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1
Quintas, Lázaro José, and Messa Ndompetelo Leonardo. "Avaliação dos pricipais factores que influenciam no transbordo de águas suprficiais nas bacias de contecção no municipio de Viana, Luanda." BRAZILIAN APPLIED SCIENCE REVIEW 6, no. 4 (July 28, 2022): 1411–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.34115/basrv6n4-015.
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O objectivo da pesquisa foi estudar os principais factores que influenciam no transbordo das águas das bacias de contenção na zona de estudo. A metodologia usada foi recurso bibliográfico e entrevistas do tempo de vivência na região (TV), da existência de eficiência no tratamento do lixo (ETL), descarte de resíduos nas bacias (DR), manutenção regular das bacias (MR), tratamento de esgotos sanitários (TES), consequências na construção em linhas de águas (CLA), uso de águas das bacias para fins domésticos (UAFD), consequências socioeconómicas (CSE) e benefícios (B). Se determinou também a capacidade volumétrica (CV) e capacidade de contenção (CC), assim como alguns parâmetros geométricos das bacias. Seis bacias de contenção (Bc) foram estudadas: Bc1,Bc2, Bc3, Bc4, Bc5, Bc6). Os resultados da TV foram divididos em 5 grupos (1-5, 6-10, 11-15, 16-20 e mais de 20 anos de vivência) num total de 93 pessoas. Para ETL, DR, MR, TES, CLA, UAFD e CSE a maior parte respondeu não existir e para B afirma existir. Quanto CV, CC os resultados indicam a Bc2 e Bc1 terem mais e Bc3 e Bc6 apresentaram menos. Os resultados dos parâmetros mostram para bacia Bc2 (39.118m2) e Bc5 e (8.774 m2). Para perímetros Bc4 registrou (1.450m) e Bc6 (484,8m). O coeficiente de compacidade indicou para Bc4 (3,016) e Bc5 (1,13). O factor de forma indicou no Bc6, (0,996), e Bc5 (0,04). O índice de circularidade foi no Bc3 (0,770) e Bc4 e Bc5 (0.1288). Conclui-se que existe influência de factores antropogénicos e naturais no transbordo das águas.
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Koper, Magdalena, Anna Nadolska, Piotr Urbański, and Maciej Wilski. "Relationship between Pre-Competition Mental State and Sport Result of Disabled Boccia Athletes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21 (November 7, 2020): 8232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218232.
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The relationship between sport result and pre-competition mental state of 109 boccia athletes was analyzed. Mental state was described by: athletic identity, self-esteem, self-efficacy for sports, hope for success, fear of failure, anxiety, and expectancy of success. Correlation analyses were made for all four boccia classes (BC1, BC2, BC3, and BC4) and revealed that only athletic identity was associated with sport result in class BC4. Four hierarchical multiple regression models (for BC1, BC2, BC3, and BC4 boccia classes) were created, with sport result as the dependent variable. Only the BC4 model was significant and included athletic identity, anxiety, self-efficacy for sports, and expectancy of success, which explained 49% of variance in sport result. BC4 class results indicate that psychological variables have a potential impact on sport performance in boccia, and the type and level of disability should be taken into account.
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Arruda, Sidcley Felix de, José Igor Vasconcelos de Oliveira, Matheus Jancy Bezerra Dantas, Manoel da Cunha Costa, Lúcia Inês Guedes Leite de Oliveira, and Saulo Fernandes Melo de Oliveira. "MOOD STATES AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN PARALYMPIC BOCCIA ATHLETES IN THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC." Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 28, no. 4 (August 2022): 300–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-8692202228042020_0131.
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ABSTRACT Introduction: Although studies have been conducted in the athlete population during the pandemic, its impacts on Paralympic athletes are still unknown. Objective: To evaluate the mood and quality of life of Paralympic boccia players during the COVID-19 pandemic period. Method: Questionnaires assessing mood, quality of life, and demographic data were sent electronically via social media. The study included 43 athletes from all functional classes (BC1 = 8, BC2 = 12, BC3 = 11, and BC4 = 11) and four regions of Brazil (Northeast = 12, Southeast = 12, Central-West = 3, and South = 17). ANOVA, t test, and similar non-parametric tests were used, with the respective effect sizes (ES). Results: Regarding mood states, BC4 athletes differed from BC1 athletes in the depression subscale score (25.5 vs. 14.5, p = 0.026, ES=1.47). The fatigue subscale score differed between BC4 and BC1 athletes (17.8 vs. 10.4, p = 0.023, ES=1.38) and between BC4 and BC2 athletes (17.8 vs 10.3, p = 0.008, ES=1.32). BC4 athletes had higher total mood disturbance (TMD) values than BC1 (175 vs. 141, p = 0.025, ES=1.35) and BC2 (175 vs.141, p = 0.025, ES=0.97) athletes. Lower stress (18.5 vs.21.8, p = 0.027, ES=0.64) and TMD (148.0 vs 162.0; p = 0.044; ES= 0.53) values were observed among the national level athletes. In terms of quality of life, differences were found between BC4 and BC2 athletes in the psychological health domain (3.73 vs. 4.49, p = 0.024, ES=0.89) and between athletes from the Northeast and South in the environment domain (3.39 vs. 4.18, p=0.030, ES=0.44). Conclusion: BC4 athletes are more susceptible to negative mood and quality-of-life perceptions. Additionally, athletes from the Northeast region may have poorer perceptions of quality of life related to the environment in which they live. Level of evidence III; Retrospective study.
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Kumar, P. S., and P. D. Walton. "Introgression of genes from Canada wildrye to slender wheatgrass: cytology and fertility of backcross progeny." Genome 35, no. 5 (October 1, 1992): 894–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g92-136.
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Partially fertile synthetic amphiploids (2n = 8x = 56) of Canada wildrye × slender wheatgrass F1 hybrid were crossed to slender wheatgrass and tetraploid lines resembling slender wheatgrass were recovered after four backcrosses. The BC1 progeny was hexaploid, while the BC2 and BC3 progenies were aneuploids with chromosome numbers ranging from 31 to 38. Tetraploid lines were recovered in the BC4 generation along with 29- and 30-chromosome types. Multivalents (mostly trivalents) resulting from intergenomic pairing were fequently encountered in BC1 and BC2 plants. The multivalent frequencies declined with each succeeding backcross. Pairing in the 28-chromosome BC4 plants was completely regular with 14 bivalents. Intergenomic pairing in the backcross progeny promoted introgression from Canada wildrye to slender wheatgrass.Key words: Elymus, intergenomic pairing, trivalents, recombination.
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Isobe, Sachiko, Akira Sawai, Hidekazu Yamaguchi, Mitsuru Gau, and Kazuhiro Uchiyama. "Breeding potential of the backcross progenies of a hybrid between Trifolium medium × T. pratense to T. pratense." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 82, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 395–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p01-034.
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In this study, T. medium (zigzag clover, 2n = 80 and T. pratense (red clover, 2n = 28) were hybridized and backcrossed four times to T. pratense (BC1, BC2, BC3and BC4), and the seed production and vigor of the backcross progenies were assessed under field conditions. Both female and pollen fertility of the backcross progenies increased as the backcross generations advanced. Female and pollen fertility of BC4 were 21.3 and 65.3%, respectively. When honeybees were used as pollinators, almost all BC4 plants produced mature seeds in the field. Most of the BC1, BC2, and BC3 plants died by the end of the fourth year in the field, whereas 61% of the BC4 plants survived for 4 yr. The number of chromosomes in 79% of the BC4 plants was more than 28, which is greater than that of T. pratense. Differences in leaflet size and shape between BC4 plants and T. pratense suggest that genes from T. medium were expressed in the BC4 plants. These results indicate that BC4 plants may be useful for the improvement of the persistence of T. pratense. Key words: Backcross progeny, breeding material, interspecific hybridization, Trifolium medium, Trifolium pratense
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D’Alessandro, Margherita, Carola Parolin, Danka Bukvicki, Lorenzo Siroli, Beatrice Vitali, Maria De Angelis, Rosalba Lanciotti, and Francesca Patrignani. "Probiotic and Metabolic Characterization of Vaginal Lactobacilli for a Potential Use in Functional Foods." Microorganisms 9, no. 4 (April 14, 2021): 833. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9040833.
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The main aim of this work was to verify the metabolic and functional aptitude of 15 vaginal strains belonging to Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus gasseri, and Limosilactobacillus vaginalis (previously Lactobacillus vaginalis), already characterized for their technological and antimicrobial properties. In order to evaluate the metabolic profile of these vaginal strains, a phenotype microarray analysis was performed on them. Functional parameters such as hydrophobicity, auto-aggregation, deconjugation of bile salts, adhesion to an intestinal cell line (Caco-2), and a simulated digestion process were evaluated for these strains. A good number of these strains showed hydrophobicity values higher than 70%. Regarding the auto-aggregation assay, the most promising strains were L. crispatus BC9 and BC1, L. gasseri BC10 and BC14, and L. vaginalis BC17. Moreover, L. crispatus BC4, BC6, BC7, and BC8 were characterized by strong bile salts hydrolase activity (BHS). In addition, L. crispatus BC8 and L. vaginalis BC17 were characterized by a medium ability to adhere to Caco-2 cells. Data related to digestion process showed a strong ability of vaginal lactobacilli to withstand this stress. In conclusion, the data collected show the metabolic versatility and several exploitable functional properties of the investigated vaginal lactobacilli.
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Xing, P. X., J. J. Tjandra, K. Reynolds, P. J. McLaughlin, D. F. Purcell, and I. F. McKenzie. "Reactivity of anti-human milk fat globule antibodies with synthetic peptides." Journal of Immunology 142, no. 10 (May 15, 1989): 3503–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.142.10.3503.
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Abstract The nucleotide sequence of partial cDNA clones coding for the core protein of a human polymorphic epithelial mucin has recently been obtained, this mucin consists of a highly conserved 60 bp tandem repeat and the amino acids commonly found are PDTRPAPGSTAPPAHGVTSA. We synthesized three peptides, 1) P1.24 containing the 20 amino acids and four amino acids (PDTR) of the adjoining repeat; 2) P1.15 consisting of the first fifteen (PDTRPAPGSTAPPAH) and P1.09 the second nine amino acids (GVTSAPDTR) of peptide P1.24. The reactivities of the synthetic peptides with mAb known to react with breast cancer (BC1, BC2, BC3, HMFG-1, 3E1.2, and RCC-1) were studied. The synthetic peptide, P1.24, corresponding to the antigenic sequence predicted from the tandem repeat reacted with antibodies BC1, BC2, and BC3 (known to react with human milk mucin and mucin expressed in breast cancer) and the antibody HMFG-1 which was used to select the cDNA clones. In addition, the epitopes recognized by BC1, BC2, and BC3 appear to be in the same region of the molecule represented by their reactions with the nine amino acids in peptide P1.09 (GVTSAPDTR). By contrast, other antibodies such as 3E1.2 which reacts only weakly with components of human milk, and RCC-1 that detects a low Mr component (95 kDa) in breast cancer, had no specific reaction with the synthetic peptides, indicating that their epitopes are distinct from those of BC1, BC2, BC3, and HMFG-1. Inasmuch as the antibodies HMFG-1, BC1, BC2, and BC3 react with the fully processed milk mucin, it is likely that some of the peptide is exposed, even in the fully glycosylated molecule. Identification of the different epitopes could lead to the development of "second generation" mAb with enhanced specificity for breast carcinoma using the appropriate synthetic peptides as immunogens.
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Calonghi, N., C. Parolin, G. Sartor, L. Verardi, B. Giordani, G. Frisco, A. Marangoni, and B. Vitali. "Interaction of vaginal Lactobacillus strains with HeLa cells plasma membrane." Beneficial Microbes 8, no. 4 (August 24, 2017): 625–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/bm2016.0212.
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Vaginal lactobacilli offer protection against recurrent urinary and vaginal infections. The precise mechanisms underlying the interaction between lactobacilli and the host epithelium remain poorly understood at the molecular level. Deciphering such events can provide valuable information on the mode of action of commensal and probiotic bacteria in the vaginal environment. We investigated the effects exerted by five Lactobacillus strains of vaginal origin (Lactobacillus crispatus BC1 and BC2, Lactobacillus gasseri BC9 and BC11 and Lactobacillus vaginalis BC15) on the physical properties of the plasma membrane in a cervical cell line (HeLa). The interaction of the vaginal lactobacilli with the cervical cells determined two kinds of effects on plasma membrane: (1) modification of the membrane polar lipid organisation and the physical properties (L. crispatus BC1 and L. gasseri BC9); (2) modification of α5β1 integrin organisation (L. crispatus BC2, L. gasseri BC11 and L. vaginalis BC15). These two mechanisms can be at the basis of the protective role of lactobacilli against Candida albicans adhesion. Upon stimulation with all Lactobacillus strains, we observed a reduction of the basal oxidative stress in HeLa cells that could be related to modifications in physical properties and organisation of the plasma membrane. These results confirm the strictly strain-specific peculiarities of Lactobacillus and deepen the understanding of the mechanisms underlying the health-promoting role of this genus within the vaginal ecosystem.
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SHARMA, S. N., R. S. SAIN, and R. K. SHARMA. "The genetic control of flag leaf length in normal and late sown durum wheat." Journal of Agricultural Science 141, no. 3-4 (November 2003): 323–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859603003642.
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Parental, F1, F2, BC1, BC2, BC11, BC12, BC21, BC22, BC1 self-pollinated and BC2 self-pollinated generations of three crosses involving six cultivars of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum var. durum) were studied for flag leaf length under normal and late sown environments to analyse the nature of gene effects. For most crosses the 10-parameter model was the best descriptor of the data to account for the variability in generation means of this trait but in cross HI 8062×JNK-4W-128 the 6-parameter model was the best (normal sown) while in cross Raj 911×DWL 5002 the 3-parameter model was the best (late sown). Of the epistatic interactions, dominance×dominance (l) and dominance×dominance×dominance (z) played significantly greater roles in controlling the inheritance of this trait. Absolute totals of non-fixable gene effects were much higher than the fixable gene effects in all the crosses in both the environments, indicating the greater roles of non-additive effects in controlling the inheritance of flag leaf length in durum wheat cultivars. Significant partial dominance was observed frequently in most of the crosses. Significant heterosis was attributed to combined effects of dominance×dominance (l), additive×additive×dominance (x) and dominance×dominance×dominance (z) epistatic interactions in the cross Cocorit 71×A-9-30-1 under late sown environment. Biparental mating and/or diallel selective mating, which exploit both fixable and non-fixable components, have been suggested for the improvement of this trait in durum wheat cultivars.
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Lombardo, Eleuterio, Juan C. Ramírez, Javier Garcia, and José M. Almendral. "Complementary Roles of Multiple Nuclear Targeting Signals in the Capsid Proteins of the Parvovirus Minute Virus of Mice during Assembly and Onset of Infection." Journal of Virology 76, no. 14 (July 15, 2002): 7049–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.76.14.7049-7059.2002.
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ABSTRACT This report describes the distribution of conventional nuclear localization sequences (NLS) and of a beta-stranded so-called nuclear localization motif (NLM) in the two proteins (VP1, 82 kDa; VP2, 63 kDa) forming the T=1 icosahedral capsid of the parvovirus minute virus of mice (MVM) and their functions in viral biogenesis and the onset of infection. The approximately 10 VP1 molecules assembled in the MVM particle harbor in its 142-amino-acid (aa) N-terminal-specific region four clusters of basic amino acids, here called BC1 (aa 6 to 10), BC2 (aa 87 to 90), BC3 (aa 109 to 115), and BC4 (aa 126 to 130), that fit consensus NLS and an NLM placed toward the opposite end of the polypeptide (aa 670 to 680) found to be necessary for VP2 nuclear uptake. Deletions and site-directed mutations constructed in an infectious MVM plasmid showed that BC1, BC2, and NLM are cooperative nuclear transport sequences in singly expressed VP1 subunits and that they conferred nuclear targeting competence on the VP1/VP2 oligomers arising in normal infection, while BC3 and BC4 did not display nuclear transport activity. Notably, VP1 proteins mutated at BC1 and -2, and particularly with BC1 to -4 sequences deleted, induced nuclear and cytoplasmic foci of colocalizing conjugated ubiquitin that could be rescued from the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation pathway by the coexpression of VP2 and NS2 isoforms. These results suggest a role for VP2 in viral morphogenesis by assisting cytoplasmic folding of VP1/VP2 subviral complexes, which is further supported by the capacity of NLM-bearing transport-competent VP2 subunits to recruit VP1 into the nuclear capsid assembly pathway regardless of the BC composition. Instead, all four BC sequences, which are located in the interior of the capsid, were absolutely required by the incoming infectious MVM particle for the onset of infection, suggesting either an important conformational change or a disassembly of the coat for nuclear entry of a VP1-associated viral genome. Therefore, the evolutionarily conserved BC sequences and NLM domains provide complementary nuclear transport functions to distinct supramolecular complexes of capsid proteins during the autonomous parvovirus life cycle.
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Piper, Jon K., and Peter A. Kulakow. "Seed yield and biomass allocation in Sorghum bicolor and F1 and backcross generations of S. bicolor × S. halepense hybrids." Canadian Journal of Botany 72, no. 4 (April 1, 1994): 468–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b94-062.
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The Land Institute is developing perennial grains to be grown in prairie-like mixtures. One approach involves the development of a perennial grain sorghum by crossing tetraploid Sorghum bicolor with wild S. halepense to combine high seed yield with overwintering ability via rhizome production. We grew tetraploid S. bicolor, F1 hybrid (BC0), and two backcross generations (BC1 and BC2) in a randomized block design to examine total biomass, seed yield, and allocation to plant parts within and across generations. Root, rhizome, stem and leaf, and total biomass decreased from the BC0 to BC2 to S. bicolor generations, whereas panicle mass, seed mass, and reproductive allocation were lowest in the BC0 generation (p < 0.05, ANOVA). Mean seed mass (g ∙ plant−1) was 39.1 in the BC0, 107.3 in the BC1, 84.1 in the BC2, and 92.7 for the S. bicolor parent, which translated into yields of 171.9, 471.6, 396.7, and 407.5 g ∙ m−2, respectively. Reproductive allocation varied from 14.7% in BC0 to 28.9% in BC2 compared with 33.5% in S. bicolor. Mean allocation to rhizomes was 2.71% in BC0 but negligible in BC1 and BC2. There was no relationship between rhizome mass and seed mass within any generation, but there was a positive correlation between total plant mass and rhizome mass in BC0. We divided the BC0 population into four groups with respect to rhizome production and found no significant differences among the groups in plant size or seed yield. Within each generation, reproductive allocation was inversely related to culm mass. The lack of an apparent trade-off between allocation to rhizome versus allocation to seed within any generation supports the possibility of combining within a population high seed yield and production of perennating belowground organs. Key words: backcross, hybrid, perennial grains, reproductive allocation, rhizome, seed mass, Sorghum bicolor, Sorghum halepense.
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Kydonaki, Eirini K., Laura Freitas, Bruno M. Fonseca, Henrique Reguengo, Carlos Raposo Simón, Ana R. Bastos, Emanuel M. Fernandes, et al. "Bovine Colostrum Supplementation Improves Bone Metabolism in an Osteoporosis-Induced Animal Model." Nutrients 13, no. 9 (August 27, 2021): 2981. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13092981.
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Osteoporosis is characterized by bone loss. The present study aims to investigate the effects of bovine colostrum (BC) on bone metabolism using ovariectomized (OVX) and orchidectomized (ORX) rat models. Twenty-seven-week-old Wistar Han rats were randomly assigned as: (1) placebo control, (2) BC supplementation dose 1 (BC1: 0.5 g/day/OVX, 1 g/day/ORX), (3) BC supplementation dose 2 (BC2: 1 g/day/OVX, 1.5 g/day/ORX) and (4) BC supplementation dose 3 (BC3: 1.5 g/day/OVX, 2 g/day/ORX). Bone microarchitecture, strength, gene expression of VEGFA, FGF2, RANKL, RANK and OPG, and bone resorption/formation markers were assessed after four months of BC supplementation. Compared to the placebo, OVX rats in the BC1 group exhibited significantly higher cortical bone mineral content and trabecular bone mineral content (p < 0.01), while OVX rats in the BC3 group showed significantly higher trabecular bone mineral content (p < 0.05). ORX rats receiving BC dose 2 demonstrated significantly higher levels of trabecular bone mineral content (p < 0.05). Serum osteocalcin in the ORX was pointedly higher in all BC supplementation groups than the placebo (BC1: p < 0.05; BC2, BC3: p < 0.001). Higher doses of BC induced significantly higher relative mRNA expression of OPG, VEGFA, FGF2 and RANKL (p < 0.05). BC supplementation improves bone metabolism of OVX and ORX rats, which might be associated with the activation of the VEGFA, FGF2 and RANKL/RANK/OPG pathways.
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Bassett, Mark J., Lee Brady, and Phil E. McClean. "A New Allele, tcf, at the T Locus for Partly Colored Seedcoats in Common Bean." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 124, no. 6 (November 1999): 663–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.124.6.663.
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Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants with partly colored seeds and colored flowers were derived from PI 507984 in two genetic tester stocks, `2-points tcf BC1 5-593' and `2-points tcf BC2 5-593'. These stocks were produced by backcrossing to the recurrent parent, Florida dry bean breeding line 5-593, which has black self-colored seeds and purple flowers due to the genotype T P V. The crosses `2-points tcf BC1 5-593' × 5-593 and `2-points tcf BC2 5-593' × 5-593 produced F2 populations in which all plants had colored flowers. Those results, when considered with previously published work, do not support the previously reported hypothesis that the genes t Fcr Fcr-2 produce partly colored seedcoats and flower color restoration with t. The crosses `2-points tcf BC1 5-593' × `self-colored t BC2 5-593' and `2-points tcf BC2 5-593' × `minimus t BC3 5-593' produced F2 populations that segregated 3:1 for colored:white flowers, respectively. Those results are consistent with the revised hypothesis that tcf can produce partly colored seedcoats without affecting flower color. The RAPD marker OM19400, which is linked in repulsion to T, was used with the F2 populations from the crosses `2-points tcf BC2 5-593' × 5-593 and `2-points tcf BC2 5-593' × `minimus t BC3 5-593' and established that the tcf gene from PI 507984 is either an allele at T or tightly linked to T. F3 data from the cross `2-points tcf BC2 5-593 × 5-593 also support the tcf hypothesis. On the basis of the above experiments, the gene symbol tcf is proposed for an allele at T that pleiotropically produces partly colored seeds and colored flowers.
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Piperidis, Nathalie, Jian-wen Chen, Hai-hua Deng, Li-Ping Wang, Phillip Jackson, and George Piperidis. "GISH characterization of Erianthus arundinaceus chromosomes in three generations of sugarcane intergeneric hybrids." Genome 53, no. 5 (May 2010): 331–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g10-010.
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Within Erianthus , a genus close to Saccharum , the species E. arundinaceus has the potential to contribute valuable traits to sugarcane, including adaptation to biotic and abiotic stresses and ratooning ability. Sugarcane breeders have tried for a long time to use Erianthus species in their breeding programs but until recently were constrained by a lack of fertile Saccharum × Erianthus hybrids. We report here for the first time the chromosome composition of fertile Saccharum officinarum × E. arundinaceus F1, BC1 (F1 × sugarcane cultivar), and BC2 (BC1 × sugarcane cultivar) hybrids. The F1 and BC2 resulted from n + n chromosome transmission, while the BC1 resulted from 2n + n transmission. In the BC1 clones, the number of E. arundinaceus chromosomes ranged from 21 to 30, and in the BC2 clones, the number ranged from 14 to 15, revealing cases of chromosome loss. No recombination events between Saccharum and Erianthus chromosomes were observed in either the BC1 or BC2 clones. The implications of these results for introgression of genes from E. arundinaceus in sugarcane breeding programs are discussed. We propose a strategy to identify the agronomic value of chromosomes from E. arundinaceus and to conduct targeted breeding based on this information.
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Fonseca, Gabriel Cabral da, Marilene Silva Oliveira, Carlos Vinicius Costa Martins, and João Carlos Perbone de Souza. "How the Carbonization Time of Sugarcane Biomass Affects the Microstructure of Biochar and the Adsorption Process?" Sustainability 14, no. 3 (January 28, 2022): 1571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14031571.
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Biochars (BCs) are very versatile adsorbents, mainly, in the effectiveness of adsorption of organic and inorganic compounds in aqueous solutions. Here, the sugarcane biomass (SCB) was used to produce biochar at different carbonization times: 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 h, denominated as BC1, BC2, BC3, BC4, and BC5, respectively. The superficial reactivity was studied with adsorption equilibrium experiments and kinetics models; Methylene Blue (MB) was used as adsorbate at different pH values, concentrations, and temperatures. In summary, the carbonization time provides the increase of superficial area, with exception of BC4, which decreased. Equilibrium studies showed inflection points and fluctuations with different initial dye concentration and temperature; SCB showed the best adsorption capacity compared to the BCs at the three temperatures tested, varying with the increase of MB concentration, suggesting the dependence of these two main factors on the adsorption process. The proposed adsorption mechanism suggests the major influence of Coulomb interactions, H-bonding, and π-interactions on the adsorption of MB onto adsorbents, evidencing that the adsorption is led by physical adsorption. Therefore, the results led to the use of the SCB without carbonization at 200 °C, saving energy and more adsorbent mass, considering that the carbonization influences weight loss. This study has provided insights of the use of SCB in MB dye adsorption as a low-cost and eco-friendly adsorbent.
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Le, Phuong Thu, Huyen Thuong Bui, Duy Ngoc Le, Thi Hue Nguyen, Le Anh Pham, Hong Nam Nguyen, Quoc Son Nguyen, et al. "Preparation and Characterization of Biochar Derived from Agricultural By-Products for Dye Removal." Adsorption Science & Technology 2021 (November 11, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9161904.
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In this study, biochar was derived from the agricultural by-products coconut coir (BC1) and rice husk (BC2) activated with NaOH 25%. This material was characterized through analytical methods such as SEM images, XRD, FTIR, and Raman. Analysis results indicated that the carbon structure carbon is amorphous and with many graphene layers. A high specific surface area was detected with 364.22 m2.g-1 for BC1 and 329.71 m2.g-1 for BC2 with many meso and micropores when analyzed by N2 and CO2 adsorption. The material also showed anionic and cationic dye adsorption capacity for textile wastewater following both Langmuir and Freundlich models where BC2 had better max adsorption capacity compared to BC1, 6.519 mg.g-1 for MO and 8.612 mg.g-1 for MB.
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Dong, F., R. G. Novy, J. P. Helgeson, and J. Jiang. "Cytological characterization of potato - Solanum etuberosum somatic hybrids and their backcross progenies by genomic in situ hybridization." Genome 42, no. 5 (October 1, 1999): 987–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g99-037.
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Four somatic hybrids derived from a diploid wild species Solanum etuberosum and a diploid tuber-bearing Solanum clone 463-4, together with five BC1 and three BC2 plants, were analyzed by genomic in situ hybridization (GISH). None of the four somatic hybrids had the expected chromosome constitutions, i.e., 24 chromosomes from each fusion parent. Either one chromosome from S. etuberosum or one from the potato parent 463-4 was lost in the hybrids. Three BC1 plants had exactly one set of S. etuberosum chromosomes. The other two BC1 plants either had one extra or one fewer S. etuberosum chromosome, possibly because their somatic hybrid parents had an extra or had lost one S. etuberosum chromosome. The presence of one set, or close to one set, of S. etuberosum chromosomes in all BC1 plants suggests a preferential pairing and segregation of the S. etuberosum chromosomes in the somatic hybrids. Two of the three BC2 plants had 52 chromosomes, deviating significantly from the expected chromosome number of 48. These results suggest poor pairing between S. etuberosum and S. tuberosum chromosomes in the BC1 plants. The present study demonstrates the importance of combining GISH and DNA marker analysis for a thorough characterization of potato germplasm containing chromosomes from different species.Key words: potato germplasm, Solanum etuberosum, molecular cytogenetics.
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Dawar, Khadim, Ahtesham Khan, Ishaq Ahmad Mian, Bushra Khan, Shamsher Ali, Sagheer Ahmad, Piotr Szulc, et al. "Maize productivity and soil nutrients variations by the application of vermicompost and biochar." PLOS ONE 17, no. 5 (May 11, 2022): e0267483. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267483.
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Poor soil organic matter is one of the major causes of the deterioration of soil health. Most soils fertility is also decreased when enough organic carbon is not present in the soil. Maize is most susceptible to this poor soil fertility status. A significant amount of maize growth and yield is lost when it is cultivated in low organic matter and poor fertility soil. To overcome this issue organic amendments can play an imperative role. Biochar and vermicompost are organic amendments that can not only improve organic residues but also increase soil nutrient concentration. The current experiment was conducted to explore the sole and combined application of both organic amendments with recommended NPK fertilizer. Four treatments were tested i.e., control, biochar (BC1), vermicompost (VC1) and VC1+BC1 with and without nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in the experiment. Results showed that VC1+BC1+NPK performed significantly best for improvement in maize plant height (6.25 and 3.00%), 1000 grains weight (30.48 and 29.40%), biological yield (18.86 and 43.12%) and grains yield (30.58 and 39.59%) compared to BC0+VC0+NPK and control respectively. A significant improvement in soil N, P and K also validated the efficacious role of VC1+BC1+NPK over BC0+VC0+NPK and control. Treatment VC1+BC1+NPK is recommended for the achievement of better maize growth and yield in poor organic matter soils. More investigations are suggested in variable climatic conditions to declare VC1+BC1+NPK as the best amendment compared to control for enhancing soil N, P and K status as well as maize productivity.
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Adames, Ángel F., and John M. Wallace. "On the Tropical Atmospheric Signature of El Niño." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 74, no. 6 (May 24, 2017): 1923–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-16-0309.1.
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Abstract The linear atmospheric signature of ENSO, obtained by regressing fields of geopotential height Z, wind, vertical velocity, and rainfall upon the Niño-3.4 sea surface temperature (SST) index, is partitioned into zonally symmetric and eddy components. The zonally symmetric component is thermally forced by the narrowing and intensification of the zonally averaged equatorial rain belt during El Niño and mechanically forced by the weakening of the upper-tropospheric equatorial stationary waves and their associated flux of wave activity. The eddy component of the ENSO signature is decomposed into barotropic (BT) and baroclinic (BC) contributions, the latter into first and second modal structures BC1 and BC2, separable functions of space (x, y), and pressure p, using eigenvector analysis. BC1 exhibits a nearly equatorially symmetric planetary wave structure comprising three dumbbell-shaped features suggestive of equatorial Rossby waves, with out-of-phase wind and geopotential height perturbations in the upper and lower troposphere. BC1 and BT exhibit coincident centers of action. In regions of the tropics where the flow in the climatological-mean stationary waves is cyclonic, BT reinforces BC1, and vice versa, in accordance with vorticity balance considerations. BC1 and BT dominate the eddy ENSO signature in the free atmosphere. Most of the residual is captured by BC2, which exhibits a shallow, convergent boundary layer signature forced by the weakening of the equatorial cold tongue in SST. The anomalous boundary layer convergence drives a deep convection signature whose upper-tropospheric outflow is an integral part of the BC1 contribution to the ENSO signature.
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Niemczyk, Kazimierz, Magdalena Lachowska, Monika Kwacz, Jarosław Wysocki, Paweł Borkowski, Maria Małkowska, and Jacek Sokołowski. "Effectiveness of Bone Conduction Stimulation Applied Directly to the Otic Capsule Measured at Promontory: Assessment in Cadavers." Audiology and Neurotology 25, no. 3 (2020): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000505607.
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Introduction: The aims of this study included: (a) to develop a method of direct acoustic bone conduction (BC) stimulation applied directly to the otic capsule, (b) to investigate the effect of different stimulation sites on the promontory displacement amplitude, and (c) to find the best stimulation site (among 2 located directly on the otic capsule and 1 standard site approved for clinical use) that provides the greatest transmission of vibratory energy. Methods: Measurements were performed on 9 cadaveric whole human heads. A commercial scanning laser Doppler vibrometer was used. The promontory displacement was recorded in response to BC stimulation delivered by an implant at 3 sites: BC1 on the squamous part of the temporal bone, BC2 on the ampulla of the lateral semicircular canal, and BC3 between the semicircular canals. The displacement of the promontory was analyzed in detail. Results: The results show that BC1 caused an overall smaller promontory displacement than both sites BC2 and 3. BC3 stimulation is more efficient than that at BC2. Conclusions: BC is an effective method of acoustic stimulus delivery into the inner ear, with the effectiveness increasing when approaching closer to the cochlea. Placing the implant directly on the labyrinth and thus applying vibrations directly to the otic capsule is possible and very effective as proved in this study. The results are encouraging and represent the potential of new stimulation sites that could be introduced in the field of BC hearing rehabilitation as the possible future locations for implantable BC hearing devices.
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Suyuti, Muhammad Arsyad, and Rusdi Nur. "Determining Interval Time of Maintenance in Bosowa Cement Indonesia using Reliability Method." INTEK: Jurnal Penelitian 3, no. 2 (November 6, 2016): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31963/intek.v3i2.52.
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Maintenance for machining and production facility is an important aspect to ensure a smooth production process. During this time, it was performed regular maintenance based on technical advice from supplier’s engines which just shows things in general without considering the actual operating conditions. This paper aims to plan the maintenance strategies for the Finish Mill unit based on reliability analysis by considering the target system reliability and cost of improving reliability. The data distribution obtained the most appropriate distribution. Based on the data obtained distribution parameters, then the function of the reliability of each part an be determined so that the value of the reliability of each part and the overall system for a specific time period can be calculated. The results showed that the failure or breakdown Mill Finish Unit was majority caused by the part of 561.BM1, 531.WF1, 531.BC6, 531.BC2, 531.BC1, 561.SR1 and 531.BC3. it means that need to focus o the reliability analysis to allocate their parts.
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Santos, Manoel Xavier dos, Linda Maria Pollak, Cleso Antônio Patto Pacheco, Paulo Evaristo Oliveira Guimarães, Luiz Alexandre Peternelli, Sidney Netto Parentoni, and Luciano Lourenço Nass. "Incorporating different proportions of exotic maize germplasm into two adapted populations." Genetics and Molecular Biology 23, no. 2 (June 2000): 445–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-47572000000200033.
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Maize breeders frequently wish to use exotic germplasm in their breeding programs without losing specific characteristics of their adapted material. The objective of this study was to determine the optimal proportions of exotic germplasm to incorporate into adapted populations (F2 = 50% exotic, BC1 = 25% exotic, BC2 = 12.5% exotic and BC3 = 6.25% exotic) to form the initial foundation population and to determine the heterosis between adapted x exotics. We used six exotic populations of different origins and two adapted populations representing a Brazilian heterotic pattern. In 1993-94 and 1994-95, the parents, F1, F2, BC1, BC2, BC3 and four checks were evaluated in six environments in central Brazil using an 8 x 9 simple rectangular lattice design. Higher mean values for yield were obtained as the proportion of exotic germplasm decreased. Some backcrosses produced more than the adapted populations BR 105 (7.59 ton/ha) and BR 106 (8.43 ton/ha). The best results were obtained when incorporating 6.25 or 12.5% of exotic genes. This trend was true for root lodging, stalk lodging and ear diseases but not for plant and ear height. The midparent heterosis for yield varied from -16.1 to 40.3%. Midparent heterosis with positive and negative values were also found for the other traits. The results indicate the potential of exotic germplasm for developing good hybrids. After choosing the best exotic source, some recurrent selection might be appropriate in order to adapt and improve the exotic populations.
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Nichols, S. N., R. W. Hofmann, and W. M. Williams. "Drought resistance of Trifolium repens×Trifolium uniflorum interspecific hybrids." Crop and Pasture Science 65, no. 9 (2014): 911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp14067.
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White clover (Trifolium repens L.) is a widely used and highly valued temperate legume; however, its productivity and survival are restricted under dryland and drought conditions. This study investigated whether drought resistance of white clover could be improved by interspecific hybridisation with Trifolium uniflorum L. After almost 4 months without irrigation in a rain-shelter facility, shoot dry weight (DW) decreased significantly less in first-generation backcross (BC1) hybrids (–47%) than second-generation backcross (BC2) hybrids (–68%) and white clover (–69%). Stolon morphological parameters such as internode length and leaf lamina area also decreased less under water stress in the BC1 hybrids than in BC2 and white clover. There was also lower senescence in BC1 under water stress than in the other clover types. Genotypes with smaller changes in leaf lamina area, internode length, senescence and lateral spread had smaller changes in shoot DW, and there were significant correlations between constitutive levels of some characteristics and the effect of water stress on shoot DW. Under water stress, the growth form of the BC1 hybrids was compact, dense and prostrate, whereas white clover was more spreading and open. Increased allocation of dry matter to roots under drought, and greater root diameter, may also have influenced the ability of BC1 hybrids to maintain water uptake and key physiological processes. Overall, the data confirm that the drought resistance of white clover can be improved through hybridisation with T. uniflorum.
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Hutubessy, Josina Irene Brigetha. "PENGARUH PUPUK NPK PHONSKA TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL TUMPANG SARI CABAI (Capsicum annum L.) DAN BAWANG MERAH (Allium cepa L.)." AGRICA 10, no. 1 (July 20, 2020): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37478/agr.v10i1.76.
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Red chili (Capsicum annuum L.) is one of the vegetable commodities that has bright prospects and market demand continues to increase along with the increase in population, but until now the chili has not been able to meet the needs of the community. Efforts to increase production to meet needs that cover quality and quantity can be done by planting intercropping and fertilizing NPK Phonska. This study aims to determine the effect of NPK Phonska fertilizer on the growth and yield of intercropping of optimal chili and shallot plants. The experimental design used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with a single factor pattern consisting of 5 NPK Phonska fertilizer treatments, namely BC0 = 0 kg ha-1 (control), BC1 = 300 kg ha-1, BC2 = 600 kg ha-1, BC3 = 900 kg ha-1, BC4 = 1200 kg ha-1. Non-destructive data collection is carried out. F test level 5% to test the effect of treatment, the difference between treatments was based on 5% BNT Value. The results showed that administration of NPK Phonska fertilizer had a very significant effect on chili plants, namely on growth variables and yields of plant height 26.14 cm, number of leaves of 15.11 strands, leaf area of ??11.86 cm2 and plant high onion 33, 34 cm, number of leaves 33.14 strands. The optimum dose of NPK Phonska fertilizer which provides optimal growth and yield of intercropping of chili and shallot plants is 1200 kg ha-1.
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Chetelat, Roger T., Charles M. Rick, and Joseph W. DeVerna. "Isozyme analysis, chromosome pairing, and fertility of Lycopersicon esculentum × Solanum lycopersicoides diploid backcross hybrids." Genome 32, no. 5 (October 1, 1989): 783–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g89-511.
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The wild nightshade Solanum lycopersicoides possesses potentially valuable traits for tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) improvement. Male sterility of the intergenic F1 hybrid and its stylar rejection of tomato pollen have until recently prevented introgression. In the work herein described, ovule fertility was detected in the F1 hybrid following pollinations with S. lycopersicoides. Pollinations of the F1 with L. pennellii derived bridging hybrids resulted in a BC1 population of 65 plants. BC2 seed was obtained from most BC1 individuals. Male fertility of the BC1 plants ranged from 0 to 66% acetocarmine-stainable pollen. Of the 43 plants scored, 41 were diploids (2n = 24) and 2 were aneuploids (2n = 25 and 2n = 26). Chromosome pairing of the BC1 at diakinesis and metaphase I averaged 11.1 bivalents per pollen mother cell. BC1 and BC2 plants were scored for 19 isozyme and morphological markers covering 10 of the 12 S. lycopersicoides chromosomes. Significant deviations from Mendelian segregation were observed for seven loci, with an excess of homozygotes (+/+) in all cases. Wa, which controls the white anther trait of S. lycopersicoides, was mapped to within 15 centiMorgans (cM) of Got-4, while Mdh-4 was closely linked to Pgi-1 (<2 cM). Plants heterozygous for the S. lycopersicoides allele (+/s) at Dia-2, Skdh-1, Wa, and Aco-1 showed significantly lower pollen stainability than homozygotes (+/+). Skdh-1 and Got-3 heterozygotes had less chromosome pairing at meiosis than homozygotes. These hybrids will permit the introgression of novel traits from S. lycopersicoides into tomato.Key words: tomato, segregation, linkage mapping, quantitative trait loci, intergeneric hybridization.
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Bassett, Mark J. "Inheritance of the Partly Colored Seedcoat Pattern, Bipunctata, in Common Bean." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 121, no. 6 (November 1996): 1032–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.121.6.1032.
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The development of genetic tester stocks in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) for the partly colored seedcoat patterns `bipunctata BC3 5-593' (t z bip) and `virgarcus BC3 5-593' (t z) was described. The inheritance of the bipunctata pattern was studied in the F2 from the crosses `bipunctata BC1 5-593' × 5-593 and `bipunctata BC2 5-593' × 5-593. The data supported the hypothesis that a single recessive gene (bip) converts virgarcus (t z Bip) to bipunctata (t z bip). The inheritance of bipunctata was also studied in the F2 from the cross `bipunctata BC3 5-593' × `virgarcus BC3 5-593'. The data supported the hypothesis of complete dominance of Bip over bip in a t z genetic background highly related to the recurrent parent 5-593, where only the parental phenotypes appear in the F2.
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Song, Guo-qing, Xue Han, John T. Ryner, Addie Thompson, and Kan Wang. "Utilizing MIKC-type MADS-box protein SOC1 for yield potential enhancement in maize." Plant Cell Reports 40, no. 9 (June 6, 2021): 1679–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00299-021-02722-4.
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Abstract Key message Overexpression of Zea mays SOC gene promotes flowering, reduces plant height, and leads to no reduction in grain production per plant, suggesting enhanced yield potential, at least, through increasing planting density. Abstract MIKC-type MADS-box gene SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1 (SOC1) is an integrator conserved in the plant flowering pathway. In this study, the maize SOC1 (ZmSOC1) gene was cloned and overexpressed in transgenic maize Hi-II genotype. The T0 plants were backcrossed with nontransgenic inbred B73 to produce first generation backcross (BC1) seeds. Phenotyping of both transgenic and null segregant (NT) BC1 plants was conducted in three independent experiments. The BC1 transgenic plants showed new attributes such as increased vegetative growth, accelerated flowering time, reduced overall plant height, and increased grain weight. Second generation backcross (BC2) plants were evaluated in the field using two planting densities. Compared to BC2 NT plants, BC2 transgenic plants, were 12–18% shorter, flowered 5 days earlier, and showed no reduction in grain production per plant and an increase in fat, starch, and simple sugars in the grain. Transcriptome comparison in young leaves of 56-day-old BC1 plants revealed that the overexpressed ZmSOC1 resulted in 107 differentially expressed genes. The upregulated transcription factor DNA BINDING WITH ONE FINGER 5.4 (DOF5.4) was among the genes responsible for the reduced plant height. Modulating expression of SOC1 opens a new and effective approach to promote flowering and reduce plant height, which may have potential to enhance crop yield and improve grain quality.
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Bellazzini, Michele, Laura Magrini, Michael G. Jones, David J. Sand, Giacomo Beccari, Giovanni Cresci, Kristine Spekkens, et al. "Young, Blue, and Isolated Stellar Systems in the Virgo Cluster. I. 2D Optical Spectroscopy." Astrophysical Journal 935, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac7c6d.
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Abstract We use panoramic optical spectroscopy obtained with the Very Large Telescope/MUSE to investigate the nature of five candidate extremely isolated low-mass star-forming regions (Blue Candidates; hereafter, BCs) toward the Virgo cluster of galaxies. Four of the five (BC1, BC3, BC4, and BC5) are found to host several H ii regions and to have radial velocities fully compatible with being part of the Virgo cluster. All the confirmed candidates have mean metallicity significantly in excess of that expected from their stellar mass, indicating that they originated from gas stripped from larger galaxies. In summary, these four candidates share the properties of the prototype system SECCO 1, suggesting the possible emergence of a new class of stellar systems, intimately linked to the complex duty cycle of gas within clusters of galaxies. A thorough discussion of the nature and evolution of these objects is presented in a companion paper, where the results obtained here from the MUSE data are complemented with Hubble Space Telescope (optical) and Very Large Array (Hi) observations.
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Sadowska, Urszula, Tomasz Zaleski, Maciej Kuboń, Agnieszka Latawiec, Agnieszka Klimek-Kopyra, Jakub Sikora, Maciej Gliniak, Rafał Kobyłecki, and Robert Zarzycki. "Effect of the Application of Sunflower Biochar and Leafy Trees Biochar on Soil Hydrological Properties of Fallow Soils and under Soybean Cultivation." Materials 16, no. 4 (February 20, 2023): 1737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16041737.
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Soils enriched with biochar are recommended as a cultivation grounds, especially in case they contain significant amount of sand. However, the interactions between biochar and plants, as well as the influence of the biochar on water retention, cultivation and air properties of soils, are still not obvious. The present study aimed to determine the impact of various biochar doses on soils used for soya cultivation, in comparison to soils maintained as black fallow soil, on their water retention and productivity, for the period of two years. Sunflower husk biochar (BC1) and biochar of leafy trees (BC2), in doses of 0, 40, 60, 80 t·ha−1, were used for field experiments. The water retention was investigated with porous boards in pressure chambers by a drying method. No differences in the hydrological properties of the soils that were differently managed (black fallow soil, crop) were observed following biochar application. Addition of BC1, in the amounts of 40, 60, and 80 t·ha−1, caused an increase in the plant available water capacity (AWC) by 15.3%, 18.7%, and 13.3%, respectively, whereas the field capacity (FC) increased by 7.4%, 9.4%, and 8.6% for soils without biochar. Application of BC2 analogously resulted in higher AWC, by 8.97, 17.2%, and 33.1%, respectively, and higher FC by 3.75, 7.5%, and 18.3%, respectively. Increasing the doses of BC1 and BC2, both on black fallow soils and soils enriched with soya, caused a rise in total porosity (TP) and drainage porosity (DP), and a decrease in soil bulk density (SBD). Biochar with a higher total area and higher porosity (BC1) applied to soils with soya cultivation resulted in lower reductions in AW and FC than BC2 in the second year of investigation.
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Jin, Hongxiao, Christian Josef Köppl, Benjamin M. C. Fischer, Johanna Rojas-Conejo, Mark S. Johnson, Laura Morillas, Steve W. Lyon, et al. "Drone-Based Hyperspectral and Thermal Imagery for Quantifying Upland Rice Productivity and Water Use Efficiency after Biochar Application." Remote Sensing 13, no. 10 (May 11, 2021): 1866. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13101866.
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Miniature hyperspectral and thermal cameras onboard lightweight unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) bring new opportunities for monitoring land surface variables at unprecedented fine spatial resolution with acceptable accuracy. This research applies hyperspectral and thermal imagery from a drone to quantify upland rice productivity and water use efficiency (WUE) after biochar application in Costa Rica. The field flights were conducted over two experimental groups with bamboo biochar (BC1) and sugarcane biochar (BC2) amendments and one control (C) group without biochar application. Rice canopy biophysical variables were estimated by inverting a canopy radiative transfer model on hyperspectral reflectance. Variations in gross primary productivity (GPP) and WUE across treatments were estimated using light-use efficiency and WUE models respectively from the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), canopy chlorophyll content (CCC), and evapotranspiration rate. We found that GPP was increased by 41.9 ± 3.4% in BC1 and 17.5 ± 3.4% in BC2 versus C, which may be explained by higher soil moisture after biochar application, and consequently significantly higher WUEs by 40.8 ± 3.5% in BC1 and 13.4 ± 3.5% in BC2 compared to C. This study demonstrated the use of hyperspectral and thermal imagery from a drone to quantify biochar effects on dry cropland by integrating ground measurements and physical models.
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Ali, Khalafalla A. "GENERATION MEAN ANALYSIS FOR YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS IN SESAME (Sesamumindicum L.)." International Journal of Environment 4, no. 3 (August 24, 2015): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v4i3.13234.
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Two parents with contrasting characters were used, viz; Gd2002SPSN.29 and Ziraa-9 described as (P1) and (P2) respectively. They were selected from the sesame breeding program, Gedarif Research Station, ARC, Sudan. In season 2004 the two parents were crossed to produce F1 hybrid. In season 2005 parents and their F1 were grown. Part of the F1 was selfed to produce F2 and the other part was back crossed to both parents to produce Bc1 and Bc2 progenies. In season 2006 the parents (P1, P2), and their F1and F2 and back crosses (Bc1, Bc2) populations were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. A wide range of variability was exhibited for most of the characters. The highest seed yield was obtained by the BC2 (714 Kg.ha-1), while the lowest was obtained by the BC1 (286 Kg.ha-1). Considering the nature and magnitude of gene action, improvement of days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, number of branches plant-1, height to first branch, height to first capsule, capsule length and 1000-seed weight could be achieved through simple pedigree method while hybrid breeding would be most effective for seed yield plant-1 and seed yield.ha-1International Journal of Environment Volume-4, Issue-3, June-August 2015Page: 111-120
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Erb, W. Alan, and N. Jean Flickinger. "484 PB 420 VARIANCE COMPONENTS FOR LEAF AREA AND DRY WEIGHT ACCUMULATION IN GREENHOUSE TOMATOES GROWN UNDER DIFFERENT LIGHT AND NIGHT TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 500f—500. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.500f.
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Two tomato inbreds (one advanced greenhouse line, P1=Ohio ICR.9 and one frost resistant line, P2=Ohio 4013-3) and F1, BC1, BC2 and F2 progeny were examined for growth and development during December and January to determine inheritance of biomass characters. Two-week-old seedlings from each generation (8 from the P1, P2 and F1; 32 from the BC1 and BC2; and 64 from the F2) developed over a 9-week period at 2 different night temperatures (17 and 12 C) and light levels (natural light and 30% shade, 5 days/week). The F1 generation had the highest leaf area and total dry weight means followed by the BC1 and P1 generations. The variance components for leaf area and total dry weight accumulation were: Ve = 120,300 and 2.63; Vp = 553,618 and 12.46; Va = 127,475 and 3.65; and Vd = 305,843 and 6.18, respectively. Both traits are highly heritable, having a broad sense heritability of 0.78 and 0.79 for leaf area and total dry weight, respectively. However, because narrow sense heritability is low, 0.23 and 0.30, respectively, improvement in biomass accumulation will be more difficult.
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Roldan, Alba, David Barbado, Francisco J. Vera-Garcia, José M. Sarabia, and Raul Reina. "Inter-Rater Reliability, Concurrent Validity and Sensitivity of Current Methods to Assess Trunk Function in Boccia Players with Cerebral Palsy." Brain Sciences 10, no. 3 (February 26, 2020): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10030130.
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Trunk function is a core factor to allocate Boccia players with cerebral palsy in BC1 and BC2 sport classes, according to the Boccia International Sports Federation (BISFed). However, the appropriateness of the current test to assess trunk function has never been studied to determine its reliability, validity and sensitivity to discriminate between different levels of impairment. Thirty-six players (BC1 = 13 and BC2 = 23) took part in this study. Trunk control was assessed through the BISFed trunk function scale (TFS) and a posturographic test battery consisting of two static and three dynamic tasks. The inter-rater reliability for the BISFed TFS was set at 94.44% of agreement. Moderate-to-high correlations were obtained between posturographic tasks (0.39 < r < 0.96; p < 0.05–0.01), while the BISFed TFS only correlated with two of the dynamic tasks and the overall dynamic score (−0.38 < r < −0.51; p < 0.05). The BISFed TFS was not able to discriminate between sport classes, whereas the static posturographic task did so (p = 0.004). Even though the current BISFed TFS presented good inter-rater reliability, it does not seem to have enough sensitivity to discriminate between BC1 and BC2. Although the static posturographic tasks were able to discriminate between sports classes, it seems necessary to develop new field tests assessing participants’ trunk stabilization abilities.
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Zhou, Yongchun, Danyang Li, Zhenglong Li, Sibo Guo, Zhimin Chen, Liulin Wu, and Yan Zhao. "Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Soils Amended with Cornstalk Biochar at Different Addition Ratios." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 2 (January 4, 2023): 927. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20020927.
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Biochar addition has been recommended as a potential strategy for mitigating climate change. However, the number of studies simultaneously investigating the effects of biochar addition on CO2, N2O and CH4 emissions and sequentially global warming potential (GWP) is limited, especially concerning its effect on native soil organic carbon (SOC) mineralization. An incubation experiment was conducted to investigate soil physicochemical properties, CO2, N2O and CH4 emissions and GWP in the treatments with 0% (CK), 1% (BC1) and 4% (BC4) cornstalk biochar additions, and clarify the priming effect of biochar on native SOC mineralization by the 13C tracer technique. Generally, biochar addition increased soil pH, cation exchange capacity, SOC and total nitrogen, but decreased NH4+-N and NO3--N. Compared with CK, BC1 and BC4 significantly reduced CO2 emissions by 20.7% and 28.0%, and reduced N2O emissions by 25.6% and 95.4%, respectively. However, BC1 significantly reduced CH4 emission by 43.6%, and BC4 increased CH4 emission by 19.3%. BC1 and BC4 significantly reduced the GWP by 20.8% and 29.3%, but there was no significant difference between them. Biochar addition had a negative priming effect on native SOC mineralization, which was the reason for the CO2 emission reduction. The negative priming effect of biochar was attributed to the physical protection of native SOC by promoting microaggregate formation and preferentially using soluble organic carbon in biochar. The N2O emission decrease was rooted in the reduction of nitrification and denitrification substrates by promoting the microbial assimilation of inorganic nitrogen. The inconsistency of CH4 emissions was attributed to the different relative contributions of CH4 production and oxidation under different biochar addition ratios. Our study suggests that 1% should be a more reasonable biochar addition ratio for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions in sandy loam, and emphasizes that it is necessary to furtherly investigate nitrogen primary transformation rates and the relative contributions of CH4 production and oxidation by the 15N and 13C technique, which is helpful for comprehensively understanding the effect mechanisms of biochar addition on greenhouse gas emissions.
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Lu, Yang, Shuang Rao, Fei Huang, Yixia Cai, Guoping Wang, and Kunzheng Cai. "Effects of Biochar Amendment on Tomato Bacterial Wilt Resistance and Soil Microbial Amount and Activity." International Journal of Agronomy 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2938282.
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Bacterial wilt is a serious soilborne disease of Solanaceae crops which is caused byRalstonia solanacearum. The important role of biochar in enhancing disease resistance in plants has been verified; however, the underlying mechanism remains not fully understood. In this study, two different biochars, made from peanut shell (BC1) and wheat straw (BC2), were added toRalstonia solanacearum-infected soil to explore the interrelation among biochar, tomato bacterial wilt, and soil microbial properties. The results showed that both BC1 and BC2 treatments significantly reduced the disease index of bacterial wilt by 28.6% and 65.7%, respectively. The populations ofR. solanacearumin soil were also significantly decreased by biochar application.Ralstonia solanacearuminfection significantly reduced the densities of soil bacteria and actinomycetes and increased the ratio of soil fungi/bacteria in the soil. By contrast, BC1 and BC2 addition to pathogen-infected soil significantly increased the densities of soil bacteria and actinomycetes but decreased the density of fungi and the ratios of soil fungi/bacteria and fungi/actinomycetes. Biochar treatments also increased soil neutral phosphatase and urease activity. Furthermore, higher metabolic capabilities of microorganisms by biochar application were found at 96 and 144 h in Biolog EcoPlates. These results suggest that both peanut and wheat biochar amendments were effective in inhibiting tomato bacterial wilt caused byR. solanacearum. The results suggest a relationship between the disease resistance of the plants and the changes in soil microbial population densities and activity.
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Konan, N’guessan Olivier, and Guy Mergeai. "Relationship between meiotic behaviour and fertility in backcross-1 derivatives of the [(Gossypium hirsutum × G. thurberi)2 × G. longicalyx] trispecies hybrid." Comparative Cytogenetics 14, no. 1 (January 28, 2020): 75–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/compcytogen.v14i1.47231.
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Wild cotton species are an important source of desirable genes for genetic improvement of cultivated cotton Gossypium hirsutum Linnaeus, 1763. For the success of such an improvement, chromosome pairings and recombinations in hybrids are fundamental. The wild African species G. longicalyx Hutchinson & Lee, 1958 could be used as donor of the desirable trait of fiber fineness. Twelve BC1 plants obtained from the backcrossing of [(G. hirsutum × G. thurberi Todaro, 1877)2 × G. longicalyx] (AhDhD1F1, 2n = 4x = 52) trispecies hybrid (HTL) by G. hirsutum (cv. C2) (AhAhDhDh, 2n = 4x = 52) were investigated for meiotic behaviour and plant fertility. Their chromosome associations varied as follows: (2.5 to 11.5) I + (17 to 22) II + (0.31 to 1.93) III + (0.09 to 1.93) IV + (0 to 0.07) V + (0 to 0.14) VI. Their pollen fertility ranged from 4.67 to 32.10 %. Only four BC1 plants produced a few seeds through self-pollination. The remaining BC1 were totally self-sterile and usually presented the highest number of univalents. All BC1 materials produced BC2 seeds (0.44 to 6.50 seeds per backcross) with the number of seeds negatively correlated with the number of univalents (R2 = 0.45, P < 0.05). Most BC1 plants gave significantly finer fiber compared to the cultivated G. hirsutum. SSR markers showed a segregation of wild alleles among the backcross derivatives and Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) revealed presence of entire chromosomes of G. longicalyx as well as recombinant chromosomes in the backcross derivatives. The significance and details of these results are presented and the prospects of successfully exploiting these plant materials are discussed.
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Jin, Liang, Dan Wei, Dawei Yin, Baoku Zhou, JianLi Ding, Wei Wang, Jiuming Zhang, et al. "Investigations of the effect of the amount of biochar on soil porosity and aggregation and crop yields on fertilized black soil in northern China." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 17, 2020): e0238883. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238883.
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The combination of chemical fertilizer and biochar is regarded as a useful soil supplement for improving the properties of soil and crop yields, and this study describes how the biochar of maize straw can be used to improve the quality of the degraded black soil. This has been achieved by examining the effects of combining different amounts of biochar with chemical fertilizer on the porosities and aggregate formation of soil and exploring how these changes positively impact on crop yields. A field trial design combining different amounts of maize straw biochar [0 (NPK), 15.75 (BC1), 31.5 (BC2), and 47.25 t ha−1 (BC3)] with a chemical fertilizer (NPK) has been used to investigate changes in the formation of soil aggregate, clay content, soil organic carbon (SOC), and crop yields in Chinese black soil over a three year period from 2013 to 2015. The results of this study show that the addition of fertilizer and biochar in 2013 to black soil results in an increased soybean and maize yields from 2013 to 2015 for all the treatments, with BC1/BC2 affording improved crop yields in 2015, while BC3 gave a lower soybean yield in 2015. Total porosities and pore volumes were increased for BC1 and BC2 treatments but relatively decreased for BC3, which could be attributed to increased soil capillary caused by the presence of higher numbers of fine soil particles. The addition of biochar had a positive influence on the numbers and mean weight diameters (MWD) of soil macroaggregates (>0.25 mm) that were present, with the ratio of SOC to TN in soil macroaggregates found to be greater than in the microaggregates. The most significant amount of carbon present in macroaggregates (>2 mm and 0.25–2 mm) was observed when BC2 was applied as a soil additive. Increasing the levels of maze straw biochar to 47.25 t ha−1 led to an increase in the total organic carbon of soil, however, the overall amount of macroaggregates and MWD were decreased, which is possibly due to localized changes in microbial habitat. The supplementation of biochar increased in the amount of aromatic C present (most significant effect observed for BC2), with the ratio of aliphatic C to aromatic C found to be enhanced due to a relative reduction in the aliphatic C content with >2 mm particle fraction. These changes in organic carbon content and soil stability were analyzed using univariate quadratic equations to explain the relationship between the type of functional groups (polysaccharide C, aliphatic C, aromatic C, aliphatic C/aromatic C) present in the soil aggregates and their MWDs, which were found to vary significantly. Overall, the results of this study indicate that the use of controlled amounts of maize-straw biochar in black soil is beneficial for improving crop yields and levels of soil aggregation, however, the use of excessive amounts of biochar results in unfavorable aggregate formation which negatively impacts the yields of crop growth. The data produced suggest that aromatic C content can be used as a single independent variable to characterize the stability of soil aggregate when biochar/fertilizer mixtures are used as soil additives to boost growth yields. Analysis of soil and crop performance in black soil revealed that the application of maize-straw biochar at a rate of 15.75 and 31.5 t ha−1 had positive effects on crop yields, soil aggregation and accumulation of aromatic C in the aggregate fractions when a soybean-maize rotation system was followed over three years.
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Tonguc*, Muhammet, and Phillip D. Griffiths. "Transfer of Powdery Mildew Resistance from Brassica carinata to B. oleracea." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 869B—869. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.869b.
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Powdery mildew is a fungal disease of crucifers, caused by Erysiphe polygoni D.C. and it can be problematic during seed increase in green-houses. Crosses were made between Brassica carinata (Ethiopian mustard) accession (PI 360883) and B. oleracea cultivars `Titleist' and `Cecile' to transfer resistance to powdery mildew to B. oleracea germplasm. It was not possible to obtain interspecific hybrids between Ethiopian mustard and B. oleracea through natural seed set. However, interspecific hybrids and backcross one (BC1) progenies were produced via embryo rescue following sexual crosses. Four interspecific hybrid plants were produced with the aid of embryo rescue from cultured pistils with B. carinata as the maternal parent, and their interspecific origin was confirmed through plant morphology and analysis of RAPD polymorphisms. No interspecific hybrids were obtained when `Titleist' was used as a maternal parent. Interspecific hybrid plants were male sterile and they were used as maternal parents to produce BC1 plants. Twenty one BC1 plants were obtained through natural seed set and embryo rescue, although embryo rescue was not necessary to produce first backcross generation plants. When tested in greenhouse with powdery mildew, all interspecific hybrids and eight of the BC1 plants were resistant to the disease. Crosses are being made to produce BC2 plants with 2n = 18 chromosomes for introgression of the resistance in B. oleracea.
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Wu, Chia Ching, Chien Chen Diao, Cheng Fu Yang, Ying Pin Huang, and Gow Yi Tzou. "Preparation and Properties Investigation of Polyetherimide/Bamboo Charcoal Composites with High Dielectric Constant." Key Engineering Materials 661 (September 2015): 134–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.661.134.
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The physic and dielectric properties of the polyetherimide/bamboo charcoal (PEI/BC) composites were studied by using bamboo charcoal as the conductive filler. The PEI/BC composites are fabricated using PEI, dispersant, solvents, and BC powder (BCP). The effects of the content of BCP on the physical and dielectric properties of PEI/BCP composites are studied in this research. Two different electric conductivity of BCP (BCP1 and BCP2) were used as the filler mixing with the polyetherimide, and the electric conductivity of BCP1 is higher than the BCP2. As the content of BCP1 and BCP2 increases from 10 to 70 wt%, the dielectric constants of PEI/BC1 and PEI/BC2 composites at 1 MHz increases from 5.06 to 19.73 and 4.7 to 18.9, respectively. All loss tangents of PEI/BC1 and PEI/BC2 composites are less than 0.04 at measured frequencies from 1 kHz to 1 MHz.
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LI, W. H., P. Q. ZHANG, X. L. GONG, and P. B. KOSASIH. "LINEAR VISCOELASTICITY OF MR FLUIDS: DEPENDENCE ON MAGNETIC FIELDS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 19, no. 07n09 (April 10, 2005): 1198–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979205030062.
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The paper presents investigation of dynamic properties of MR fluids by using a rheometer with parallel-plate geometry. The sample is reduced iron powder based MR suspensions. Linear viscoelastic properties of such sample, which can be variably controlled using a magnetic field, are obtained and summarized based on oscillatory tests. Four field-induced regimes, I, II, III, and IV, are found in the system, which are defined by three critical field strengths: BC1< BC2< BC3. MR fluids in regime I through IV experience four typical structural convolutions: coexisting of particles and random chains; coexisting of chains and random clusters; coexisting of clusters and chains; stable clusters. Such results are in good accord with experimental results achieved by Liu's group using light scattering techniques.
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Malysheva, L., T. Sjakste, F. Matzk, M. Röder, and M. Ganal. "Molecular cytogenetic analysis of wheatbarley hybrids using genomic in situ hybridization and barley microsatellite markers." Genome 46, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 314–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g02-117.
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In the present investigation, genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) and barley microsatellite markers were used to analyse the genome constitution of wheatbarley hybrids from two backcross generations (BC1 and BC2). Two BC1 plants carried 3 and 6 barley chromosomes, respectively, according to GISH data. Additional chromosomal fragments were detected using microsatellites. Five BC2 plants possessed complete barley chromosomes or chromosome segments and six BC2 plants did not preserve barley genetic material. Molecular markers revealed segments of the barley genome with the size of one marker only, which probably resulted from recombination between wheat and barley chromosomes. The screening of backcrossed populations from intergeneric hybrids could be effectively conducted using both genomic in situ hybridization and molecular microsatellite markers. GISH images presented a general overview of the genome constitution of the hybrid plants, while microsatellite analysis revealed the genetic identity of the alien chromosomes and chromosomal segments introgressed. These methods were complementary and provided comprehensive information about the genomic constitution of the plants produced.Key words: wheatbarley hybrids, introgressive hybridization, recombination, molecular markers, genomic in situ hybridization (GISH).
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Duan, Yong-Ping, Charles A. Powell, Dan E. Purcifull, Peter Broglio, and Ernest Hiebert. "Phenotypic Variation in Transgenic Tobacco Expressing Mutated Geminivirus Movement/Pathogenicity (BC1) Proteins." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 10, no. 9 (December 1997): 1065–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.1997.10.9.1065.
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Tobacco plants were transformed with the movement protein (pathogenicity) gene (BC1) from tomato mottle gem-inivirus (TMoV), using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Different transgenic tobacco lines that expressed high levels of the BC1 protein had phenotypes ranging from plants with severe stunting and leaf mottling (resembling geminivirus symptoms) to plants with no visible symptoms. The sequence data for the BC1 transgene from the transgenic plants with the different phenotypes indicated an association of spontaneously mutated forms of the BC1 gene in the transformed tobacco with phenotype variations. One mutated transgene associated with an asymptomatic phenotype had a major deletion at the C terminus of 119 amino acid residues with a recombination resulting in the addition of 26 amino acid residues of unidentified origin. This asymptomatic, mutated BC1 attenuated the phenotypic expression of the symptomatic BC1 in a tobacco line containing both copies of the BC1 gene. Another mutated form of the BC1 gene amplified from an asymptomatic, multicopy transgenic tobacco plant did not induce symptoms when transiently expressed in tobacco via a virus vector. The symptom attenuation in the transgenic tobacco by the asymptomatic BC1 may involve trans-dominant negative interference.
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Martignetti, J. A., and J. Brosius. "BC1 RNA: transcriptional analysis of a neural cell-specific RNA polymerase III transcript." Molecular and Cellular Biology 15, no. 3 (March 1995): 1642–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.15.3.1642.
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Rodent BC1 RNA represents the first example of a neural cell-specific RNA polymerase III (Pol III) transcription product. By developing a rat brain in vitro system capable of supporting Pol III-directed transcription, we showed that the rat BC1 RNA intragenic promoter elements, comprising an A box element and a variant B box element, as well as its upstream region, containing octamer-binding consensus sequences and functional TATA and proximal sequence element sites, are necessary for transcription. The BC1 B box, lacking the invariant A residue found in the consensus B boxes of tRNAs, represents a functionally related and possibly distinct promoter element. The transcriptional activity of the BC1 B box element is greatly increased, in both a BC1 RNA and a chimeric tRNA(Leu) gene construct, when the BC1 5' flanking region is present and is appropriately spaced. Moreover, a tRNA consensus B-box sequence can efficiently replace the BC1 B box only if the BC1 upstream region is removed. These interactions, identified only in a homologous in vitro system, between upstream Pol II and intragenic Pol III promoters suggest a mechanism by which the tissue-specific BC1 RNA gene and possibly other Pol III-transcribed genes can be regulated.
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Chunhui, Luo, Tian Jin, Zhu Puli, Zhou Bin, Bu Duo, and Lu Xuebin. "Simultaneous removal of fluoride and arsenic in geothermal water in Tibet using modified yak dung biochar as an adsorbent." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 11 (November 2018): 181266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.181266.
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Fluoride (F) and arsenic (As) are two typical and harmful elements that are found in high concentrations in geothermal water in Tibet. In this work, yak dung, an abundant source of biomass energy in Tibet, was made into biochars (BC1, BC2 and BC3) by pyrolysis under different conditions, and the better biochar was modified by FeCl 2 (Fe-BC3). The adsorption conditions were optimized to adsorb F and As in geothermal water. The results showed that BC3 can remove 90% F − and 20% As(V), which is the best effect of the three initial biochars. Fe-BC3 could remove 94% F − and 99.45% As(V) under the same conditions as BC3, which was an adsorbent dosage 10 g l −1 , pH 5–6 and temperature of 25°C. It was also demonstrated that the removal rate did not decrease at 80°C. A quasi-second-order kinetic model best described the adsorption behaviour of ions on the surface of the biochar. The maximum adsorption capacity of F − and As(V) on Fe-BC3 was 3.928 mg g −1 and 2.926 mg g −1 , respectively. The features of Fe-BC3 were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, energy-dispersive spectrometer and scanning electron microscopy to understand the adsorption process.
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Liu, Peng, Christian Hogrefe, Ulas Im, Jesper H. Christensen, Johannes Bieser, Uarporn Nopmongcol, Greg Yarwood, Rohit Mathur, Shawn Roselle, and Tanya Spero. "Attributing differences in the fate of lateral boundary ozone in AQMEII3 models to physical process representations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 23 (December 5, 2018): 17157–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17157-2018.
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Abstract. Increasing emphasis has been placed on characterizing the contributions and the uncertainties of ozone imported from outside the US. In chemical transport models (CTMs), the ozone transported through lateral boundaries (referred to as LB ozone hereafter) undergoes a series of physical and chemical processes in CTMs, which are important sources of the uncertainty in estimating the impact of LB ozone on ozone levels at the surface. By implementing inert tracers for LB ozone, the study seeks to better understand how differing representations of physical processes in regional CTMs may lead to differences in the simulated LB ozone that eventually reaches the surface across the US. For all the simulations in this study (including WRF∕CMAQ, WRF∕CAMx, COSMO-CLM∕CMAQ, and WRF∕DEHM), three chemically inert tracers that generally represent the altitude ranges of the planetary boundary layer (BC1), free troposphere (BC2), and upper troposphere–lower stratosphere (BC3) are tracked to assess the simulated impact of LB specification. Comparing WRF∕CAMx with WRF∕CMAQ, their differences in vertical grid structure explain 10 %–60 % of their seasonally averaged differences in inert tracers at the surface. Vertical turbulent mixing is the primary contributor to the remaining differences in inert tracers across the US in all seasons. Stronger vertical mixing in WRF∕CAMx brings more BC2 downward, leading to higher BCT (BCT=BC1+BC2+BC3) and BC2∕BCT at the surface in WRF∕CAMx. Meanwhile, the differences in inert tracers due to vertical mixing are partially counteracted by their difference in sub-grid cloud mixing over the southeastern US and the Gulf Coast region during summer. The process of dry deposition adds extra gradients to the spatial distribution of the differences in DM8A BCT by 5–10 ppb during winter and summer. COSMO-CLM∕CMAQ and WRF∕CMAQ show similar performance in inert tracers both at the surface and aloft through most seasons, which suggests similarity between the two models at process level. The largest difference is found in summer. Sub-grid cloud mixing plays a primary role in their differences in inert tracers over the southeastern US and the oceans in summer. Our analysis of the vertical profiles of inert tracers also suggests that the model differences in dry deposition over certain regions are offset by the model differences in vertical turbulent mixing, leading to small differences in inert tracers at the surface in these regions.
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Wan, Zhengjie, Yuanbao Tan, Minhui Shi, Yuejin Xu, Nader Aryamanesh, and Guijun Yan. "Interspecific introgression of male sterility from tetraploid oilseed Brassica napus to diploid vegetable B. rapa through hybridisation and backcrossing." Crop and Pasture Science 64, no. 7 (2013): 652. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13103.
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Interspecific F1 hybrids were obtained from a cross between a male sterile Brassica napus (2n = 4x = 38, AA (20) and CC (18) genomes) and an inbreeding line B. rapa (Purple Cai-Tai inbred line 9418, 2n = 2x = 20, AA (20) genome) to introgress male sterility from a tetraploid into a diploid through backcrossing. The morphological characteristics of F1 plants were more like the female parent B. napus and segregated considerably in BC1 when backcrossed to the recurrent parent Purple Cai-Tai. The progeny became stable and more similar to Purple Cai-Tai by BC4. Most C genome chromosomes were found to be eliminated, based on cytogenetic analysis. The majority of chromosomes were eliminated at very early backcross stages, with only 20–26 chromosomes in BC1 plants, and some chromosomes were eliminated gradually with increased backcross generations. The BC4 plants were generally stable with exactly 20 chromosomes. Analysis by AFLP indicated that 49.5–68.7% of the total bands eliminated from F1 to BC4 were female parent specific, and ~12% of B. napus bands were retained with increased backcrossing. The genetic materials controlling sterility from the female parent B. napus were introgressed successfully into the BC4 plants even though most B. napus chromosomes/genetic materials were eliminated during the backcross process.
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Lyrene, Paul M. "Hybridization of Cultivated Highbush Blueberry with Vaccinium stamineum: Phenotype and Fertility of Backcross1 Populations." HortScience 53, no. 2 (February 2018): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci12650-17.
Full textAbstract:
Nine F1 hybrids produced by crossing seven tetraploid highbush blueberry cultivars with three tetraploid Vaccinium stamineum genotypes were backcrossed to an array of highbush blueberry cultivars to produce 2500 Backcross1 (BC1) seedlings. Thirty of the most vigorous BC1 plants were intercrossed in a greenhouse. Fertility of the BC1 plants was studied by examining their pollen at 250× and by determining the number of well-developed seeds per pollinated flower after the crosses. Percent well-formed microspores averaged 62.7% for BC1 plants compared with 30.9% for their F1 hybrid parents. Fruit set percentage was high from the BC1 intercrosses, with an average of 9.29 plump seeds per pollinated flower. The 2500 BC1 seedlings in the field were highly variable in vigor, but fewer than 10% were as vigorous as the median vigor of highbush × highbush seedlings. BC1 plants in the field averaged ≈1 month later ripening than highbush × highbush seedlings and berries averaged slightly smaller. Berry clusters were very loose compared with those of highbush. Berry flavor was highly variable from plant to plant, but the berries averaged less sweet and lower in acid than highbush berries. New flavor components not found in highbush seedlings were found in only a few BC1 seedlings. Fresh berries from BC1 plants made bright red juice when crushed in water, whereas berries from most highbush cultivars produced brown to yellow juice/water mixes. Although berry quality in the BC1 population averaged lower than in highbush seedlings, some plants had berry quality as high as typical cultivars. Because V. stamineum is highly drought-tolerant, cultivars bred using V. stamineum introgression could have improved upland adaptation.
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Helms, T. C., J. H. Orf, and R. A. Scott. "Predicted and actual yield advance in a bi-parental and backcross-derived soybean population." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 74, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps94-004.
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Improved soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] lines that include a plant introduction as one parent may be derived from a bi-parental (BP) or backcross (BC1) population. The number of BC1 families may be small in some instances because of a lack of successful crossing. The objectives of our experiment were to (1) compare the mean, genetic variance and distribution of lines from a BC1 population derived from only a few BC1 families with those from a BP-derived lines; (2) compare the BP and BC1 population mean with the mid-parent mean; and (3) evaluate the mean yield of the superior 10% of lines within each population. Two BC1F1 plants were selfed, and 75 random lines were derived from each plant. The mean yield, physiological maturity and plant height of BP-derived lines were greater than the mid-parent means. The genetic variance among BC1-derived lines was much smaller than among BP-derived lines. A utility function that combines mean yield and expected genetic gain identified the BC1 population as the superior population. Key words: Soybean, backcross, bi-parental, genetic gain
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Wang, Huidong, Anna Iacoangeli, Daisy Lin, Keith Williams, Robert B. Denman, Christopher U. T. Hellen, and Henri Tiedge. "Dendritic BC1 RNA in translational control mechanisms." Journal of Cell Biology 171, no. 5 (December 5, 2005): 811–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200506006.
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Translational control at the synapse is thought to be a key determinant of neuronal plasticity. How is such control implemented? We report that small untranslated BC1 RNA is a specific effector of translational control both in vitro and in vivo. BC1 RNA, expressed in neurons and germ cells, inhibits a rate-limiting step in the assembly of translation initiation complexes. A translational repression element is contained within the unique 3′ domain of BC1 RNA. Interactions of this domain with eukaryotic initiation factor 4A and poly(A) binding protein mediate repression, indicating that the 3′ BC1 domain targets a functional interaction between these factors. In contrast, interactions of BC1 RNA with the fragile X mental retardation protein could not be documented. Thus, BC1 RNA modulates translation-dependent processes in neurons and germs cells by directly interacting with translation initiation factors.
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Becerra Lopez-Lavalle, L. Augusto, and Curt L. Brubaker. "Frequency and fidelity of alien chromosome transmission in Gossypium hexaploid bridging populations." Genome 50, no. 5 (May 2007): 479–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g07-030.
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The Australian diploid Gossypium species possess traits of potential agronomical value, such as gossypol-free seeds and Fusarium wilt resistance. However, they belong to the tertiary germplasm pool, which is the most difficult group of species from which to introgress genes into G. barbadense L. and G. hirsutum L. Interspecific triploid hybrids can be generated but they are sterile. The sterility barrier can be overcome using synthetic polyploids as introgression bridges, but whether there is sufficient homoeologous chromosome interaction at meiosis to allow recombination is still an open question. To ascertain, genetically, observable levels of homoeologous introgression, 2 synthetic hexaploid lines (2x G. hirsutum × G. australe and 2x G. hirsutum × G. sturtianum) were crossed to G. hirsutum to generate pentaploid F1 plants that, in turn, were backcrossed to G. hirsutum to generate BC1 and BC2 multiple alien chromosome addition lines (MACALs). Gossypium australe F. Muell. and G. sturtianum Willis chromosome-specific markers were used to track the frequency and fidelity of chromosome transmission to the BC1 and BC2 MACALs. The chromosomal location of the AFLP markers was determined by their distribution among the MACALs and confirmed in parental F2 families. Roughly half the available chromosomes were transmitted to the G. hirsutum × G. australe (54%) and G. hirsutum × G. sturtianum (52%) BC1 MACALs. The BC2 MACAL families again inherited about half of the available chromosomes. There were, however, notable exceptions for specific chromosomes. Some chromosomes were preferentially eliminated, while others were preferentially transmitted. Consistent with the genomic stability of Gossypium synthetic polyploids, the de novo loss or gain of AFLP fragments was rarely observed. While restructuring of the donor G. australe and G. sturtianum chromosomes was observed, this is more likely the result of chromatin loss, and no clear cases of introgression of donor chromatin into the recipient G. hirsutum genome were observed.