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Journal articles on the topic 'Beam optics'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 August 2024

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1

S. Kavitha. "An Overview of Free Space Optics Communication System." December 2022 4, no. 4 (November 10, 2022): 222–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jsws.2022.4.001.

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Free space optics is a kind of broadband communication technique that transmits the signals, in the atmosphere through laser beams. In some cases, the laser beams are replaced with infrared and modified beams. Free Space Optics (FSO) is also referred as Free Space Photonics that works same as the principle of fiber optic communication where the source beams are transferred through air medium. In the traditional fiber optic communication, the optical fibers were used for transferring the beam signals. The FSO methodology is widely employed in various ubiquitous applications for their cost and deployment effectiveness. The motive of the work is to explore the concepts and theories behind the operation of different FSO models with their recent progress.

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2

Quintard, L., V. Strelkov, J. Vabek, O. Hort, A. Dubrouil, D. Descamps, F. Burgy, et al. "Optics-less focusing of XUV high-order harmonics." Science Advances 5, no. 4 (April 2019): eaau7175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau7175.

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By experimentally studying high-order harmonic beams generated in gases, we show how the spatial characteristics of these ultrashort extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) beams can be finely controlled when a single fundamental beam generates harmonics in a thin gas medium. We demonstrate that these XUV beams can be emitted as converging beams and thereby get focused after generation. We study this optics-less focusing using a spatially chirped beam that acts as a probe located inside the harmonic generation medium. We analyze the XUV beam evolution with an analytical model and obtain very good agreement with experimental measurements. The XUV foci sizes and positions vary strongly with the harmonic order, and the XUV waist can be located at arbitrarily large distances from the generating medium. We discuss how intense XUV fields can be obtained with optics-less focusing and how the order-dependent XUV beam characteristics are compatible with broadband XUV irradiation and attosecond science.

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3

Yue, Zhen, Jingyu Liu, Jitao Li, Jie Li, Chenglong Zheng, Mingyang Chen, Hang Xu, et al. "Vector beam generation based on spin-decoupling metasurface zone plate." Applied Physics Letters 120, no. 19 (May 9, 2022): 191704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0093708.

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As singular beams, vector beams with inhomogeneous polarization distribution have found extensive application prospects in many fields, including optical information processing, high-resolution imaging, and quantum optics. Metasurfaces with strong ability to manipulate the polarization and phase of electromagnetic waves have been harnessed to generate vector beams. Among them, the proposal of metasurfaces with different responses to orthogonally polarized waves can undoubtedly enhance the flexibility of optical device design. Here, we introduce the diffractive optics (Fresnel zone plates) into the spin-decoupling metasurfaces, called the metasurface zone plates, utilized to engender desired vector beams. As a demonstration, we design two metasurface zone plates: one can generate a focused vector beam under linearly polarized incidence, and the other is exploited to engender a vector vortex beam. The simulated and measured results simultaneously demonstrate the feasibility and practicability of such a concept. Our work unlocks the potential of optical devices and may further promote the development of metasurface polarizers toward miniaturization and versatility.

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4

Moslehi, Behzad, Joel Ng, Ivan Kasimoff, and Tomasz Jannson. "Fiber-optic coupling based on nonimaging expanded-beam optics." Optics Letters 14, no. 23 (December 1, 1989): 1327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.14.001327.

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5

Gesley, Mark. "Electron beam blanker optics." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures 8, no. 6 (November 1990): 1666. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.585136.

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6

Möbus, M., and P. Woizeschke. "Laser beam welding setup for the coaxial combination of two laser beams to vary the intensity distribution." Welding in the World 66, no. 3 (January 10, 2022): 471–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40194-021-01234-9.

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AbstractDeep-penetration laser beam welding is highly dynamic and affected by many parameters. Several investigations using differently sized laser spots, spot-in-spot laser systems, and multi-focus optics show that the intensity distribution is one of the most influential parameters; however, the targeted lateral and axial intensity design remains a major challenge. Therefore, a laser processing optic has been developed that coaxially combines two separate laser sources/beams with different beam characteristics and a measuring beam for optical coherence tomography (OCT). In comparison to current commercial spot-in-spot laser systems, this setup not only makes it possible to independently vary the powers of the two laser beams but also their focal planes, thus facilitating the investigation into the influence of specific energy densities along the beam axis. First investigations show that the weld penetration depth increases with increasing intensities in deeper focal positions until the reduced intensity at the sample surface, due to the deep focal position, is no longer sufficient to form a stable keyhole, causing the penetration depth to drop sharply.

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7

Hildén, P., E. Ilina, M. Kaivola, and A. Shevchenko. "Multifrequency Bessel beams with adjustable group velocity and longitudinal acceleration in free space." New Journal of Physics 24, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 033042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/ac5aef.

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Abstract The group velocity of an optical beam in free space is usually considered to be equal to the speed of light in vacuum. However, it has been recently realized that, by structuring the beam’s angular and temporal spectra, one can achieve well pronounced and controlled subluminal and superluminal propagation. In this work, we consider multifrequency Bessel beams that are known to propagate without divergence and show a variety of possibilities to adjust the group velocity of the beam by means of designed angular dispersion. We present several examples of multifrequency Bessel beams with negative and arbitrary positive group velocities, as well as longitudinally accelerating beams and beams with periodically oscillating local group velocities. The results of these studies can be of interest to scientists working in the fields of optical beam engineering, light amplitude and intensity interferometry, ultrafast optics, and optical tweezers.

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8

Suzuki, Masato, Keisaku Yamane, Takashige Omatsu, and Ryuji Morita. "Propagation-invariant vortex Airy beam whose singular point follows its main lobe." New Journal of Physics 23, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): 113043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/ac37af.

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Abstract We propose and demonstrate a novel vortex Airy beam which is a superposition of an Airy beam and its laterally sheared beam with a π/2 phase shift. This new-type of vortex Airy beam exhibits stable propagation dynamics, wherein its singular point closely follows its main lobe, unlike conventional vortex Airy beams. Notably, the orbital angular mode purity of this new vortex Airy beam is up to 10% better than that of a conventional vortex Airy beam. We anticipate that this new type of vortex Airy beam, which combines the characteristics of an optical vortex and a diffraction-free Airy beam, will facilitate new directions in applications such as microscopy, material processing and nonlinear optics.

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9

Amoiropoulos, Kostas, Georgia Kioselaki, Nikolaos Kourkoumelis, and Aris Ikiades. "Shaping Beam Profiles Using Plastic Optical Fiber Tapers with Application to Ice Sensors." Sensors 20, no. 9 (April 28, 2020): 2503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20092503.

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Using either bulk or fiber optics the profile of laser beams can be altered from Gaussian to top-hat or hollow beams allowing enhanced performance in applications like laser cooling, optical trapping, and fiber sensing. Here, we report a method based on multimode Plastic Optical Fibers (POF) long-tapers, to tweak the beam profile from near Gaussian to a hollow beam, by generating surface irregularities on the conical sections of the taper with a heat-and-pull technique. Furthermore, a cutback technique applied on long tapers expanded the output beam profile by more than twice the numerical aperture (NA) of the fiber. The enhanced sensitivity and detection efficiency of the extended profile was tested on a fiber optical ice sensor related to aviation safety.

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10

Praharaj, Prasenjit, and Manoj Kumar Bhuyan. "Nanosecond Laser Fabrication of Dammann Grating-like Structure on Glass for Bessel-Beam Array Generation." Photonics 11, no. 5 (May 18, 2024): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics11050473.

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The generation of optical beam arrays with prospective uses within the realms of microscopy, photonics, non-linear optics, and material processing often requires Dammann gratings. Here, we report the direct fabrication of one- and two-dimensional Dammann grating-like structures on soda lime glass using a nanosecond pulsed laser beam with a 1064 nm wavelength. Using the fabricated grating, an axicon lens, and an optical magnification system, we propose a scheme of generation of a diverging array of zero-order Bessel beams with a sub-micron-size central core, extending longitudinally over several hundred microns. Two different grating fabrication strategies are also proposed to control the number of Bessel beams in an array. It was demonstrated that Bessel beams of 12 degrees conical half-angle in an array of up to [5 × 5] dimensions can be generated using a suitable combination of Dammann grating, axicon lens and focusing optics.

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11

Hunter, Boyd V., and Keng H. Leong. "Improving fiber-optic laser beam delivery by incorporating GRADIUM optics." Applied Optics 36, no. 13 (May 1, 1997): 2763. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.36.002763.

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12

Tanaka, Y., M. Kisaki, K. Suzuki, J. Hiratsuka, M. Murayama, M. Ichikawa, H. Tobari, and M. Kashiwagi. "Beam Optics Study during Long-Pulse MeV-Class Beam Operation for the ITER HNB." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2743, no. 1 (May 1, 2024): 012043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2743/1/012043.

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Abstract Neutral beam injectors for ITER require the beam divergence to be less than 7 mrad for both D− and H− negative ion beams. The time evolution of beam optics parameters of ITER-relevant high intensity has not been well understood due to the material capabilities of heat load. In this study, the time evolution of beam divergence has been successfully observed with the ITER-relevant perveance beam parameter for 0.5 MeV and 100 seconds pulse. For this purpose, a beam monitoring system based on a visible camera, which has been newly developed and installed in the MeV Test Facility, is used. As a result of this experiment, it is experimentally found that the time evolution of beam divergence exists even if the Iacc and heat load to beam dump are stable. To reduce the time evolution of beam optics, the feed-back control of Iext is under development in order to suppress the variation of conditions in the ion source.

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13

Pozimski, J., and M. Aslaninejad. "Gabor lenses for capture and energy selection of laser driven ion beams in cancer treatment." Laser and Particle Beams 31, no. 4 (October 9, 2013): 723–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034613000761.

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AbstractThe application of laser accelerated ion beams in Hadron therapy requires ion beam optics with unique features. It has been shown that due to the spectral and spatial distribution of laser accelerated protons a lens based focusing system has advantages over aperture collimated beam formation. We present a compact ion optical system with therapy applications, based on Gabor space charge lenses for collecting, focusing and energy filtering the laser produced proton beam. For a full therapy solution, a scenario based on three space charge lenses is presented. In this very compact beam line an aperture is foreseen for energy selection.

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14

Tashiro, Yuki, Yuta Shimada, Kiyotaka Izumi, Takeshi Tsujimura, and Koichi Yoshida. "Optical Axis Identification Technique for Free Space Optics Transmission." International Journal of Advances in Telecommunications, Electrotechnics, Signals and Systems 6, no. 2 (July 31, 2017): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.11601/ijates.v6i2.213.

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This paper describes optical axis adjustment technique for an active free space optics transmission system. This system precisely controls the direction of a collimated thin laser beam using a motor driven laser emitting mechanism and positioning photodiodes. Before beginning laser beam feedback control, it is required to guide the laser beam within the range of the positioning photodiodes for initial laser beam alignment. This paper proposes an arrival position presumption method of laser beam traveling along the long distance from transmitter. A positioning sensor containing several photodiodes measures laser luminescence distribution, and analytically calculates the optical axis of laser beam according to the modified Gaussian beam optics based on four or five distributed local intensity of laser luminescence. Experiments are conducted to evaluate the accuracy of the presumption, and results reveal that the method is effective in leading the laser beam onto a distant receiver.

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15

MacDonald, C. A., S. M. Owens, and W. M. Gibson. "Polycapillary X-ray optics for microdiffraction." Journal of Applied Crystallography 32, no. 2 (April 1, 1999): 160–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889898008826.

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Polycapillary optics,i.e.shaped arrays consisting of hundreds of thousands of hollow glass capillary tubes, can be used to redirect, collimate or focus X-ray beams. X-rays emitted over a large angular range from conventional laboratory-based sources can be transformed into a beam with a small angular divergence or focused onto a small sample or sample area. Convergent beams of X-rays, with convergence angles as high as 15°, have been produced using polycapillary X-ray optics. Focused-spot sizes as small as 20 µm have been achieved, with flux densities two orders of magnitude larger than that produced by pinhole collimation. This results in a comparable decrease in data collection times because of the increase in direct-beam intensity and reciprocal-space coverage. In addition, the optics can be employed to reduce background and provide more convenient alignment geometries. The inverse dependence of the critical angle for total external reflection on photon energy results in suppression of high-energy photons. This effect can be employed to allow the use of higher tube potentials to increase the characteristic line emission and has also been employed to increase significantly theKα/Kβ ratio in Cu radiation. Measurements of X-ray diffraction data and crystallographic analyses have been performed for systems ranging from elemental crystals to proteins. Data from a lysozyme protein `standard' with a slightly convergent beam, taken in 3 min per frame with 2° oscillation with a 2.8 kW source, refined to an intensity variance of 5% compared to a standard data set. High-quality data were also obtained with a 0.03 kW fixed-anode source and a 2° convergent lens in 5 min per frame.

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Schields, Paul J., David M. Gibson, Walter M. Gibson, Ning Gao, Huapeng Huang, and Igor Yu Ponomarev. "Overview of polycapillary X-ray optics." Powder Diffraction 17, no. 2 (June 2002): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/1.1482080.

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Polycapillary optics are utilized in a wide variety of applications and are integral components in many state of the art instruments. Polycapillary optics operate by collecting X-rays and efficiently propagating them by total external reflection to form focused and parallel beams. We discuss the general parameters for designing these optics and provide specific examples on balancing the interrelations of beam flux, source size, focal spot-size, and beam divergence. The development of compact X-ray sources with characteristics tailored to match the requirements of polycapillary optics allows substantial reduction in size, weight, and power of complete X-ray systems. These compact systems have enabled the development of portable, remote, and in-line sensors for applications in industry, science and medicine. We present examples of the utility and potential of these optics for enhancing a wide variety of X-ray analyses.

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17

Misture, Scott T. "Application of Single and Dual Multilayer Optics for Powder X-Ray Diffraction." X-Ray Optics and Instrumentation 2008 (July 16, 2008): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/408702.

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The performance of parallel beam multilayer optics, including a parabolic multilayer Osmic MaxFlux GO-13N and a flat custom multilayer, was evaluated experimentally and compared to Bragg-Brentano and traditional ‘‘parallel beam’’ or ‘‘thin film’’ optical geometries. A novel arrangement of a parabolic multilayer in the incident beam with a flat multilayer in the diffracted beam functioning as an analyzer crystal was proven effective for powder diffraction applications. The dual-optic configuration improves resolution while eliminating sample displacement and transparency errors as expected for a configuration with equatorial divergence below 100 arcseconds. Fundamental parameters fitting showed that the parabolic multilayer can be accurately modeled using a constant Gaussian function, while a long parallel-plate soller collimator requires a constant hat function. No additional convolutions are necessary for the diffracted-beam flat multilayer because of the lower acceptance angle.

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18

Braat, Joseph. "Design of beam-shaping optics." Applied Optics 34, no. 15 (May 20, 1995): 2665. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.34.002665.

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19

Osborne, I. S. "APPLIED OPTICS: Laser Beam Profiling." Science 305, no. 5681 (July 9, 2004): 149d—151d. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.305.5681.149d.

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20

Aiba, Masamitsu, Bolko Beutner, and Natalia Milas. "Beam-size-free optics determination." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 753 (July 2014): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2014.03.031.

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21

Jiang, Licai, Zaid Al-Mosheky, and Nick Grupido. "Basic principle and performance characteristics of multilayer beam conditioning optics." Powder Diffraction 17, no. 2 (June 2002): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/1.1482366.

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Multilayer optics is one of the widely applied optics for conditioning an X-ray beam in the region of X-ray diffraction. Multilayer optics offers a well-balanced performance. The beam conditioned by a multilayer optic is characterized by low divergence, good spectrum purity, and high intensity. This article will start with a short historical note of the development of X-ray multilayer and a summary on the basic performance characteristics of X-ray multilayer, then move on to the discussion on the design principle of one- and two-dimensional optics. Both parallel beam optics and focusing optics will be addressed. As examples, selected applications of multilayer optics are also briefly discussed. Finally, the main problems associated with the application of multilayer optics are identified and the future developments are discussed.

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22

Nikolov, Daniel K., Aaron Bauer, Fei Cheng, Hitoshi Kato, A. Nick Vamivakas, and Jannick P. Rolland. "Metaform optics: Bridging nanophotonics and freeform optics." Science Advances 7, no. 18 (April 2021): eabe5112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abe5112.

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The demand for high-resolution optical systems with a compact form factor, such as augmented reality displays, sensors, and mobile cameras, requires creating new optical component architectures. Advances in the design and fabrication of freeform optics and metasurfaces make them potential solutions to address the previous needs. Here, we introduce the concept of a metaform—an optical surface that integrates the combined benefits of a freeform optic and a metasurface into a single optical component. We experimentally realized a miniature imager using a metaform mirror. The mirror is fabricated via an enhanced electron beam lithography process on a freeform substrate. The design degrees of freedom enabled by a metaform will support a new generation of optical systems.

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23

Singer, Andrej, and Ivan A. Vartanyants. "Coherence properties of focused X-ray beams at high-brilliance synchrotron sources." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 21, no. 1 (November 2, 2013): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577513023850.

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An analytical approach describing properties of focused partially coherent X-ray beams is presented. The method is based on the results of statistical optics and gives both the beam size and transverse coherence length at any distance behind an optical element. In particular, here Gaussian Schell-model beams and thin optical elements are considered. Limiting cases of incoherent and fully coherent illumination of the focusing element are discussed. The effect of the beam-defining aperture, typically used in combination with focusing elements at synchrotron sources to improve transverse coherence, is also analyzed in detail. As an example, the coherence properties in the focal region of compound refractive lenses at the PETRA III synchrotron source are analyzed.

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24

Bagmanov, V. Kh, A. Kh Sultanov, A. R. Gizatulin, I. K. Meshkov, I. A. Kuk, E. P. Grakhova, G. I. Abdrakhmanova, and I. L. Vinogradova. "Optics-to-THz conversion of vortex beams using nonlinear difference frequency generation." Computer Optics 43, no. 6 (December 2019): 983–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2412-6179-2019-43-6-983-991.

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In this paper, using a modified model of slowly varying amplitudes, a process of optics-to-THZ-conversion of vortex beams based on the nonlinear difference frequency generation in a medium with second-order susceptibility is considered. A theoretical substantiation of the law of topological charge conversion of vortex beams is given – the topological charge of the output THz vortex beam is equal to the difference of the topological charges of the input optical vortex beams. A simulation model of the processes under consideration is implemented.

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25

Dub, P., and O. Litzman. "The Darwin procedure in optics of layered media and the matrix theory." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 55, no. 4 (July 1, 1999): 613–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s010876739801513x.

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The Darwin dynamical theory of diffraction for two beams yields a nonhomogeneous system of linear algebraic equations with a tridiagonal matrix. It is shown that different formulae of the two-beam Darwin theory can be obtained by a uniform view of the basic properties of tridiagonal matrices, their determinants (continuants) and their close relationship to continued fractions and difference equations. Some remarks concerning the relation of the Darwin theory in the three-beam case to tridiagonal block matrices are also presented.

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26

Oliveira, Leandro, Warlley Campos, and Marcio Rocha. "Optical Trapping and Manipulation of Superparamagnetic Beads Using Annular-Shaped Beams." Methods and Protocols 1, no. 4 (November 20, 2018): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mps1040044.

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We propose an optical tweezers setup based on an annular-shaped laser beam that is efficient to trap 2.8 μ m-diameter superparamagnetic particles. The optical trapping of such particles was fully characterized, and a direct absolute comparison with a geometrical optics model was performed. With this comparison, we were able to show that light absorption by the superparamagnetic particles is negligible for our annular beam tweezers, differing from the case of conventional Gaussian beam tweezers, in which laser absorption by the beads makes stable trapping difficult. In addition, the trap stiffness of the annular beam tweezers increases with the laser power and with the bead distance from the coverslip surface. While this first result is expected and similar to that achieved for conventional Gaussian tweezers, which use ordinary dielectric beads, the second result is quite surprising and different from the ordinary case, suggesting that spherical aberration is much less important in our annular beam geometry. The results obtained here provide new insights into the development of hybrid optomagnetic tweezers, which can apply simultaneously optical and magnetic forces on the same particles.

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27

Liu, Fang, Zhigang Liu, Liunian Zheng, Hongbiao Huang, and Jianqiang Zhu. "Beam positioning stability analysis on large laser facilities." High Power Laser Science and Engineering 1, no. 1 (March 10, 2013): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/hpl.2013.7.

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AbstractBeam positioning stability in a laser-driven inertial confinement fusion (ICF) facility is a vital problem that needs to be fixed. Each laser beam in the facility is transmitted in lots of optics for hundreds of meters, and then targeted in a micro-sized pellet to realize controllable fusion. Any turbulence in the environment in such long-distance propagation would affect the displacement of optics and further result in beam focusing and positioning errors. This study concluded that the errors on each of the optics contributed to the target, and it presents an efficient method of enhancing the beam stability by eliminating errors on error-sensitive optics. Optimizations of the optical system and mechanical supporting structures are also presented.

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Robertson, C. S., P. N. Burrows, M. Dosanjh, A. Latina, and A. Gerbershagen. "Beam optics study for a potential VHEE beam delivery system." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2420, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 012102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2420/1/012102.

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Abstract VHEE (Very High Energy Electron) therapy can be superior to conventional radiotherapy for the treatment of deep seated tumours, whilst not necessarily requiring the space and cost of proton or heavy ion facilities. Developments in high gradient RF technology have allowed electrons to be accelerated to VHEE energies in a compact space, meaning that treatment could be possible with a shorter linac. A crucial component of VHEE treatment is the transfer of the beam from accelerator to patient. This is required to magnify the beam to cover the transverse extent of the tumour, whilst ensuring a uniform beam distribution. Two principle methodologies for the design of a compact transfer line are presented. The first of these is based upon a quadrupole lattice and optical magnification of beam size. A minimisation algorithm is used to enforce certain criteria on the beam distribution at the patient, defining the lattice through an automated routine. Separately, a dual scattering-foil based system is also presented, which uses similar algorithms for the optimisation of the foil geometry in order to achieve the desired beam shape at the patient location.

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Jang, SungHo, Takemi Asai, Yuki Shimizu, and Wei Gao. "Optical Analysis of an Optical Probe for Three-Dimensional Position Detection of Micro-Objects." International Journal of Automation Technology 5, no. 6 (November 5, 2011): 862–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2011.p0862.

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In this paper, the relationship between the photodetector outputs and the three-dimensional (3D) positioning of a micro-object in an optical probe is first analyzed based on geometric optics. In the optical model established for the analysis, a collimated laser beam is focused by an objective lens to generate a small beam spot at the focal position and a thin and rectangular micro-object is set close to the focal position. The influence of diffraction of the laser beam is investigated based on a model based on wave optics.

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30

Minardi, Stefano, and Thomas Pertsch. "Interferometric beam combination with discrete optics." Optics Letters 35, no. 18 (August 31, 2010): 3009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.35.003009.

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31

Gribble, J. J., and J. M. Arnold. "Beam propagation method and geometrical optics." IEE Proceedings J Optoelectronics 135, no. 5 (1988): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-j.1988.0064.

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32

Barnett, Stephen M., John Jeffers, Alessandra Gatti, and Rodney Loudon. "Quantum optics of lossy beam splitters." Physical Review A 57, no. 3 (March 1, 1998): 2134–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.57.2134.

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33

Golub, Michael A. "Laser Beam Splitting by Diffractive Optics." Optics and Photonics News 15, no. 2 (February 1, 2004): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/opn.15.2.000036.

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34

Khan, Sameen Ahmed. "Quantum Methods in Light-Beam Optics." Optics and Photonics News 27, no. 12 (December 1, 2016): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/opn.27.12.000047.

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35

Jarre, A., T. Salditt, T. Panzner, U. Pietsch, and F. Pfeiffer. "White beam x-ray waveguide optics." Applied Physics Letters 85, no. 2 (July 12, 2004): 161–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1768309.

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36

Subbarao, D. "Topological phase in Gaussian beam optics." Optics Letters 20, no. 21 (November 1, 1995): 2162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.20.002162.

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37

Simon, R., and N. Mukunda. "Twist phase in Gaussian-beam optics." Journal of the Optical Society of America A 15, no. 9 (September 1, 1998): 2373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josaa.15.002373.

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38

Weiser, Martin. "Ion beam figuring for lithography optics." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 267, no. 8-9 (May 2009): 1390–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2009.01.051.

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39

Lossy, R., J. Engemann, and N. Unal. "Self-aligned broad-beam ion optics." IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 39, no. 2 (1992): 444–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/16.121705.

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Bischoff, Christian, Erwin Jäger, and Udo Umhofer. "Beam Shaping Optics for Process Acceleration." Laser Technik Journal 12, no. 3 (June 2015): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/latj.201500016.

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Jia, Qi, Rui Feng, Bojian Shi, Yanxia Zhang, Hang Li, Xiaoxin Li, Fangkui Sun, et al. "Universal translation operator for Laguerre–Gaussian mode sorting." Applied Physics Letters 121, no. 19 (November 7, 2022): 191104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0123103.

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Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) mode is widely adopted in various applications due to carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM). In practice, it is challenging to sort Laguerre–Gaussian mode according to various features. Traditional fork grating and optical geometric transformations are regarded as convenient methods for sorting LG mode. However, these methods have to destroy the OAM carried by the beam during the sorting process. Here, we demonstrate a nondestructive beam sorting mechanism for LG mode carrying orbital angular momentums based on a translation operator. The numerically solved operator can sort the input beams to pre-defined positions with faithful preservation of all the beam features, which shows good agreement with the experimental results. We believe the proposed translation operator will benefit potential applications in information processing, quantum optics, and optical communications.

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Wu, Jiali, Xizheng Ke, Yaqi Yang, Jingyuan Liang, and Mingyu Liu. "Correction of Distorted Wavefront Using Dual Liquid Crystal Spatial Light Modulators." Photonics 9, no. 6 (June 17, 2022): 426. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9060426.

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In space optical communication, owing to the influence of atmospheric turbulence, optical beams lose focus and become phase-distorted, which reduces the communication quality. Considering the polarization dependence of liquid crystal spatial light modulators and the dispersion effect of liquid crystal materials, the energy utilization rate of liquid crystal adaptive optics systems is low. In this study, a dual liquid crystal spatial light modulator adaptive optics system based on the GS algorithm is used to correct the wavefront distortion of a signal beam under different atmospheric turbulence intensities, and the Strehl ratio (SR) is used as the evaluation index. The simulation results show that the SR of the corrected system can be increased from 0.23, 0.41, and 0.72 to 0.77, 0.89, and 0.95, respectively. The corrected beam spot was more concentrated and the light intensity at the center of the beam spot was stronger. The experimental results show that, after the distortion wavefront is corrected by the dual liquid crystal spatial light modulator, the average gray value of the 10 × 10 pixels in the center of the spot increases from 159.3, 113.1, and 58.4 to 253.4, 247.7, and 198.3, respectively.

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Hsu, Chung-Yu, Gow-Zin Yiu, and You-Chia Chang. "Free-Space Applications of Silicon Photonics: A Review." Micromachines 13, no. 7 (June 24, 2022): 990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13070990.

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Silicon photonics has recently expanded its applications to delivering free-space emissions for detecting or manipulating external objects. The most notable example is the silicon optical phased array, which can steer a free-space beam to achieve a chip-scale solid-state LiDAR. Other examples include free-space optical communication, quantum photonics, imaging systems, and optogenetic probes. In contrast to the conventional optical system consisting of bulk optics, silicon photonics miniaturizes an optical system into a photonic chip with many functional waveguiding components. By leveraging the mature and monolithic CMOS process, silicon photonics enables high-volume production, scalability, reconfigurability, and parallelism. In this paper, we review the recent advances in beam steering technologies based on silicon photonics, including optical phased arrays, focal plane arrays, and dispersive grating diffraction. Various beam-shaping technologies for generating collimated, focused, Bessel, and vortex beams are also discussed. We conclude with an outlook of the promises and challenges for the free-space applications of silicon photonics.

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Roberts, Lyle E., Robert L. Ward, Craig Smith, and Daniel A. Shaddock. "Coherent Beam Combining Using an Internally Sensed Optical Phased Array of Frequency-Offset Phase Locked Lasers." Photonics 7, no. 4 (November 28, 2020): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics7040118.

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Coherent beam combining can be used to scale optical power and enable mechanism-free beam steering using an optical phased array. Coherently combining multiple free-running lasers in a leader-follower laser configuration is challenging due to the need to measure and stabilize large and highly dynamic phase differences between them. We present a scalable technique based on frequency-offset phase locking and digitally enhanced interferometry to clone the coherence of multiple lasers without the use of external sampling optics, which has the potential to support both coherent and spectral beam combining, and alleviates issues of voltage wrapping associated with actuating feedback control using electro-optic modulators. This technique was demonstrated experimentally using a tiled-aperture optical phased array in which the relative output phase of three free-running lasers was stabilized with an RMS output phase stability of λ/104.

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Chen, G. L., S. Q. Tian, H. Schubert, E. Udup, and C. Matei. "A tool for beam optics design and its application on the VEGA transport line at ELI-NP." Journal of Instrumentation 19, no. 04 (April 1, 2024): T04008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/04/t04008.

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Abstract The Variable Energy Gamma (VEGA) System, currently under construction at Extreme Light Infrastructure-Nuclear Physics (ELI-NP), is a storage ring-based gamma beam source that aims to provide gamma-ray beams with a variable energy range from 1 MeV to 19.5 MeV to the users. The electron beam transport line has been designed to connect the linear accelerator and the storage ring in the VEGA electron beam system. Considering the geometrical constraints in the accelerator halls and the location of the injection point at the storage ring, the trajectory of the electron beam in the transport line has to first ascend by a 36-degree dog-leg elevation to align with a plane parallel to the storage ring, undergo a 180-degree horizontal turn, and then descend by 36 degrees vertically to reach the injection point at the storage ring. In this paper, we introduce a beam optics tool implemented for the beam optics design and fine-matching in the electron beam transport line. The design of the VEGA transport line including the layout and lattice design, is also described. The tool has been applied to the beam optics design and optimization, utilizing tracking simulations and beam matching for the VEGA transport line lattice. Furthermore, the tool's potential application to similar lattice designs is also discussed.

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Jhu, Siou Jhun, Yi Hsien Liu, and Chung Wei Cheng. "Fabrication of Hybrid Micro/Nano Structures on Titanium by Vector Femtosecond Laser Beam." Nano Hybrids and Composites 42 (February 15, 2024): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-dyzdq8.

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The morphology of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) and micro/nanostructures may be influenced by laser optics or process parameters. This study focused on two beam profiles, Gaussian and vector beams. Vector beam is an annular beam with a null intensity at its center. Radial and azimuthal polarization are the common states of polarization. We investigated Gaussian and vector femtosecond laser beams with the wavelength of 515 nm irradiated on titanium to analyze the ablation crater characterization and the ablation threshold of titanium. Finally, we conducted an experiment on the fabrication of the hybrid micro/nanostructures via spot-by-spot vector beam.

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Vermeulen, Arnold C. "The Sensitivity of Focusing, Parallel Beam and Mixed Optics to Alignment Errors in XRD Residual Stress Measurements." Materials Science Forum 490-491 (July 2005): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.490-491.131.

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The sensitivity of various combinations of optics to alignment errors is investigated. A large number of tests with varying specimen displacements and incident beam misalignments are performed for both line and point focus residual stress optics combinations. This investigation includes experiments with mixed combinations of typical “focusing beam optics” and “parallel beam optics”. It is verified if the peak positions are either sensitive to height errors like for the focusing beam geometry or insensitive like for the parallel beam geometry. The peak position sensitivity is classified for all combinations of incident beam and diffracted beam optics modules.

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Wang, Yu-Zhu, and Liang Liu. "Laser Manipulation of Atoms and Atom Optics." Australian Journal of Physics 48, no. 2 (1995): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ph950267.

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In this paper experiments on laser cooling, collimation and manipulation of a sodium atomic beam, such as the transverse collimation and decollimation of an atomic beam by a standing wave or a misaligned standing wave, longitudinal cooling of an atomic beam by a diffuse light field, sub-Doppler cooling in a blue detuned standing wave, are reported. The basic concept on atom optics is developed. An experiment on a method for the injection of atoms into an atomic cavity is also discussed.

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McCarthy, J. J., and D. J. McMillan. "Application of X-Ray Optics to Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy." Microscopy and Microanalysis 4, S2 (July 1998): 178–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600021012.

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The application of x-ray optics for focusing x-rays into high intensity spots or for collimation of x-ray beams has been reported by several authors. Example applications for x-ray optics include microfluorescence, microdiffraction, tomography and lithography, and WDS. Kirkland et al. pointed out that the use of an optic, in a collimating configuration could provide enhanced detection sensitivity in wavelength dispersive spectroscopy. In these proceedings last year, Agnello et al. presented data from a new WDS device specifically designed to use a grazing incidence collimating x-ray optic that confirmed and extended the work of Kirkland.A few studies have appeared reporting the use X-ray optics in applications using EDS. Focusing x-ray optics have been used on both the excitation and detection side of EDS systems. In a series of papers, Carpenter and his collaborators describe an x-ray microprobe which uses capillary optics to provide an intense convergent beam of x-rays from a microfocus x-ray tube to excite the sample for x-ray microfluorescence studies. Wollman et al.

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Han, Kai, Wenda Cui, Yi Yang, Fengjie Xi, Xiao Li, and Shaojun Du. "Evaluating the Potential of Laser Beam Quality Improvement by Adaptive Optics System." International Journal of Optics 2019 (December 5, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1970406.

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AO (adaptive optics) systems have been extensively used to improve the beam quality in high-energy lasers; however, few studies have focused on how much the beam quality could be improved. A novel evaluation criteria and factor is presented in this paper. The factor, defined as power in ring (PIR), is expressed by distinguishing the low- and high-spatial frequency components in the far-field laser intensity distribution. Beams with different PIR values are generated in our model, and then they are compensated by AO systems. Calculation result shows that the PIR factor could evaluate a laser beam’s improvement potential by an AO system quantitatively.

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