types of lasers (such as CO2, Nd : YAG, and diode lasers). At present, there are few heat source models for fiber laser welding. Most of researchers evaluate the weld profile only by the bead width and depth of penetration, which is not suitable for the laser keyhole welding nail-like profile. This paper reports an experimental study and FEA simulation of fiber laser butt welding on 1 mm thick A304 stainless steel. A new heat source model (cylindrical and cylindrical) is established to match the actual weld profile using Marc and Fortran software. Four bead geometry parameters (penetration depth, bead width, waist width, and depth of the waist) are used to compare between the experimental and simulation results. The results show that the heat source model of cylindrical and cylindrical can match the actual shape of the fiber laser welding feasibly. The error range of the penetration depth, bead width, waist width, and depth of the waist between experimental and simulation results is about 4.1 ± 1.6%, 2.9 ± 2.0%, 13.6 ± 7.4/%, and 18.3 ± 8.0%, respectively. In addition, it is found that the depth of penetration is more sensitive to laser power rather than bead width, waist width, and depth of the waist. Welding speed has a similar influence on the depth of penetration, weld width, waist width, and depth of the waist.

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11

Tu, Jay F., Kishore N. Lankalapalli, Mark Gartner, and Keng H. Leong. "On-Line Estimation of Laser Weld Penetration." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 119, no. 4 (December 1, 1997): 791–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2802392.

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High-power CO2 laser welding has been widely used in the industry because of its high productivity and excellent weld quality. In order to tap the potential of this process completely, it is important to have on-line weld quality inspection methods to improve the process productivity and reliability by achieving 100 percent weld inspection. Weld penetration is one of the most important factors critical to the quality of a laser weld. However, it is very difficult to directly measure the extent of penetration without sectioning the workpiece. In this paper a model-based penetration depth estimation technique suitable for the production environment is developed. The proposed model relates the temperature measured on the bottom surface of the workpiece, weld bead width, laser beam power and welding speed to penetration depth. The closed-loop depth estimator combines the model and a model-error compensator to compensate for the uncertainty in the measurement of the laser power and absorptivity. Other effects considered are the averaging due to the finite size of the sensor, delay based on the sensor location and the process and sensor dynamics. Several bead-on-plate and butt welds were made on low carbon steel plates to validate the static process models and the depth estimation scheme. Temperatures on the bottom surface of the workpiece during welding were measured using infrared thermocouples. The welds were sectioned longitudinally to obtain the penetration profile. The penetration profiles estimated by the depth estimator matched satisfactorily with the measured penetration profiles. The results validate the capability of the proposed depth estimator to estimate penetration depth and its ability to trace the dynamic changes in penetration depth.

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12

Gorajek, Lukasz, Przemyslaw Gontar, Jan Jabczynski, Jozef Firak, Marek Stefaniak, Miroslaw Dabrowski, Tomasz Orzanowski, et al. "Characterization of Absorption Losses and Transient Thermo-Optic Effects in a High-Power Laser System." Photonics 7, no. 4 (October 22, 2020): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics7040094.

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(1) Background: The modeling, characterization, and mitigation of transient lasers, thermal stress, and thermo-optic effects (TOEs) occurring inside high energy lasers have become hot research topics in laser physics over the past few decades. The physical sources of TOEs are the un-avoidable residual absorption and scattering in the volume and on the surface of passive and active laser elements. Therefore, it is necessary to characterize and mitigate these effects in real laser systems under high-power operations. (2) Methods: The laboratory setup comprised a 10-kW continuous wave laser source with a changeable beam diameter, and dynamic registration of the transient temperature profiles was applied using an infrared camera. Modeling using COMSOL Multiphysics enabled matching of the surface and volume absorption coefficients to the experimental data of the temperature profiles. The beam quality was estimated from the known optical path differences (OPDs) occurring within the examined sample. (3) Results: The absorption loss coefficients of dielectric coatings were determined for the evaluation of several coating technologies. Additionally, OPDs for typical transmissive and reflective elements were determined. (4) Conclusions: The idea of dynamic self-compensation of transient TOEs using a tailored design of the considered transmissive and reflecting elements is proposed.

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13

Kaufmann, Florian, Andreas Maier, Julian Schrauder, Stephan Roth, and Michael Schmidt. "Influence of superimposed intensity distributions on weld seam quality and spatter behavior during laser beam welding of copper with green laser radiation." Journal of Laser Applications 34, no. 4 (November 2022): 042008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/7.0000771.

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With the increasing demand for copper connections in the field of renewable energies, e.g., for electric vehicle applications, various approaches were pursued to reduce the challenging spatter and melt ejection susceptibility in laser beam welding of copper materials. One is the use of adjustable intensity profiles of multi-mode beam sources with a combination of a core and ring beam in order to affect a modification of the flow field in the melt pool surrounding the highly dynamic keyhole in the deep penetration welding process. This should favor a reduction of spattering and melt pool ejections, especially at low weld speeds and high penetration depths in pure copper, therefore enabling a more stable deep penetration welding process. In this work, the influence of different superimposed intensity distribution ratios for green laser radiation with summarized power up to 3 kW on the generation of process imperfections was investigated conducting welding experiments on Cu-ETP using high-speed imaging for enhanced process understanding. In addition, the effects of different power distribution conditions and welding speeds on the seam dimensions were analyzed. It was found that a significant amount of laser power in the ring beam leads to a widening of the melt pool in the area near the sample top-surface, which effectively reduces spatter behavior. The associated change in process zone morphology in laser beam direction was furthermore observed via sandwich analysis, allowing a detailed view into the laser–matter interaction area through a borosilicate glass sheet clamped in front of a processed sample. This setup was found to be a cost-effective method for obtaining further information about the keyhole formation mechanism and melt dynamics under comparative boundary conditions.

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Balakin, A. A., S. A. Skobelev, A. V. Andrianov, E. A. Anashkina, and A. G. Litvak. "COHERENT PROPAGATION OF LASER BEAMS IN MCF FIBERS." XXII workshop of the Council of nonlinear dynamics of the Russian Academy of Sciences 47, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 21–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.29006/1564-2291.jor-2019.47(1).5.

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The successful development of fiber-optic technologies in recent decades has stimulated research on the replacement of components of solid-state laser systems with fiber components, which can drastically change the attractiveness of the corresponding applied developments. Yielding on the energy characteristics of solid-state systems, fiber lasers and nonlinear optical devices have high efficiency of conversion of pump energy to radiation energy associated with waveguide geometry, high quality of the spatial profile of the laser beam, as well as low cost, compactness, lack of alignment in work process. Note that the maximum achievable radiation power in a single fiber is limited primarily by the process of self-focusing, which leads to fiber damage. The use of a multi-core fiber (MCF), consisting of identical equidistant weakly coupled optical fibers, makes it possible to realize initially coherent propagation of laser radiation with a total power noticeably higher than it can be transmitted in a single optical fiber. However, as theoretical and experimental studies have shown, such systems have its own critical power (Balakin et al., 2016) whereby the self-focusing of the quasihomogeneous distribution of the wave field and its separation into a set of incoherent structures occurs. Therefore, we have considered a small-sized optical system of 2N identical weakly coupled optical fibers arranged in a ring (Balakin et. al., 2018). In such systems, it is possible to find stable distributions of intense wave beams, which allow coherent radiation transport over long distances. The total radiation power in the found distributions can significantly (up to 2N times) exceed the critical self-focusing power in continuous media. This manifests itself most clearly for the distribution of un ~ (-1)n with antiphase fields in neighboring waveguides, which is stable at an arbitrary wave beam power. Direct numerical simulation of a nonlinear wave equation confirms the stability of the field distributions found. The research was supported by the RAS Presidium Program «Nonlinear dynamics: fundamental problems and applications».

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15

Kong, H. J., S. S. Lee, H. S. Kim, K. G. Han, N. S. Kim, K. Y. Um, J. R. Park, and J. Y. Lee. "High-power Nd3+:glass laser system in KAIST (Sinmyung I)." Laser and Particle Beams 15, no. 2 (June 1997): 317–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600010612.

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A high-power Nd3+:glass laser system has been constructed and tested. This system consists of a master oscillator, a four-pass amplifier for preamplification, and five-stage amplifiers. The system has been demonstrated in excess of 80 J (2 TW) at 40-ps pulse duration. Final laser beam quality was quite good due to the compensation of the polarization distortion in the four-pass preamplifier, the minimization of the diffraction effect by the image relaying, and the elimination of high spatial frequency components by the spatial filtering. This enables us to obtain high laser output power without any severe spatial spiking effects. Gains and spatial profiles of output pulses were measured after each amplifier stage.

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16

Lin, Xian-Feng, Zhi-Lun Zhang, Ying-Bin Xing, Gui Chen, Lei Liao, Jing-Gang Peng, Hai-Qing Li, Neng-Li Dai, and Jin-Yan Li. "Near-single-mode 2-kW fiber amplifier based on M-type ytterbium-doped fiber." Acta Physica Sinica 71, no. 3 (2022): 034205. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.71.20211751.

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High power fiber laser systems have attracted extensive attention due to compactness, good beam quality, efficient heat dissipation and high conversion efficiency. They are widely used in industrial processing, military, medical treatment and other fields. Over the past two decades, owing to the development of double cladding fiber and high-brightness laser diodes, the output power of fiber lasers has been greatly improved. Unfortunately, nonlinear effects (NLEs), such as stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), restrict the further enhancement of the output power of fiber lasers. Apparently, increasing the core diameter is the most common way to suppress NLEs in the fiber, but this causes another limiting factor, i.e. mode instability (MI), resulting in the deterioration of the beam quality and in the limitation of the power scaling. Therefore, it is important and urgent to suppress the NLEs and MI simultaneously in fiber lasers. The M-type fiber, by designing refractive index profile, breaks through the stringent trade-off between mode area and numerical aperture (NA), so it possesses a larger mode area than the step index fiber, which helps to avoid NLEs and expand the power range. The M-type ytterbium doped double-clad fiber is fabricated by the modified chemical vapor deposition (MCVD) process with solution doping technology (SDT), the core/cladding diameter is 25/400 μm. The NA of high index ring and index dip in the core are 0.054 and 0.025, respectively. To test the performance of the M-type fiber during high-power operation, a 976 nm bidirectional pumped all-fiber amplifier is constructed. As a result, maximum output power of 2285 W is achieved with an optical-to-optical conversion efficiency of 66.5% under bidirectional pumping scheme, and the measured <i>M</i><sup> 2</sup> factor is 1.42, the central wavelength and 3 dB linewidth of output laser are 1080 nm and 3.01 nm, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest output power in a continuous-wave fiber laser employing an M-type fiber at present. However, the MI effect is observed at the output power of 2252 W. The future work will focus on optimizing the structure of the M-type fiber to achieve a stabler higher-power and higher-efficiency laser output.

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17

Manikandan, B., G. Harinarayanan, V. Surender, D. Ravi, and Amit Kumar Vishvakarma. "Optimization and Performance of Laser Machining on Domex Steel." Key Engineering Materials 935 (November 30, 2022): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-qg02z5.

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In metal forming process, laser machining is plays a foremost role. It is utilized to machine very hard profile with exceptional quality characteristics. Domex 700 steel has high strength and wear resistant. The formability, durability and weldability of the domex steel are better than other grade of steels. Laser beam machining is suitable to machine domex steel with different input constrains such as power of laser, laser speed and standoff distance (SoD). The responses such as rate of metal removal (RMR) and surface roughness (SR) were recorded based on the variation of input factors. The effect and quality characteristics were optimized through taguchi approach. The variance analysis was provided the contribution of each factor with their effect on the response.

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Di Paolantonio, Marco, Davide Dionisi, and Gian Luigi Liberti. "A semi-automated procedure for the emitter–receiver geometry characterization of motor-controlled lidars." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 15, no. 5 (March 9, 2022): 1217–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1217-2022.

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Abstract. To correctly understand and interpret lidar-acquired signals and to provide high-quality data, the characterization of the lidar transmitter–receiver geometry is required. For example, being fundamental to correctly align lidar systems, this characterization is useful to improve the efficiency of the alignment procedure. In addition, some applications (e.g. air quality monitoring) need to quantitatively interpret the observations even in the range where the overlap between the telescope field of view and the laser beam is incomplete. This is generally accomplished by correcting for the overlap function. Within the frame of lidar-based networks (e.g. ACTRIS/EARLINET, the Aerosol, Clouds and Trace Gases Research Infrastructure/European Aerosol Research Lidar Network), there is a need to define standardized approaches to deal with lidar geometry issues. The multi-wavelength multi-telescope Rayleigh–Mie–Raman “9-eyes” system in Rome Tor Vergata, part of ACTRIS/EARLINET, has the capability, through computer-controlled servomotors, to change the orientation of the laser beams and the 3D position of the diaphragm of the receiving optical system around the focal point of the telescopes. Taking advantage of these instrumental design characteristics an original approach to characterize the dependency of the acquired signal from the system relative transmitter–receiver geometry (the mapping procedure) was developed. The procedure consists in a set of programs controlling both the signal acquisition as well as the motor movements. The approach includes solutions to account for atmospheric and laser power variability likely to occur during the mapping sessions. The paper describes in detail the developed procedure and applications such as the optimization of the telescope/beam alignment and the estimation of the overlap function. The results of the mapping applied to a single combination of telescope-laser beam are shown and discussed. The effectiveness of the mapping-based alignment was successfully verified by comparing the whole signal profile and the outcome of the telecover test, adopted in EARLINET, for a manual and a mapping-based alignment. A significant signal increase and lowering of the full overlap height (from 1500 m to less than 1000 m) was found. The overlap function was estimated down to 200 m and compared against the one obtained from a geometric model. The developed procedure also allowed estimating the absolute and relative tilt of the laser beam. The mapping approach, even in simplified versions, can be adapted to other lidars to characterize and align systems with non-motorized receiving geometry.

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Üstündag, Ömer, Nasim Bakir, Andrey Gumenyuk, and Michael Rethmeier. "Investigation of the gap bridgeability at high-power laser hybrid welding of plasma-cut thick mild steels with AC magnetic support." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2077, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2077/1/012007.

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Abstract One of the challenges of the high-power hybrid laser welding of thick steels is the sensitivity of the process of the process to manufacturing tolerances. This usually leads to a time-consuming preparation of the welding edges, such as milling. The study deals with the influence of the edge quality of milled and plasma-cut steel made of S355J2 with a wall thickness of 20 mm on the laser hybrid welded seam quality. Furthermore, the gap bridgeability and the tolerances towards edge misalignment was investigated. An AC magnet was used as backing support to prevent sagging and positioned under the workpiece, to generate an upwards directed electromagnetic pressure. The profiles of the edges and the gap on the top and root side were measured using a digital camera. Single-pass laser hybrid welds of plasma-cut edges could be welded using a laser beam power of just 13.7 kW. A gap bridgeability up to 2 mm and misalignment of edges up to 2 mm could be achieved successful. Additionally, the independence of the cutting side and the welding side was shown, so that samples were welded to the opposite side to their cutting. For evaluation of internal defects or irregularities, X-ray images were carried out. Charpy impact strength tests were performed to determine the toughness of the welds.

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Möller, Mauritz, Patrick Haug, Philipp Scheible, Christian Buse, Conrad Frischkorn, and Nicolai Speker. "Spatially tailored laser energy distribution using innovative optics for gas-tight welding of casted and wrought aluminum alloys in e-mobility." Journal of Laser Applications 34, no. 4 (November 2022): 042015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/7.0000735.

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Electric mobility is undergoing a very rapid maturation process [A. Kampker, K. Kreisköther, P. Treichel, T. Möller, Y. Boelsen, and D. Neb, “Electromobility trends and challenges of future mass production,” in Handbook Industry 4.0, edited by W. Frenz (Springer, Berlin, 2022), D. Ziegler and N. Abdelkafi, “Business models for electric vehicles: Literature review and key insights,” J. Cleaner Prod. 330, 129803 (2022)]. While conventional vehicle design disciplines such as car body design are established, electromobility-specific disciplines are in the technological orientation and ramp-up phase. In particular, the demand for components like batteries, e-motors, and power electronics is growing continuously [A. Kampker, K. Kreisköther, P. Treichel, T. Möller, Y. Boelsen, and D. Neb, “Electromobility trends and challenges of future mass production,” in Handbook Industry 4.0, edited by W. Frenz (Springer, Berlin, 2022), D. Ziegler and N. Abdelkafi, “Business models for electric vehicles: Literature review and key insights,” J. Cleaner Prod. 330, 129803 (2022)]. One of the major materials chosen for these parts is aluminum alloys [C. Prieto, E. Vaamonde, D. Diego-Vallejo, J. Jimenez, B. Urbach, Y. Vidne, and E. Shekel, “Dynamic laser beam shaping for laser aluminium welding in e-mobility applications,” Procedia CIRP. 94, 596–600 (2020)]. Next to the material-specific challenges and mentioned requirements, the focus is on the gas-tight welding of aluminum alloys for parts like casted power electronics housings and heat exchangers made of sheet metal or extrusion profiles. Gas-tightness is a requirement, on the one hand, to shield electronic components from the influence of the surrounding environment and, on the other hand, to prevent leakage of the water-cooling circuit [C. Prieto, E. Vaamonde, D. Diego-Vallejo, J. Jimenez, B. Urbach, Y. Vidne, and E. Shekel, “Dynamic laser beam shaping for laser aluminium welding in e-mobility applications,” Procedia CIRP. 94, 596–600 (2020), A. Artinov, M. Bachmann, X. Meng, V. Karkhin, and M. Rethmeier, “On the relationship between the bulge effect and the hot cracking formation during deep penetration laser beam welding,” Procedia CIRP 94, 5–10 (2020)]. This paper offers insight into the requirements of these parts and an innovative optics approach with a novel MultiFocus solution. Material-specific challenges (e. g. porosity), especially, for helium-tight welding of aluminum casted housings with forging alloys are characterized. This analysis is conducted using gas-tightness measurements, CT-scans, micrographs, and high-speed recordings in order to elaborate on the fundamental laser-material-process interdependencies and the correlation between the process and resulting quality, in terms of tightness. Furthermore, high-speed synchrotron recordings are conducted at the DESY and based on that, a detailed evaluation of laser and material interaction is conducted. This allows an explanation of the interactions for the prevention of pore formation in aluminum alloys and, thus, the characterization of the boundary conditions for a reliable process of gas-tight welding on aluminum alloys [C. Prieto, E. Vaamonde, D. Diego-Vallejo, J. Jimenez, B. Urbach, Y. Vidne, and E. Shekel, “Dynamic laser beam shaping for laser aluminium welding in e-mobility applications,” Procedia CIRP. 94, 596–600 (2020)].

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Lux, Oliver, Christian Lemmerz, Fabian Weiler, Thomas Kanitz, Denny Wernham, Gonçalo Rodrigues, Andrew Hyslop, et al. "ALADIN laser frequency stability and its impact on the Aeolus wind error." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 14, no. 9 (September 28, 2021): 6305–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6305-2021.

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Abstract. The acquisition of atmospheric wind profiles on a global scale was realized by the launch of the Aeolus satellite, carrying the unique Atmospheric LAser Doppler INstrument (ALADIN), the first Doppler wind lidar in space. One major component of ALADIN is its high-power, ultraviolet (UV) laser transmitter, which is based on an injection-seeded, frequency-tripled Nd:YAG laser and fulfills a set of demanding requirements in terms of pulse energy, pulse length, repetition rate, and spatial and spectral beam properties. In particular, the frequency stability of the laser emission is an essential parameter which determines the performance of the lidar instrument as the Doppler frequency shifts to be detected are on the order of 108 smaller than the frequency of the emitted UV light. This article reports the assessment of the ALADIN laser frequency stability and its influence on the quality of the Aeolus wind data. Excellent frequency stability with pulse-to-pulse variations of about 10 MHz (root mean square) is evident for over more than 2 years of operations in space despite the permanent occurrence of short periods with significantly enhanced frequency noise (> 30 MHz). The latter were found to coincide with specific rotation speeds of the satellite's reaction wheels, suggesting that the root cause are micro-vibrations that deteriorate the laser stability on timescales of a few tens of seconds. Analysis of the Aeolus wind error with respect to European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) model winds shows that the temporally degraded frequency stability of the ALADIN laser transmitter has only a minor influence on the wind data quality on a global scale, which is primarily due to the small percentage of wind measurements for which the frequency fluctuations are considerably enhanced. Hence, although the Mie wind bias is increased by 0.3 m s−1 at times when the frequency stability is worse than 20 MHz, the small contribution of 4 % from all Mie wind results renders this effect insignificant (< 0.1 m s−1) when all winds are considered. The impact on the Rayleigh wind bias is negligible even at high frequency noise. Similar results are demonstrated for the apparent speed of the ground returns that are measured with the Mie and Rayleigh channel of the ALADIN receiver. Here, the application of a frequency stability threshold that filters out wind observations with variations larger than 20 or 10 MHz improves the accuracy of the Mie and Rayleigh ground velocities by only 0.05 and 0.10 m s−1, respectively, however at the expense of useful ground data.

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NAKAMURA, Tsuyoshi. "High Power and High Beam Quality Green Laser." Journal of Smart Processing 9, no. 2 (2019): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.7791/jspmee.9.63.

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Gu, Yuan Yuan, Guo Xing Wu, Hui Lu, and Yan Cui. "High Beam Quality and High Power Diode Laser Source." Advanced Materials Research 712-715 (June 2013): 1802–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.712-715.1802.

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As the increasing applications of laser diodes in laser cladding and laser hardening, the single laser diode 0ptical power can not meet the actual requirements. An improvement of the power and Power densty necessary and it can be achieved by beam shaping and beam combination such as polarization coupling the polarization coupling technology is used to couple two laser beams with thin film plate polarizer In this paper two 880 nm vertical stacked arrays with an output power of l600 W was achieved After fast axils and slow axis collimated, the polarization direction of one stacked arrays is rotated 90 degree through a half wave plate, thus, the polarization directions of two laser stack are vertica1. The beams of two lasers are incident on the p1ate po1arizer, one transmits through it, and the other is reflected on it. Finally, two beams combine to one. Polarization coupling of two bars increases the power by a factor of 1.6, and the output power is 2500 W, electro optical conversion efficiency is more than 48%. The spot size is about2 mm x 2 mm. This laser can be directly applied to cladding, surface hardening and other fields.

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Petra, M., and G. H. Miley. "Nuclear-powered laser beam profile control method." Laser and Particle Beams 11, no. 3 (September 1993): 549–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600005206.

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The control of the extracted beam quality of a nuclear-pumped laser is a major issue. One possible control method involves changing the spatial power deposition profile, which is a function of the gas pressure and the pumping mechanism. Thus, we proposed a combined He-3 and wall coating (e.g., B-10 or U-235) technique. Then, the pump power deposition profile can be adjusted by varying the He-3 partial pressure. To examine this technique, measurements are being performed with an in-core cell by imaging the radiation-induced fluorescence onto a linear diode array located some distance from the cell. Results from these measurements are presented and other related issues such as gas dynamics, index of refraction effects, and efficient beam extraction from a large-volume cavity are discussed.

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Lippert, Espen, Stephane Nicolas, Gunnar Arisholm, Knut Stenersen, and Gunnar Rustad. "Midinfrared laser source with high power and beam quality." Applied Optics 45, no. 16 (June 1, 2006): 3839. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.45.003839.

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Gu, Yuan Yuan, Guo Xing Wu, Hui Lu, and Jian Lin. "Beam Shaping Technology for High Power Diode Laser Source." Advanced Materials Research 915-916 (April 2014): 385–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.915-916.385.

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Direct diode lasers have some of the most attractive features of any laser. They are very efficient, compact, wavelength versatile, low cost, and highly reliable. However, the full utilization of direct diode lasers has yet to be realized. This is mainly due their poor output beam quality. Because of this, direct diode lasers are typically used to pump other lasers such as bulk solid-state (rod and thin disk) and fiber lasers. An improvement of the wall-plug efficiency and Power density necessary can be achieved by beam shaping and beam combination such as polarization coupling. In this paper, using the beam shaping technology realize good beam quality and high wall-plug efficiency. Base on bars rated to 60 W and 57% conversion efficiency, vertically stacked arrays (twenty bars) of such configuration are demonstrated with rated to about 1200W. The beam quality of high-power high brightness 880 nm laser diode source is improved with beam shaping. Beam parameter product of 79. 3 mm mrad ×81. 2 mm mrad, electro-optical conversion efficiency of more than 45.8% and continuous output power of 1 kW are demonstrated. This laser can be directly applied to cladding, surface hardening and other fields.

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27

Gao, Jimeng, Qunlong Long, Lei Wang, Yefei Mao, and Zhaopeng Xu. "40 W high beam quality Tm:YLF InnoSlab amplifier." Laser Physics 33, no. 2 (January 12, 2023): 025001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1555-6611/acaecc.

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Abstract We demonstrated a compact and excellent beam quality Tm:YLF InnoSlab amplifier at 1908 nm for the first time. The power of the seed laser was 10 W with beam quality factors of M 2 ⩽ 1.04. With the high-efficiency coupling of the pump light and the seed laser, the amplified power of 40.1 W was achieved under the pump power of 318.7 W without ASE. The beam quality factors M 2 were 1.07 and 1.37 in the vertical and horizontal directions, respectively. The RMS instability was measured to be less than 0.15% in 30 min. Meantime, we had established a general and simplified CW Tm:YLF laser amplifier model.

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CHAPPLE, P. B., and P. J. WILSON. "Z-SCANS WITH NEAR-GAUSSIAN LASER BEAMS." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 05, no. 02 (April 1996): 419–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863596000271.

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Laboratory measurements of optical nonlinearities can be significantly affected by imperfections in the laser beam profiles. Here the effects of beam profile on Z-scan measurements are calculated for a large number of near-Gaussian beams. These effects are modeled for Z-scans of thin media, for both refractive and absorptive nonlinearities. The difference ∆T between the maximum and minimum values of the normalized transmittance generally increases with the beam quality factor M2 (as the beam quality declines). for a given beam power and waist size. The scatter in ∆T values also increases with M2.

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29

Zhu Xiang, 朱翔, 姜梦华 Jiang Menghua, 王昊 Wang Hao, 惠勇凌 Hui Yongling, 雷訇 Lei Hong, and 李强 Li Qiang. "High Power High Beam Quality Two-Rod Nd∶YAG Pulsed Laser." Applied laser 32, no. 6 (2012): 519–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/al20123206.0519.

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Zhu Xiang, 朱翔, 姜梦华 Jiang Menghua, 王昊 Wang Hao, 惠勇凌 Hui Yongling, 雷訇 Lei Hong, and 李强 Li Qiang. "High Power High Beam Quality Two-Rod Nd∶YAG Pulsed Laser." APPLIED LASER 32, no. 6 (2012): 519–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/al20123206.519.

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31

Jin Quanwei, 靳全伟, 蔡震 Cai Zhen, 蒋建锋 Jiang Jianfeng, 涂波 Tu Bo, 王亚丽 Wang Yali, 李密 Li Mi, 王晓军 Wang Xiaojun, 唐淳 Tang Chun, and 张凯 Zhang Kai. "High Beam Quality and High Power LD Pumped Solid-State Laser." Chinese Journal of Lasers 38, no. 12 (2011): 1202001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/cjl201138.1202001.

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32

Jin Quanwei, 靳全伟, 庞. 毓. Pang Yu, 蒋建锋 Jiang Jianfeng, 谭. 亮. Tan Liang, 崔玲玲 Cui Lingling, 魏. 彬. Wei Bing, 万. 敏. Wan Min, 高清松 Gao Qingsong, and 唐. 淳. Tang Chun. "High beam quality and high power dual-wavelength laser with VRM." Infrared and Laser Engineering 47, no. 11 (2018): 1105003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/irla201847.1105003.

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33

Guo, Xiaoyang, Shigeki Tokita, and Junji Kawanaka. "High beam quality and high peak power Yb:YAG/Cr:YAG microchip laser." Optics Express 27, no. 1 (January 3, 2019): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.27.000045.

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34

Xu, Liu, Hengli Zhang, Yefei Mao, Ying Yan, Zhongwei Fan, and Jianguo Xin. "High-average-power and high-beam-quality Innoslab picosecond laser amplifier." Applied Optics 51, no. 27 (September 20, 2012): 6669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.51.006669.

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35

Chakravarti, Sudarshan Kumar. "Self-Focusing of High-Power Laser Beam Through Cold Uniform Magnetized Plasma." International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management 3, no. 11 (December 2, 2020): 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.47607/ijresm.2020.390.

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In present paper the determination of the spot size of an ultra-short laser beam in uniform magnetized plasma with a dominant cold plasma has been studied. The liner dispersion relation of the laser beam propagating in Magnetized plasma have been found. Magnetic field is set up and source dependent expansion method is applied to determining the spot size of the intense laser beam with gaussian profile. The transverse magnetization of plasma and its impact on the self-focusing property of the dense laser governing to reduction in critical power necessary to self-focusing beam is shown.

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36

Feng Guobin, 冯国斌, 杨鹏翎 Yang Pengling, 王群书 Wang Qunshu, 刘福华 Liu Fuhua, 叶锡生 Ye Xisheng, and 安毓英 An Yuying. "Measuring technology for far-field beam profile of high power laser." High Power Laser and Particle Beams 25, no. 7 (2013): 1615–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/hplpb20132507.1615.

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37

Kaplan, Alexander F. H. "Analysis and modeling of a high-power Yb:fiber laser beam profile." Optical Engineering 50, no. 5 (May 1, 2011): 054201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3580660.

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38

Salminen, A., H. Piili, and T. Purtonen. "The characteristics of high power fibre laser welding." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 224, no. 5 (March 19, 2010): 1019–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062jmes1762.

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Laser welding has an ever growing role in manufacturing technology. Keyhole laser welding is the most important laser welding process in metal industry when exceeding the 1 mm weld penetration. This process uses efficiently the high energy density of a laser beam to vaporize and melt materials, thus producing a keyhole in the material via which the energy is brought to it. The requirements from customer side and the development of new materials have been giving justification for the development of new laser types suitable for material processing with ever higher power values. In contrast, the development of laser technologies has made it possible to build more powerful lasers with excellent beam properties and good electrical efficiency. New laser sources with good absorption and beam quality make the laser welding even more efficient when throughput and efficiency are considered. They show their ability to produce narrower welds with lower line energy. However, the validation of actual keyhole shape, size, and behaviour against the models is still lacking because of the difficulties in performing the measurements of the actual dimensions. It has been shown that the better the beam quality the higher the welding speed. When welding with high power, good beam quality, and wavelength close to 1000 nm, there are some obstacles to overcome, which are caused by high absorption and power density. Typically, problems, such as thermal lensing, can be avoided with proper parameter and tool selection. Typically, the size of the keyhole is according to the focal point size, and the stability of the keyhole plays a major role when considering the ability of the laser welding process to produce high quality welds.

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39

Riede, W., and W. Mayerhofer. "Beam quality of a high-power CO2 laser MOPA system." Optics & Laser Technology 30, no. 8 (November 1998): 491–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0030-3992(98)00082-6.

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40

Gao, Xin, Hiroyuki Ohashi, Hiroshi Okamoto, Masaomi Takasaka, and Kazunori Shinoda. "Beam-shaping technique for improving the beam quality of a high-power laser-diode stack." Optics Letters 31, no. 11 (June 1, 2006): 1654. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.31.001654.

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41

Gu, Yuan Yuan, Guo Xing Wu, Hui Lu, and Yan Cui. "High Power Diode Laser Source with Wavelength Coupling Technology." Advanced Materials Research 710 (June 2013): 442–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.710.442.

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Laser diode has incited particular interest as photoelectric conversion efficiency, output power and lifetime for a variety of applications in industry processing. The single laser diode optical power has not satisfied for the actual requirements. It demands to couple several diode laser beams into one beam to output directly or by an optical fiber to improve the brightness, and it becomes the central issue to adopt the appropriate beam coupling technology which would offer high quality and high efficiency. In order to output high power, we utilized wavelength coupling technology to couple two laser beam of different wavelength together with beam splitter cube (BSC), the key technology and the principle of wavelength coupling is indicated and analyzed in this paper .Using 808nm and 980nm laser diode realize wavelength coupling with high output power, the efficiency more than 80% and spot size can be achieved after focusing to the beam size of 3×3mm2.

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42

Chen, Ming, Zhi-Chao Wang, Shen-Jin Zhang, Feng Yang, Miao He, Feng-Feng Zhang, Nan Zong, et al. "High-Power High-Beam-Quality 330-nm Laser From a Frequency-Quadrupled Nd:YAG Laser." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 28, no. 7 (April 1, 2016): 767–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2015.2513753.

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43

Mao Xiaojie, 毛小洁, 秘国江 Bi Guojiang, 庞庆生 Pang Qingsheng, 邹跃 Zou Yue, and 吕华昌 Lü Huachang. "High power high beam quality in-band pumping picosecond amplification laser system." High Power Laser and Particle Beams 27, no. 6 (2015): 61001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/hplpb20152706.61001.

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44

Brown, D. J. W., C. G. Whyte, D. R. Jones, and C. E. Little. "High-beam quality, high-power copper HyBrID laser injection-seeded oscillator system." Optics Communications 137, no. 1-3 (April 1997): 158–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0030-4018(96)00762-6.

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45

Sun Zhihong, 孙志红, 吕嘉坤 Lü Jiakun, 张波 Zhang Bo, 董军 Dong Jun, 卢宗贵 Lu Zonggui, and 彭志涛 Peng Zhitao. "Temporal Profile Measurement of Frequency Tripled Beam for High Power Laser Facility." Chinese Journal of Lasers 43, no. 3 (2016): 0308001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/cjl201643.0308001.

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46

CHEN Hong, 陈虹, and 王旭葆 WANG Xu-bao. "Evaluation and measurement of beam quality of high power manufacturing laser." Optics and Precision Engineering 19, no. 2 (2011): 297–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/ope.20111902.0297.

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47

Ye Zhengyu, 叶征宇, 宋海平 Song Haiping, 王龙 Wang Long, 王涛涛 Wang Taotao, 于彦明 Yu Yanming, 吕跃广 Lü Yueguang, 王智勇 Wang Zhiyong, and 蒋毅坚 Jiang Yijian. "Measurement of far-field beam quality parameters of high power laser." High Power Laser and Particle Beams 23, no. 1 (2011): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/hplpb20112301.0087.

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48

GREVEY, D. F., K. F. BADAWI, J. P. BOQUILLON, and B. TAISNE. "INTEREST OF BEAM QUALITY IN MATERIALS TREATMENTS BY HIGH POWER LASER." Le Journal de Physique IV 01, no. C7 (December 1991): C7–167—C7–170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:1991744.

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49

Maruo, Hiroshi, Isamu Miyamoto, and Yoshiaki Arata. "Intensity distribution of high power laser beam (Report 1) - Intensity profile measurement of facussed CO2 laser beam by acrylic plastic." QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY 3, no. 1 (1985): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2207/qjjws.3.185.

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50

Zhang, Lei, Zhen Bao Wang, Bi Bo Shao, Peng Ling Yang, and Meng Meng Tao. "Near-Infrared Detecting Array for High Energy Laser Beam Diagnostics." Advanced Materials Research 571 (September 2012): 156–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.571.156.

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A near-infrared detecting array is developed combining photoelectric and calorimetric method together to measure CW beam profile of high energy lasers. Detailed structure and functional modules of this system are described. The system is widely sensitive to the wavelength range of 0.9~1.7μm and the power density range of W/cm2～kW/cm2. It has an effective detecting area of 22cm×22cm with a spatial resolution of 1.1cm and a temporal resolution of 20ms. Experiments show that the uncertainty of the total energy measurement is 10% and the uncertainty of the power density distribution measurement is less than 15%.The measuring system has been successfully applied in the measurement for the far-field beam of high energy lasers.

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