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Published: 26 July 2024

Last updated: 27 July 2024

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1

Lu, Yongtao, Yiqian He, Weiteng Li, Zhuoyue Yang, Ruifei Peng, and Li Yu. "Comparison of Biomechanical Performance of Five Different Treatment Approaches for Fixing Posterior Pelvic Ring Injury." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2020 (January 22, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5379593.

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Background. A large number of pelvic injuries are seriously unstable, with mortality rates reaching 19%. Approximately 60% of pelvic injuries are related to the posterior pelvic ring. However, the selection of a fixation method for a posterior pelvic ring injury remains a challenging problem for orthopedic surgeons. The aim of the present study is to investigate the biomechanical performance of five different fixation approaches for posterior pelvic ring injury and thus provide guidance on the choice of treatment approach in a clinical setting. Methods. A finite element (FE) model, including the L3-L5 lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, and full pelvis, was created from CT images of a healthy adult. Tile B and Tile C types of pelvic fractures were created in the model. Five different fixation methods for fixing the posterior ring injury (PRI) were simulated: TA1 (conservative treatment), TA2 (S1 screw fixation), TA3 (S1 + S2 screw fixation), TA4 (plate fixation), and TA5 (modified triangular osteosynthesis). Based on the fixation status (fixed or nonfixed) of the anterior ring and the fixation method for PRI, 20 different FE models were created. An upright standing loading scenario was simulated, and the resultant displacements at the sacroiliac joint were compared between different models. Results. When TA5 was applied, the resultant displacements at the sacroiliac joint were the smallest (1.5 mm, 1.6 mm, 1.6 mm, and 1.7 mm) for all the injury cases. The displacements induced by TA3 and TA2 were similar to those induced by TA5. TA4 led to larger displacements at the sacroiliac joint (2.3 mm, 2.4 mm, 4.8 mm, and 4.9 mm), and TA1 was the worst case (3.1 mm, 3.2 mm, 6.3 mm, and 6.5 mm). Conclusions. The best internal fixation method for PRI is the triangular osteosynthesis approach (TA5), followed by S1 + S2 screw fixation (TA3), S1 screw fixation (TA2), and plate fixation (TA4).

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2

Rawbone, R. G. "Low tar means less tar." Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 40, no. 3 (September 1, 1986): 278–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.40.3.278-a.

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3

Arnold, W. Peter. "Tar." Clinics in Dermatology 15, no. 5 (September 1997): 739–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0738-081x(97)00018-7.

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4

Hao, Mengyu, Wenxiang Wang, Jia Liu, Hui Wang, Rijin Zhou, Desheng Mei, Li Fu, Qiong Hu, and Hongtao Cheng. "Auxin Biosynthesis Genes in Allotetraploid Oilseed Rape Are Essential for Plant Development and Response to Drought Stress." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 24 (December 9, 2022): 15600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232415600.

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Crucial studies have verified that IAA is mainly generated via the two-step pathway in Arabidopsis, in which tryptophan aminotransferase (TAA) and YUCCA (YUC) are the two crucial enzymes. However, the role of the TAA (or TAR) and YUC genes in allotetraploid oilseed rape underlying auxin biosynthesis and development regulation remains elusive. In the present study, all putative TAR and YUC genes were identified in B. napus genome. Most TAR and YUC genes were tissue that were specifically expressed. Most YUC and TAR proteins contained trans-membrane regions and were confirmed to be endoplasmic reticulum localizations. Enzymatic activity revealed that YUC and TAR protein members were involved in the conversion of IPA to IAA and Trp to IPA, respectively. Transgenic plants overexpressing BnaYUC6a in both Arabidopsis and B. napus displayed high auxin production and reduced plant branch angle, together with increased drought resistance. Moreover, mutation in auxin biosynthesis BnaTARs genes by CRISPR/Cas9 caused development defects. All these results suggest the convergent role of BnaYUC and BnaTAR genes in auxin biosynthesis. Different homoeologs of BnaYUC and BnaTAR may be divergent according to sequence and expression variation. Auxin biosynthesis genes in allotetraploid oilseed rape play a pivotal role in coordinating plant development processes and stress resistance.

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5

James, Jennette Mol P. "Tar syndrome." Asian Journal of Nursing Education and Research 10, no. 4 (2020): 512–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2349-2996.2020.00111.1.

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6

Bilgere, George. "Tar Pits." Hopkins Review 9, no. 4 (2016): 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/thr.2016.0095.

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7

Speight, James G. "TAR SAND." Fuel Science and Technology International 7, no. 5-6 (January 1989): 471–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08843758908962253.

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8

Jackson, Edward M. "Coal Tar." Journal of Toxicology: Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology 15, no. 4 (January 1996): 299–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15569529609042729.

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9

Peto, R. "Tar yields." Tobacco Control 1, no. 2 (June 1, 1992): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tc.1.2.139a.

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10

Lin, Andrew N., and Kathleen Moses. "Tar Revisited." International Journal of Dermatology 24, no. 1 (January 1985): 216–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4362.1985.tb05436.x.

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11

Amit, Gilead. "Tar muchly." New Scientist 227, no. 3035 (August 2015): 24–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(15)31027-7.

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12

Lin, Andrew N., and Kathleen Moses. "Tar Revisited." International Journal of Dermatology 24, no. 4 (May 31, 2007): 216–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4362.1985.tb05762.x.

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13

HIRD, H. P. "Tar Distillation." Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists 32, no. 4 (October 22, 2008): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.1916.tb00917.x.

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14

Schultz, Madalyn Petrucci. "Tar Wars." NASNewsletter 19, no. 4 (July 2004): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104747570401900408.

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15

Williams, Nigel. "Tar troubles." Current Biology 20, no. 6 (March 2010): R260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2010.03.006.

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16

Angus, Siobhan, and Warren Cariou. "Tar Remedies." Environmental Humanities 16, no. 2 (July 1, 2024): 478–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/22011919-11150099.

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Abstract This two-part essay turns to the landscapes of bitumen mining in the Athabasca tar sands in western Canada. Despite the environmental costs of the tar sands mining process, the Canadian state remains invested in oil extraction in the tar sands. Starting from the premise that the extraction and burning of this bitumen was and is not inevitable, this dialogue locates hazardous hope in the landscapes of the Athabasca region. To do so, the first section is an analysis of Warren Cariou’s photographic practice, situating his work within themes of toxicity and hope. Written by an art historian, it argues that we can read the petrographs through a mode of critical spectatorship that generates questions about how extraction makes our world and how these processes are historically contingent choices based in what society has chosen to value. The second part is a short reflection by Warren Cariou on his practice and how he theorizes hope in the context of pollution.

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17

Carullo, Gabriele, Francesca Scarpelli, Emilia Lucia Belsito, Paolino Caputo, Cesare Oliviero Rossi, Antonio Mincione, Antonella Leggio, et al. "Formulation of New Baking (+)-Catechin Based Leavening Agents: Effects on Rheology, Sensory and Antioxidant Features during Muffin Preparation." Foods 9, no. 11 (October 29, 2020): 1569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9111569.

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The aim of this investigation was to prepare two solid mixtures containing a soluble polymorph of (+)-catechin and mucic (MUC) or tartaric (TAR) acids as new leavening agents. The solid mixtures were based on a polymorph of (+)-catechin, characterized through Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD) analysis and assayed in in vitro antioxidant and solubility assays. The dough samples were studied by dynamic rheological tests, while muffins were studied through Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction (HS-SPME)/Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis to identify volatile compounds, in vitro tests to evaluate antioxidant properties, and sensory analyses. TAR powder showed a solubility in water almost one order of magnitude increased with respect to commercial (+)-catechin (40.0 against 4.6 mg mL−1) and increased antioxidant performances. In particular, TAR showed total phenolic content (TPC) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) values of 0.0298 ± 0.021 and 0.0081 ± 0.0009 meq CT/g, while MUC showed better results in terms of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) acid (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), 0.518 ± 0.015 and 0.112 ± 0.010 mg/mL, respectively. MS analysis identified different compounds derived from the lipid oxidation process. Muffins obtained using both powders showed interesting outcomes regarding dough process and appreciable appearance/olfactory/taste/texture profiles. Muffins obtained from TAR-based mixture showed also a total phenolic content of 0.00175 meq CT/g muffin, and almost two times improved TAC and scavenger activity against DPPH radical. The formulated powders could be used as suitable health-promoting ingredients in the food industry.

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18

Paek, Hye-Jin, Timothy Dewhirst, and Thomas Hove. "Can Removing Tar Information From Cigarette Packages Reduce Smokers’ Misconceptions About Low-Tar Cigarettes? An Experiment From One of the World’s Lowest Tar Yield Markets, South Korea." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 22, no. 6 (February 6, 2019): 990–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntz016.

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Abstract Introduction Despite regulations that forbid cigarette packages from displaying messages such as “mild,” “low-tar,” and “light,” many smokers still have misperceptions about “light” or “low-tar” cigarettes. One reason may be that tar amount displays continue to be permitted. This study examines whether removing tar delivery information from packaging reduces consumer misperceptions about “low-tar” cigarettes. Methods An online experiment was conducted in South Korea among 531 smokers who were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: with and without tar information on cigarette packages. Participants evaluated which type of cigarette was mildest, least harmful, easiest for nonsmokers to start smoking, and easiest for smokers to quit. Results Ten out of 12 chi-square tests showed that people judged the lowest reported tar delivery cigarette to be the mildest (p < .01), least harmful (p < .05), easiest to start (p < .05), and easiest to quit (p < .05)—less so in the “no-tar” condition than the “tar” condition. A higher level of misbeliefs about supposed low-tar cigarettes were found in the “tar” condition compared to the “no-tar” condition for all three brands (t = 5.85, 4.07, 3.82, respectively, p < .001). Regression analyses showed that the “no-tar” condition negatively predicted the level of misbeliefs after controlling for demographic and smoking-related variables (B [SE] = −.72 (.12), −.50 (.12), −.48 (.13), respectively, p < .001). Conclusions Banning reported tar deliveries from cigarette packages is likely to reduce smokers’ misconceptions about “low-tar” cigarettes. When reported tar deliveries are absent, smokers have inconsistent judgments about differently packaged cigarettes. Implications When cigarette packages depict lower reported tar number deliveries, participants erroneously perceive them to be less harmful than packages displaying higher tar numbers. These misperceptions of harm may prompt smokers who might otherwise attempt to quit smoking to instead consume cigarettes with lower tar deliveries due to the mistaken belief that they will reduce their risk.

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Wang, Fang, Jun Li Zhang, Ying Chen, Qing Ming Luo, and Yong Li Hao. "Current Status of Comprehensive Use and Management Recommendations of Coal Tar in China." Applied Mechanics and Materials 768 (June 2015): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.768.82.

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Based on dry distillation temperature and properties, coal tar can be divided into high temperature coal tar and medium & low temperature coal tar. This paper introduces current status of generation and comprehensive use of high temperature coal tar and medium & low temperature coal tar in China, analyzes poor practice and management problems in the process of comprehensive use of coal tar, and puts forward countermeasures and recommendations for comprehensive use of coal tar in China.

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20

Brown, Cynthia, and Kelsey Hegarty. "Fear and Distress: How Can We Measure the Impact of Technology-Facilitated Abuse in Relationships?" Social Sciences 13, no. 1 (January 22, 2024): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci13010071.

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Technology-facilitated abuse in relationships (TAR) is a relatively new form of intimate partner violence. Research exploring the impact of TAR on young people is limited, and while robust measures of TAR itself are emerging, measures of TAR impact lack evidence of validity. A mixed-methods approach was used to establish preliminary face and content validity for the measurement of TAR impact. Youth discussion groups (n = 38) revealed that (1) distress is favored over upset as a preferred measure of TAR impact, and (2) fear is an appropriate impact measure for some TAR behaviors. In an online survey, frontline practitioners (n = 171) perceived and subsequently rated a total of 54 TAR behaviors in the upper half of the severity range on fear and distress, with 6 behaviors ranking among each of the top 10 most fear- and distress-inducing behaviors. These findings provide evidence of both face and content validity for the use of fear and distress measures when seeking to understand the impact of TAR. Scholars, practitioners, and educators alike can use this evidence to enhance the validity of investigations into TAR and its impact, to support victims of TAR, and to improve TAR education among youth.

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21

Chen, Bo, Bo Liu, and Zhangming Shi. "Combustion Characteristics and Combustion Kinetics of Dry Distillation Coal and Pine Tar." International Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2020 (November 26, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8888556.

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The samples of dry distillation pine tar and coal tar were investigated by TG-DTG-DSC, and the combustion characteristics and combustion kinetics of the samples were studied. The results show that there exist two significant mass loss peak and endothermic peak in the combustion of dry distillation coal tar and pine tar, which, respectively, means the volatile hydrocarbon combustion and heavy hydrocarbon combustion. At the first DTG peak range, the activation energy of dry distillation pine tar and coal tar is about the same at the initial stage (before DTG peak). Activation energy of the dry distillation pine tar increases sharply while that of dry distillation coal tar has little changes on the subsequent stage (after DTG peak). Dry distillated coal tar has better ignition performance, combustible characteristic, combustible stability, and integrated combustion characteristic, but difficult to burnout compared to the dry distillation pine tar.

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22

Feng, Lele, Jie Liu, Haihui Xin, and Jiabao Pang. "Application of Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry in Tar Analysis from Underground Gasification." Separations 10, no. 1 (December 26, 2022): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations10010012.

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The study of tar behaviors in underground coal gasification (UCG) is essential for pollution control, system safety and conversion efficiency; however, existing studies have only focused on tar in products without revealing tar evolution in the reaction zone, and the experimental conditions in reported work are far from those in the real situation. In this work, tar behaviors were studied with a self-developed apparatus to simulate the UCG process. During the experiments, the sampling method along the gasification channel was used to collect tar at different positions; the gasification object was a large raw coal block 460 mm × 230 mm × 230 mm in size, and the flow rate of the inlet gas was adjusted according to the composition of products. The tar samples were not only taken from the outlet, but also from the reaction zone, and then analyzed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. For all the tar samples, C15H13N and its isomer were the most abundant compounds, with a total percentage greater than 14%. Most of the top five chemicals contained more than nine carbon atoms in their molecular formulae, indicating that more heavy tar than light tar is formed by low-temperature pyrolysis. Compared with the upstream tar, the downstream tar had fewer PAHs and a lower boiling point, due to the decomposition of the heavy tar. The downstream tar contained more of the element fluorine (F) than upstream and outlet tars, indicating that tar pollution remaining in the reaction zone cannot be evaluated by monitoring the outlet tar.

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23

Naryanto, Rizqi Fitri, Hiroshi Enomoto, Anh Vo Cong, Kazuki Fukadu, Zheng Zong, Mera Kartika Delimayanti, Chuntima Chunti, and Reiji Noda. "The Effect of Moisture Content on the Tar Characteristic of Wood Pellet Feedstock in a Downdraft Gasifier." Applied Sciences 10, no. 8 (April 16, 2020): 2760. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10082760.

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This study examined the tar characteristic of wood pellet using a downdraft gasifier system. The wood pellet was used as a feedstock with a variation of moisture content between 2 to 6 wt. %. Tar sample was taken using the JP 2009-40885 method. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry and gravimetric analysis were used to identify and to analyze the tar sample, respectively. The results show that an increase in moisture content slightly decreased the total concentration of tar formation on the nine tar compounds of the biomass. Additionally, the lowest moisture content produced the highest amount of light tar on tar classification. The amount of light tar indicates the ease of ignition in the gasifier. Therefore, this condition will minimize the failure-of-equipment problem because of no clogs in the gasifier equipment. The lowest moisture content had the lowest tar density, and this minimized the deposit of tar in the gasifier. Therefore, the lowest moisture content had low tar production in the biomass gasification process using wood pellets.

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24

Zhao, Congcong, Yuanchen Xie, Xiaoshan Zhou, Qiao Zhang, and Na Wang. "The effect of different tobacco tar levels on DNA damage in cigarette smoking subjects." Toxicology Research 9, no. 3 (May 20, 2020): 302–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxres/tfaa031.

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Abstract Objective To explore the genetic damage caused by different tar levels in the human body. Methods The subjects were divided into high, medium and low (12 mg, 8 mg, 5 mg) tar groups according to the tar levels. Nonsmoking populations served as a control group. 2 ml of peripheral blood was collected on the 10th day after morning fasting. Oxidative and genetic toxicological damage indicators were analysed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay in human lymphocyte and single cell gel electrophoresis. Results The distribution of hOGG1 concentration was significantly different within all groups, P < 0.01. The concentrations of cotinine, 8-OHdG and Rap-2b were significantly differences between control and medium tar group, control and high tar group, low and medium tar group and low and high tar group, respectively, P < 0.05. The level of PAH-DNA adducts was not significantly changed in the middle tar group and high tar group, P > 0.05. The level of CRP was significantly changed between control and high tar group, low and high tar group and medium and high tar group, respectively, P < 0.0001. The rate of comet tailing was significantly different between all groups. The rate of micronucleus cells was not significantly different between all groups. Conclusions The increase of tar content could increase the DNA damage to a certain extent, so the intake of tar content should be monitored.

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Bladou, Franck, Cora Fogaing, Mark Levental, Samuel Aronson, Mona Alameldin, and Maurice Anidjar. "Transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy for prostate cancer detection: Systematic and/or magnetic-resonance imaging-targeted." Canadian Urological Association Journal 11, no. 9 (September 14, 2017): E330–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5489/cuaj.4308.

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Introduction: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is being more widely used in the detection of prostate cancer (PCa), particularly after an initial negative biopsy. In this study, we compared 12-core systematic biopsy (SYS), MRI-targeted biopsy (TAR), and the association of systematic and MRI-targeted (SYS+TAR) prostate biopsy in patients with previous biopsy and those who were biopsy-naive to evaluate the differences in terms of cancer detection and clinically significant cancer detection between the three modalities.Methods: Overall, 203 consecutive patients with suspicion of PCa were analyzed; 48.2% were biopsy-naive and 51.7% had at least one previous negative prostate biopsy. The median age was 66 years, median prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level was 7.9 ng/mL and median prostate volume was 46 mL. 38.9% had SYS, 19.2% TAR only, and 41.8% had SYS+TAR biopsy.Results: Overall, the PCa detection (PCaDR) was 63%. The SYS+TAR biopsy detected significantly more cancer than SYS and TAR only biopsies (72.9% vs. 56.9% and 53.8% respectively; p=0.03). Detection rate of clinically significant cancer (csPCaDR) was 50.7% overall; 65.8% in the SYS+TAR biopsy vs. 39.2% in the SYS and 48.7% in the TAR groups (p=0.002). In the biopsy-naive group, PCaDR and csPCaDR were significantly higher in the SYS+TAR group than in the SYS and TAR groups (p=0.01). In the repeat biopsy group, PCaDR and csPCaDR were equivalent in the TAR and SYS+TAR groups and higher than in the SYS group (p=0.001).Conclusions: TAR biopsy, when added to SYS biopsy, was associated with a higher detection rate of csPCa in biopsy-naive patients when compared to TAR and SYS only biopsies. In patients after previous negative biopsy, detection rates of csPCa were equivalent for SYS+TAR and TAR only biopsies, but higher than SYS.

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26

Stunnenberg, Melissa, John L. van Hamme, Atze T. Das, Ben Berkhout, and Teunis B. H. Geijtenbeek. "Variations in the Abortive HIV-1 RNA Hairpin Do Not Impede Viral Sensing and Innate Immune Responses." Pathogens 10, no. 7 (July 15, 2021): 897. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10070897.

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The highly conserved trans-acting response element (TAR) present in the RNA genome of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) is a stably folded hairpin structure involved in viral replication. However, TAR is also sensed by viral sensors, leading to antiviral immunity. While high variation in the TAR RNA structure renders the virus replication-incompetent, effects on viral sensing remain unclear. Here, we investigated the role of TAR RNA structure and stability on viral sensing. TAR mutants with deletions in the TAR hairpin that enhanced thermodynamic stability increased antiviral responses. Strikingly, TAR mutants with lower stability due to destabilization of the TAR hairpin also increased antiviral responses without affecting pro-inflammatory responses. Moreover, mutations that affected the TAR RNA sequence also enhanced specific antiviral responses. Our data suggest that mutations in TAR of replication-incompetent viruses can still induce immune responses via viral sensors, hereby underscoring the robustness of HIV-1 RNA sensing mechanisms.

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Feng, Lele, Maifan Dong, Yuxin Wu, and Junping Gu. "Comparison of Tar Samples from Reaction Zone and Outlet in Ex-Situ Underground Coal Gasification Experiment." Energies 14, no. 24 (December 19, 2021): 8570. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14248570.

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Tar remaining in the gasification cavity during underground coal gasification (UCG) is an important pollution source, while the reported studies only focus on the tar behavior at the outlet. The present work aims to compare the tar properties from the reaction zone and the outlet, analyze the tar evolution during gasification, and discuss possible measures to control tar pollution. Tar was sampled with a self-developed equipment from an ex-situ underground coal gasification experimental system and analyzed by GC-MS. The gas composition, temperature, and PM10 were also compared for the reaction zone and the outlet. Compared with the tar from reaction zone, the tar from outlet has a smaller percentage of high boiling point content, PAHs, C, O, N, S, Cl, Si, and a larger percentage of H. The PAHs percentage in tar at the outlet in this work is closer to the field data than the lab data from literature, indicating the experimental system gives a good simulation of tar behavior in underground coal gasification. Condensation due to a fast temperature drop is one of the main reasons for PAHs decreasing. Tar cracking and soot formation also cause the decrease of heavy tar, proven by the light gas and particulate matter results.

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Vo Cong, Anh, Hiroshi Enomoto, Rizqi Fitri Naryanto, Kazushi Fukadu, Zheng Zong, Chuntima Chunti, and Reiji Noda. "Major tar compounds in raw producer gas and deposits from a small downdraft gasifier: Analysis and comparison." BioResources 15, no. 1 (January 27, 2020): 1773–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.1.1773-1790.

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Tar is an undesirable product of biomass gasification. Tar analysis is a challenging task because it is a complex mixture. The objectives of this study are to identify and quantify the major tar compounds in raw producer gas and deposits from a 10 kW downdraft gasifier using cedar pellets. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to analyze the 16 tar samples from raw producer gas under varying airflow rates and four tar samples from the deposit inside the suction pump after long-term operation. The results showed that tar in raw producer gas and tar deposits consisted of about 46 and 28 major chemical compounds, respectively. Tar in raw producer gas was found to contain three main groups of substances, including acids/ketones with 32.1 wt%, heterocyclics with 30.0 wt%, and light poly-aromatic hydrocarbons (light PAHs) with 31.8 wt%. Heterocyclic and light PAH compounds dominated in tar deposits and accounted for 58.6 wt% and 36.2 wt%, respectively. It was observed that the tar condensation problem was dominated by the components and the molecular weight of tar compositions instead of the tar concentration. These findings are useful for optimizing the gasification process and developing the gas cleaning system for a small downdraft gasifier.

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29

Reddy, Sudheer, Lane Koenig, Berna Demiralp, Jennifer T. Nguyen, and Qian Zhang. "Assessing the Utilization of Total Ankle Replacement in the United States." Foot & Ankle International 38, no. 6 (March 1, 2017): 641–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071100717695111.

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Background: Total ankle arthroplasty (TAR) has been shown to be a cost-effective procedure relative to conservative management and ankle arthrodesis. Although its use has grown considerably over the last 2 decades, it is less common than arthrodesis. The purpose of this investigation was to analyze the cost and utilization of TAR across hospitals. Methods: Our analytical sample consisted of Medicare claims data from 2011 and 2012 for Inpatient Prospective Payment System hospitals. Outcome variables of interest were the likelihood of a hospital performing TAR, the volume of TAR cases, TAR hospital costs, and hospital profit margins. Data from the 2010 Cost Report and Medicare inpatient claims were utilized to compute average margins for TAR cases and overall hospital margins. TAR cost was calculated based on the all payer cost-to-charge ratio for each hospital in the Cost Report. Nationwide Inpatient Sample data were used to generate descriptive statistics on all TAR patients across payers. Results: Medicare participants accounted for 47.5% of the overall population of TAR patients. Average implant cost was $13 034, accounting for approximately 70% of the total all-payer cost. Approximately, one-third of hospitals were profitable with respect to primary TAR. Profitable hospitals had lower total costs and higher payments leading to a difference in profit of approximately $11 000 from TAR surgeries between profitable and nonprofitable hospitals. No difference was noted with respect to length of stay or number of cases performed between profitable and nonprofitable hospitals. TAR surgeries were more likely to take place in large and major teaching hospitals. Among hospitals performing at least 1 TAR, the margin on TAR cases was positively associated with the total number of TARs performed by a hospital. Conclusion: There is an overall significant financial burden associated with performing TAR with many health systems failing to demonstrate profitability despite its increased utilization. While additional factors such as improved patient outcomes may be driving utilization of TAR, financial barriers may exist that can affect utilization of TAR across health systems. Level of Evidence: Level III, comparative study

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30

GELLEIN, SIRI. "Tar NATTA tidligere." Rus & samfunn 2, no. 05 (November 17, 2008): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.18261/issn1501-5580-2008-05-03.

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31

Mugaas, Pål. "Balansekunst tar tid." Stat & Styring 24, no. 04 (November 26, 2014): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18261/issn0809-750x-2014-04-25.

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Aspøy, Arild. "Ting tar tid." Stat & Styring 25, no. 02 (June 10, 2015): 53–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.18261/issn0809-750x-2015-02-19.

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33

Watson, Craig. "From "Tar Box"." Chicago Review 44, no. 1 (1998): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25304251.

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van Schooten, Frederik-Jan, and Roger Godschalk. "Coal Tar Therapy." Drug Safety 15, no. 6 (December 1996): 374–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00002018-199615060-00002.

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&NA;. "Coal tar therapy." Drugs & Therapy Perspectives 9, no. 11 (June 1997): 15–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00042310-199709110-00005.

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Weber, Jeffrey S., David R. Larson, Mark A. Prissel, Christopher F. Hyer, and Gregory C. Berlet. "The Painful TAR." Techniques in Foot & Ankle Surgery 17, no. 2 (June 2018): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/btf.0000000000000188.

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Høye, Sigurd. "Myteknusing tar tid." Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening 137, no. 10 (2017): 680. http://dx.doi.org/10.4045/tidsskr.17.0330.

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Friggieri, O. "Ilment tar-Rebbiegha." Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isle/7.1.213.

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Dalrymple, Theodore. "Getting tar struck." BMJ 335, no. 7631 (December 6, 2007): 1215.1–1215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39415.460694.59.

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Coleman, William. "Tar Wars®." NASN School Nurse 26, no. 1 (December 8, 2010): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1942602x10390697.

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Levy, Barry. "Tar and Feathers." Journal of The Historical Society 11, no. 1 (March 2011): 85–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5923.2010.00323.x.

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Cunningham, A. C. "COAL-TAR PAINT." Journal of the American Society for Naval Engineers 18, no. 2 (March 18, 2009): 604–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1906.tb05795.x.

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Geigy, J. R. "COAL-TAR COLOURS." Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists 6, no. 2 (October 22, 2008): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.1890.tb02250.x.

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Kunieda, Takeshige. "Tar Stained Fingers." Journal of General and Family Medicine 16, no. 4 (December 2015): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.14442/jgfm.16.4_302.

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Wang, Ruotao. "CIGARETTE TAR REDUCTION." Lancet 330, no. 8556 (August 1987): 458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(87)90997-4.

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The Lancet Oncology. "Tar-nished reputations." Lancet Oncology 9, no. 5 (May 2008): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1470-2045(08)70108-6.

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Alexander, Roy. "Urban Tar-spot." Mycologist 2, no. 1 (January 1988): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0269-915x(88)80109-5.

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Testa, Bridget Mintz. "Tar on Tap." Mechanical Engineering 130, no. 12 (December 1, 2008): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2008-dec-2.

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Abstract:

This article explores diverse ways adopted by companies to find ways to make extracting oil from the sands of northern Alberta a little easier. At Petrobank’s Whitesands site, heat from in situ combustion both melts and upgrades the bitumen in the underground deposit. Horizontal production wells carry the oil to the surface. However, even with the new processes in place, copious quantities of energy and water are needed to produce oil from sands. In situ production processes exploit bitumen deposits that are inaccessible through surface mining. The facility at EnCana’s Foster Creek site processes some of the water used to extract bitumen in situ. That recycled water is then boiled and reinjected below the surface. Environmental arguments aside, many observers contend that the only argument against exploiting the Alberta oil sands that might have any success is economic—that it might cost more than alternatives. The paper concludes that barring some unforeseen calamity, oil demand is expected to outstrip the capacity of conventional petroleum production. Even if wringing oil from the Alberta sands is expensive and energy-intensive, it is probably a cost most consumers will be willing to pay for access to the next easiest oil.

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Vickers, Daniel. "Beyond Jack Tar." William and Mary Quarterly 50, no. 2 (April 1993): 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2947085.

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Brady, Ivan. "Tar & Rocks." Qualitative Inquiry 12, no. 3 (June 2006): 501–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077800406286220.

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