Relevant bibliographies by topics / Beam

Academic literature on the topic 'Beam'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Beam"

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Sharma, Prerana. "Cross Focusing of two Coaxial Gaussian Beams with Relativistic and Ponderomotive Nonlinearity." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 67, no. 1-2 (February 1, 2012): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5560/zna.2011-0064.

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This paper presents the cross focusing of two high power lasers by taking off-axial contributions of the laser beams in a collisionless plasma. Due to relativistic and ponderomotive nonlinearities the two laser beams affect the dynamics of each other and cross focusing takes place. The expressions for the laser beam intensities by using the eikonal method are derived. The contributions of the r2 and r4 terms are incorporated. By expanding the eikonal and the other relevant quantities up to the fourth power of r, the solution of the pump laser beam is obtained within the extended paraxial ray approximation. Filamentary structures of the laser beams are observed due to the relativistic and the ponderomotive nonlinearity. The focusing of the laser beams is shown to become fast in the extended paraxial region. Using the laser beam and the plasma parameters, appropriate for beat wave processes, the filaments of the laser beams are studied and the relevance of these results to beat wave processes is pointed out.
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HUANG, YEN-CHIEH. "LASER BEAT-WAVE BUNCHED BEAM FOR COMPACT SUPERRADIANCE SOURCES." International Journal of Modern Physics B 21, no. 03n04 (February 10, 2007): 287–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979207042069.

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A periodically bunched electron beam is useful for generating high-brightness electron superradiance. This paper studies the generation and acceleration of density-modulated electron beams from a photocathode electron gun driven by a laser beat wave. Computer simulation shows the feasibility of accelerating and preserving the density-modulated electron beam in an accelerator. This paper also details the implementation of a beat-wave laser system with a variable beat frequency for driving a photocathode electron gun.
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XIE, Hao, Xiaotong SUN, Yanqing MEN, Yongliang HUANG, and Yuxin CAO. "Study on failure mechanism of reinforced concrete beam based on cohesive zone model." Xibei Gongye Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Northwestern Polytechnical University 40, no. 1 (February 2022): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jnwpu/20224010175.

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The problem of crack propagation in reinforced concrete beams is common in practical engineering. It is very important to correctly describe the law of crack propagation, the mechanism of fracture failure and the internal stress and deformation characteristics of the beams. Based on cohesive zone mode, the mechanical mechanism of fracture failure of 3D reinforced concrete beams under external load is studied in this paper. By comparing the numerical simulation with the experimental results of the reinforced concrete beam, the crack distribution, expansion law and failure mode of the reinforced concrete beam under the conditions of different reinforcement ratio and spiral stirrup inclination angle are investigated. The results show that: ①a small amount of reinforcement and a superfluous amount of reinforcement will make the reinforced concrete beam show the characteristics of brittle failure, while the moderate reinforcement ratio can give full play to the ductility of the reinforced concrete beam, which is easier to bear the load of the beam; ②when the inclination angle of spiral stirrup is about 80°, the bearing capacity of normal section and oblique section of the beam reach the maximum value.
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Lyu, Yu-Ting, Tsung-Pin Hung, Her-Chang Ay, Hsiu-An Tsai, and Yih-Cherng Chiang. "Evaluation of Laminated Composite Beam Theory Accuracy." Materials 15, no. 19 (October 6, 2022): 6941. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15196941.

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Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) has been widely implemented in electric vehicle bodies and aircraft fuselage structures. The purpose of CFRP is to reduce the weight and impart rigidity in the final product. A beam structure is typically used to bear the structural load, and the rigidity of the beam can be changed by arranging the laminated fibers at different angles. In this study, a composite I-beam is used as an example in engineering components. Because the theoretical model of the superimposed composite I-beam is established, the theoretical formula is based on the theoretical assumptions of the two-dimensional composite beam, and is combined with the traditional composite plate theory to analyze the maximum bending stress, strain, and deflection. During the theoretical derivation, it is assumed that the flanges of the I-beams are divided into narrow and wide flanges. The beams are considered as structures of beams and flatbeds. When a narrow flange is loaded in the side, the wide flange has no lateral deformation, and the lateral moments are neglected. Therefore, the accuracy of this formula needs to be verified. The purpose of this study is to verify the accuracy of theoretical solutions for the deflection and stress analysis of composite beams. A finite element analysis model is used as the basis for comparing the theoretical solutions. The results indicate that when the aspect ratio of the beam is >15, the theoretical solution will have better accuracy. Without the addition of the material, when 0° ply is placed on the outermost layer of the flange of the nonsymmetric beam, the effective rigidity of the beam is increased by 4–5% compared with the symmetrical beam. The accuracy range of the theoretical solution for the composite beams can be accurately defined based on the results of this study.
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Prasetyawati, Erlina, and Mochamad Solikin. "PERILAKU LENTUR PADA BALOK BETON SERAT BESI BERLUBANG MENERUS DI DAERAH TARIK." Wahana Teknik Sipil: Jurnal Pengembangan Teknik Sipil 26, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.32497/wahanats.v26i2.3128.

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Concrete beams that receive a positive bending force, at the top will experience a compressive force while at the bottom receive a tensile force. The theory that reinforced concrete is a structural system where the steel or reinforcement in the concrete functions to withstand tension, then the concrete below the neutral line does not receive a compressive force but transmits a tensile force to the reinforcement. This study analyzes and reduces the area in the tensile area by continuously installing 2 inch diameter PVC pipes and adding fiber to the concrete. This reduction in area is expected to reduce weight and material savings without reducing its strength. This research was carried out with a sample of 28 days old concrete blocks with quality f'c = 21.04 MPa with dimensions of 12 cm x 18 cm x 250 cm, with 4Ø10 mm reinforcement with quality fy = 450 MPa. Concrete beams are made in 3 variations in the form of solid beams, hollow beams without fiber, hollow beams with fiber. Each variation has 2 samples. From the test results, all beams experienced flexural cracks which were characterized by cracks perpendicular to the beam axis and flexural strength behavior which the difference was not significant. From the three variations of this beam, it shows that the results of the hollow beam with the addition of fiber have a greater first crack load. The addition of fiber is able to slow down the cracks that occur and contribute to withstand tensile stresses so that the beam still has strength to bear the load even though cracks have occurred. Based on the calculation simulation, in order to equalize the strength of the hollow beam with fiber, the dimensions of the solid beam need to be enlarged so that the solid beam becomes more expensive. This shows that hollow beams with fiber are more economical than solid beams.
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KUMAR, RAJ, H. D. PANDEY, R. P. SHARMA, and M. KUMAR. "Relativistic cross-focusing of two coaxial Gaussian laser beams in a plasma." Journal of Plasma Physics 60, no. 4 (November 1998): 811–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377898007132.

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The paper presents a paraxial theory of the relativistic cross-focusing of two coaxial Gaussian laser beams of different frequencies in a homogeneous plasma. We discuss the self-focusing of a weaker laser beam in the plasma due to the optical inhomogeneities introduced by another stronger copropagating laser beam. In the presence of the second stronger beam (Pcr21<P2<Pcr22), the plasma behaves as an oscillatory waveguide for the first, weaker, beam (P1<Pcr11) as it propagates in the plasma. When both the beams are strong (Pcr11,21<P1,2<Pcr12,22), the nonlinearities introduced by the relativistic effect are additive in nature, such that one beam can undergo oscillatory self-focusing and the other simultaneously defocusing, and vice versa. A comparison reveals that cross-focusing due to relativistic nonlinearity is possible for a wider range of powers of the laser pulses than is cross-focusing due to ponderomotive nonlinearity. Relativistic cross-focusing is important in plasma beat-wave excitation and collective laser particle accelerators.
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Mei, Lidan, Nan Guo, Hongliang Zuo, Ling Li, and Guodong Li. "Influence of the Force Arm on the Flexural Performance of Prestressed Glulam Beams." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (January 15, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8831406.

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In recent years, extensive attention has been drawn to prefabricated buildings, particularly wood construction. Glulam beams are the major supporting components of modern wood buildings. Since the force arm is the most critical indicator to evaluate the resistance moment of the glulam beam string structure, it is necessary to further study the influence of the force arm on the mechanical properties of the glulam beam string structure. We tested the flexural performance of 15 prestressed glulam beams, which were divided into two groups (A and B) to, respectively, research the influences of the string arm and the end arm on the bearing capacity, failure mode, stress distribution, and deformation performance of glulam beams. The results showed that when the height of the end arm remained constant and the string arm increased from 90 mm to 130 mm and 170 mm, the bearing capacity of the beam increased by 6.77% and 17.22%, respectively. Moreover, as the depth of the compression zone of the glued timber beam gradually increased, the failure mode of the beam changed from the brittle tension failure of the beam bottom to the ductile compression failure of the beam top. When the height of the string arm remained constant and the end arm increased from 10 mm to 30 mm and 50 mm, the bearing capacity of the beam increased by 4.27% and 8.13%, respectively. The beam had no significant change in the failure mode, while it could bear the stress more uniformly. Based on the experimental results and principles of equilibrium, moment equilibrium, and similar triangle, we calculated the ultimate bearing capacity of the glulam beam and proposed a design method for durable wood structures.
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Du, Huanhuan, Jianyou Pan, Huaxun Shen, and Jie Dong. "Numerical Analysis of Flexural Behavior of Prestressed Steel-Concrete Continuous Composite Beams Based on BP Neural Network." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2022 (May 10, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5501610.

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Prestressed steel-concrete continuous composite beam (PCCB) is a kind of beam, which makes reinforced concrete slab and steel beam bear load and coordinate deformation through connectors such as studs. Prestressed steel-concrete continuous composite beam is a kind of transverse load-bearing composite member formed by prestressed technology on the basis of ordinary composite beam. Aiming at the flexural behavior of prestressed steel-concrete continuous composite beams, a three-dimensional finite element numerical analysis model is established, and the whole process of the test is simulated based on BP neural network. The calculated results are in good agreement with the test. Using this model, the mechanical deformation performance of prestressed steel-concrete continuous composite beam is further analyzed, and the effects of some parameters (steel beam strength grade, concrete strength grade, concrete slab thickness, and transverse reinforcement ratio) on the flexural performance of prestressed steel-concrete continuous composite beam are discussed, which provides a reference basis for engineering design.
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Cao, Zhong Liang, Yan Ding, Qing Ming Hu, and Qiang Guo. "Modal Analysis of the Gantry Milling and Boring Machine Tool Beam Based on FEM." Applied Mechanics and Materials 151 (January 2012): 424–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.151.424.

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Fixed beam gantry for large CNC boring and milling machine to bear the beams on the rail side apron, and other parts ram weight under weight and size of deformation produced a result of the assembly accuracy of less than standard, use three-dimensional modeling software UG and finite element analysis software ANSYS for dynamic beam gantry milling machine CNC beam three-dimensional modeling and modal analysis, based on weight and apron beams, the weight of ram and other components in relative deformation amplitude, and the gantry milling machine processing characteristics and overall design of the structural characteristics of machine tools, assembly of the beam is proposed to note some issues and some ways to solve the assembly size requirements, through finite element analysis of the deformation and comparing the actual measured value, the experiment proved data on-site assembly solution with a good theoretical support.
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Singh, Arvinder, and Naveen Gupta. "Beat wave excitation of electron plasma wave by coaxial cosh-Gaussian laser beams in collisional plasma." Laser and Particle Beams 33, no. 4 (July 14, 2015): 621–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034615000646.

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AbstractThis paper presents a scheme for beat wave excitation of an electron plasma wave (EPW) by cross-focusing of two intense cosh-Gaussian (ChG) laser beams in an under dense collisional plasma. The plasma wave is generated on account of beating of two ChG laser beams of frequencies ω1 and ω2. Starting from Maxwell's equations, coupled differential equations governing the evolution of spot size of laser beams with distance of propagation have been derived by using Moment theory approach in Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin approximation. The collisional nonlinearity depends not only on the intensity of first laser beam, but also on that of second laser beam. Therefore, dynamics of first laser beam affects that of other and hence cross-focusing of the two laser beams takes place. Numerical simulations have been carried out to investigate the effect of laser as well as plasma parameters on cross-focusing of laser beams and further its effect on power of excited EPW. It has been found that decentered parameters of the two laser beams have significant effect on power of EPW.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Beam"

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ROSSETTI, CONTI MARCELLO. "BEAM DYNAMICS FOR EXTREME ELECTRON BEAMS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/622706.

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The extreme electron beams are characterized by parameters that are comparable or superior to the state of the art. The beams parameters proposed in the more advanced machines under development or in operation demonstrate that extreme beam qualities are necessary to conceive experiments meeting the demands of cutting-edge research. The optimization of parameters such as brightness, beam current or energy spread plays a major role in the design choices of new and competitive machines. A large amount of simulations of beam dynamics is required, accompanied later by a specific R&D of machine components and demonstration experiments. In the field of beam dynamics, the development and improvement of tracking simulators and optimization tools is a main topic. For this reason, in the beam physics group of INFN & University of Milan the code GIOTTO, based on a genetic algorithm, is being developed for years specifically for this purpose. During the work of PhD, I developed new features in the GIOTTO code that allowed me to apply it to new type of problems: simulation of a beam based method for the increase of the brightness of linac beams, design from scratch of matching lines for plasma driven FELs (Free Electron Lasers), the study of new linear acceleration and compression techniques and a preliminary study on how to produce an ultra-cold beam for a quantum-FEL. All these works are united by being applied to linear machines dedicated to the production of high-brightness electron beams for various purposes. During the last year of PhD, I had the opportunity to participate in the design of an FEL source, named MariX. MariX is based on a compact acceleration scheme where the electron beam propagates twice through a superconducting standing wave linac thanks to an arc compressor that reverses the direction of the beam and compresses it.
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Lokhande, Ajinkya M. "Evaluation of steel I-section beam and beam-column bracing requirements by test simulation." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/53114.

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The ANSI/AISC 360-10 Appendix-6 provisions provide limited guidance on the bracing requirements for beam-columns. In cases involving point (nodal) or shear panel (relative) lateral bracing only, these provisions simply sum the corresponding strength and stiffness requirements for column and beam bracing. Based on prior research evidence, it is expected that this approach is accurate to conservative when the requirements can be logically added. However, in many practical beam-column bracing situations, the requirements cannot be logically added. This is because of the importance of the brace and transverse load position through the cross-section depth, as well as the fact that both torsional and lateral restraint can be important attributes of the general bracing problem. These attributes of the bracing problem can cause the current beam-column bracing requirement predictions to be unconservative. In addition, limited guidance is available in the broader literature at the current time regarding the appropriate consideration of combined lateral and torsional bracing of I-section beams and beam-columns. Nevertheless, this situation is quite common, particularly for beam-columns, since it is rare that separate and independent lateral bracing systems would be provided for both flanges. More complete guidance is needed for the proper consideration of combined bracing of I-section beams and beam-columns in structural design. This research focuses on a reasonably comprehensive evaluation of the bracing strength and stiffness requirements for doubly-symmetric I-section beams and beam-columns using refined Finite Element Analysis (FEA) test simulation. The research builds on recent simulation studies of the basic bracing behavior of beams subjected to uniform bending. Various cases of beam members subjected to moment gradient are considered first. This is followed by a wide range of studies of beam-column members subjected to constant axial load and uniform bending as well as axial load combined with moment gradient loading. A range of unbraced lengths are considered resulting in different levels of plasticity at the member strength limit states. In addition, various bracing configurations are addressed including point (nodal) lateral, shear panel (relative) lateral, point torsional, combined point lateral and point torsional, and combined shear panel lateral and point torsional bracing.
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Sosa, Alejandro. "Development of beam instrumentation for exotic particle beams." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2015. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/2038259/.

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Modern nuclear physics makes extensive use of exotic particle beams created using accelerators, such as unstable ion isotopes and antiprotons. These give access to a wide range of fundamental studies that are at the cutting edge of science. The commissioning and operation of these accelerators require powerful beam diagnostic devices that are specially adapted to these unusual, and often very faint, beams. The work leading to this thesis, focuses on the development of the beam diagnostic system of the future superconducting linear accelerator at the High Intensity and Energy Isotope Separator On-Line Device (HIE-ISOLDE), which shall deliver stable and unstable isotope beams ranging from Helium to Radium at beam energies between 0.3 and 10 MeV/u and intensities from few particles per second up to 1 nA. The main elements of the diagnostics system are a Faraday cup for the measurement of the absolute beam current, a scanning blade with a V-shaped slit, which together with the Faraday cup allows one to measure the transverse beam profile and the beam position, a silicon detector for energy spectroscopy and time of flight measurements, plus a set of collimators and attenuating or stripping foils. The performance of the beam instrumentation will impact directly on the operation of the facility, therefore a lot of care has been put to identify the performance requirements and ensure that the design fulfills the needs. The techniques used by the systems studied during this work are widely used, but had to be adapted to the special design of the superconducting HIE-ISOLDE Radioactive EXperiment (REX) linac. In particular the compactness of the accelerator, and as a consequence of the diagnostic devices, required pushing the understanding of the physics behind the techniques in order to overcome limitations in the design parameters usually considered unbreakable. For this realistic models of all devices had to be developed that allowed detailed numerical studies. This new set of diagnostics for the HIE-ISOLDE REX linac is the most compact in the facility, and has been tested extensively in a wide range of ion beams. In addition to the HIE-ISOLDE work, a Secondary Emission Monitor (SEM) was tested at the Antiproton Decelerator (AD) facility using a 300 keV antiproton beam, together with other detector groups in the AEgIS collaboration such as nuclear emulsions, the MIMOTERA and the 3D pixel detector. In the frame of this thesis, a performance comparison among these detector technologies is done with the aim to identify an ideal set of diagnostics for the AD and for other similar antiproton facilities. This thesis first presents the models developed as well as the results of the numerical simulations, then the design of the prototypes and the experimental results obtained with beams in antiproton and ion accelerator facilities. All devices and techniques part of this R&D are characterized in detail, their performance and limitations described and options for further improvements indicated.
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Ratsibi, Humbelani Edzani. "Laser drilling of metals and glass using zero-order bessel beams." University of the Western Cape, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5428.

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>Magister Scientiae - MSc
This dissertation consists of two main sections. The first section focuses on generating zero order Bessel beams using axicons. An axicon with an opening angle y = 5⁰ was illuminated with a Gaussian beam of width ω₀ = 1.67 mm from a cw fiber laser with central wavelength λ = 1064 nm to generate zero order Bessel beams with a central spot radius r₀ = 8.3 ± 0.3 μm and propagation distance ½zmax = 20.1 ± 0.5 mm. The central spot size of a Bessel beam changes slightly along the propagation distance. The central spot radius r₀ can be varied by changing the opening angle of the axicon, y, and the wavelength of the beam. The second section focuses on applications of the generated Bessel beams in laser microdrilling. A Ti:Sapphire pulsed femtosecond laser (λ = 775 nm, ω₀ = 2.5 mm, repetition rate kHz, pulse energy mJ, and pulse duration fs) was used to generate the Bessel beams for drilling stainless steel thin sheets of thickness 50 μm and 100 μm and microscopic glass slides 1 mm thick. The central spot radius was r₀ = 15.9 ± 0.3 μm and ½zmax = 65.0 ± 0.5 mm. The effect of the Bessel beam shape on the quality of the holes was analysed and the results were discussed. It was observed that Bessel beams drill holes of better quality on transparent microscopic glass slides than on stainless steel sheet. The holes drilled on stainless steel sheets deviated from being circular on both the top and bottom surface for both thicknesses. However the holes maintained the same shape on both sides of each sample, indicating that the walls are close to being parallel. The holes drilled on the glass slides were circular and their diameters could be measured. The measured diameter (15.4±0.3 μm) of the hole is smaller than the diameter of the central spot (28.2 ± 0.1 μm) of the Bessel beam. Increasing the pulse energy increased the diameter of the drilled hole to a value close to the measured diameter of the central spot.
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Motamedian, Hamid Reza. "Robust Formulations for Beam-to-Beam Contact." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Hållfasthetslära (Avd.), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-183980.

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Contact between beam elements is a specific category of contact problems which was introduced by Wriggers and Zavarise in 1997 for normal contact and later extended by Zavarise and Wriggers to include tangential and frictional contact. In these works, beam elements are assumed to have rigid circular cross-sections and each pair of elements cannot have more than one contact point. The method proposed in the early papers is based on introducing a gap function and calculating the incremental change of that gap function and its variation in terms of incremental change of the nodal displacement vector and its variation. Due to complexity of derivations, specially for tangential contact, it is assumed that beam elements have linear shape functions. Furthermore, moments at the contact point are ignored. In the work presented in this licentiate thesis, we mostly adress the questions of simplicity and robustness of implementations, which become critical once the number of contact is large. In the first paper, we have proposed a robust formulation for normal and tangential contact of beams in 3D space to be used with a penalty stiffness method. This formulation is based on the assumption that contact normal, tangents, and location are constant (independent of displacements) in each iteration, while they are updated between iterations. On the other hand, we have no restrictions on the shape functions of the underlying beam elements. This leads to a mathematically simpler derivation and equations, as the linearization of the variation of the gap function vanishes. The results from this formulation are verified and benchmarked through comparison with the results from the previous algorithms. The proposed method shows better convergence rates allowing for selecting larger loadsteps or broader ranges for penalty stiffness. The performance and robustness of the formulation is demonstrated through numerical examples. In the second paper, we have suggested two alternative methods to handle in-plane rotational contact between beam elements. The first method follows the method of linearizing the variation of gap function, originally proposed by Wriggers and Zavarise. To be able to do the calculations, we have assumed a linear shape function for the underlying beam elements. This method can be used with both penalty stiffness and Lagrange multiplier methods. In the second method, we have followed the same method that we used in our first paper, that is, using the assumption that the contact normal is independent of nodal displacements at each iteration, while it is updated between iterations. This method yields simpler equations and it has no limitations on the shape functions to be used for the beam elements, however, it is limited to penalty stiffness methods. Both methods show comparable convergence rates, performance and stability which is demonstrated through numerical examples.
Kontakt mellan balkelement är en speciell typ av kontaktproblem som först analyserades 1997 av Wriggers och Zavarise med avseende på kontakt i normalriktningen. Teorin utvecklades senare av Zavarise och Wriggers och  inkluderade då även kontakt i tangentiella riktningar. I dessa arbeten antas balkelementen ha ett styvt cirkulärt tvärsnitt och varje elementpar kan inte ha mer än en kontaktpunkt. Metodiken i dessa artiklar bygger på  att en glipfunktion införs och därefter beräknas den inkrementella förändringen av glipfunktionen, och också dess variation, som funktion av den inkrementella förändringen av förskjutningsvektorn och dess variation. På grund av de komplicerade härledningar som resulterar, speciellt för den tangentiella kontakten, antas det att balkelementen har linjära formfunktioner. Dessutom tas ingen hänsyn till de moment som uppstår vid kontaktpunkten. I de arbeten som presenteras i denna licentiatavhandling har vi valt att inrikta oss mot frågeställningar kring enkla och robusta implementeringar, något som blir viktigt först när problemet innefattar ett stort antal kontakter. I den första artikeln i avhandlingen föreslår vi en robust formulering för normal och tangentiell kontakt mellan balkar i en 3D-rymd.Formuleringen bygger på en kostnadsmetod och på antagandet att kontaktens normal- och tangentriktning samt dess läge förblir detsamma (oberoende av förskjutning) under varje iteration. Dock uppdateras dessa storheter mellan varje iteration. Å andra sidan har inga begränsningar införts för formfunktionerna hos de underliggande balkelementen. Detta leder till en matematiskt enklare härledning samt enklare ekvationer, eftersom variationen hos glipfunktionen försvinner. Resultat framtagna med hjälp av denna formulering har verifierats och jämförts med motsvarande resultat givna av andra metoder. Den föreslagna metoden ger snabbare konvergens vilket ger möjlighet att använda större laststeg eller större omfång hos styvheten i kontaktpunkten (s.k. kostnadsstyrhet). Genom att lösa numeriska exempel påvisas prestanda och robusthet hos den föreslagna formuleringen. I den andra artikeln föreslår vi två alternativa metoder för att hantera rotationer i kontaktplanet hos balkelementen. I den första metoden linjäriseras glipfunktionen. Denna metod presenterades först av Wriggers och Zavarise. För att kunna genomföra beräkningarna ansattes linjära formfunktioner för balkelementen. Den här metoden kan användas både med kostnadsmetoder och metoder baserade på Lagrangemultiplikatorer. I den andra föreslagna metoden har vi valt att följa samma tillvägagångsätt som i vår första artikel. Detta betyder att vi antar att kontaktens normalriktning är oberoende av förskjutningarna under en iteration men uppdateras sedan mellan iterationerna. Detta tillvägagångsätt ger enklare ekvationer och har inga begränsningar vad gäller de formfunktioner som används i balkelementen. Dock är metoden begränsad till att utnyttja kostnadsmetoder. Båda de föreslagna metoderna i denna artikel ger jämförbar konvergens, prestanda och stabilitet vilket påvisas genom att lösningar till olika numeriska exempel presenteras.

QC 20160408

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Kimstrand, Peter. "Beam Modelling for Treatment Planning of Scanned Proton Beams." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Oncology, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-8640.

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Scanned proton beams offer the possibility to take full advantage of the dose deposition properties of proton beams, i.e. the limited range and sharp peak at the end of the range, the Bragg peak. By actively scanning the proton beam, laterally by scanning magnets and longitudinally by shifting the energy, the position of the Bragg peak can be controlled in all three dimensions, thereby enabling high dose delivery to the target volume only. A typical scanned proton beam line consists of a pair of scanning magnets to perform the lateral beam scanning and possibly a range shifter and a multi-leaf collimator (MLC). Part of this thesis deals with the development of control, supervision and verification methods for the scanned proton beam line at the The Svedberg laboratory in Uppsala, Sweden.

Radiotherapy is preceded by treatment planning, where one of the main objectives is predicting the dose to the patient. The dose is calculated by a dose calculation engine and the accuracy of the results is of course dependent on the accuracy and sophistication of the transport and interaction models of the dose engine itself. But, for the dose distribution calculation to have any bearing on the reality, it needs to be started with relevant input in accordance with the beam that is emitted from the treatment machine. This input is provided by the beam model. As such, the beam model is the link between the reality (the treatment machine) and the treatment planning system. The beam model contains methods to characterise the treatment machine and provides the dose calculation with the reconstructed beam phase space, in some convenient representation. In order for a beam model to be applicable in a treatment planning system, its methods have to be general.

In this thesis, a beam model for a scanned proton beam is developed. The beam model contains models and descriptions of the beam modifying elements of a scanned proton beam line. Based on a well-defined set of generally applicable characterisation measurements, ten beam model parameters are extracted, describing the basic properties of the beam, i.e. the energy spectrum, the radial and the angular distributions and the nominal direction. Optional beam modifying elements such as a range shifter and an MLC are modelled by dedicated Monte Carlo calculation algorithms. The algorithm that describes the MLC contains a parameterisation of collimator scatter, in which the rather complex phase space of collimator scattered protons has been parameterised by a set of analytical functions.

Dose calculations based on the phase space reconstructed by the beam model are in good agreement with experimental data. This holds both for the dose distribution of the elementary pencil beam, reflecting the modelling of the basic properties of the scanned beam, as well as for complete calculations of collimated scanned fields.

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Eriksson, Samuel, and Erik Rudqvist. "Double-decker beam of beam of bamboo - An alternative to I-section beams in construction of multistory housing." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-278903.

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I en värld i ständig utveckling, med en befolkningsökning och en urbanisering större än någonsin, ställs stora krav på nya bostäder. Dessa bör ha ett lågt klimatavtryck och ska kunna vara bostad åt många människor. Även att hålla städerna kompakta är viktigt för att kunna tillhandahålla med allmänna tjänster såsom kollektivtrafik, sophämtning, avlopp, vatten etc. Detta löses ofta genom att bygga de nya husen på höjden. Ett alternativ till att minska klimatavtrycket är att bygga dessa hus i det snabbt växande materialet bambu. Avsikten är att dessa hus byggs i moduler av balkar, pelare etc. Denna rapport behandlar den balk, eller den dubbeldäckarbalk, som skulle användas i en sådan konstruktion. I rapporten finns beskrivet hur dubbeldäckarbalken ska konstrueras för att uppnå optimala egenskaper med avseende på spänning och deformation. Dubbeldäckarbalken är konstruerad med två parallella bambustjälkar som sammanfogas med hjälp av ett antal invändigt armerade stöd gjorda av betong. Dubbeldäckarbalken optimeras utifrån antal stöd, avstånd mellan stöden, vinkel på stöden och avstånd mellan stjälkarna. Dessa valueras med hjälp av beräkningar och förenkligar gjorda i Matlab, och valideras sedan med hjälp av verktyget ANSYS Mechanical. Den slutgiltiga verionen av en 4 meter lång dubbeldäckarbalk har fem stycken stöd, där två av dessa placeras vid ytterkant, två placeras 0.84 meter från ytterkant och det sista placeras i mitten. De fyra yttre stöden är vinklade 45° mot mitten jämfört med bambustjälkarnas riktning. Det slutgiltiga avståndet mellan bambustjälkarnas centrum är 30 centimeter, vilket ger en total höjd av 40 centimeter.
In a world in constant development, with an increase in population and an urbanisation greater than ever, huge requirements are put on the housing industry. A need for small impact on the environment, to be able to house multiple families in one building, and also keeping the cities compact to be able to supply basic public services in an efficient manner. This is often solved by building higher and higher. An alternative solution to make these higher buildings more environmentally friendly and cheaper would be to use a material vastly available, bamboo. This report deals with the double-decker beam, the brain child of Saevfors Consulting, that would be used in such a construction. It is described how this double-decker beam would be constructed in order to be optimized in regards to deformation and stresses. The double-decker beam consists of two bamboo culms interconnected by reinforced concrete struts. It is optimized in regards to four main design parameters. Namely, the number of struts, the strut placement, the angle of the struts and the distance between the two bamboo culms. These were evaluated with the help of simplified calculations made in Matlab, which were in turn verified by more complex simulations in ANSYS Mechanical. The final version of the 4 m long double-decker beam had a total of five struts. The outermost strut being placed at the origin of the culm, and the second strut placed at a distance of 0,84 m from the origin, both being reclined 45°. These are then mirrored in the vertical central strut, and so the double-decker beam takes on a symmetrical appearance.
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Hao, Yue. "Beam-beam interaction study in ERL based eRHIC." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3337273.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Physics, 2008.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Jul 29, 2009). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-12, Section: B, page: 7579. Adviser: Shyh-Yuan Lee.
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Münnich, Matthias. "Beam Deflection." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2013. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5823.

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In order to fully understand the third order nonlinear optical response of materials under high irradiance excitation it is necessary to study the temporal and polarization dependence of nonlinear refraction and absorption. There are several existing approaches such as Z-scan and pump-probe techniques to determine those responses. As part of this work, these approaches will be briefly outlined before presenting beam deflection, applied from photothermal beam deflection, as an alternative experimental technique to determine the nonlinear refraction with its temporal and polarization dynamics. This technique measures the angle of the probe beam deflected via the index gradient of the material induced by strong excitation beam, to determine both the sign and magnitude of the nonlinear refraction. The temporal and tensor properties of the nonlinear refractive index can be determined by introducing a delay line, and by varying the polarization of the excitation and probe beam, respectively. To demonstrate the practicality of the beam deflection technique, we performed measurements on Fused Silica, Carbon Disulfide and Zinc Oxide. Each of these samples shows quite different nonlinear responses. Amorphous fused silica exhibits nonlinear refraction purely from instantaneous electronic contribution; while Carbon Disulfide shows a much slower response, originating not only from the electronic contribution but also from non-instantaneous nuclear movements (e.g. molecular orientation). These two contributions can be separated by varying the polarization direction of the excitation and probe beam. By introducing lock-in detection technique, a sensitivity of /5500 can be achieved. In Zinc Oxide, a wide-bandgap semiconductor, we measure both nonlinear refraction and two-photon absorption simultaneously. Therefore the beam deflection is a sensitive technique, which can be used to measure the time and polarization dynamics of the nonlinear response of the material.
M.S.
Masters
Optics and Photonics
Optics and Photonics
Optics; International
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Lai, Jackie, and Johnny Huynh. "Box Beam." Thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, JTH, Maskinteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-31572.

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This report covers the product development process of a C-profile forming a box beam for use in storage systems. The company Brännehylte Lagersystem AB is in need of a new box beam that in pair can handle a maximum load of 4000 kg (four pallets x 1000 kg). At present the company has only one beam capable of a maximum load of 4x800 kg and wants to expand its product range and develop as a company and compete with others in the storage systems market. The first step began with acquiring information on the different beams and how they behave under stress. Then began a combination of brainstorming and brainwriting to generate a number of concepts of how a C-profile could possibly look like. After screening of the different concepts using Gut-feeling method three most appropriate concepts were left and were pitted against each other in a Pugh Matrix to get the best possible C-profile for further development. Calculations and tests were done on the selected concept with a combination of elementary cases and SolidWorks. For the beam to be approved it must meet the EU standard for storage racks. The calculated beam resulted in a working beam in theory, which in turn must be produced to confirm that the theory is true. Because a prototype must be produced in order to confirm the results, then the work cannot be proven in practical example and only be proven in theory.
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Books on the topic "Beam"

1

1941-, Dickey Fred M., Holswade Scott C. 1963-, and Shealy David L, eds. Laser beam shaping applications. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis/CRC Press, 2006.

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1941-, Dickey Fred M., and Holswade Scott C. 1963-, eds. Laser beam shaping: Theory and techniques. New York: Marcel Dekker, 2000.

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Alberto, Sona, European Physical Society, European Federation for Applied Optics., and Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers., eds. Beam diagnostics and beam handling systems: ECO1 21-22 September 1988, Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany. Bellingham, Wash., USA: SPIE--International Society for Optical Engineering, 1989.

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The optics of charged particle beams. Chur, Switzerland: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1987.

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Centre, Bhabha Atomic Research, ed. Shielding report for Indus-2 beamlines. Mumbai: Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, 2007.

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Carrera, Erasmo, Gaetano Giunta, and Marco Petrolo. Beam Structures. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119978565.

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Anita, Straker, ed. Beam starters. London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1992.

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Brettingham, Laurie. Beam Benders. Available via website: Midland Publishing: PRIVATELY REPUBLISHED 2009 by author., 1997.

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C, Parker E. H., ed. The Technology and physics of molecular beam epitaxy. New York: Plenum Press, 1985.

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Litewka, Przemysław. Finite Element Analysis of Beam-to-Beam Contact. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12940-7.

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Book chapters on the topic "Beam"

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Shiltsev, V., and A. Valishev. "Beam–Beam Effects." In Accelerator Physics at the Tevatron Collider, 411–37. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0885-1_8.

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Berz, Martin, Kyoko Makino, and Weishi Wan. "Beams and Beam Physics." In An Introduction to Beam Physics, 1–30. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b12074-1.

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Dujmović, Darko, Boris Androić, and Ivan Lukačević. "Beam to Beam Joints." In Composite Structures According to Eurocode 4, 879–82. D-69451 Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783433604908.ch25.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Beam." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 71. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_1156.

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Weik, Martin H. "beam." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary, 111. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_1428.

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Greve, Albert, and Michael Bremer. "Beam Formation and Beam Degradation." In Thermal Design and Thermal Behaviour of Radio Telescopes and their Enclosures, 305–24. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03867-9_12.

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Litewka, Przemysław. "Frictionless Beam-to-Beam Contact." In Finite Element Analysis of Beam-to-Beam Contact, 13–37. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12940-7_2.

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Otto, Thomas. "Beam Hazards and Ionising Radiation." In Safety for Particle Accelerators, 55–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57031-6_3.

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AbstractThis chapter treats hazards originating from particle beams. The interaction of charged particle beams with matter is described. Beam loss can cause material damage in structural and electronic components. Ionising radiation is introduced by a description of the different types of radiation. Then, the sources of ionising radiation at accelerators are defined: beam loss is the origin of prompt ionising radiation. Material activated by the passage of particle cascades is a long-lived source of ionising radiation. The chapter is closed with a description of radiation dosimetry and radiation protection at accelerators.
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Roser, Thomas. "Past, Present, and Future of Polarized Hadron Beams." In Polarized Beam Dynamics and Instrumentation in Particle Accelerators, 1–12. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16715-7_1.

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AbstractThe acceleration and storage of high energy polarized proton beams has made tremendous progress over the last 40 years challenging along the way the technologies, precision and the understanding of the beam dynamics of accelerators. This progress is most evident in that one can now contemplate high energy colliders with polarized beams and high luminosity at the same time. After a brief summary of the development and history of polarized proton beam acceleration this chapter will focus on the acceleration of polarized proton beams from MeV to the 100s of GeVs and the possibility of accelerating polarized beams to even higher energies in the future. Elements of the history of polarized electron beams, subject to the effects of synchrotron radiation, will be found in the electron beam polarization dedicated chapters in these lectures.
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Minty, Michiko G., and Frank Zimmermann. "Cooling." In Particle Acceleration and Detection, 263–300. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-08581-3_11.

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AbstractMany applications of particle accelerators require beam cooling, which refers to a reduction of the beam phase space volume or an increase in the beam density via dissipative forces. In electron and positron storage rings cooling naturally occurs due to synchrotron radiation, and special synchrotron-radiation damping rings for the production of low-emittance beams are an integral part of electron-positron linear colliders. For other types of particles different cooling techniques are available. Electron cooling and stochastic cooling of hadron beams are used to accumulate beams of rare particles (such as antiprotons), to combat emittance growth (e.g., due to scattering on an internal target), or to produce beams of high quality for certain experiments. Laser cooling is employed to cool ion beams down to extremely small temperatures. Here the laser is used to induce transitions between the ion electronic states and the cooling exploits the Dopper frequency shift. Electron beams of unprecedentedly small emittance may be obtained by a different type of laser cooling, where the laser beam acts like a wiggler magnet. Finally, designs of a future muon collider rely on the principle of ionization cooling. Reference [1] gives a brief review of the principal ideas and the history of beam cooling in storage rings; a theoretical dicussion and a few practical examples can be found in [2].
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Conference papers on the topic "Beam"

1

Kikutani, E. "Beam-beam simulation with non-Gaussian beams." In Beam dynamics issues of high luminosity asymmetric collider rings. AIP, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.39748.

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Gallegos, Floyd R. "LANSCE beam current limiter." In Beam instrumentation. AIP, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.52300.

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Patterson, Donald R. "Initial commissioning results from the APS loss monitor system." In Beam instrumentation. AIP, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.52301.

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Kahana, Emmanuel, and Youngjoo Chung. "Commissioning results of the APS storage ring RF beam position monitors." In Beam instrumentation. AIP, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.52285.

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Olson, M., and A. A. Hahn. "Position and collision point measurement system for Fermilab’s interaction regions." In Beam instrumentation. AIP, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.52302.

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Puzo, P., J. Buon, J. Jeanjean, F. LeDiberder, and V. Lepeltier. "A submicronic beam size monitor for the final focus test beam." In Beam instrumentation. AIP, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.52286.

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Shintake, Tsumoru. "Beam profile monitors for very small transverse and longitudinal dimensions using laser interferometer and heterodyne techniques." In Beam instrumentation. AIP, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.52275.

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Barry, Walter. "Measurement of subpicosecond bunch profiles using coherent transition radiation." In Beam instrumentation. AIP, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.52276.

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Lihn, Hung-chi. "Measurement of subpicosecond electron pulse length." In Beam instrumentation. AIP, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.52277.

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Fox, J. D., R. Claus, H. Hindi, I. Linscott, S. Prabhakar, W. Ross, D. Teytelman, et al. "Observation, control, and modal analysis of longitudinal coupled-bunch instabilities in the ALS via a digital feedback system." In Beam instrumentation. AIP, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.52278.

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Reports on the topic "Beam"

1

Ng, King-Yuen. Linear beam-beam effects for round beams. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6876253.

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Kim, Hyung Jin. Beam-Bem interactions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1038932.

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Ziemann, V. Beam-beam deflection and signature curves for elliptic beams. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6431631.

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Sramek, Christopher. Beam-Beam Interactions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/815651.

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Hahn, H. Beam-Beam Limited Luminosity. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1119032.

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Abreu N. P. and W. Fischer. Emittance growth with offset beam-beam collisions and small beam-beam parameters. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1061875.

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Shiltsev, V., and A. Zinchenko. Electron beam distortions in beam-beam compensation set-up. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/603075.

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Batygin, Y., and T. Katayama. Beam-Beam Simulation at RHIC. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1149835.

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Bane, Karl LF. Beam-Beam Experience at KEKB. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/808675.

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Bishofberger, Kip Aaron. Successful Beam-Beam Tuneshift Compensation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1223265.

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