Journal articles: 'Beam characteristics'

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HUANG, C. W., and Y. H. SU. "DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTIAL COMPOSITE BEAMS." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 08, no. 04 (December 2008): 665–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455408002946.

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This paper is concerned with the dynamic characteristics of composite beams with partial shear connections. The governing equations of motion for partial composite beams are derived from the one-dimensional partial composite beam theory. By solving the corresponding characteristic equation, the natural frequencies and modal shapes for simple partial composite beams are obtained. The orthogonality condition between the natural modes is utilized to decouple the equations of motion. Closed-form solution for the simple partial composite beam subjected to a moving load is derived by the modal superposition method. Key parameters that govern the fundamental frequency and deflection impact factor of simple partial composite beams are identified. Numerical results show that the former is controlled by the composite connection and section combination parameters, and the latter by the fundamental frequency ratio. It was observed that the time-history response of a partial composite beam may differ significantly from that of a full composite beam in terms of amplitude, period, and overall shape, depending on the composition connection.

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Rahman, M. A., M. Jahangir Alam, and M. Akhtaruzzaman. "Characteristics Analysis of High Energy External Radiotherapy Beams in Water." Malaysian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 5, no. 1 (June 30, 2018): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/mjmbr.v5i1.450.

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High energy external radiotherapy beam is being used widely for cancer treatment. Biological effect of radiation is concerned with the evaluation of energy absorbed in the tissue. The study of photon and electron beam characteristics is necessary before calibration machine. The aim of this study was to analysis characteristics of depth dose of different energy beams in water to enhance the quality of the radiotherapy treatment planning. Beam is attenuated by the medium and the transmitted beam with less intensity causes lesser absorbed dose as the depth increases. Relative attenuation on certain points on the beam axis and certain percentage of doses on different depths for 4-15 MV photon beams and 4-18 MeV electron beams have been investigated. Depth dose characteristics of the beams do not show identical attributes as interaction of the beams with matters is mainly governed by beam quality. Attenuation and penetration parameters show variation with dosimetric parameters like field size due to scattering and source to surface distance due to inverse square law but the major parameter in interaction is energy. Detailed analysis of the beam characteristics helps to select appropriate beam for radiotherapy treatment when variety of beam energies available and hence to increase accuracy in radiotherapy treatment.

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Chen, Y. H., and J. T. Sheu. "Dynamic Characteristics of Layered Beam with Flexible Core." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 116, no. 3 (July 1, 1994): 350–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2930435.

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This paper presents an analytical theory to define the dynamic characteristics of a layered beam which is composed of two parallel beams of uniform properties with a flexible core in-between. This flexible core may be made of a kind of viscoelastic material in order to achieve a high shock-absorbing performance. The dynamic interactions between these two parallel beams are especially studied. The dynamic shape functions and the dynamic stiffness matrix of a layered-beam element are established based on the analytical model of two parallel damped Timoshenko beams, connected to each other by the vertical springs and dashpots uniformly distributed along the beam length. Some simple layered beams are employed as the application examples for demonstrations and discussions.

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Awtar, Shorya, Alexander H. Slocum, and Edip Sevincer. "Characteristics of Beam-Based Flexure Modules." Journal of Mechanical Design 129, no. 6 (May 29, 2006): 625–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2717231.

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The beam flexure is an important constraint element in flexure mechanism design. Nonlinearities arising from the force equilibrium conditions in a beam significantly affect its properties as a constraint element. Consequently, beam-based flexure mechanisms suffer from performance tradeoffs in terms of motion range, accuracy and stiffness, while benefiting from elastic averaging. This paper presents simple yet accurate approximations that capture the effects of load-stiffening and elastokinematic nonlinearities in beams. A general analytical framework is developed that enables a designer to parametrically predict the performance characteristics such as mobility, over-constraint, stiffness variation, and error motions, of beam-based flexure mechanisms without resorting to tedious numerical or computational methods. To illustrate their effectiveness, these approximations and analysis approach are used in deriving the force–displacement relationships of several important beam-based flexure constraint modules, and the results are validated using finite element analysis. Effects of variations in shape and geometry are also analytically quantified.

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Xie, Yanchen, Xizheng Ke, Ke Dong, Jingyuan Liang, and Wenbo Fan. "Analysis on the characteristics of vortex beam in field turbulence." Laser Physics 32, no. 10 (September 19, 2022): 105402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1555-6611/ac8fe6.

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Abstract In this study, we have investigated the propagation characteristics of single-mode Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) beams under field atmospheric turbulence conditions. We constructed a 1200 meter experimental platform for representing vortex beams in the field. Accordingly, we analyzed the spot changes in an LG beam after transmitted through atmospheric turbulence. Based on the principle of Fresnel diffraction and the random phase screen method, we studied the evolution and spiral spectrum distribution of low-order LG beams transmitted by atmospheric turbulence by numerical simulation. Moreover, we carried out an experimental study regarding the LG beam propagation characteristics mainly based on field experiments. The experimental results indicate that after near-surface turbulent propagation, the LG beam gradually spreads, degree of phase singularity drift becomes larger, and spot size of the Gaussian beam grows faster than that of the LG beam with greater propagation distances. Finally, we concluded that LG beams are not significantly affected by turbulence. It also lays a foundation for the experimental study of vortex beam detection and wavefront correction at the receiving end in multiplexing communication.

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Li Binzhong, 李宾中, and 吕百达 Lü Baida. "Beam Combination Characteristics of Partially Coherent Beams." Chinese Journal of Lasers 36, no. 9 (2009): 2337–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/cjl20093609.2337.

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Carey, W. M., and N. Yen. "Beam Noise Characteristics." IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering 30, no. 2 (April 2005): 303–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/joe.2004.841393.

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Mijnheer, B. J., L. J. Goodman, E. J. Hall, H. G. Menzel, C. J. Parnell, J. Rassow, and P. Wootton. "4. Beam Characteristics." Reports of the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements os-23, no. 2 (November 1989): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jicru_os23.2.40.

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Mijnheer, B. J., L. J. Goodman, E. J. Hall, H. G. Menzel, C. J. Parnell, J. Rassow, and P. Wootton. "4. Beam Characteristics." Journal of the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements os23, no. 2 (November 15, 1989): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jicru/os23.2.40.

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10

XIE, Hao, Xiaotong SUN, Yanqing MEN, Yongliang HUANG, and Yuxin CAO. "Study on failure mechanism of reinforced concrete beam based on cohesive zone model." Xibei Gongye Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Northwestern Polytechnical University 40, no. 1 (February 2022): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jnwpu/20224010175.

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The problem of crack propagation in reinforced concrete beams is common in practical engineering. It is very important to correctly describe the law of crack propagation, the mechanism of fracture failure and the internal stress and deformation characteristics of the beams. Based on cohesive zone mode, the mechanical mechanism of fracture failure of 3D reinforced concrete beams under external load is studied in this paper. By comparing the numerical simulation with the experimental results of the reinforced concrete beam, the crack distribution, expansion law and failure mode of the reinforced concrete beam under the conditions of different reinforcement ratio and spiral stirrup inclination angle are investigated. The results show that: ①a small amount of reinforcement and a superfluous amount of reinforcement will make the reinforced concrete beam show the characteristics of brittle failure, while the moderate reinforcement ratio can give full play to the ductility of the reinforced concrete beam, which is easier to bear the load of the beam; ②when the inclination angle of spiral stirrup is about 80°, the bearing capacity of normal section and oblique section of the beam reach the maximum value.

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Cao, Zhong Liang, Yan Ding, Qing Ming Hu, and Qiang Guo. "Modal Analysis of the Gantry Milling and Boring Machine Tool Beam Based on FEM." Applied Mechanics and Materials 151 (January 2012): 424–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.151.424.

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Fixed beam gantry for large CNC boring and milling machine to bear the beams on the rail side apron, and other parts ram weight under weight and size of deformation produced a result of the assembly accuracy of less than standard, use three-dimensional modeling software UG and finite element analysis software ANSYS for dynamic beam gantry milling machine CNC beam three-dimensional modeling and modal analysis, based on weight and apron beams, the weight of ram and other components in relative deformation amplitude, and the gantry milling machine processing characteristics and overall design of the structural characteristics of machine tools, assembly of the beam is proposed to note some issues and some ways to solve the assembly size requirements, through finite element analysis of the deformation and comparing the actual measured value, the experiment proved data on-site assembly solution with a good theoretical support.

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Ikhlaq, Ayesha, Saeed Ahmad Buzdar, Mamoona Aslam, Muhammad Usman Mustafa, Sana Salahuddin, and Mehr-Un-Nisa. "Improving Clinical dosimetric Accuracy of Cancer Treatment Using a Special Quality of Electron and Photon Beam." Scientific Inquiry and Review 5, no. 3 (September 10, 2021): 12–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.32350/sir/53.02.

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Electron and photon beams demonstrate extraordinary characteristics useful for the treatment of cancer. These characteristics are essential to analyze before the calibration of the linear accelerator with dual energies. This study focused on the dosimetric characteristics of the different energies of electron beam for different field sizes. The basic objective of this work was to calculate the dosimetric parameters and characteristics of the electron beam, especially depth dose characteristics along the central axis. In this work, 6 MeV, 9 MeV, 12 MeV, 15 MeV and 18 MeV of electron beam and 6 MV and 15 MV of photon beam with different field sizes were used. The characteristics of the depth dose of electron and photon beams in water were analyzed to optimize the radiation quality for radiation treatment planning. The different beam characteristics are due to different interactions that occur between electron beams giving them a definite range, whereas photon beams are attenuated leading to dose deposition and a much larger range with no definite end. Depth dose characteristics of electron and photon beams are not similar since the interaction of these beams with matter depends on their quality. Attenuation and penetration factors change with changing dosimetric parameters. A complete analysis of the dosimetric characteristics of electron and photon beams helps to choose the more accurate beam for the treatment of cancer. This work helps to increase accuracy in the treatment of cancer with radiotherapy. Copyright(c) The Authors

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13

Zolkiewski, Sławomir. "Attenuation-Frequency Characteristics of Beam Systems in Spatial Motion." Solid State Phenomena 164 (June 2010): 349–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.164.349.

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Attenuation-frequency characteristics of the beam systems in spatial motion are presented in this paper. The characteristics enclose mutual relations between particular components of angular velocity and amplitude of vibrations, expressed by the value of dynamical flexibility. Beam systems consisting of homogeneous beams with symmetrical cross-sections undergoing spatial motion are considered. The systems vibrate transversally and beams are considered in spatial motion treated as transportation.

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14

Zhang, Jin-lun, Liao-jun Zhang, Ren-yu Ge, Li Yang, and Jun-wu Xia. "Study on Natural Frequencies of Transverse Free Vibration of Functionally Graded Axis Beams by the Differential Quadrature Method." Acta Acustica united with Acustica 105, no. 6 (November 1, 2019): 1095–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3813/aaa.919388.

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Functionally gradient materials with special mechanical characteristics are more and more widely used in engineering. The functionally graded beam is one of the commonly used components to bear forces in the structure. Accurate analysis of the dynamic characteristics of the axially functionally graded (AFG) beam plays a vital role in the design and safe operation of the whole structure. Based on the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory (EBT), the characteristic equation of transverse free vibration for the AFG Euler-Bernoulli beam with variable cross-section is obtained in the present work, and the governing equations of the beam are transformed into ordinary differential equations with variable coefficients. Using differential quadrature method (DQM), the solution formulas of characteristic equations under different boundary conditions are derived, and the natural frequencies of the AFG beam are calculated, while the node partition of a non-uniform geometric progression is discussed.

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15

Lou, Menglin, Qiuhua Duan, and Genda Chen. "Modal Perturbation Method for the Dynamic Characteristics of Timoshenko Beams." Shock and Vibration 12, no. 6 (2005): 425–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2005/824616.

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Timoshenko beams have been widely used in structural and mechanical systems. Under dynamic loading, the analytical solution of a Timoshenko beam is often difficult to obtain due to the complexity involved in the equation of motion. In this paper, a modal perturbation method is introduced to approximately determine the dynamic characteristics of a Timoshenko beam. In this approach, the differential equation of motion describing the dynamic behavior of the Timoshenko beam can be transformed into a set of nonlinear algebraic equations. Therefore, the solution process can be simplified significantly for the Timoshenko beam with arbitrary boundaries. Several examples are given to illustrate the application of the proposed method. Numerical results have shown that the modal perturbation method is effective in determining the modal characteristics of Timoshenko beams with high accuracy. The effects of shear distortion and moment of inertia on the natural frequencies of Timoshenko beams are discussed in detail.

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16

Ma, Ming, Xi Luan, Bin Li, and Jian Jun Wu. "Propagation Delay Characteristics Analysis in LEO Satellite Multi-Beam Antenna Coverage." Advanced Materials Research 791-793 (September 2013): 1931–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.791-793.1931.

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In this paper a calculation model of propagation delays of satellite beams is introduced for LEO multi-beam satellite communications system. Based on actual parameters and beam coverage patterns of the Iridium and Globalstar system, the maximum propagation delay differentials in several typical beams from the center to the edge of the satellites coverage are calculated. Analysis of these results can provide reference for analyzing the feasibility of LEO multi-beam satellite system compatible with uplink synchronization in LTE.

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Zhu, Bai Ru, and Yang Song. "Experimental Study on Reinforced Concrete Beam with Embed in Basalt FRP Bars." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 3827–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.3827.

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Many tests were carried out to study flexural failure characteristics, ultimate bearing capacity, and stiffness etc of reinforced concrete beams which are embed in basalt FRP bar. The results show that:（1）Basalt FRP bars greatly enhance load bearing capacity. (2) Beam failure characteristic is interfacial bond failure mode. (3) Reinforced beams’ integrity and stiffness are greatly improved, the beam crack resistance significantly improved.

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Yu, Bao Chu, and Guo Dong Wang. "Finite Element Analysis of the Vibration Characteristics of Castellated Composite Beams." Applied Mechanics and Materials 513-517 (February 2014): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.513-517.91.

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Steel-concrete castellated composite beams are a new form, also widely used in bridges and buildings. But the research for the vibration characteristics of the composite beams is less. In this paper, by using the principle of the finite element, it mainly analyzes the influence of some related elements, such as the steel beam web part of the opening location, the size, the location and so on, on composite beam vibration frequency to lay the foundation of further study on the dynamic characteristics of the castellated composite beam.

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19

Nelson, Chad, and Jordan Crist. "Predicting laser beam characteristics." Laser Technik Journal 9, no. 1 (January 2012): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/latj.201290006.

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Han, Fei, Dan-Hui Dan, and Xing-Fei Yan. "Dynamic Characteristics of a Double-Layer Sheathing Cable System Based on Dynamic Stiffness Theory." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 18, no. 07 (July 2018): 1850096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455418500967.

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Based on the theory of double-beam dynamic stiffness, a dynamic equilibrium equation for an inclined beam segment was established for the analysis of the dynamic characteristics of a double-layer sheathing cable system. The closed-form transverse dynamic stiffness matrix of the system considering the bending stiffness, inclination angle, boundary condition, and the sag of the beam was obtained simultaneously. The distribution rule of its elements and determinant, defined as dynamic stiffness coefficients and the characteristic function separately, were analyzed in the space and frequency domain. By using a numerical case study, the vibration characteristics of the double-beam system were investigated. It shows that in a given frequency range, the modal frequencies of the double-beam system are affected by both beams, and the beam with smaller stiffness contributes more to the system frequency. The contributions of each single beam to the system frequencies may be further determined by the distribution rule obtained. Based on these results, a method was proposed for quick evaluation of the contribution of each single beam to the modal frequency of the system. This will help to identify the frequency and cable force of double-layer sheathing cables.

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Nesteruk, Konrad P., and Serena Psoroulas. "FLASH Irradiation with Proton Beams: Beam Characteristics and Their Implications for Beam Diagnostics." Applied Sciences 11, no. 5 (March 2, 2021): 2170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11052170.

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FLASH irradiations use dose-rates orders of magnitude higher than commonly used in patient treatments. Such irradiations have shown interesting normal tissue sparing in cell and animal experiments, and, as such, their potential application to clinical practice is being investigated. Clinical accelerators used in proton therapy facilities can potentially provide FLASH beams; therefore, the topic is of high interest in this field. However, a clear FLASH effect has so far been observed in presence of high dose rates (>40 Gy/s), high delivered dose (tens of Gy), and very short irradiation times (<300 ms). Fulfilling these requirements poses a serious challenge to the beam diagnostics system of clinical facilities. We will review the status and proposed solutions, from the point of view of the beam definitions for FLASH and their implications for beam diagnostics. We will devote particular attention to the topics of beam monitoring and control, as well as absolute dose measurements, since finding viable solutions in these two aspects will be of utmost importance to guarantee that the technique can be adopted quickly and safely in clinical practice.

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Zheng, Yuanxun, Lei Yang, Pan Guo, and Peibing Yang. "Fatigue Characteristics of Prestressed Concrete Beam under Freezing and Thawing Cycles." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (September 4, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8821132.

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In order to reveal the influence of freezing and thawing on fatigue properties of the prestressed concrete beam, a kind of novel freeze-thaw test method for large concrete structure components was proposed, and the freeze-thaw experiments and fatigue failure test of prestressed concrete hollow beams were performed in this paper. Firstly, the compressive strength and dynamic elastic modulus of standard specimens subjected to different numbers of freeze-thaw cycles (0, 50, 75, and 100) were determined. Then, the static and dynamic experiments were performed for prestressed concrete beams under different freeze-thaw cycles. Depending on the static failure test results, the fatigue load for the prestressed concrete beam model was carried out, the fatigue tests for prestressed concrete beam under freezing and thawing cycles were done, and the influence of fatigue loading times on dynamic and static characteristics of prestressed concrete beam was also studied. Finally, the relation between fatigue characteristics and numbers of freeze-thaw cycles was established, and the fatigue life prediction formulas of prestressed concrete beams under freeze-thaw cycles were developed. The research shows that the freezing and thawing cycles had obvious influence on fatigue life, and the freezing and thawing cycles should be taken into account for life prediction and quality evaluation of prestressed concrete beams.

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Mani, Karthick Raj, Md Anisuzzaman Bhuiyan, Md Shakilur Rahman, and S. M. Azharur Islam. "Open beam dosimetric characteristics of True Beam medical linear accelerator with flattening filter (WFF) and flattening filter free (FFF) beam." Polish Journal of Medical Physics and Engineering 24, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjmpe-2018-0011.

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Abstract True Beam medical linear accelerator is capable of delivering flattening filter free (FFF) and with flattening filter (WFF) photon beams. True Beam linear accelerator is equipped with five photon beam energies (6 FFF, 6 WFF, 10 FFF, 10 WFF and 15 WFF) as well as six electron beam energies (6 MeV, 9 MeV, 12 MeV, 15 MeV and 18 MeV). The maximum dose rate for the 6 WFF, 10 WFF and 15 WFF is 600 MU/min, whereas 6 FFF has a maximum dose rate of 1400 MU/min and 10 FFF with a maximum dose rate of 2400 MU/min. In this report we discussed the open beam dosimetric characteristics of True Beam medical linear accelerator with FFF and WFF beam. All the dosimetric data (i.e. depth dose, cross-line profiles, diagonal profiles, output factors, MLC transmission, etc.) for 6 MV, 6 FFF, 10 MV, 10 FFF and 15 MV were measured and compared with the published data of the True Beam. Multiple detectors were used in order to obtain a consistent dataset. The measured data has a good consistency with the reference golden beam data. The measured beam quality index for all the beams are in good agreement with the published data. The percentage depth dose at 10 cm depth of all the available photon beams was within the tolerance of the Varian acceptance specification. The dosimetric data shows consistent and comparable results with the published data of other True Beam linear accelerators. The dosimetric data provide us an appreciated perception and consistent among the published data and may be used for future references.

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Sun, Jian Peng, and Qing Ning Li. "The Precise Transfer Matrix Method for Dynamic Characteristic Analysis of Curved Box Beams." Advanced Materials Research 255-260 (May 2011): 1721–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.255-260.1721.

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The dynamic characteristic as one key feature determines the earthquake response and seismic performance of structures.Curved box beams occur coupling of flexural and torsional modes,which companied with warping.Based on the precise transfer matrix method,precise transfer matrixs for solving the natural frequencies and modes of curved box beam out plane have been derivated.The analysis of vibration characteristics of single-span curved box beam with pinned-pinned ends has been done. Example shows that the precise transfer matrix method is a simple and effective method for dynamic characteristic analysis of curved box beams.

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Zhang, Yan Ling, Wei Ge, and De Ying Zhang. "Experimental Research on Bending-Torsion Characteristics of Steel-Concrete Composite Box Beams." Advanced Materials Research 594-597 (November 2012): 785–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.594-597.785.

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Due to the axial curvature and the eccentric vehicle loads, bending-torsion couple effects will be generated in the curved steel-concrete composite box beam bridges. To study the bending-torsion couple characteristics, six steel-concrete composite box model beams are tested under the bending-torsion couple loads, with the initial torsion-bending ratios and shear connection degrees as the design parameters. The ultimate bearing capacity, section strain, and interfacial slip of the steel-concrete composite box beams are measured. The test results show that, the fully connected composite beams mainly express bending or bending-torsion failure modes, but the partially connected composite beams are mainly sliding failure modes. The existence of the torque doesn’t have great influence on the ultimate bearing capacity and bending moment of the composite box beams. Under the bending-torsion couple loads, there are not only the longitudinal slip between the steel girder and concrete slab of the composite box beam, but also the transverse slip perpendicular to the beam axis.

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Ding, Jupeng, Chih-Lin I, Jintao Wang, and Hui Yang. "Effects of Optical Beams on MIMO Visible Light Communication Channel Characteristics." Sensors 22, no. 1 (December 29, 2021): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22010216.

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Under 5G envision, for pushing visible light communication (VLC) channel model evolution to various non-Lambertian beams, this paper introduces the typical commercial non-Lambertian beams, such as Luxeon rebel and side emitter, into the conventional analytical VLC channel model. The numerical results illustrate that the non-Lambertian beams can significantly affect the VLC channel frequency response characteristics. Compared with the traditional Lambertian beam, Side Emitter optical beam could naturally bring up to about 56.8% VLC multi input multi output channel capacity deviation, which objectively opens a new discussion dimension for enhancing VLC transmission performance.

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Shamsi, Qurat-ul-ain, Maria Atiq, Atia Atiq, Saeed Ahmad Buzdar, Khalid Iqbal, and Muhammad Mazhar Iqbal. "Dosimetric comparison of photon beam profile characteristics for different treatment parameters." Journal of Radiotherapy in Practice 16, no. 4 (May 10, 2017): 444–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1460396917000292.

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AbstractPurposeTo deliver radiation doses with higher accuracy, radiation treatment through megavoltage photon beams from linear accelerators, is accepted widely for treating malignancies. Before calibrating the linear accelerators, it is essential to make a complete analysis of all photon beam profile parameters. The main objective of this exploration was to investigate the 6 and 15 MV photon beam profile characteristics to improve the accuracy of radiation treatment plans.MethodsIn this exploration, treatment parameters like depth, field size and beam energy were varied to observe their effect on dosimetric characteristics of beam profiles in a water phantom, generated by linear accelerator Varian Clinac.ResultsThe results revealed thatDmaxandDmindecreased with increasing depth but increased with increasing field sizes. Both left and right penumbras increased with increasing depth, field size and energy. Homogeneity increased with field size but decreased with depth. Symmetry had no dependence on depth, energy and field size.ConclusionAll the characteristics of photon beam dosimetry were analysed and the characteristics like homogeneity and symmetry measured by an ion chamber in a water phantom came within clinically acceptable level of 3 and 103%, respectively, thus fulfilled the requirements of standard linear accelerator specifications. This exploration can be extended to the determination of beam profile characteristics of electron and photon beams of other energies at various depths and field sizes for designing optimum treatment plans.

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Shao, Li, Yun-Long Wu, and Qing Ye. "Anomalous Propagation Characteristics of Airy Beam in Nonlinear Kerr Media." Crystals 11, no. 8 (July 28, 2021): 879. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11080879.

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The propagation characteristics of a single Airy beam in nonlinear Kerr media were numerically investigated by utilizing the split-step Fourier transform method. We show that in addition to normal breathing solitons, the anomalous bound states of Airy spatial solitons can also be formed, which are similar to the states formed in the interaction between two Airy beams in nonlinear media. This quasi-equilibrium state is formed by the interaction of the main soliton beam and side lobes of Airy beam due to their different propagation trajectories in the nonlinear media. Moreover, it has been shown the Airy spatial solitons in tree structure can be formed by adjusting the initial parameters in the interaction between the Airy beam and Kerr media.

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Song, Yu Min, and Ding Jun Wu. "Establishment of Vibration Differential Equation and Analysis of Dynamics Characteristics for Curved Beam." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 1329–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.1329.

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In this paper, a differential segment of curved beam in the vibration state is analyzed, and the internal force equilibrium equations are established, then the vibration differential equations of curved beam are derived by considering Timoshenko’s geometric equations and physical equations. The vibration differential equations derived are similar to the Vlasov’s static differential equation of curved beam. By analyzing the vibration differential equations, some characteristics of vibration are obtained, and ideas of solving the vibration differential equations are also proposed. The vibration differential equations of curved beam can be reduced to those of corresponding straight beams, validating the derived vibration differential equation of curved beam.

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Paynter, D., S. J. Weston, V. P. Cosgrove, J. A. Evans, and D. I. Thwaites. "Beam characteristics of energy-matched flattening filter free beams." Medical Physics 41, no. 5 (April 25, 2014): 052103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4871615.

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Zhang, Yun, Katsuyuki Kasai, and Kazuhiro Hayasaka. "Single-beam noise characteristics of quantum-correlated twin beams." Journal of the Optical Society of America B 21, no. 5 (May 1, 2004): 1044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.21.001044.

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Çil, C. Z., H. T. Eyyuboğlu, Y. Baykal, and Y. Cai. "Beam wander characteristics of cos and cosh-Gaussian beams." Applied Physics B 95, no. 4 (May 5, 2009): 763–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00340-009-3553-5.

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Lashlem, A. A., Dzuraidah Abd Wahab, Shahrum Abdullah, and Che Hassan Che Haron. "Impact Performance of Low Carbon Steel Safety Beams for Car Doors." Applied Mechanics and Materials 165 (April 2012): 247–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.165.247.

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This paper presents impact behaviour and energy absorption response of car door safety beams. Low carbon steel of thickness 2.25 mm, designed into four different shapes of, tube-beam, I-beam and II-beam were used in this experiment to study the effect of impact load on the crash characteristic of the door beams in terms of load bearing and attenuation of energy. The tube-beam is the conventional beam commonly used in cars today. The reason propelling the investigation of other beams is to draw a parallel comparison with the conventional tube beam and possibly obtain an optimised design in terms of impact absorption capability. Masses of impactors used in the impact load simulations were 10 kg, 20 kg, 30 kg, 40 kg and 50 kg at an impact speed of 30 km/h. Analysis were carried out on all samples focusing on energy absorption and deformation characteristics of the beam structures using Pam CrashTM finite element analysis software. Results from this studies indicated that the II-beam design is better than the other beams in terms of the energy absorption and deformation. The proposed II-beam design may be able to prolong the useful life of passenger car door.

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Nicola, Iulian, and Tudor Prisecaru. "Methods for Determining the Characteristics of Laser Beams and the Optical Transmission." Applied Mechanics and Materials 656 (October 2014): 345–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.656.345.

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The paper presents new methods and procedures to measure the characteristics of laser beams and their transmission through optical systems. The paper describes the work procedures and equipments used to measure the characteristics of laser beams and their transmission through optical systems. Using these working procedures, experimental measurement for the characteristics of the beam for a 1.54 µm laser rangefinder and the transmission of a 633 nm laser beam through laser protection glasses were made.

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Yuanhui Wen, Yuanhui Wen, Yujie Chen Yujie Chen, Yanfeng Zhang Yanfeng Zhang, and and Siyuan Yu and Siyuan Yu. "Highly adjustable helical beam: design and propagation characteristics (Invited Paper)." Chinese Optics Letters 15, no. 3 (2017): 030011–30015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201715.030011.

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Selvaraj, Rajeshkumar, Kamesh Gupta, Shubham Kumar Singh, Ankur Patel, and Manoharan Ramamoorthy. "Free vibration characteristics of multi-core sandwich composite beams: Experimental and numerical investigation." Polymers and Polymer Composites 29, no. 9_suppl (November 2021): S1414—S1423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09673911211057679.

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This study investigates the free vibration responses of laminated composite sandwich beam with multi-cores using experimental and numerical methods. The laminated composite face sheets are made by using hand layup method. An experimental modal test has been carried for different configurations of multi-core sandwich beams under different end conditions. The single-core and multi-core sandwich beams has been modeled and the natural frequencies of sandwich beams are determined using ANSYS software. The numerical model is verified by comparing the obtained natural frequencies with experimental results. The numerical and experimental results indicate that the multi-core sandwich beam greatly influences the structural stiffness compared with single-core sandwich beam under different end conditions. Furthermore, the influence of several parameters such as the end conditions, thickness of the core layer, and stacking sequence on the natural frequencies of the various configurations of the multi-core sandwich beams are presented.

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Wu, Nan, Hao Jin, Qingrong Tian, and Zheng Li. "Mesoscopic Characteristics on Cracks of Three-Point Bending RC Beam with Corroded Reinforcement." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (December 16, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3603528.

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The RC beam usually works under the combined action of external loads and corrosion expansion pressures, and the RC beams without corrosion of reinforcements have good mechanical performance. In this study, the mesoscopic models of the three-point bending RC beams with different aggregates, different aggregate contents, and different corrosion expansion pressures were built. The plastic strain and the deflection are analyzed. The results show that the cracks of the RC beam with polygon aggregates are more dispersed than circle aggregates. As the aggregate content increases, the maximum plastic strain and maximum deflection of the RC beam decrease. The aggregate contents increased from 25% to 35%, the maximum plastic strain decreased from 3.4 × 10−3 to 2.1 × 10−3, and the maximum deflection of the lower boundary of the beam decreased from 0.005 m to 0.004 m. Furthermore, the corrosion expansion pressure makes the plastic strain increase in the concrete cover.

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Bai, Quan, Ke Xiang Wei, and Wen Ming Zhang. "Dynamic Analysis of Sandwich Beams Filled with ER Elastomers." Applied Mechanics and Materials 50-51 (February 2011): 843–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.50-51.843.

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Considered electrorheological (ER) elastomers as the visco-elasticity material, a finite element model of a sandwich beam filled with ER elastomers was developed based on Hamilton’s principle and sandwich beam’s theory. Then its dynamic characteristics were analyzed. Simulation results show that natural frequencies of the sandwich beam increase and vibration amplitudes of the beam decrease as the intensity of applied electric field increases. Increased the thickness of the ER elastomers layer, natural frequencies of the beam decrease and loss factors increase. Those indicate that the dynamic characteristic of ER elastomers sandwich beams is similar as that of ER fluids beam, which can be used for vibration control of flexible structures by applied a electric field.

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De Langhe, K., P. Sas, and D. Vandepitte. "The Use of Wave-Absorbing Elements for the Evaluation of Transmission Characteristics of Beam Junctions." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 119, no. 3 (July 1, 1997): 293–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2889723.

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The following paper addresses the applicability and the advantages of finite elements for the study of transmission and reflection of waves impinging upon beam junctions. It will be shown that it is possible to simulate travelling waves on general beams by using a wave-absorbing element at each end of the beam. The stiffness matrix of the wave-absorbing element is determined by the characteristic stiffness of the beam. A general procedure to identify the characteristic stiffness is given in the appendix. Next, by performing a direct frequency response analysis on the finite element model of the junction (including the wave-absorbing elements at either end), it is possible to calculate the energy absorbed by the wave-absorbing elements. Along with some additional calculations, one can easily deduce the energy transmission characteristics of the junction. The method will be explained in detail in the case of beam junction. The applicability, which is mainly situated in the higher frequency dynamic range, will be highlighted through some relevant examples. One of the main advantages of using finite elements is the possibility of evaluating the transmission characteristics of whatever junction, including all essential geometrical details, in a straightforward way.

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Shu, Haisheng, Yongchun Xu, Di Mu, Xiaotian Wang, and Yu Wang. "Analysis of vibration characteristics of elastic metamaterial sandwich beam." International Journal of Modern Physics B 35, no. 11 (April 30, 2021): 2150160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979221501605.

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Elastic metamaterials (EMs) are a new kind of artificial composite medium composed of complex micro-structural elements, which have unique dynamic properties and elastic wave regulation ability that their constituent materials do not possess. The existing researches on EMs mainly focus on wave characteristics in two-dimensional and three-dimensional infinite domains. However, actual EM structures are always in the form of finite structures such as rods, beams and plates, so it is more important for engineering applications to understand and master their natural and forced vibration characteristics. Therefore, it is necessary to establish an effective simplified solution method and framework with certain accuracy for the vibration analysis of such structures. In the early stage, we have studied the natural and forced vibration characteristics of EM beams from this point of view, and presented a simplified solution process. In this paper, a kind of sandwich beam structure with EMs as the core is further constructed, the simplified solution process is extended to such more practical model analysis, and the free and steady forced vibration analysis processes of the finite-size sandwich beam are given. The vibration characteristics different from the traditional sandwich beam are investigated, and some interesting and useful phenomena are revealed, including the absence of natural frequencies within bandgap (BG), the gathering of natural frequencies in the vicinity of band edges, and the particular modal correspondence before and after BG. Then, the corresponding formation mechanisms are explained from the perspective of wave propagation.

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Van Kemenade, Ir Johan, and Jan Reker. "Beam Characteristics for Accent Lighting." Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society 17, no. 2 (July 1988): 118–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00994480.1988.10748732.

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Raitsin, A. M., and M. V. Ulanovskii. "Correct measurement methodology spatial-energy characteristics of laser beams." Metrologiya, no. 2 (July 4, 2021): 4–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32446/0132-4713.2021-2-4-19.

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A methodology for correct measurements of the spatial and energy characteristics of a laser beam is considered, based on the determination of the initial moments of the spatial intensity distribution in the beam cross section. The classification of radiation fields participating in the measuring process is given: emitted, measured and measured. It is shown that ISO 11146:2005 “Lasers and laser-related equipment. Test methods for laser beam widths, divergence angles and beam propagation ratios, Part 1-3” for measuring the spatial and energy characteristics of laser beams leads to incorrect measurements. This is due to the fact that the recommendations for the application of ISO 11146:2005 do not take into account the dynamic range of the used matrix radiation detectors, and the characteristics of the emitted field of interest to the user turn out to be diverging, which violates the uniformity of measurements. Moreover, the conditions ensuring the convergence of the results are practically impracticable. To solve these problems, it is proposed to establish and regulate the lower level of the dynamic range of measurements of the intensity of the used matrix receivers and to consider the spatial and energy characteristics of the emitted field of interest to the user, depending on the set value of the lower level. It is shown that measurements with this methodology become correct and make it possible to compare the characteristics of laser beams obtained by different array detectors. Formulas are given that take into account the effect of the lower level of the dynamic range of the matrix radiation detectors on the measurement result. These formulas should be recommended for inclusion in the updated edition of the national standard GOST R ISO 11146-2008 “Lasers and laser installations (systems). Methods for measuring widths, divergence angles and propagation coefficients of laser beams. Parts 1-3”.

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Liu, Xin, Dagang Jiang, Yu Zhang, Lingzhao Kong, Qinyong Zeng, and Kaiyu Qin. "Propagation Characteristics of Hermite–Gaussian Beam under Pointing Error in Free Space." Photonics 9, no. 7 (July 9, 2022): 478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9070478.

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Hermite–Gaussian (HG) beams have significant potential to improve the capacity of free-space optical communication (FSOC). The influence of pointing error on the propagation characteristics of an HG beam cannot be ignored in the FSOC system. Although the average irradiance of the HG beam under a small pointing error from the FSOC tracking mechanism has been investigated through Taylor series approximation, here, we propose that the average irradiance of the HG beam under an arbitrary magnitude pointing error can be deduced through a statistical averaging method. We firstly found that the average irradiance profile of an HG beam finally changes into an approximately Gaussian shape with the increase in pointing error and propagation distance and a larger beam waist at the transmitter could mitigate the profile change. The correlation coefficient between deduced theoretical expression and Monte Carlo simulation reaches 0.999. Additionally, the effective spot size, location of the local extreme value, average received power and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) loss for an HG beam under pointing error were theoretically deduced and analyzed for the first time. We found that the effective spot size of the higher-order HG beam experiences less broadening under the pointing error than that of the lower-order HG beam. The fundamental theoretical expressions of average irradiance for an HG beam under pointing error have provided effective guidance for analyzing the propagation characteristics and link performance.

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HABER, I., F. M. BIENIOSEK, C. M. CELATA, A. FRIEDMAN, D. P. GROTE, E. HENESTROZA, J. L. VAY, et al. "End-to-end simulation: The front end." Laser and Particle Beams 20, no. 3 (July 2002): 431–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034602203134.

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For the intense beams in heavy ion fusion accelerators, details of the beam distribution as it emerges from the source region can determine the beam behavior well downstream. This occurs because collective space-charge modes excited as the beam is born remain undamped for many focusing periods. Traditional studies of the source region in particle beam systems have emphasized the behavior of averaged beam characteristics, such as total current, rms beam size, or emittance, rather than the details of the full beam distribution function that are necessary to predict the excitation of the collective modes. Simulations of the beam in the source region and comparisons to experimental measurements at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the University of Maryland are presented to illustrate some of the complexity in beam characteristics that has been uncovered as increased attention has been devoted to developing a detailed understanding of the source region. Also discussed are methods of using the simulations to infer characteristics of the beam distribution that can be difficult to measure directly.

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Zhang, Jipeng, Jing Wang, Hongkun Huang, Haiyan Wang, Shijun Zhu, Zhenhua Li, and Jian Lu. "Propagation Characteristics of a Twisted Cosine-Gaussian Correlated Radially Polarized Beam." Applied Sciences 8, no. 9 (August 29, 2018): 1485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8091485.

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Recently, partially coherent beams with twist phases have attracted growing interest due to their nontrivial dynamic characteristics. In this work, the propagation characteristics of a twisted cosine-Gaussian correlated radially polarized beam such as the spectral intensity, the spectral degree of coherence, the degree of polarization, the state of polarization, and the spectral change are investigated in detail. Due to the presence of the twisted phase, the beam spot, the degree of coherence, and the state of polarization experience rotation during transmission, but the degree of polarization is not twisted. Meanwhile, although their rotation speeds closely depend on the value of the twist factor, they all undergo a rotation of π / 2 when they reach the focal plane. Furthermore, the effect of the twist phase on the spectral change is similar to the coherence, which is achieved by modulating the spectral density distribution during transmission. The twist phase opens up a useful guideline for manipulation of novel vector structure beams and enriches potential applications in the field of beam shaping, optical tweezers, optical imaging, and free space optical communications.

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Viet, N. V., W. Zaki, and Quan Wang. "Free vibration characteristics of sectioned unidirectional/bidirectional functionally graded material cantilever beams based on finite element analysis." Applied Mathematics and Mechanics 41, no. 12 (November 18, 2020): 1787–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10483-020-2664-8.

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AbstractAdvancements in manufacturing technology, including the rapid development of additive manufacturing (AM), allow the fabrication of complex functionally graded material (FGM) sectioned beams. Portions of these beams may be made from different materials with possibly different gradients of material properties. The present work proposes models to investigate the free vibration of FGM sectioned beams based on one-dimensional (1D) finite element analysis. For this purpose, a sample beam is divided into discrete elements, and the total energy stored in each element during vibration is computed by considering either Timoshenko or Euler-Bernoulli beam theories. Then, Hamilton’s principle is used to derive the equations of motion for the beam. The effects of material properties and dimensions of FGM sections on the beam’s natural frequencies and their corresponding mode shapes are then investigated based on a dynamic Timoshenko model (TM). The presented model is validated by comparison with three-dimensional (3D) finite element simulations of the first three mode shapes of the beam.

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Elaikh, Talib Ehraize, and Olasunmbo Ola Oluwa Agboola. "Investigation of Transverse Vibration Characteristics of Cracked Axially Moving Functionally Graded Beam Under Thermal Load." Trends in Sciences 19, no. 23 (November 10, 2022): 1349. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/tis.2022.1349.

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This article presents a new analysis of the vibration characteristics of open-edge cracks for graded moving beams under thermal load. The material property gradient is based on the distribution of the power law in the direction of the beam thickness. The vibration equation is obtained depending on the precept of Hamilton and resolved by the extension of Galerkin’s approach. A rotational spring is used to represent the cracking in the beam. The effects of the axial velocity, gradient index, thermal load, and cracking parameters on vibration characteristics are observed. Furthermore, the mode shapes of the simple support cracked moving graded beam are determined. The results show that the rise in the axial velocity, the crack depth, and the material property index led to a decrease in the natural frequencies, which indicates the results obtained. HIGHLIGHTS Stability and vibrations analysis of the cracked gradient beams with an axial motion under a uniform temperature rise The effect of axial velocity, gradient index, thermal load, and cracks parameter was studied Galerkin’s technique is developed for vibrational analysis of cracked graded beams with longitudinal motion The Euler-Bernoulli beam model was used taking into account the effect of rotatory inertia GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

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Wan, Chunfeng, Huachen Jiang, Liyu Xie, Caiqian Yang, Youliang Ding, Hesheng Tang, and Songtao Xue. "Natural Frequency Characteristics of the Beam with Different Cross Sections Considering the Shear Deformation Induced Rotary Inertia." Applied Sciences 10, no. 15 (July 29, 2020): 5245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10155245.

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Based on the classical Timoshenko beam theory, the rotary inertia caused by shear deformation is further considered and then the equation of motion of the Timoshenko beam theory is modified. The dynamic characteristics of this new model, named the modified Timoshenko beam, have been discussed, and the distortion of natural frequencies of Timoshenko beam is improved, especially at high-frequency bands. The effects of different cross-sectional types on natural frequencies of the modified Timoshenko beam are studied, and corresponding simulations have been conducted. The results demonstrate that the modified Timoshenko beam can successfully be applied to all beams of three given cross sections, i.e., rectangular, rectangular hollow, and circular cross sections, subjected to different boundary conditions. The consequence verifies the validity and necessity of the modification.

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Li Binzhong, 李宾中, and 吕百达 Lü Baida. "Propagation Transform Characteristics of Beams from Stochastic Electromagnetic Beam Array." Acta Optica Sinica 31, s1 (2011): s100406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/aos201131.s100406.

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Kemikler, G., and H. Acun. "Beam characteristics of megavoltage beams at low monitor unit settings." Physica Medica 27, no. 4 (October 2011): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmp.2010.10.007.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Beam characteristics'

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