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1
Tung, Nadine M., Judy C. Boughey, Lori J. Pierce, Mark E. Robson, Isabelle Bedrosian, Jill R. Dietz, Anthony Dragun, et al. "Management of Hereditary Breast Cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology, American Society for Radiation Oncology, and Society of Surgical Oncology Guideline." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 18 (June 20, 2020): 2080–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.20.00299.
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PURPOSE To develop recommendations for management of patients with breast cancer (BC) with germline mutations in BC susceptibility genes. METHODS The American Society of Clinical Oncology, American Society for Radiation Oncology, and Society of Surgical Oncology convened an Expert Panel to develop recommendations based on a systematic review of the literature and a formal consensus process. RESULTS Fifty-eight articles met eligibility criteria and formed the evidentiary basis for the local therapy recommendations; six randomized controlled trials of systemic therapy met eligibility criteria. RECOMMENDATIONS Patients with newly diagnosed BC and BRCA1/ 2 mutations may be considered for breast-conserving therapy (BCT), with local control of the index cancer similar to that of noncarriers. The significant risk of a contralateral BC (CBC), especially in young women, and the higher risk of new cancers in the ipsilateral breast warrant discussion of bilateral mastectomy. Patients with mutations in moderate-risk genes should be offered BCT. For women with mutations in BRCA1/ 2 or moderate-penetrance genes who are eligible for mastectomy, nipple-sparing mastectomy is a reasonable approach. There is no evidence of increased toxicity or CBC events from radiation exposure in BRCA1/ 2 carriers. Radiation therapy should not be withheld in ATM carriers. For patients with germline TP53 mutations, mastectomy is advised; radiation therapy is contraindicated except in those with significant risk of locoregional recurrence. Platinum agents are recommended versus taxanes to treat advanced BC in BRCA carriers. In the adjuvant/neoadjuvant setting, data do not support the routine addition of platinum to anthracycline- and taxane-based chemotherapy. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors (olaparib and talazoparib) are preferable to nonplatinum single-agent chemotherapy for treatment of advanced BC in BRCA1/ 2 carriers. Data are insufficient to recommend PARP inhibitor use in the early setting or in moderate-penetrance carriers. Additional information available at www.asco.org/breast-cancer-guidelines .
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Hingley, Richard. "Society in Scotland from 700 BC to AD 200." Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 122 (November 30, 1993): 7–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/psas.122.7.53.
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This paper considers the evidence for Iron Age society in Scotland. Limitations of past research are considered and it is argued that new perspectives currently developing are vital to attainment of a comprehensive understanding of past society. A thematic approach is used to review some useful recent work. This approach considers the evidence from Scotland for the organisation of the household, of the community, and for the nature of production, exchange and deposition. The information reviewed suggests that some understanding of Iron Age society in Scotland exists and that the high quality of recent work and the excellent preservation of the evidence promises a very healthy future for the subject. 101 Iron Age sites and findspots are listed in an Appendix.
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Camejo, Natalia, Cecilia Castillo, Lucia Richter, Nora Artagaveytia, Ana laura Hernandez, and Lucia Beatriz Delgado. "Quality indicators at a breast cancer (BC) unit in a Uruguayan university hospital according to the requirements of European Society of Breast Cancer specialists." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2017): e18209-e18209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.e18209.
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e18209 Background: Although clear guidelines for BC management have been developed and widespread, there are many variations between centers, with impact in clinical outcomes. Quality indicators to assess care allows comparison with standards and monitoring changes post intervention. The objective is to evaluate quality indicators in BC care at our Breast Unit. Methods: Retrospective analysis of women diagnosed and treated for BC from June 2014 through June 2016 .The European Society of Mastology (EUSOMA) guidelines for quality assurance in BC and diagnosis (published in 2010 and up dated in 2013 ) were used in order to asses quality of care Results: 103 patients treated for BC were included in the study. Median age was 54 years old, ductal carcinoma: 76,5 %, histological grade I-II: 74 %; stage 0-II: 72%, axillary metastasis: 39 %, progesterone receptor/estrogen receptors+ (RE/RP+): 64 %, HER2+: 27 %. Quality criteria associated to preoperative diagnosis, pathology analysis, surgical treatment, radiotherapy and oncologic treatment were met. Conclusions: Quality indicators allows BC evaluation from established standards, giving objective and reproducible information, helpful to plan process optimization. Care received by patients seen at the Hospital de Clinicas BC Unit during the referred period met all indicators suggested by the European Society of Mastology. [Table: see text]
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Thrift-Perry, M., F. Cardoso, A. Cabanes, K. Moose Hunt, K. Faircloth, and T. Araújo Cruz. "Supporting Breast Cancer Early Detection and Diagnosis: A Global Metastatic Breast Cancer Policy Analysis and Promising Practice From Brazil." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 143s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.31600.
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Background and context: Control of metastatic breast cancer (mBC) is an area with high unmet need. Along the patient journey, policy development remains limited and varied across countries, particularly in detection, diagnosis and treatment. Multistakeholder engagements aim to address these policy gaps. Aim: 1. Understand breast cancer (BC)/mBC policy development in 16 countries and identify opportunities for improvement. 2. Illustrate promising practices spearheaded by civil society (NGOs and academia) that demonstrate success addressing identified gaps and exemplify models for replication. 3. Establish the importance of stakeholder collaboration to implement policies that support timely BC/mBC detection and treatment initiation. Strategy/Tactics: An analysis of National Cancer Control Plans (NCCPs), policies and programs was conducted across 16 countries representing different healthcare systems. Key BC diagnosis policy components were identified and evaluated, using standardized criteria on adoption and implementation of NCCP goals, and BC/mBC-specific policies and programs. Promising practices, spearheaded by civil society, that demonstrate success at filling policy gaps were identified. Their objective was to develop an information resource that other organizations can use as practice-based evidence. An example implemented in Brazil is presented. Program/Policy process: Although mBC screening is ineffective, national BC screening programs (NSPs) implementation promotes BC education and encourages prompt symptom reporting. Structured diagnosis guidelines and upskilled healthcare professionals (HCPs) also facilitate timely detection, as evidenced in Brazil, where diagnosis delays are prevalent. Outcomes: Despite policy efforts, gaps persist for timely BC/mBC detection and diagnosis. Implementation of official NSPs, diagnosis guidelines and HCP educational initiatives varied across countries. In Brazil, the Integrated Approach to Improving Oncology Care project brought together various stakeholders. The initiative aimed to use existing community resources as a pivot to address and improve BC diagnosis gaps, including HCP oncology education/training, capacity building in community health centers and increasing patient support. The initiative provided training to over 150 BC HCPs. Upskilled HCPs were supported to improve skills and system capacity to facilitate timely diagnosis. What was learned: Disparities in BC policy development exist across and within countries. Progress in BC policy is skewed toward the early part of the patient journey e.g., awareness, with key gaps remaining in diagnosis. Although national official action is indispensable, collaboration between different stakeholders is critical to address BC/mBC patient unmet needs. As exemplified in Brazil, we see that policy initiatives and promising practices demonstrate successful multistakeholder engagement to inform further advocacy and policy development.
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Hammersen, Friederike, Telja Pursche, Dorothea Fischer, Alexander Katalinic, and Annika Waldmann. "Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine among Young Patients with Breast Cancer." Breast Care 15, no. 2 (July 19, 2019): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000501193.
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Background: Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has received increasing attention in Western countries and is especially common among breast cancer (BC) patients. So far, its effectiveness has not been well studied, which is in part due to the contextuality of CAM along with a lack of information of why patients use it. Objectives: Young BC patients constitute a special patient group regarding clinical characteristics, QOL, and their role in society. Since little is known about their CAM use, this study aimed at exploring it as well as their reasons for CAM use. Methods: Data on CAM and sociodemographics were collected via questionnaire in the context of a rehabilitation program for young mothers with BC. Initial BC diagnoses were between 2009 and 2014 (recruitment period 2012–2015). Clinical characteristics were derived from the patient files. Descriptive statistics were used to describe frequencies and statistically significant differences were tested. Results: Among the 827 patients, with an average age of 39.6 years, 62.5% had used CAM with regard to their cancer. CAM use was significantly higher in women with higher educational level, higher employment status, and statutory health insurance, respectively. The average monthly expenses on CAM were EUR 50. Every 5th woman used CAM without her physician’s knowledge. The types most often used were dietary supplements with vitamins or minerals. The most frequent reasons for CAM use were to strengthen the immune system, support conventional medicine, and combat side effects. Conclusions: CAM plays an important role for young BC patients with regard to prevalence and monthly expenses, and was used for a wide range of reasons. Certain subgroups with more frequent CAM use could be identified. Physicians should therefore proactively talk about CAM with their young BC patients, so that patients do not need to rely on information sources on CAM outside the medical system.
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Munoz-Zuluaga, Carlos A., José David Gallo-Pérez, Andrés Pérez-Bustos, Mavalynne Orozco-Urdaneta, Karen Druffel, Lida P. Cordoba-Astudillo, Luis G. Parra-Lara, et al. "Mobile Applications: Breaking Barriers to Early Breast and Cervical Cancer Detection in Underserved Communities." JCO Oncology Practice 17, no. 3 (March 2021): e323-e335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/op.20.00665.
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BACKGROUND: Although potentially curable with early detection and timely treatment, breast cancer (BC) and cervical cancer (CC) remain leading causes of death for Colombian women. Lack of education, complicated administrative processes, and geographic limitations hinder early cancer detection. Today, technological tools permeate the society and could assess user risk, deliver customized information, and provide care coordination. We evaluated the effectiveness of a free mobile application (mApp) to reach women, understand misconceptions, identify users at risk for BC and/or CC, and coordinate screening tests in Cali, Colombia. METHODS: The mApp was developed and advertised in four healthcare facility waiting rooms. It used educational, evaluative, and risk factor questions followed by brief explanations to assess the population's knowledge, educate on BC and/or CC, and identify users in need of screening test(s). Women who required screening were navigated and enrolled in the national cancer program. RESULTS: From August 2017 to August 2019, 1,043 women downloaded the mApp. BC misconceptions included beliefs that BC can be prevented (87%), obesity does not increase the risk of BC (49%), and deodorant causes BC (17%). CC misconceptions included that pap smears should not be performed while sexually active (64%), vaginal pain is an early sign of CC (44%), and only women contract human papilloma virus (33%). Overall, 29% (303) were identified as at risk and needed a screening test, with 32% (98) successfully screened. DISCUSSION: mApps can identify women at risk for BC and/or CC, detect barriers to early cancer detection, and help coordinate screening test(s). This technology has widespread applications and may be useful in other underserved communities.
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Munoz-Zuluaga, Carlos A., José David Gallo-Perez, Andres Perez-Bustos, Mavalynne Orozco-Urdaneta, Karen Druffel, Lida Patricia Cordoba-Astudillo, Luis Gabriel Parra Lara, et al. "Mobile apps: Breaking barriers to early cancer detection in underserved communities." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2020): 2065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.2065.
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2065 Background: Despite being potentially curable with early detection and timely treatment, breast (BC) and cervical cancers (CC) remain leading causes of death for Colombian women. Lack of cancer screening education, tedious administrative processes, and geographical limitations hinder early cancer detection. Today, technological tools permeate all levels of society and could gather data for user risk stratification, deliver clear and customized information, and help with care coordination, tracking, and addressing communication, transportation, and financial barriers. We aimed to assess the effectiveness of a free mobile application (mApp) to reach women, understand misconceptions about cancer screening, identify users at risk for BC and CC, and coordinate screening tests in Cali, Colombia. Methods: The mApp, Ámate, was developed over 4 months and advertised to women (≥14 years) in waiting rooms of 4 healthcare facilities in Cali, Colombia for 23 months. Ámate used educational, evaluative, and risk factor questions followed by brief explanations to assess the population’s knowledge, educate users on BC and CC, and identify users in need of BC and/or CC screenings. Correct answers yielded points redeemable for cellular data. Women who required screening were subsequently navigated to a healthcare provider and enrolled in the national cancer program. Results: From August 2017-August 2019, 1,043 women from Cali downloaded Ámate and answered all questions. Misconceptions about BC included beliefs that BC can be prevented (87%), obesity does not increase the risk of BC (49%), deodorant causes BC (17%), and only women with a relative with BC can get BC (16%). For CC, misconceptions included that pap smears should not be performed while sexually active (64%), vaginal pain is an early sign of CC (44%), and only women contract HPV (33%). Overall, 31.5% (329) were identified as at-risk and needed a mammogram and/or pap smear. So far, 30% (98) were successfully navigated and completed their recommended screening test(s). Barriers to enrollment in these programs included patient unwillingness, using fake contact information, limited available appointments, and denied access due to healthcare coverage. Conclusions: Ámate is an accessible tool that identifies women at-risk for breast and cervical cancer and detects barriers to early cancer detection. Administrative obstacles exist and must be addressed to improve early cancer detection/screening. Ámate is currently being tested in other areas of Colombia and may be useful in other underserved countries.
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Mori, Naoki, Roberta Morosetti, Susanne Spira, Stephen Lee, Dina Ben-Yehuda, Gary Schiller, Raffaele Landolfi, Hideaki Mizoguchi, and H. Phillip Koeffler. "Chromosome Band 1p36 Contains a Putative Tumor Suppressor Gene Important in the Evolution of Chronic Myelocytic Leukemia." Blood 92, no. 9 (November 1, 1998): 3405–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v92.9.3405.
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Abstract Chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) is a common neoplasm of hematopoietic pluripotent stem cells. Although the evolution from chronic phase to blast crisis (BC) in CML patients is an inevitable clinical feature, little is understood about the mechanisms responsible for the transformation. We have previously performed allelotype analysis in CML BC and have detected frequent loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on the short arm of chromosome 1. To know the common region of LOH where a putative tumor suppressor gene may reside, deletional mapping was performed using 33 microsatellite markers spanning chromosome 1 in 30 patients with CML BC (21 myeloid and 9 lymphoid). DNA was extracted from slides of bone marrow smears or from bone marrow mononuclear cells. In each patient, DNA from chronic phase was analyzed alongside DNA from either their BC or accelerated phase. Allelic loss on 1p was observed in 14 of the 30 individuals (47%): 10 of the 21 myeloid and 4 of the 9 lymphoid BC cases. Serial cytogenetic information was available in 10 cases with LOH on 1p; interestingly, deletions in this region were not detected. Two samples showed LOH at all informative loci on 1p, whereas the other 12 samples showed LOH on at least one but not all loci on 1p. The common region of LOH resided proximal to D1S508 and distal to D1S507 (1p36). Our results suggest that a tumor suppressor gene that frequently plays an important role in the evolution to BC resides on 1p36 in CML. © 1998 by The American Society of Hematology.
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Mori, Naoki, Roberta Morosetti, Susanne Spira, Stephen Lee, Dina Ben-Yehuda, Gary Schiller, Raffaele Landolfi, Hideaki Mizoguchi, and H. Phillip Koeffler. "Chromosome Band 1p36 Contains a Putative Tumor Suppressor Gene Important in the Evolution of Chronic Myelocytic Leukemia." Blood 92, no. 9 (November 1, 1998): 3405–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v92.9.3405.421k44_3405_3409.
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Chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) is a common neoplasm of hematopoietic pluripotent stem cells. Although the evolution from chronic phase to blast crisis (BC) in CML patients is an inevitable clinical feature, little is understood about the mechanisms responsible for the transformation. We have previously performed allelotype analysis in CML BC and have detected frequent loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on the short arm of chromosome 1. To know the common region of LOH where a putative tumor suppressor gene may reside, deletional mapping was performed using 33 microsatellite markers spanning chromosome 1 in 30 patients with CML BC (21 myeloid and 9 lymphoid). DNA was extracted from slides of bone marrow smears or from bone marrow mononuclear cells. In each patient, DNA from chronic phase was analyzed alongside DNA from either their BC or accelerated phase. Allelic loss on 1p was observed in 14 of the 30 individuals (47%): 10 of the 21 myeloid and 4 of the 9 lymphoid BC cases. Serial cytogenetic information was available in 10 cases with LOH on 1p; interestingly, deletions in this region were not detected. Two samples showed LOH at all informative loci on 1p, whereas the other 12 samples showed LOH on at least one but not all loci on 1p. The common region of LOH resided proximal to D1S508 and distal to D1S507 (1p36). Our results suggest that a tumor suppressor gene that frequently plays an important role in the evolution to BC resides on 1p36 in CML. © 1998 by The American Society of Hematology.
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Parker, Brian, and Christian Bach. "The Synthesis of Blockchain, Artificial Intelligence and Internet of Things." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 5, no. 5 (May 22, 2020): 588–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.5.1912.
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This paper is an exploration of several theories on the synthesis of the Blockchain(BC), the Internet of Things (IoT), and Artificial Intelligence(AI) through a literature review. Blockchain technology is a decentralized peer-to-peer network that stores records and transactions in immutable blocks secured by cryptography. The decentralization aspect of blockchain eliminates the need for trusted third party interceder. Internet of Things(IoT) is an interrelated computer system that makes a connection between computers and humans to communicate in several areas; smart devices like homes, cars, radio are just a few examples. IoT challenges are security, connectivity, issues with the analysis of big data, centralization, and vulnerability to attacks. Artificial Intelligence(AI) machine learning technology is the advanced decision-making process that influences daily routines such as banking, healthcare, gaming, transportation, and space exploration, among others. AI’s challenges are; security, centralized architecture, and resource limitations. The methodology will be a comprehensive quantitative analysis of the existing research and how these technologies can be a transformative impact on how information is accessed through enterprise and society. The convergence of BC, AI, and IoT will provide scalable, secure high-level intellectual functioning that will be the new paradigm of digital information.
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Parker, Brian, and Christian Bach. "Synthesis of Blockchain, Artificial Intelligence and Internet of Things." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 5, no. 5 (May 22, 2020): 588–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2020.5.5.1912.
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This paper is an exploration of several theories on the synthesis of the Blockchain(BC), the Internet of Things (IoT), and Artificial Intelligence(AI) through a literature review. Blockchain technology is a decentralized peer-to-peer network that stores records and transactions in immutable blocks secured by cryptography. The decentralization aspect of blockchain eliminates the need for trusted third party interceder. Internet of Things(IoT) is an interrelated computer system that makes a connection between computers and humans to communicate in several areas; smart devices like homes, cars, radio are just a few examples. IoT challenges are security, connectivity, issues with the analysis of big data, centralization, and vulnerability to attacks. Artificial Intelligence(AI) machine learning technology is the advanced decision-making process that influences daily routines such as banking, healthcare, gaming, transportation, and space exploration, among others. AI’s challenges are; security, centralized architecture, and resource limitations. The methodology will be a comprehensive quantitative analysis of the existing research and how these technologies can be a transformative impact on how information is accessed through enterprise and society. The convergence of BC, AI, and IoT will provide scalable, secure high-level intellectual functioning that will be the new paradigm of digital information.
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Paranjpe, Rutugandha, Dima Basatneh, Gabriel Tao, Carmine De Angelis, Sobia Noormohammed, Ekim Ekinci, Susan Abughosh, Romi Ghose, and Meghana V. Trivedi. "Neratinib in HER2-Positive Breast Cancer Patients." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 53, no. 6 (January 4, 2019): 612–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1060028018824088.
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Objective:To review the chemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of neratinib in human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2)+ breast cancer (BC). Data Sources: A PubMed search was performed using the term neratinib between September 12, 2018, and November 21, 2018. References of published articles and reviews were also assessed for additional information. Study Selection and Data Extraction: English-language preclinical and clinical studies on the chemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of neratinib were evaluated. Data Synthesis: Neratinib, an irreversible inhibitor of HER1, HER2, and HER4, is Food and Drug Administration approved for the extended adjuvant treatment of stage I-III HER2+ BC to follow trastuzumab-based therapy. A phase III study has demonstrated statistically significant improvement in 5-year disease-free survival rate (90.2 vs 87.7; hazard ratio = 0.73, 95% CI = 0.57-0.92, P = 0.0083). Its most common adverse effect is diarrhea, observed in more than 90% of patients. The incidence of grade 3/4 diarrhea (~40%) is reduced by half with loperamide prophylaxis, which is recommended for the first 8 weeks of neratinib therapy. Other common adverse reactions are nausea and fatigue. The patients need to be monitored for liver function tests and drug interactions with acid-reducing agents, CYP3A4 inhibitors/inducers, and P-glycoprotein substrates with narrow therapeutic window. Relevance to Patient Care and Clinical Practice: American Society of Clinical Oncology and National Comprehensive Cancer Network clinical guidelines suggest the use of neratinib for extended adjuvant therapy following 1-year trastuzumab in stage I to III HER2+ BC. Diarrhea remains a clinically significant but manageable adverse event. Conclusion: Neratinib significantly improves treatment outcomes and has manageable toxicity in stage I to III HER2+ BC patients.
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Rihll, T. E. "Εκτημοροι: partners in crime?" Journal of Hellenic Studies 111 (November 1991): 101–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/631890.
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In or around 594 BC Solon was given extraordinary powers as διαλλακτὴς καὶ νομοθέτης, mediator and lawgiver, to try to solve a crisis in archaic Athenian society. His solution was termed the σεισάχθεια, disburdenment; it was a liberation of the land and the people.The primary literary evidence on this most important episode in Athenian history is Solon's own testimony. For more information recourse must be had to authors who were writing not less than one hundred and fifty years—or five (30-year) generations—after Solon's reforms were enacted. The most important of these later sources is the author of the Athenaion Politeia, henceforth AP, who was writing about two hundred years after the event.
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Bintliff, John. "Gioulika-Olga Christakopoulou, To Die in Style! The Residential Lifestyle of Feasting and Dying in Iron Age Stamna, Greece." Journal of Greek Archaeology 6 (December 9, 2021): 401–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/jga.v6i.1055.
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This short essay presents some of the most interesting information from a major Early Iron Age cemetery in the province of Aetolia, in North-West Mainland Greece. Its presentation is rather uneven – the location of the site is not even immediately presented in the opening text, and there is no overall plan of the site – although the content is important enough to make it worth the effort. Over 600 tombs of the earliest Iron Age, the Protogeometric (PG) era (ca. 1050-900 BC), have so far been uncovered in a burial zone some 4km in length along the periphery of Lake Aetolikon, both cremations and inhumations. Several tombs appear to belong to elite ‘warrior’ males, indicating a ranked society.
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Gislefoss, Randi Elin, Jo Steinson Stenehjem, Helga Helseth Hektoen, Bettina Kulle Andreassen, Hilde Langseth, Karol Axcrona, Elisabete Weiderpass, Alison Mondul, and Trude Eid Robsahm. "Vitamin D, obesity and leptin in relation to bladder cancer incidence and survival: prospective protocol study." BMJ Open 8, no. 3 (March 2018): e019309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019309.
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IntroductionBladder cancer (BC) (including renal pelvis, ureter and urethra) is one of the most common urogenital cancers and the fourth most frequent cancer in men in the USA. In Norway, the incidence of BC has increased over the last decades. The age-standardised incidence rates per 100 000 for 2011-2015 were 53.7 in men and 16.5 in women. Compared to the 5-year period 2006–2010, the percentage increase in incidence was 6.1% in men and 12.3% in women. The recurrence rate of BC is over 50%, the highest recurrence rate of any malignancy. Smoking and occupational exposure to aromatic amines are recognised as the major risk factors. Recently, low-serum level of 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) and obesity have been suggested to increase the BC risk, and leptin, which is important in weight regulation, may be involved in bladder carcinogenesis. More knowledge on potential risk factors for BC is necessary for planning and implementing primary prevention measures.Methods and analysesCohort and nested case–control studies will be carried out using the population-based Janus Serum Bank Cohort consisting of prediagnostic sera, clinical measurement data (body height and weight, body surface area and weight change over time, blood pressure, cholesterol and triglycerides) and self-reported information on lifestyle factors (smoking, physical activity). Participants were followed from cohort inclusion (1972–2003) through 2014. The cohort will be linked to the Cancer Registry of Norway (cancer data), the National Cause of Death Registry (date and cause of death), National Population Registry (vital status) and Statistic Norway (education and occupation). Serum samples will be analysed for 25(OH)D, vitamin D binding protein, leptin, albumin, calcium and parathyroid hormone. Cox regression and conditional logistic regression models and mediation analysis will be used to estimate association between the exposures and BC.Ethics and disseminationThe study has been approved by the Regional Committee for Medical Research Ethics and is funded by the Norwegian Cancer Society. Results will be published in peer-reviewed journals, at scientific conferences and through press releases.
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Mjærum, Axel. "A Matter of Scale: Responses to Landscape Changes in the Oslo Fjord, Norway, in the Mesolithic." Open Archaeology 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 62–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opar-2022-0225.
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Abstract Present-day global warming has great consequences, both for individuals and on a larger scale for society as a whole. However, environmental changes also affected everyday life in the past. The purpose of this article is to apply perspectives developed in studies of how contemporary societies adapt to shore-level changes and to use this insight in a study of the way Mesolithic populations handled a situation of large land uplift. More specifically, the author discusses four common adaptation strategies devised to cope with changing sea level, both on a site level and on a regional scale – to accommodate, relocate, protect, or not respond to the changing environment. In the Oslo Fjord in Norway, the shorelines moved from approximately 200–40 m above the present-day sea level in the period 9300–3900 cal BC, caused by the strong post-glacial rebound. Along the shores lived populations that based much of their life on the local marine resources. Building on information from the large habitation area Havsjødalen and a statistical analysis of 529 critically selected sites in the region, the author concludes that single sites were systematically accommodated or relocated when the distance to the shores receded. However, sea level changes caused more dramatic regional landscape transformation and a less bountiful environment c. 5000 cal BC, with a period of maladaptation and a subsequent population collapse as a result. Like modern societies facing human-caused climate changes, the Mesolithic population had difficulties in handling the need for large-scale shifts in their society.
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Konyukhov, Vladimir Alexandrovich. "Ager exceptus and fundi excepti: on the question of social significance of «excluded» fields." RUDN Journal of World History 14, no. 3 (December 15, 2022): 297–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8127-2022-14-3-297-307.
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The article discusses the concepts existing in historiography regarding ager exceptus, a land category that appears in the agrarian law of 111 BC. The data of this law are used, among other things, for the reconstruction of the Gracchan agrarian legislation, in particular the initiatives of the youngest of the brothers, Gaius. Among all the hypotheses regarding the essence of ager exceptus, the author singles out as the most reasoned the one put forward by T. Mommsen: according to the latter, ager exceptus is, first of all, a Campanian field, ager Campanus. V.G. Telminov also speaks of ager Campanus as the material basis of “excluded” fields, although on other grounds than T. Mommsen. The idea that the fields of the Italian allies were excluded from the division is very attractive, however, the data of the agrarian law of 111 BC do not support this idea of F.T. Hinrichs. There is shown the difference between the ager exceptus of the agrarian law of 111 BC and fundi excepti, which are mentioned by Roman surveyors. In this regard, the author criticizes the concept of the French researcher C. Nicolet, who suggested that ager exceptus could be a mechanism for the formation of large landed property, and, consequently, contribute to the deterioration of the social climate in Roman society. The author of the article shows that C. Nicolet relied on the data of only one of the surveyors, Siculus Flaccus, although the information of Hyginus Gromatikus looks both more complete and more reliable. The social role of the lands ager exceptus and fundi excepti is noted.
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Cabanes, Anna, Fatima Cardoso, Maia Thrift-Perry, Katherine Moose Hunt, and Tauane Araújo Cruz. "Supporting Resource-Stratified Metastatic Breast Cancer Policy Development: A Global Policy Analysis." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 3 (October 2018): 8s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.10060.
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Purpose Patients with metastatic breast cancer (mBC) have significant unmet needs that current policies do not fully address. Methods A comprehensive analysis of national cancer control programs and breast cancer (BC) policies and programs was conducted across 16 countries representing diverse geographies, socioeconomic status, and health care systems. Key policy components were identified, aligned with the journey of a patient with BC, and evaluated using standardized criteria that measured the adoption and implementation of national cancer control program goals and mBC-specific programs. The identified gaps for patients with mBC were aligned with promising practices implemented or spearheaded by civil society that demonstrated success at filling the gaps with the objective of creating an information resource that other organizations in the field can use as practice-based evidence. Results Despite considerable BC policy development and implementation, important gaps for patients with mBC persist across all areas of the patient journey and vary between countries studied. Inadequate public awareness, lack of trained specialists, inefficient coordination of care delivery, and limited access to innovative mBC treatments are barriers to effective care in select regions in high-income countries and overall in low- and middle-income countries. In addition, the provision of palliative care remains in its infancy in low- and middle-income countries, although this is an area of increasing policy development in high-income countries. Promising practices that evaluate patient advocacy efforts have revealed that adaptable models can support policy adoption and target specific gaps through an approach that can be tailored to countries’ resource contexts. For example, advocacy efforts identified in sub-Saharan Africa used a range of tools, in collaboration with key hospitals, to address barriers at the diagnosis stage and facilitate access to care. In the United States, a Clinical Trial Helpline launched in partnership with local patient groups aims to connect patients with mBC with innovative treatment options through clinical trials. Conclusion The 70th United Nations World Health Assembly’s cancer resolution discussed the need to leverage efforts and collaborative initiatives among stakeholders. This research exemplifies successful multistakeholder engagement solutions, which are tailored to the country context, and offer targeted ideas to further policy development. Phased BC control implementation strategies must ensure that the policies and programs address the needs of both patients with early BC and of those with advanced BC. AUTHORS' DISCLOSURES OF POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST The following represents disclosure information provided by authors of this manuscript. All relationships are considered compensated. Relationships are self-held unless noted. I = Immediate Family Member, Inst = My Institution. Relationships may not relate to the subject matter of this manuscript. For more information about ASCO's conflict of interest policy, please refer to www.asco.org/rwc or ascopubs.org/jco/site/ifc . Anna Cabanes Research Funding: Pfizer, Genentech, Merk (Inst) Travel, Accommodations, Expenses: Pfizer, AstraZeneca Fatima Carodso Consulting or Advisory Role: Amgen, Astellas/Medivation, AstraZeneca, Celgene, Daiichi-Sankyo, Eisai, GE Oncology, Genetech, GlaxoSmithKline, Macrogenics, Merk-Sharp, Merus BV, Mylan Mundipharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Pierre-Fabre, Roche, Sanofi, Seattle Genetics, Samsung Bioepis, Teva Expert Testimony: Pfizer, Roche Maia Thrift-Perry Employment: Pfizer Stock or Other Ownership: Pfizer
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Cherstich, Luca. "From looted tombs to ancient society: a survey of the Southern Necropolis of Cyrene." Libyan Studies 39 (2008): 73–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900010001.
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AbstractThis paper uses the Southern Necropolis of Cyrene as a source of information about Cyrenean society and its evolution through time. The vitality of the aristocratic class produced, already by the sixth century BC, a tradition of monumental tombs using both, conventional, or foreign models according to the identity that each Cyrenean wanted to show. Tombs defined land holdings and the Southern Necropolis is an optimal setting to study their relationships with sanctuaries, roads and quarries. The continuing prosperity of the city increased the number and elaboration of tombs, especially in Classical/Hellenistic times when the Archaic territorial divisions became invisible in a landscape overcrowded by sepulchres. A tradition particularly focused on external façades was developed, possibly underlying a focus on funerary rituals held outside the tombs. After the Ptolemaic and Roman conquests this tradition was challenged by external models and Cyreneans tried to adapt foreign customs into their ancient ritual systems, for example through portrait-busts. With time the foreign models prevailed and the tombs displayed elements shared with a wider Roman cultural elite, nevertheless, already from the third century AD onwards, the regional crises sign the end of the monumental necropolis' phenomenon.
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Dinu, Dana. "The Roman Army during the Regal Period." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 24, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kbo-2018-0011.
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Abstract The intention of this article is to give a brief overview of how the military power was organised in Rome during the regal period. There is little information about the military organisation of the Romans between 753 and 509 BC. However, some written historical sources have enabled us to reconstruct some aspects of the military life in early Rome. The Indo-European studies and the comparative mythology of the Indo-European peoples also help to understand how the warrior function was valued in early Roman society. Like the other Indo-European peoples, the Romans structured their society in a system reflecting the ideology of the three functions represented, according to G. Dumézil, by the priests, warriors and herdsmen-cultivators. The same conception can be found at the theological level, within the triad Jupiter, Mars, Quirinus, the most important gods of Rome. Romulus, the founder of Rome, is the son of the god Mars, thereby consecrating the predominance of the warlike function within the trifunctional system. The army has always been the main instrument that assured the defence of Rome, but especially the expansion and preservation of its power over the conquered territories
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McNamara, Erica J., Andrew Stewart, E. Greer Gay, James Banasiak, Dmitry Eremin, Dennis Harman, Rafael Flores, and Stephen B. Edge. "Beyond the performance rate: Understanding differences in treatment status using the Rapid Quality Reporting System (RQRS)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2012): 6088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.30.15_suppl.6088.
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6088 Background: RQRS is a cancer registry based tool for rapid case ascertainment and real-time care tracking using 5 National Quality Forum approved quality measures for breast (BC) and colon cancer (CC) and 1 American Society of Clinical Oncology, National Comprehensive Cancer Network and Commission on Cancer (CoC) endorsed rectal cancer (RC) measure. RQRS was introduced in 2009 for testing at selected CoC accredited programs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the proportion of cases with treatment administered for 4 measures where care is concordant with treatment either “administered” or “considered but not administered” (CNA). Methods: Case information on 19,631 breast, colon and rectal cancer patients diagnosed from 2009 – 2010 submitted by 64 RQRS participating sites were reviewed for 4 measures: (1) hormone therapy within 1 year of diagnosis (dx) for AJCC T1c, N0M0, or stage II or II; hormone receptor positive BC (HT), (2) multi-agent chemotherapy within 4 months of dx; age < 70; hormone receptor negative BC (MAC), (3) adjuvant chemotherapy within 4 months of dx; age <80; AJCC Stage III CC (ACT), and (4) radiation therapy within 6 months of dx; age <80; AJCC T4N0M0 or stage III patients receiving surgical resection for RC (AdjRT). Treatment status was defined as concordant (administered or CNA) or non-concordant (NC – not part of planned first course therapy or received after required time frame). Patient demographics and Charlson-Deyo (CD) co-morbidity scores were compared by concordance status using Chi-square tests. Results: The aggregate concordance rate was 83.3%. Among these 889 (5.4%) were CNA. Co-morbidity score was > 0 for 15% of cases. Patients age > 70, with Medicare insurance, CD score > 0 were significantly more likely to be CNA compared to completed or NC. Patient choice was the most common reason for CNA (64%). Conclusions: Among patients treated at RQRS test sites for which RQRS measures applied and care was concordant, only 5% were CNA. Patients over age 70 or with CD > 0 were more likely to have treatment CNA. Inclusion of CNA as concordant care has a minor impact on concordance rates and provides cancer programs with important information for targeting care review and quality improvement programs.
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Heyd, Volker. "Families, Prestige Goods, Warriors & Complex Societies: Beaker Groups of the 3rd Millennium cal BC Along the Upper & Middle Danube." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 73 (2007): 327–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00000104.
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From the Middle Copper Age in the mid-4th millennium cal BC, and throughout the whole Late Copper Age, we observe the emergence of supra-regional, expansionistic ‘cultures’. Originating in south-east Europe, they expanded into central and northern Europe, eventually reaching the west and the margins. Typical of these are the Černavoda III/Boleráz cultures; then, later, the Baden sequence, along with the Globular Amphora Culture adjacent to the northern arc of the Carpathian mountains. The Corded Ware/Single Grave Cultures, and finally the Bell Beaker Culture, follow in a third stage from the first quarter of the 3rd millennium cal BC. The latter expand – emerging from the Iberian Peninsula according to current research – towards the east in a fourth stage, reaching Britain and Ireland, Central Europe, and the central Mediterranean by 2500 cal BC. It is now common knowledge that this Bell Beaker phenomenon does not represent a homogeneous unit, but splits into at least four supra-regional groupings. Of these, the Central European, or Bell Beaker East Group, is the focus of this study.The many published and well-dated assemblages along the Danube between southern Germany and western Hungary, and also in the Czech Republic, allow us to pose questions concerning the social organisation of these Beaker societies. Extended families, without visible hierarchies between them, are mirrored in cemeteries as the basic social unit. The settlement pattern seems to consist of single farmsteads, often closely spaced and each inhabited by one of these extended families. As self-sufficient, but flexibly organised and already partly specialised economic units, they demonstrate an equal exchange of information, goods, genes, and social values. Existing fundamental hierarchies within these families are demonstrated, however, by unequal burial customs, in particular the inclusion of prestige objects in some graves, and by some lavishly equipped child burials of both sexes, as well as in the portrayal of some individuals in death as hunters or warriors, buried with archery equipment.Bell Beaker society displays an intermediate position between ranked and stratified societies, with signs that it was evolving towards simple chiefdoms. However, this stage of social organisation is only fully reached in Central Europe during the second half of the Early Bronze Age, from 2000 cal BC onwards.
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Miller, Kirsten, and Valerie Ward. "14 Understanding the Paediatric Workforce in British Columbia: A Survey of B.C. Paediatricians." Paediatrics & Child Health 27, Supplement_3 (October 1, 2022): e5-e6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pch/pxac100.013.
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Abstract Background In some areas of British Columbia, accessing consulting paediatric care is particularly challenging. Attracting paediatricians to all regions of the province is critical to ensure equitable access. Objectives In order to understand the current and intended future work patterns of B.C.’s community general paediatricians better, the BC Pediatric Society developed an online survey. Design/Methods A 22-question survey was distributed electronically in late 2019 to 427 paediatricians (BC Pediatric Society members and University of British Columbia Department of Pediatrics clinical faculty). The survey asked respondents about what factors influenced where they chose to practice, the nature of their clinical work, engagement in administration and education, time spent on various work responsibilities, source(s) of income, future practice plans and plans for retirement. The data was evaluated as a whole and was stratified based on gender, region of practice, size of community, and number of years in practice. Results 153 surveys were completed (response rate 35.8%). Surveys completed by general paediatricians practicing in locations other than BC Children’s Hospital and not working in a locum capacity were included. 94 (61.4%) completed surveys met inclusion criteria. 70% of these respondents identified as female. 72% worked in communities with populations of 300,000 or less (16% in communities of 50,000 or less and 56% in communities of 50,001 to 300,000). 25% had been in practice for 0 to 5 years, 40% for 6 to 20 years and 28% for over 20 years. Of the 94 respondents, only 7.4% were providing primary care paediatrics. The median reported time spent on various aspects of work were: 55 hours per week total time spent working, 19 days per month direct clinical care, and 25 hours per month indirect clinical care. The responses identified some differences based on community size; paediatricians in small communities (population 50,000 or less) reported the median time spent “on call” was 168 hours per month, compared to 48 hours per month reported by those in large communities (population over 300,000). 36% of respondents stated that they planned to retire within the next 10 years; this was true for only 23% of those in large communities (population >300,000). Conclusion This study provides information about the nature of B.C. community general paediatricians’ work and identifies some differences between paediatricians in large cities and those in medium-sized or small communities. The results should inform discussions about the paediatric workforce and how best to address potential future gaps in in B.C.
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van Ballegooie, Courtney, and Peter Hoang. "Health Services: A Mixed Methods Assessment of Canadian Cancer Patient Education Materials Related to the 2019 Novel Coronavirus." Cancer Control 28 (January 1, 2021): 107327482198970. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073274821989709.
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The 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has prompted the reorganization in the scheduling and method of care for many patients, including patients diagnosed with cancer. Cancer patients, who have an immunocompromised status, may be at a higher risk of severe symptoms from infection with COVID-19. While information is rapidly evolving regarding COVID-19, Canada, both nationally and provincially, has been conveying new information to patients online. We assessed the content and readability of COVID-19-related online Canadian patient education material (PEM) for cancer patients to determine if the content of the material was written at a grade reading level that the majority of Canadians can understand. PEMs were extracted from provincial cancer agencies and the national Canadian Cancer Society, evaluated using 10 readability scales, qualitatively analyzed to identify their themes and difficult word content. Thirty-eight PEMs from both national and provincial cancers associations were, on average, written above the recommended 7th grade level. Each of the associations’ average grade levels were: BC Cancer (11.00 95% confidence interval [CI] 8.27-13.38), CancerControl Alberta (10.46 95% CI 8.29-12.62), Saskatchewan Cancer Agency (11.08 95% CI 9.37-12.80), Cancer Care Manitoba (9.55 95% CI 6.02-13.01), Cancer Care Ontario (9.35 95% CI 6.80-11.90), Cancer Care Nova Scotia (10.95 95% CI 9.86-12.04), Cancer Care Eastern Health Newfoundland and Labrador (10.14 95% CI 6.87-13.41), and the Canadian Cancer Society (10.06 95% CI 8.07-12.05). Thematic analysis identified 4 themes: public health strategy, information about COVID-19, patient instructions during COVID-19, and resources. Fifty-three percent of the complex words identified were medical jargon. This represents an opportunity to improve PEM readability, to allow for greater comprehension amongst a wider target audience.
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BERK, Mehmet Fatih. "THE SCYTHIANS: THE OTHER OF THE GREEKS." Selçuk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, no. 54 (June 13, 2022): 23–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21563/sutad.1129956.
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The Greeks have a distinctive status in historiography. In fact, some historians declared the Greeks as the "inventor of history" and Herodotus, the Greek historian called as “father of history. Following the Greco-Persian Wars, the Greeks gained self-confidence and described the non- Greek- speaking peoples as “barbarian”. This might be the first “othering” movement in historiography. The Scythians, one of the ancient societies of Turkish history, between the 8th and 4th century BC in history timeline. When the Greek historiography began, the Scythians were the neighbors of the Greek societies. Because of this adjacency, many Greek authors and historians depicted much information on the Scythian society in addition to Persian, Assyrian and Chinese sources about Scythian history. In our study, the Greek historiography was examined in the context of "barbarian and the other", by attributing the inability to be "objective" in historiography. Then, a portrait of the “the other (marginalized) Scythians” was searched in the works of Greek authors and historians. In Greek historiography, it has been observed that the Scythians were marginalized at least as much as the Persians.
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Iserlis, M. "Insight into Ceramic Technologies at the Maikop Site of Ust-Dzheguta, Karachay-Cherkessia." Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 47, no. 2 (June 26, 2019): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2019.47.2.013-023.
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The Maikop culture of the 4th millennium BC has long been recognized as one of the most intriguing phenomena in the archaeology and history of Eurasia. A pottery assemblage of Ust-Dzheguta, located on the northern slope of the Greater Caucasus, should provide an insight into Maikop society and its technological and social choices. The article provides information on geographical location and geological settings of the Maikop site. Based on optical mineralogy analysis, potential raw materials and geological maps, fabrics and their possible geological sources were defi ned. The pottery assemblage exhibits technical and technological heterogeneity, including the use of a variety of raw materials and techniques. Correlation between types of vessels and fabrics is traced. Three Maikop pottery industries have been identifi ed. Most of massive and sophisticated basins and pithoi were produced by highly skilled and specialized potters. The majority of vessels were manufactured by part-time potters. Cooking vessels were made as part of household production. The conclusion is provided about the established specialization in the pottery manufacture and preservation of household production.
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Tomasoa, Lyonly, Ade Iriani, and Irwan Sembiring. "Ekstraksi Knowledge tentang Penyebaran #Ratnamiliksiapa pada Jejaring Sosial (Twitter) menggunakan Social Network Analysis (SNA)." Jurnal Teknologi Informasi dan Ilmu Komputer 6, no. 6 (December 2, 2019): 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.25126/jtiik.2019661710.
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<p class="Abstrak">Memasuki tahun politik 2018-2019, Indonesia mengalami darurat <em>hoax</em> dimana isu-isu politik menyebar dengan sangat cepat terutama pada jejaring sosial yang merupakan wadah untuk menghubungkan setiap individu di seluruh dunia. <em>Twitter</em> sebagai salah satu jejaring sosial yang sering dipakai masyarakat Indonesia, menyebabkan isu-isu politik pun ikut terbawa dalam bentuk tagar (#). Tagar #RatnaMilikSiapa yang merupakan isu politik dari kasus <em>hoax</em> kebohongan penganiayaan RS di kota Bandung dijadikan sebagai tunggangan para pengguna <em>twitter</em> untuk membangun opini di masyarakat sehinga menjadikan hal tersebut sebagai <em>hoax</em> menjelang pemilihan Presiden 2019. Opini-opini dari setiap pengguna <em>twitter</em> tersebut telah menciptakan jaringan-jaringan komunikasi yang membahas tentang kasus politik penganiyayaan RS dengan tagar #RatnaMilikSiapa . Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi aktivitas penyebaran tagar #RatnaMilikSiapa dengan menggunakan metode <em>Social Network Analyis</em> (SNA) pada jejaring sosial <em>twitter</em>. Dalam penelitian ini, dilakukan identifikasi terhadap aktor utama dengan melakukan perhitungan sentralitas tingkatan atau <em>degree Centrality </em>(BC) sehingga dapat ditemukan aktor yang berpengaruh dalam terbentuknya kelompok-kelompok jaringan <em>tweet</em> #RatnaMilikSiapa pada jejaring sosial <em>twitter</em>. Hasil dari penelitan ini adalah ditemukannya 3 aktor kunci (<em>creator & influencers</em>) yang berasal dari 5 aktor utama penyebaran <em>tweet </em> #RatnaMilikSiapa dengan mengidentifikasi adanya pertukaran berita yang dilakukan oleh para aktor utama dan didukung dengan perhitungan nilai sentralitas keperantaraan atau <em>betweenness Centrality </em>(BC). Kemudian juga ditemukannya 32 aktor <em>boundary spanner</em> yang merupakan dampak dari aktivitas pertukaran berita atau <em>information exchange</em> yang dilakukan oleh aktor kunci pada jaringan komunikasi dalam jejaring sosial <em>twitter</em>.</p><p class="Abstrak"><em><strong>Abstract</strong></em></p><p class="Judul2"><em>Entering the political year of 2018-2019, Indonesia is facing a hoax crisis where political issues spread rapidly, especially on social media as a place for connecting people all over the world. Twitter as one of the popular social media, which is frequently used by the society of Indonesian, leads the political issues spread widely through the hashtag (#). </em><em> </em><em>#RatnaMilikSiapa which was a hoax case about RS persecution in Bandung turned as a way for Twitter users creating a judgment in the society so that that issue became a hoax approaching the Presidential Election of 2019. The opinions of Twitter users had created a communication network discussed RS persecution as a political issue with #RatnaMilikSiapa. </em><em> </em><em>This research intends to identify the #RatnaMilikSiapa deployment activity with the using of Social Network Analyis (SNA) method on Twitter. This research conducts the identification toward the main actors with degree Centrality (BC) calculation until the actor who influenced the establishment of #RatnaMilikSiapa tweet network groups on Twitter can be found. The results of this research are the researcher had found the three key actors (creator and influencers) which originated from 5 main actors who spread #RatnaMilikSiapa tweet. The researcher identifies the information exchange which had been done by the main actors and the results supports by the value of betweenness Centrality (BC) calculation. Later, the researcher had found 32 actors of boundary spanner which was the impact of information exchange done by the key actors on the communication network of Twitter.</em><em></em></p><p class="Abstrak"><em><strong><br /></strong></em></p>
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Sherkova, T. "Traditions and Innovations in Funeral Rites for the Social Elite in Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt." Bulletin of Science and Practice 7, no. 8 (August 15, 2021): 359–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/69/42.
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Elite necropolises are the most important sources for studying the process of the formation of early states. In Ancient Egypt, this process took place over a long period of development of the sedentary culture Naqada, which developed in the 4th millennium BC, from its early phases to the final stages, when the political unification of Egypt took shape. Analysis of the burial architecture of elite burials from Hierakonpolis and Abydos, iconography, motifs and images depicted on ritual objects from tombs of the Late Dynastic and Early Dynastic times continue the scenes of hunting and battles characteristic of the earlier phases of the Naqada culture. However, their style is changing. The motives associated with the king as the protector of society, a successful warrior responsible for the stability and prosperity of Egypt come to the fore. Traditions and innovations, being oppositions, nevertheless work in an integral field, a kind of cultural and historical unity. And in terms of the socio-cultural development of Egypt, the elite necropolises of the Predynastic and Early dynastic periods provide extremely important and objective information about the formation of the first state in Egypt.
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Bai, Yang. "Quantifying Patterns in Mortuary Practices: An Application of Factor Analysis and Cluster Analysis to Data From the Taosi Site, China." Open Archaeology 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 1231–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opar-2022-0268.
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Abstract In Chinese mortuary research, too much reliance on traditional qualitative typological analysis renders quantitative attributes of mortuary practice data ignored. Examining the Taosi cemetery one of the famous cemeteries of Neolithic China (2300–1900 BC), this study discusses the advantages and disadvantages of typology and digital methods. Extant qualitative research has classified the Taosi burials into six vertical categories, representing a pyramidal social hierarchy. However, this approach solely relied on the labor expenditure principle, whose outcome was highly subjective and difficult to verify. This study applies a multivariant analysis. Factor analysis is used to investigate the correlations within the mortuary data. The statistical factor scores quantify the differences between the combination of burial objects in different tombs and allow clarification by cluster analysis to investigate their different social meanings. The results reveal two-axial divisions in the Taosi cemetery: vertical stratification based on hierarchy and horizontal differentiation based on social categories/identities. Compared with the simplistic typological description, such a quantitative method reveals the characteristics of each category more clearly, clarifies the classification criteria, and extracts more detailed information about the society and its mortuary practices.
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UĞURLU, Servet Senem. "THE LINE AND ICONOGRAPHY IN THE TRADITIONAL ANATOLIAN WEAVINGS." Zeitschrift für die Welt der Türken / Journal of World of Turks 13, no. 2 (August 15, 2021): 255–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.46291/zfwt/130213.
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The traditional examples that continue and develop the process in Anatolian weaving are numerous for those who know how to make use of it. In 2013, during the archaeological excavations at Çatalhöyük, it was discovered in the BC. 7000 parts of linen weaving dated to were found. Due to its biological structure, humans have benefited from weaving to protect themselves from adverse weather conditions and to spend their lives more comfortably. Weavings created for natural needs are coloured to influence other people in the society and decorated with various methods. Ornamental elements start with a dot, continue with a line, and finish with colour. Weavings vary according to the cultural values conditions of the society and geographical position. Anatolian people used the line and the motifs they made by making use of the line in the decoration of their weavings. Line is a means of expression that has been used from the earliest periods of human history to the present day. One of the most important values in the cultural, artistic and sociological life of a person is the line. They have visualized pictures of weaving, which is considered a sacred profession, on many surfaces. Line has always been used as a basic element in traditional Anatolian weavings. Weavers transferred the different uses of the line to their weavings. With the arrival of the Yörüks and Turkmens from the Oghuz tribes to Anatolia, Anatolia was enriched with nomadic society weavings. There are linear elements on the basis of ornamentation of nomadic Turkish weavings. Yörük and Turkmen weavers who settled in Anatolia continued the weaving process in Anatolia until recently. In weaving patterns, they generally used line and line-based motifs. In this study; information will be given about line, iconography of line and textural surfaces created by line in Anatolian traditional weavings. Keywords: Anatolian, Weaving, Line, Iconography, Traditional.
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Abramzon, Mikhail, and Irina Tunkina. "Visitors to Leuke Island." Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 27, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 193–267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700577-12341393.
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Abstract This article is the publication of the plates compiled by N.N. Murzakevich, secretary of the Odessa Society for History and Antiquities. It contains tracings of 241 Classical coins and lists of coin finds from the island of Fidonisi (known as Leuke in antiquity), which had been excavated in the 1840s and early 1850s. Recent data have led to a doubling of the list of Greek centres (up to 202) and the rulers of a number of states and peoples, whose coins made their way to the island. Details of these finds and the dates of the emissions illustrate clearly the development and chronological framework of the religious and economic ties between the northern coast of Pontus with the various regions of the Classical oikumene. The geographical range of the coin finds (from Magna Graecia, Sicily and the Levant to the Aegean, the Balkans, the Pontic region and Asia and as far away as Mesopotamia) demonstrates that the sanctuary of Achilles on the island of Leuke situated at a meeting point of Black Sea trade routes, enjoyed enormous popularity in the Classical world. The publication of these plates compiled by N.N. Murzakevich makes available new information on the maritime trade in the Pontus area between the 5th century BC and the 5th century AD.
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Benites, Katia Pires, and Julia Alejandra Pezuk. "O Tratamento de Câncer de Mama em Idosas, uma Revisão Sobre as Limitações e Dificuldades." Ensaios e Ciência C Biológicas Agrárias e da Saúde 25, no. 1 (March 29, 2021): 102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17921/1415-6938.2021v25n1p102-109.
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O crescimento populacional das últimas décadas tem sido acompanhado por mudanças na incidência de algumas patologias como é o câncer. A população idosa apresenta características específicas associadas com a idade, que devem ser consideradas. O câncer de mama (CM) é o tipo mais frequente no sexo feminino, com uma alta prevalência em idosas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi discutir os fatores associados ao tratamento do CM em idosas, buscado apontar as dificuldades e limitações enfrentadas por essas pacientes. Para isso, foi realizada uma revisão de literatura através de levantamento de dados de artigos científicos publicados nos últimos cinco anos. A alta incidência de CM em idosas pode ser relacionada com o envelhecimento da população e as mudanças de hábitos de vida da sociedade moderna, no entanto, essa parcela da população não é considerada para o rastreamento, acarretando demora do diagnóstico. Apesar de que as estratégias terapêuticas disponíveis para o CM são altamente eficientes, o diagnóstico precoce ainda é uma das ferramentas mais eficazes e está diretamente relacionado às chances de cura. As dificuldades para a atenção básica, tempo para realização de exames e consultas compromete, significativamente, a sobrevida dessas pacientes. Assim, é possível concluir que é fundamental o conhecimento das características particulares das pacientes com CM idosas considerando hábitos e fatores hereditários. Esse conjunto de informações podem auxiliar no diagnóstico precoce e orientar durante a definição da melhor estratégia de tratamento melhorando, assim, o prognóstico para essas pessoas.
Palavras-chave: Idosas. Câncer de Mama. Tratamento. Prognóstico.
Abstract
The population growth of the last decades has been accompanied by changes in the incidence of some pathologies such as cancer. The elderly population has specific characteristics associated with age that must be considered. Breast cancer (BC) is the most common type of cancer in women, with a high prevalence in elderly women. The aim of this study was to discuss the factors associated with BC’s treatment in elderly women, and the difficulties and limitations faced by these patients. To this end, a literature review was carried out through data collection of scientific articles published in the last five years. The BC high incidence in elderly women can be related to the population aging and the changes in lifestyle habits of modern society, however this portion of the population is not considered for screening, resulting in a delay in BC’s diagnosis. Although the therapeutic strategies available for BC are highly efficient, early diagnosis is still one of the most effective tools and is directly related to the chances of a cure. Difficulties in primary care, time for exams and medical appointment affect the survival of those patients. Thus, it is possible to conclude that it is essential to know the features associated to the BC elderly patients, considering hereditary habits and factors. This set of information can assist in early diagnosis and guide during the definition of the best treatment strategy, leading to an improvement on patients’ prognosis.
Keywords: Elderly. Breast Cancer. Treatment. Prognosis.
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McDuffie, Erin E., Steven J. Smith, Patrick O'Rourke, Kushal Tibrewal, Chandra Venkataraman, Eloise A. Marais, Bo Zheng, Monica Crippa, Michael Brauer, and Randall V. Martin. "A global anthropogenic emission inventory of atmospheric pollutants from sector- and fuel-specific sources (1970–2017): an application of the Community Emissions Data System (CEDS)." Earth System Science Data 12, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 3413–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3413-2020.
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Abstract. Global anthropogenic emission inventories remain vital for understanding the sources of atmospheric pollution and the associated impacts on the environment, human health, and society. Rapid changes in today's society require that these inventories provide contemporary estimates of multiple atmospheric pollutants with both source sector and fuel type information to understand and effectively mitigate future impacts. To fill this need, we have updated the open-source Community Emissions Data System (CEDS) (Hoesly et al., 2019) to develop a new global emission inventory, CEDSGBD-MAPS. This inventory includes emissions of seven key atmospheric pollutants (NOx; CO; SO2; NH3; non-methane volatile organic compounds, NMVOCs; black carbon, BC; organic carbon, OC) over the time period from 1970–2017 and reports annual country-total emissions as a function of 11 anthropogenic sectors (agriculture; energy generation; industrial processes; on-road and non-road transportation; separate residential, commercial, and other sectors (RCO); waste; solvent use; and international shipping) and four fuel categories (total coal, solid biofuel, the sum of liquid-fuel and natural-gas combustion, and remaining process-level emissions). The CEDSGBD-MAPS inventory additionally includes monthly global gridded (0.5∘ × 0.5∘) emission fluxes for each compound, sector, and fuel type to facilitate their use in earth system models. CEDSGBD-MAPS utilizes updated activity data, updates to the core CEDS default scaling procedure, and modifications to the final procedures for emissions gridding and aggregation. Relative to the previous CEDS inventory (Hoesly et al., 2018), these updates extend the emission estimates from 2014 to 2017 and improve the overall agreement between CEDS and two widely used global bottom-up emission inventories. The CEDSGBD-MAPS inventory provides the most contemporary global emission estimates to date for these key atmospheric pollutants and is the first to provide global estimates for these species as a function of multiple fuel types and source sectors. Dominant sources of global NOx and SO2 emissions in 2017 include the combustion of oil, gas, and coal in the energy and industry sectors as well as on-road transportation and international shipping for NOx. Dominant sources of global CO emissions in 2017 include on-road transportation and residential biofuel combustion. Dominant global sources of carbonaceous aerosol in 2017 include residential biofuel combustion, on-road transportation (BC only), and emissions from the waste sector. Global emissions of NOx, SO2, CO, BC, and OC all peak in 2012 or earlier, with more recent emission reductions driven by large changes in emissions from China, North America, and Europe. In contrast, global emissions of NH3 and NMVOCs continuously increase between 1970 and 2017, with agriculture as a major source of global NH3 emissions and solvent use, energy, residential, and the on-road transport sectors as major sources of global NMVOCs. Due to similar development methods and underlying datasets, the CEDSGBD-MAPS emissions are expected to have consistent sources of uncertainty as other bottom-up inventories. The CEDSGBD-MAPS source code is publicly available online through GitHub: https://github.com/emcduffie/CEDS/tree/CEDS_GBD-MAPS (last access: 1 December 2020). The CEDSGBD-MAPS emission inventory dataset (both annual country-total and monthly global gridded files) is publicly available under https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3754964 (McDuffie et al., 2020c).
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Burke, Susan. "SUPPORTING INDIGENOUS SOCIAL WORKERS IN FRONT-LINE PRACTICE." Canadian Social Work Review 35, no. 1 (September 4, 2018): 5–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1051100ar.
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Indigenous peoples have been reclaiming jurisdiction over their child welfare services and Western society has been increasingly acknowledging that Indigenous peoples are in the best position to provide these services. While the number of Indigenous social workers has historically been low, especially when compared to the population they serve, their numbers seem to be on the rise. In spite of that reality, most social service organizations continue to operate from a Western perspective, with little attention paid to the ways in which they must change in order to provide space for the Indigenous social workers they employ. This study explores the experiences of nine First Nations and Métis social workers in British Columbia (BC). The researcher, a Métis scholar and former child welfare social worker, conducted data collection and analysis through a Métissage framework, using semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis revealed nine themes, including the need for (1) Knowledgeable leadership that supports autonomy; (2) Flexibility in practice; (3) Policy that fits both Indigenous and Western paradigms; (4) Relationships with other supportive social workers; (5) Support to navigate overlap between the personal and the professional; (6) Set standards/experienced co-workers; (7) Equitable workplace resources; (8) Respect regarding Indigenous identity, and; (9) Supports to maintain wellness. Recommendations suggest how this information can be used by organizations to better support the Indigenous social workers they employ.
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Yarantseva, Natalya S., and Elena E. Vorobeva. "Housebuilding of the Finno-Ugrians from the Forest Belt of the Middle Volga Region During the 2nd – 1st Millennia BC in the Works of Researchers of the 18th – Early 20th Centuries." Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya (The Volga River Region Archaeology) 1, no. 35 (March 25, 2021): 170–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.24852/pa2021.1.35.170.178.
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Of considerable interest in the study of the housebuilding traditions and innovations of the Finno-Ugric population of the forest belt of the Middle Volga region are the works of the 18th – early 20th century researchers. In this period, random episodic surveys were carried out in the territory of the Middle Volga region. A significant event was the holding of the 4thArchaeological Congress in Kazan in 1877, during which it was decided to publish the annual scientific journal “Bulletin of the Society of Archaeology, History and Ethnography (IOAIE)”. The journal not only provided information about the newly discovered archaeological artifacts and sites, but also featured a scientific discussion concerning the possibility of housebuilding development across the population of the Middle Volga region. The issue of the construction of permanent structures in the territory was also of interest for geologists, natural scientists and ethnographers. In this regard, the purpose of the paper is to analyze the scientific works of the 18th – early 20th centuries dedicated to the study of the origins and development of housebuilding practiced by the population of the forest belt of the Middle Volga region in the 2nd – 1st millennium BC. The authors came to the conclusion that archaeological research and ethnographic realities presented in the scientific evidence of the 18th – early 20thcenturies are of great importance in terms of source studies for the research of the various aspects of the life of the ancient population of the region.
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Wainberg, Zev A., Monica M. Mita, Minal A. Barve, Erika P. Hamilton, Andrew J. Brenner, Frances Valdes, Daniel H. Ahn, et al. "A phase I open-label study to investigate safety and tolerability, efficacy, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and immunogenicity of MT-5111 in patients with HER2-positive tumors." Journal of Clinical Oncology 39, no. 3_suppl (January 20, 2021): TPS258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2021.39.3_suppl.tps258.
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TPS258 Background: Engineered toxin bodies (ETBs) are comprised of a proprietarily engineered form of Shiga-like Toxin A subunit genetically fused to antibody-like binding domains. ETBs work through novel mechanisms of action & are capable of forcing internalization, self-routing through intracellular compartments to the cytosol & inducing potent cell-kill via the enzymatic & permanent inactivation of ribosomes. MT-5111 is a de-immunized ETB targeting HER2+ solid tumors. Its novel mechanism of action, via enzymatic ribosome inactivation, may not be subject to resistance mechanisms that exist for tyrosine kinase inhibitors, antibody-drug conjugates, or antibody modalities. MT-5111 binds an epitope on HER2, distinct from trastuzumab or pertuzumab, that may provide for combination potential with other HER2-targeting agents. MT-5111 is a 55 kilodalton protein & may have improved tumor penetration capability. The objective of this trial will be to determine the safety, tolerability, & maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of MT-5111 in patients (pts) with advanced HER2+ solid tumors. Methods: This Phase 1, first-in-human, open-label, dose escalation & expansion study will evaluate MT-5111 monotherapy in pts with HER2-positive solid tumors. The primary objective is to determine the MTD; secondary objectives include pharmacokinetics, tumor response & immunogenicity. Part 1 consists of MT-5111 dose escalation (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.5, 6.75, 10µg/kg/dose) based on a modified 3+3 design (n≤42 pts); Part 2 (dose expansion) will evaluate MT-5111 at the MTD in ≤98 pts. All pts will be administered MT-5111 over 30 min via IV infusion on Days 1, 8, & 15 of each 21-day cycle until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, death, withdrawal of consent, or another reason for withdrawal. Part 1 will include pts with any HER2+ solid cancers. Part 2 will enroll 3 expansion cohorts: HER2+ breast (BC), HER2+ gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinomas (collectively referred as gastroesophageal adenocarcinomas [GEA]) & other HER2+ solid cancers. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) status must be 2+ or 3+, regardless of in situ hybridization (ISH) results; if no IHC is available for pts with BC or GEA, ISH criteria per the American Society of Clinical Oncology College of American Pathologists guidelines will be used. In metastatic cases, HER2 positivity must be demonstrated on metastatic lesions. Pts with HER2+ BC should have had ≥2 lines of HER2-directed therapy; pts with HER2+ GEA should have received or been intolerant to trastuzumab. Pts with evaluable disease may be included in Part 1; in Part 2, all pts must have ≥1 measurable lesion per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors v1.1. Further details can be found on clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04029922). Enrollment, which began in September 2019, is ongoing. Clinical trial information: NCT04029922.
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Kaskova, L. F., L. F. Chupryna, N. A. Morhun, M. V. Polesskyi, and A. V. Artemiev. "CARIES OF THE EARLY IRON CENTURYPOPULATION OF POLTAVA AND CORRELATED AREAS AS REFLECTION ASPECTSOF SOCIAL LIFE." Ukrainian Dental Almanac, no. 1 (March 6, 2019): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31718/2409-0255.1.2019.06.
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An attempt has been made to display a picture of carious pathology and other dental diseases based on the study of the general status and reconstruction of cultural and everyday traditions of the early Iron Age society of Poltava and adjacent regions of Ukraine for introduction into the scientific base with the interaction of the formula: disease - social conditions, for a particular territory, specific society, one historical time. The materials of the study were the skeletons of 223 individuals with preserved dental-maxillary area (discovered and collected during the archaeological excavations of mounds 1998–2017 by expeditions of the Center for the Preservation and Research of Monuments of Archeology of the Department of Culture of the Poltava Regional State Administration) of the early Iron Age (mid-5th-6th centuries). BC, hereinafter - RHW) of the territory of Poltava and adjacent areas: 40 skeletons of children, 79 - women, 104 - men. In the analysis of pathology, we used our own method of studying the bones of ancient people and studying the pathology on anthropological material. Studied age-related changes in the skeleton, social labeling (if possible, determined the type of occupation, special social characteristics - decoration of the teeth, effects on the teeth when initiating into adult life, technical use of the masticatory organs, etc.). The social portrait of society shows the clinical picture of caries, other deviations from the generally accepted norm, which can be used as a starting point when comparing caries indicators to earlier or later communities with their social characteristics and economic structure. So, a pathology change curve can be created, with the creation of an intermediate picture of the disease and prediction at any time in the future. Having such a formula of pathological processes in a given population in a given territory at a given time with a given social characteristic, we can further obtain information on the pathology of close and distant communities, which will provide new methods for dating and recreating life. For medicine, it is important to trace causal relationships. It is, therefore, possible to derive diagrams of diseases at the level of similar conditions of life and management (expect a similar status of the oral cavity in similar societies).
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Mannering, Ulla, Margarita Gleba, Göran Possnert, and Jan Heinemeier. "Om datering af mosefundne lig og beklædningsdele." Kuml 58, no. 58 (October 18, 2009): 103–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/kuml.v58i58.26391.
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Dating of human corpses and clothing found in bogsIt is well known that human remains, textiles and hides like all kinds of organic material, are subject in most cases to rapid decomposition, rarely found in archaeological contexts. Their preservation requires special environmental conditions to prevent their destruction by micro-organisms. North European peat bogs constitute an environment which is particularly conducive to preservation of organic materials, and Denmark possesses a unique and very rich collection of prehistoric bodies and garments found in bog deposits. Especially on the Jutland peninsula, where the special environment of raised bogs preserves proteinaceous materials, an impressive group of human remains with well-preserved soft tissues and hair, woollen textiles and objects of animal hide and leather has survived almost intact. Many of these finds were unearthed prior to 1900, and all before 1953. They constitute a very special group of archaeological artefacts which have both fascinated and repelled scientists and laymen alike. However, they also constitute an unprecedented source of information that allows us to take a more detailed look at prehistoric individuals, their tastes and beliefs. This article presents the results of 46 new radiocarbon (14C) analyses of textiles and hides from Danish bogs. In all, 80 radiocarbon dates are presented (table 1). Out of a total of 54 Danish bog finds containing items of hides and textile, 29 are associated with bog bodies. Until now, only 18 of these had been dated. The results show that the custom of depositing clothed bodies in bogs is a phenomenon associated with the Scandinavian Pre-Roman Iron Age. A further important result is that finds previously dated to the Late Bronze Age have now been dated later in time and cluster with the majority of other finds. Accordingly, the Borremose I, II and III finds, previously dated to 920-200 BC, are now dated to a much narrower period of 483-95 BC. Yet another important new result is the re-dating of the Huldremose woman. She was previously dated to 200 BC-AD 350, but the new date of 210-41 BC securely links her with the Pre-Roman Iron Age. Most of the bog bodies were carefully placed in the bog – wrapped or dressed in various garments of woollen textile or hide (table 1 and figs. 1-9). As it has now been confirmed that most of the textiles and items of clothing from the bog finds belong to a Pre-Roman tradition, this gives a whole new perspective for our understanding of costume development in Scand inavia. This would not have been possible based on the scattered and much more fragmented textile finds recovered from grave contexts. The complete series of dates now available provides a new tool for the interpretation of textile and hidetechnology, which is clearly different from the preceding Bronze Age and the subsequent Late Iron Age costume traditions. The many new dates demonstrate that hides and woven textiles were an important part of the Early Iron Age costume tradition and they necessitate a revision of our understanding, not only of costume history, but Danish Pre-Roman Iron Age society in general. These research developments would not have been possible without the radiocarbon dating method and its current level of precision.Ulla Mannering & Margarita GlebaDanmarks GrundforskningsfondsCenter for Tekstilforskning, Københavns UniversitetJan HeinemeierAMS 14C Daterings Laboratoriet,Institut for Fysik og Astronomi,Aarhus UniversitetGöran PossnertTandemlaboratoriet, Uppsala Universitet
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Rustoiu, Aurel. "Commentaria archaeologica et historica (IV)." Ephemeris Napocensis 31 (February 10, 2022): 69–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.33993/ephnap.2021.31.69.
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1. Navigating on the Danube, from Ptolemy the son of Lagus to Neacșu of Câmpulung. The year 2021 marks the 500 anniversaries of the moment when Neacșu of Câmpulung wrote his letter, which many specialists considers to be the earliest attested document written in Romanian language. Since this is an important document for the history of Romanian literature, the following note will also be written in Romanian language. The sender of this letter, Neacșu of Câmpulung, was a merchant who was sending information to Hans Benkner, the mayor of Brașov, about the movements of Ottoman army along the Danube in the summer of 1521. Among the information are some regarding the way in which ships coming from the Bosphorus and the Black Sea navigated upstream on the Danube, through the Iron Gates, to Belgrade. This story echoes a quite similar one that happened eighteen centuries and a half earlier – the expedition of Alexander the Great to the Danube in 335 BC. The events were described by one witness who was part of the expedition: Ptolemy, the son of Lagus, a general of Alexander and future king of Egypt. The fragments describing the Danubian expedition are preserved in later works by Arrian and Strabo. According to them, while preparing the expedition to the east, Alexander the Great sought to first stabilize and pacify the northern territories of the kingdom. Therefore, in the spring of 335 BC, Alexander left Amphipolis to initiate a new expedition against the Triballi, who were chased up to the Danube. Led by king Syrmos, they took refuge on an island of the river, being also helped by the Getae living on the left bank of the Danube. Upon reaching the river, Alexander the Great met the “big ships” that came to help him from Byzantium, through the Black Sea and along the Danube (Arrian I, 3, 3). The alliance of the Getae and Triballi motivated Alexander to organize a one-day punishing raid to the north of the Danube. Several hypotheses have been proposed over time regarding the entire campaign and the location of the island on which the Triballi led by Syrmos took refuge, or the area where Alexander crossed the Danube (Fig. 1). F. Medeleţ had convincingly demonstrated that the army led by Alexander the Great reached the Danube near the Morava confluence. Al. Vulpe has objected to this hypothesis, mostly bringing into discussion the supposed difficulties encountered by the Macedonian fleet when attempting to navigate through the Iron Gates. However, the problem of passing through the Iron Gates cataracts was already solved in ancient time by towing the ships. The difficult conditions for the navigation through the cataracts were similar both before and after the Roman times, and until the modern age. Therefore, the information provided by Neacșu of Câmpulung about the Ottoman campaign along the Danube in 1521 is important. His description confirms that the Ottoman ships were towed, also indicating the way in which passage through the Danube’s Iron Gates was organized. Consequently, the idea suggesting that the “big ships” from Byzantium navigated upstream the Iron Gates while coming to support Alexander the Great in 335 BC is plausible. This hypothesis, proposed by Florin Medeleț, continues to be the most convincing one, ahead of all others proposed so far. 2. “Panoplies” of weapons and warrior identities from the “Celtic” to the “Dacian horizon” in Transylvania. The Late Iron Age in Transylvania was defined by two cultural and chronological horizons: the “Celtic horizon” (between ca. 350 and 190/175 BC) and the “Dacian horizon” (between ca. 190/175 BC and AD 106). One aspect that has seldom been discussed is the way these “panoplies” defined a particular social identity of these elites during each of the aforementioned cultural and chronological horizons which characterized the inner Carpathians region during the Late Iron Age. The comparison of the “standard” panoplies of weapons specific to the “Celtic” and the “Dacian horizon” indicates the existence of both similarities and differences. More precisely, these panoplies are quite similar in what concerns their functionality. In funerary contexts, these weapons are meant to define symbolically the warlike identity. However, the ways in which martial identity was constructed and expressed within the social environment differed from one horizon to another. The “Celtic” warrior was closely connected to the community within which he lived, being buried alongside other members of the community, in an area belonging to his group, clan or family, using all markers of his social status and identity. On the other hand, the “Dacian” warrior belonged to a hierarchic society that was defined by the emergence of hilltop fortresses surrounded by a dependent rural hinterland. Therefore, despite the apparent similarities in the functional structure of the panoplies of weapons, the warriors of these two horizons belonged to two very different models of social organization.
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Wahyuningsih, Agung Tri, Siti Nadhifah, and Syamsul Anam. "SLANG WORDS HAR SLANG WORDS HARNESSING THE LESBIAN COMMUNITY IN BONDOWOSO DISTRICT." Linguistik, Terjemahan, Sastra (LINGTERSA) 3, no. 1 (February 21, 2022): 18–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/lingtersa.v3i1.8784.
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Lesbians are primarily residents of the Greek island of Lesbos. The term gained currency after Sappho, a poet from Lesbos around 600 BC, depicted the state of a female's blistering emotional and erotic lodestone toward another female [1]. While there has been an increase in tolerance and a decrease in discrimination in recent years, and some studies have been conducted on lesbianism and lesbian-related linguistic features, lesbianism and lesbian-related linguistic features have received significantly less attention than gay men's homosexuality [2]. Taking up this issue, this research is determined to elucidate the specific language variation used by the Bondowoso district's lesbian community. As the concept of lesbian-specific words is reformed and deconstructed, this investigation seeks to unearth the meaning of the language variety referred to as slang. Additionally, to complete this research, some sociological factors influencing the use of slang [3] are examined. The interview is conducted to elicit information about the sociological factors that contribute to speakers' use of slang in their community. The result indicates that the majority of slang words are derived from English and refer to gender roles, physical characteristics/appearance, types of relationships, and sexual activities. Bondowoso's lesbian community adapts slang terms used by lesbians worldwide phonologically. Sociological factors and reasons indicate that this queer society views self-identification as a lesbian as the most significant identity because it has ramifications for other attributions.
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Milichovský, František, Pavel Mráček, and Lucie Prokopová. "Influence of marketing communication tools on customer’s purchase processes of erotic products in the Czech Republic." SHS Web of Conferences 129 (2021): 02012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202112902012.
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Research background: Even today, part of society considers shops with erotic goods as something completely controversial, which should not be talked about, or used in any case. Erotic tools have been used by people for thousands of years (30,000 years ago, people in caves painted the first erotic aids). In the case of material finds, various tools from the period of 2,500 BC were discovered. Due to the understanding of erotic tools and the presentation of conservative to negative opinions of people, it is important to create effective communication and effectively influence the information of potential customers. Purpose of the article: The main goal of the work is a description of customer behavior, analysis of the point of sale, and marketing communication in the market of erotic tools. The primary research was realized in questionnaire form in focus on the definition of a typical customer and his characteristics within their purchase habits with the support of interviews. Methods: The description of customer behavior is based on the analysis of their behavior based on a quantitative questionnaire survey. We asked 870 people and received 463 fulfilled sheets. The results of the questionnaires will be extended by a qualitative survey in the form of personal interviews with 10 respondents. Findings & Value added: We find out four different customer types which have different purchase behavior, and on which is necessary to use a different type of communication. According to our types, sellers of erotic tools could improve their communication channels to become more effective.
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Nasim, Fizza, Saira Yousaf, Rozina Arshad, Bilal Bin Younis, and Hafiza Rabia Naeem. "Prevalence of Smoking among Young Pakistani Adults." Journal of Shalamar Medical & Dental College - JSHMDC 1, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.53685/jshmdc.v1i2.66.
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Background: The history of smoking tobacco is primitive and dates back to as early as 5000 BC. In the last century this has changed to different forms like cigarettes, filtered cigarettes, self-made cigarettes, tobacco in leaf (beery), hukka, sheesha and pipe.
Objectives: To explore tobacco smoking practices in young adults and the factors that influences them to initiate or quit smoking.
Methods: It was cross sectional study based on a self-based on a self-administered questionnaire with a sample size of 486. Study subjects were young adults. The age of participants was between 17-35 years. Data was collected after taking an informed consent and the individual confidentially was maintained. A self- administered questionnaire was given where question were related to their socio-demographic characteristics and smoking behavior. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 20.
Results: Of the subjects who were interviewed almost 62% were smokers. Significant number of the people did not remember the age of smoking initiation. 97% of the subjects smoked manufactured cigarettes. 49.6% of smokers had to visit a physician in last 12 months but only 40% of them were counseled regarding smoking hazards and smoking cessation. 61.6% of people had not seen any information regarding hazards of smoking on any kind of media, 27.5% saw them on electronic media and 2.6% noticed them on Bill board.
Conclusion: The main determinants of regular smoking among the university students were male sex, lower education level and having friends who smoke. This calls for the implementation of sex and age specific anti-smoking policies. By assessing the smoking behavior in young adults, programs and policies can be designed with an aim to reduce smoking rates among the youth of our society.
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Koryagin, N. D., and A. I. Sukhorukov. "MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS IN THE CONTEXT OF INCREASING THE COMPETENCIES OF GRADUATES." World of Transport and Transportation 14, no. 5 (October 28, 2016): 214–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.30932/1992-3252-2016-14-5-22.
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For the English abstract and full text of the article please see the attached PDF-File (English version follows Russian version).The publication was prepared within the framework of the project No. 15-02-00007, supported by a grant from the Russian Humanitarian Scientific Foundation (RHSF). ABSTRACT The problems of the peculiarities of the structure of main educational programs of the leading higher educational institutions of managerial and economic profile are considered in the context of the gradual increase in information competencies of students. With the help of morphological analysis and the study of the specifics of information content, the necessity of introducing a systematized, integrated and process approach to development of appropriate competencies with account of new trends and priorities that will determine the benchmarks for the graduate of the university is justified. Keywords: university, transport environment, information competence, process approach, educational programs, morphological analysis, vocational training. REFERENCES 1.The order of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia «On approval of the federal state educational standard of higher education in the field of training 38.03.05 Business Informatics (bachelor’s level) » [Prikaz Minobrnauki Rossii «Ob utverzhdenii federal’nogo gosudarstvennogo obrazovatel’nogo standarta vysshego obrazovanija po napravleniju podgotovki 38.03.05 Biznes-informatika (uroven’ bakalavriata) »].[Electronic resource]: http://минобрнауки.рф/%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA %D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1 %8B/8875/%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB/830 7/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D 0 % B 7 % 2 0 % E 2 % 8 4 % 9 6 % 2 0 1 0 0 2 % 2 0 %D0%BE%D1%82%2011.08.2016.pdf.Last accessed 30.08.2016. 2.Modeling and forecasting.March, 19, 2012 [Modelirovanie I prognozirovanie. Mart 19, 2012].[Electronic resource]: http://www.economic-s.ru/index.php/category/practice/modeling/.Last accessed 30.08.2016. 3.Koryagin, N. D. Application of the methodology of quantitative assessment and analysis of organizational culture for selection of key performance indicators of the perspective of «learning and development» of a balanced system of indicators [Primenenie metodiki kolichestvennoj ocenki i analiza organizacionnoj kul’tury dlja vybora kljuchevyh pokazatelej rezul’tativnosti perspektivy «obuchenie i razvitie» sbalansirovannoj sistemy pokazatelej].Ekonomika, statistika i informatika. Vestnik UMO, 2014, Iss.2, pp.95-98. 4.Koryagin, N. D. Implementation of modern methodological approaches to management in a balanced system of indicators and business-engineering management technologies [Realizacija sovremennyh metodologicheskih podhodov k menedzhmentu v sbalansirovannoj sisteme pokazatelej i biznes-inzhiniringovyh tehnologijah upravlenii].Ekonomika, statistika i informatika. Vestnik UMO, 2015, Iss.3, pp.72-76. 5.Koryagin, N. D. Directions of formation of information competences of managers of aviation enterprises [Napravlenija formirovanija informacionnyh kompetencij menedzherov aviapredprijatij].Nauchnyj vestnik MGTU GA, 2015, Iss.214, pp.69-73. 6.Koryagin, N.D., Sukhorukov, A.I., Medvedev, A. V.Implementation of modern methodological approaches to management in information management systems.Scientific monograph [Realizacija sovremennyh metodologicheskih podhodov k menedzhmentu v informacionnyh sistemah upravlenija. Nauchnaja monografija].Moscow, RIO MGTU GA publ., 2015, 148 p. 7.Koryagin, N. D. Strategic directions of ensuring competitiveness of aviation enterprises in the conditions of the modern information society [Strategicheskie napravlenija obespechenija konkurentosposobnosti aviapredprijatij v uslovijah sovremennogo informacionnogo obshhestva].Internet-journal «Innovations in Civil Aviation»,2016, Iss.1.[Electronic resource]: http://www.mstuca.ru/upload/Innovatcii_blok_1.pdf.Last accessed 27.06.2016.
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Liu, Jiang, Osmani, and Demian. "Building Information Management (BIM) and Blockchain (BC) for Sustainable Building Design Information Management Framework." Electronics 8, no. 7 (June 26, 2019): 724. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8070724.
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At present, sustainable design is experiencing energy consumption and cost-effectiveness challenges in the building industry. A recent body of literature argues that the development of emerging smart digital technologies, such as Building Information Management (BIM) and blockchain (BC), offer immediate benefits to the industry. However, the current application of BIM and BC in the sustainable design and construction process focuses on smart energy and construction management, with little attention to addressing challenges for applying BIM to sustainable design and proposing strategies in terms of the usability of these technologies in the management of building construction projects. Therefore, this paper sets out to explore the potential roles of an integrated BIM and BC approach for sustainable building design information management. The first attempt is presented to use BC aided BIM for sustainable building design coordination and collaboration in multiple building stages. BC has the potential to address challenges that hinder the industry from using BIM for sustainable design, which has been unearthed. An innovative BC enhanced transaction process in BIM is required for sustainable building development. Roles of a user level driven smart contract system of BC can be used to enhance BIM system in the sustainable buildings process. The role of BC is primarily at user level driven smart contracts and their record value exchange capabilities. A user level (BIM stakeholders) driven BC technology for transaction in BIM process flow is revealed, and the user level (sustainable building design project stakeholders/BIM clients) driven and the smart contract enabled BIM+ BC architecture to address challenges of BIM for sustainable design has been further circulated according to the literature. Subsequently, a conceptual architecture of BIM + BC for Sustainable Building Design Information Management Framework in building project management has been proposed, validated, and refined. The Framework has two level encompassing structures and flow. The high-level framework is focused on strategy, whilst the low-level framework demonstrates technical components in detail. This architecture supporting project stakeholders in managing information, has the potential to achieve and ensure the realization of sustainable design goals through the interactive realization of smart contracts integrated into the user level driven BIM + BC system and its recording value exchange function through three user-driven levels, namely user, system, and transaction.
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Panteleeva, S. E. "Stylistic variability of the Abashevo ceramics: on the problem statement." VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, no. 1(56) (March 21, 2022): 18–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2022-56-1-2.
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The article presents the results of generalization and systematization of available data on household cera-mics of the Abashevo cultural-historical community. This cultural formation extended through the forest-steppe zone of the European part of Russia from the Don Region to the Trans-Urals. The obtained radiocarbon dates comprise the period of 2200–1800 cal BC. The study is based on published information about collections of 33 settlements located in different parts of the vast Abashevo area. The following set of features was considered for comparison: tempering materials, methods of surface treatment, shapes of vessels, main ornamental elements and techniques of their application, and key ornamental compositions. As a result of the analysis, the ceramic collections were divided into seven groups, which can be combined into four large stylistic zones for the similarity of ornamental and morphological characteristics: Don-Volga, Trans-Volga, Cis-Urals, and Trans-Urals. The distri-bution areas of stylistic zones apparently correspond to the areas of residence of the major local groups of the Abashevo population. It is noted, that addressing the issues of chronological correlation of separate districts and the sites within them is impossible without the implementation of a large-scale program of radiocarbon dating. Stylistic variability of the Abashevo pottery was considered within the framework of the information exchange theory of H.M. Wobst. It has been concluded, that the inhabitants of the Cis-Ural settlements, who had the most diverse and expressive ceramic complex, were involved in active interactions with communities of other regions. A need to demonstrate the group identity was reflected in the appearance of pottery made in a specific style characteristic only for this group. At the same time, external connections initiated diffusion of foreign stylistic features that re-sulted in increased internal variability of wares. The main reason for the intensive cultural contacts was apparently the specialization of the Cis-Ural communities on metal production. The uniformity and simplicity of pottery from the Don-Volga settlements suggest a high degree of internal integration of the local population, and as a conse-quence — the absence of necessity for marking the social boundaries between the groups. The external contacts were probably weak, or irregular, and they did not lead to significant changes in the structure of society and diffu-sion of new stylistic elements. Pottery of the Trans-Ural group appears rather independent, although some of the vessels have specific features of the Abashevo pottery tradition of the western regions. It can be assumed that the Trans-Ural settlements were occupied by a group of people that separated from the main Abashevo massif and advanced beyond the Ural Mountains in search of sources of high-quality ore raw materials. Apparently, these sites are the latest, and they are synchronous to the Sintashta antiquities.
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Borowiecki, Andrzej. "BC‐Net in Poland." Aslib Proceedings 44, no. 2 (February 1992): 77–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb051252.
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Visvanathan, Kala, Patricia Hurley, Elissa Bantug, Powel Brown, Nananda F. Col, Jack Cuzick, Nancy E. Davidson, et al. "Use of Pharmacologic Interventions for Breast Cancer Risk Reduction: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 23 (August 10, 2013): 2942–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.49.3122.
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Purpose To update the 2009 American Society of Clinical Oncology guideline on pharmacologic interventions for breast cancer (BC) risk reduction. Methods A systematic review of randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses published from June 2007 through June 2012 was completed using MEDLINE and Cochrane Collaboration Library. Primary outcome of interest was BC incidence (invasive and noninvasive). Secondary outcomes included BC mortality, adverse events, and net health benefits. Guideline recommendations were revised based on an Update Committee's review of the literature. Results Nineteen articles met the selection criteria. Six chemoprevention agents were identified: tamoxifen, raloxifene, arzoxifene, lasofoxifene, exemestane, and anastrozole. Recommendations In women at increased risk of BC age ≥ 35 years, tamoxifen (20 mg per day for 5 years) should be discussed as an option to reduce the risk of estrogen receptor (ER) –positive BC. In postmenopausal women, raloxifene (60 mg per day for 5 years) and exemestane (25 mg per day for 5 years) should also be discussed as options for BC risk reduction. Those at increased BC risk are defined as individuals with a 5-year projected absolute risk of BC ≥ 1.66% (based on the National Cancer Institute BC Risk Assessment Tool or an equivalent measure) or women diagnosed with lobular carcinoma in situ. Use of other selective ER modulators or other aromatase inhibitors to lower BC risk is not recommended outside of a clinical trial. Health care providers are encouraged to discuss the option of chemoprevention among women at increased BC risk. The discussion should include the specific risks and benefits associated with each chemopreventive agent.
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Retief, F. P., and J. F. G. Cilliers. "Eunuchs in classical mythology and society." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 21, no. 4 (September 28, 2002): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v21i4.237.
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The term eunuch is defined as referring to a castrated person (usually a male) and differentiated from the so-called “congenital eunuch” where hypogonadism is due to gonadal dysfunction from birth. The origins of human castration in creational mythology and castration for religious reasons as part of myths regarding goddesses of earth and fertility are reviewed. Ancient cults involving castrated priests serving goddesses like Cybele, Hecate, Atargatis-Dea, Astarte, Artemis and Innana-Ishtar are described and their later influence on Greece and Rome detailed. Human castration for non-religious socio-economic considerations arose in the Middle East during the 2nd millennium BC and probably reached Greece in the 5th century BC and Rome two centuries later. The role and influence of eunuchs in Classical times are reviewed.
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Burk, James. "Recent Trends in Civil-Military Relations." Tocqueville Review 17, no. 1 (January 1996): 83–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ttr.17.1.83.
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Students of civil military relations commonly assume that military power should do the bidding of and bc hcld accountablc to civil power. They do not believe a society — whether ancient or modem, Eastcm or Western, developed or developing — can bc a good society if military power rcigns above ail others. They do not deny the importance of military power. In this imperfect world, they accept that no good society can fail to providc for its defense, by use of force if necessary. Thcrc. of course, lies the problem that dcfincs what is esscntially a normative ficld of study: How should society bc organized to ensure that civil power rules over military power and yet rules in a way that pennits military power to rcmain effective?
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Sako, Jumana, Ghdi Almsaoudi, Rasha AL-Malki, Raghidah Alilyyani, Rawan Almatrafi, Raghad Almatrafi, Nouf Alwafi, et al. "Investigating the awareness of breast cancer among female pharmacy students in the Makkah region, Saudi Arabia." World Family Medicine Journal /Middle East Journal of Family Medicine 20, no. 10 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.5742/mewfm.2022.9525175.
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Breast cancer (BC) is one of the causes of the leading mortality in Saudi Arabia. Previous studies have shown a recent dramatic increase in BC cases in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, the demand is high for measuring the level of awareness among young Saudi females about BC and its causes. This study is designed to assess the awareness level of female pharmacy students in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah region, Saudi Arabia about the general information regarding BC, as pharmacists are the health practitioners most accessible to the public. The data in this study were collected using a modified online questionnaire delivered to 217 participants in the Ccollege of Ppharmacy. Our results showed a sufficient awareness level among future female pharmacists, which may help in spreading their knowledge to society. Keywords: breast cancer, awareness, public health, pharmacist, Saudi Arabia