Journal articles: 'BATCH WATER HEATER'

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Hati, Redi Permata, and Arkhan Subari. "RANCANG BANGUN SISTEM PENGONTROL BATCH MIXER PADA INDUSTRI MINUMAN DENGAN METODE PID BERBASIS ARDUINO UNO R3." GEMA TEKNOLOGI 20, no. 1 (November 16, 2018): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/gt.v20i1.21077.

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Redi Permata Hati, Arkhan Subari, in this paper explain that batch Mixer is a tool that accommodates some of the raw materials to be mixed so that it becomes a usable product. Raw materials can be a liquid, solid and gas. The use of raw materials and way of mixing the raw materials that distinguish Batch Mixer design at each industry. In this thesis, design Batch Mixer consists of two tanks, namely the mixing tank and tank heaters. In the mixing tank, there HCSR-04 Ultrasonic sensor that functions as a detector of the level of the liquid level, and the stirrer motor-driven DC 12 V. While the heater tank, there MAX6675 Thermocouple temperature sensor and heater. There are also three pumps that pump fluid 1, pump 2 and pump fluid mixing. Batch Mixer working process is controlled automatically using the Arduino Uno R3 displayed via HMI Raspberry Pi. The use Arduino Uno R3 allows users to create a variety of issues related to the microcontroller. The control system is used to control the work process in a plant. The control system in the Batch Mixer works by two indicators: the water level and water temperature. In the manufacturing system, water temperature control using PID control (Proportional Integral Derivative) with PID tuning method to find the value of Kp, Kd, and Ki. Based on test results, use the most optimal value for use PID control value Kp = 60, Ki = 0.005 and Kd = 0.5. By using the value of the achievement level will be faster and the value of the maximum error of 2.5% is still within the tolerance limits of 3%.

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Xu, Mindi, Su-Yen Chang-Chien, Hwa-Chi Wang, and David Blackford. "Measurements of Impurities in Liquids with a Nonvolatile Residue Monitor." Journal of the IEST 39, no. 1 (January 31, 1996): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17764/jiet.2.39.1.br314r5p1w3330nr.

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The PMS (Particle Measuring Systems, Boulder, Colorado) nonvolatile residue monitor (NVR monitor) has been used to measure residues in isopropyl alcohol, tap water, and solutions prepared by dissolving different salts in deionized (DI) water. The instrument was operated in the batch and on-line modes mostly with the heater on. The manufacturer's calibration was confirmed with KCl solutions of different concentrations. The results show that the instrument responded linearly to the concentration change of solutes in DI water and had excellent repeatability. However, the instrument's response depends strongly on the solutes.

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Varghese, Jaji, Gajanan Awari, and Mahendra Singh. "Experimental analysis of distinct design of a batch solar water heater with integrated collector storage system." Thermal Science 11, no. 4 (2007): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci0704135v.

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The performance of a new design of batch solar water heater has been studied. In this system, the collector and storage were installed in one unit. Unlike the conventional design consisting of small diameter water tubes, it has a single large diameter drum which serves the dual purpose of absorber tube and storage tank. In principle it is a compound parabolic collector. The drum is sized to have a storage capacity of 100 liter to serve a family of four persons. The tests were carried out with a single glass cover and two glass covers. The tests were repeated for several days. Performance analysis of the collector has revealed that it has maximum mean daily efficiency with two glass covers as high as 37.2%. The maximum water temperature in the storage tank of 60?C has been achieved for a clear day operation at an average solar beam radiation level of 680 W/m2 and ambient temperature of 32?C. To judge the operating characteristics and to synchronize utility pattern of the collector, the different parameters such as efficiency, mean plate temperature and mass flow rate has been investigated.

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Samuel, Alinford, Josue Brizuela, Keh-Chin Chang, and Chun-Tin Lin. "Design and Investigation of an Effective Solar Still Applicable to Remote Islands." Water 14, no. 5 (February 23, 2022): 703. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14050703.

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Most remote islands are characterized by small populations, many of whom live under the poverty line, poor geographical accessibility and lack of electricity. As such, the solar still, which has a low capital cost, easy operation and less need of maintenance, is recommended to be used in remote islands possessing rich solar irradiance. Against this backdrop, the present study aimed to design and fabricate an effective solar still suitable for application in the remote islands with low freshwater sources but easy access to sea water and rich solar irradiance. Integrating a conventional passive double-slope solar still with an evacuated solar water heater, fins and wick material improves the heat transfer rate through the brine in the basin and increases effective evaporative surface area. Experiments were conducted using batch mode operation during the periods September to October 2021 for the passive solar stills and November 2021 for the active solar still. Experimental results reveal that the augmentation of fins, wicks and a solar water heater influences the overall distillate output of the solar still. The combined use of fins, wicks and a solar water heater increases the average daily productivity by 147% and the average daytime hourly productivity by 245% compared to the conventional passive solar still under similar average solar radiation levels. Using the present design, the active solar still under the solar environment of the testing location can provide 4.4 L of potable water per day. However, to achieve the minimum requirement of 7.5 L/day per person set by WHO, the present design should be modified by increasing the absorber area of the active solar still by 63% and adding eight more evacuated tubes to the solar water heater. The estimated cost per liter of potable water generated by the active (modified) solar still showed that bottled water sold in a typical remote county (Penghu) in Taiwan was 117–283% more expensive than the water generated by the still.

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Hu, Yanjun, Shanshan Liu, Klein Ileleji, Yan Mi, and Long Han. "Design and 3-D simulation of a mixed mode solar barn drier for drying wastewater sewage sludge." Thermal Science 22, Suppl. 2 (2018): 419–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci170830254h.

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The paper presents a preliminarily study on an efficient, inexpensive and energy saving solar batch dryer for drying sludge. A concept of a mixed mode solar dryer was developed and designed. Air heated by the solar flat heater was forced through drying chamber by electric fans. A 3-D physical model was used to observe and predict the operation of the solar batch dryer at different time under designed conditions. The thermal performance and air movement of drying chamber in the designed dryer unit were evaluated through ANSYS-FLUENT software. By determining the external conditions, localization and the material properties, the model can predict temperature and humidity distributions in the designed drying chamber and sludge material layers, air-flow field according to the radiation and convection, as well as water quantity evaporated from the sludge. A special attention was paid to implementation of physical boundary conditions on the sludge surface, which is between air and dried sludge. The developed solar barn dryer can heat air at average temperature between 47?C and 57?C, which is optimum for dehydration of the sludge. The designed drying chamber can generate an adequate fow of hot air to increase the drying rate by above 30%.

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Varghese, Jaji, Samsher, and K. Manjunath. "Collector characterisation and heat loss tests on a novel batch solar water heater with CPC reflector for households." International Journal of Ambient Energy 41, no. 7 (July 11, 2018): 759–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2018.1484802.

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Nhut, Le Minh, and Tran Quang Danh. "An experimental investigation on the coefficient of performance of the small hot water heat pump using refrigeration R410A and R32." Science & Technology Development Journal - Engineering and Technology 3, no. 2 (September 6, 2020): First. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjet.v3i2.676.

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Hot water is an important factor in domestic life and industrial development. Today, the heat pump is used to produce hot water more and more popular because it has many advantages of saving energy compared to the method of producing hot water by the hot water electric heater. The main aim of this study is to evaluate of the coefficient of performance (COP) of the small hot water heat pump using refrigeration R410A and R32. The capacity of both hot water heat pump is similar, one using new refrigerant R32 and other using refrigerant R410A. These heat pumps were designed and installed at the Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education to evaluate the COP for the purpose of application the new refrigerant R32 for hot water heat pump. The compressor capacity is 1 Hp, the volume of hot water storage tank is of 100 liters and is insulated with thickness of 30 mm to reduce the heat loss to invironment, the required hot water temperature at the outlet of condenser is 50 oC, and the amount of required hot water is 75 liters per batch and is controlled by float valve. The experimental results indicate that the COP of the heat pump using the new refrigerant R32 is higher than heat pump using refrigerant R410A from 9% to 15% when the experimental conditions such as ambient temperature, initial water flow rate through the condenser and the required temperature of hot water were the same. In addition, the effect of the ambient temperature, initial water temperature and water flow rate were also evaluated.

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Varghese, Jaji, Samsher ., and Manjunath K. "Experimental Investigation and Comparison Between an Integrated Compound Parabolic Domestic Solar Water Heater with and Without an Air Gap Introduced at the Arms of the CPC." International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation 5, no. 1 (2017): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.51976/ijari.511727.

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The introduction of a concentrator in a domestic solar water heating system is not yet commercialized but research studies have been carried out and model validation done with symmetrical and asymmetrical type of reflectors. With concentrating collectors it becomes imperative to track the sun. Now the method of tracking to be adopted and the number of adjustments required depends upon the collection efficiency and its application. However for households, systems operating at the lower temperature range the optical system best suited are the compound parabolic concentrator. The advantage is that it has large acceptance angle and therefore requires only occasional tracking. The model studied is batch type heater, as the receiver serves the dual purpose of absorber and storage tank, unlike conventional design which consist of a large number of smaller diameter tubes and separate storage tank. The concentrator i.e. the reflector in this case, is supported on a wooden cradle which comprises the two parabolas of the compound parabolic concentrator. In the present work experimental studies have been carried out and mean collector efficiency computed on model with an air gap introduced in the side walls (arms of the CPC) and performance compared with the model without an air gap. This work is built on a model but without the air gap. Results have shown that there is 37.7% percentage increase in collector collection efficiency with air gap.

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Sajjad, Uzair, Imtiyaz Hussain, Muhammad Sultan, Sadaf Mehdi, Chi-Chuan Wang, Kashif Rasool, Sayed M. Saleh, Ashraf Y. Elnaggar, and Enas E. Hussein. "Determining the Factors Affecting the Boiling Heat Transfer Coefficient of Sintered Coated Porous Surfaces." Sustainability 13, no. 22 (November 16, 2021): 12631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132212631.

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The boiling heat transfer performance of porous surfaces greatly depends on the morphological parameters, liquid thermophysical properties, and pool boiling conditions. Hence, to develop a predictive model valid for diverse working fluids, it is necessary to incorporate the effects of the most influential parameters into the architecture of the model. In this regard, two Bayesian optimization algorithms including Gaussian process regression (GPR) and gradient boosting regression trees (GBRT) are used for tuning the hyper-parameters (number of input and dense nodes, number of dense layers, activation function, batch size, Adam decay, and learning rate) of the deep neural network. The optimized model is then employed to perform sensitivity analysis for finding the most influential parameters in the boiling heat transfer assessment of sintered coated porous surfaces on copper substrate subjected to a variety of high- and low-wetting working fluids, including water, dielectric fluids, and refrigerants, under saturated pool boiling conditions and different surface inclination angles of the heater surface. The model with all the surface morphological features, liquid thermophysical properties, and pool boiling testing parameters demonstrates the highest correlation coefficient, R2 = 0.985, for HTC prediction. The superheated wall is noted to have the maximum effect on the predictive accuracy of the boiling heat transfer coefficient. For example, if the wall superheat is dropped from the modeling parameters, the lowest prediction of R2 (0.893) is achieved. The surface morphological features show relatively less influence compared to the liquid thermophysical properties. The proposed methodology is effective in determining the highly influencing surface and liquid parameters for the boiling heat transfer assessment of porous surfaces.

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Bista, Bidesh, Dhiraj Manandhar, Rupesh Mishra, Pradeep Shrestha, and Alok Dhungel. "Carbon Monoxide Poisoning due to Gas Water Heater." Janaki Medical College Journal of Medical Science 5, no. 2 (January 16, 2018): 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jmcjms.v5i2.19019.

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Background and Objectives: Carbon Monoxide (CO) poisoning is a leading cause of injury and death due to poisoning in many parts of the world. Among numerous sources of CO, the gas water heater can be a potential under looked source causing an accidental Carbon monoxide poisoning. In the perspective of Kathmandu valley, where there are houses with small bathrooms, inadequate ventilation and absent CO detectors, gas water heaters can be extremely dangerous even if it liberates small amount of CO gas. Herein, we present a case of CO poisoning to increase awareness about the gas water heater use and the possible risk of CO poisoning in our community.Presentation of Case: A 34 years old healthy female from Patan, presented with the history of loss of consciousness for 15 minute while taking bath on a gas water heater. There was no spontaneous respiration, no cardiac activity and her body temperature was below normal.Discussion: CO is toxic to all aerobic forms to life. CO binds to hemoglobin 230 times faster than oxygen causing cellular hypoxic damage and death. CO poisoning is not uncommon in our society and many such cases are misdiagnosed for some other illness.Conclusion: Use of the gas water heaters and likelihood of CO poisoning should be notified as a public concern. People need to be aware of these hazards to prevent fatal events and likely death due to exploitation of gas water heaters. Janaki Medical College Journal of Medical Sciences (2017) Vol. 5(2): 56-59

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Wang, R. Z., M. Li, Y. X. Xu, J. Y. Wu, and H. B. Shou. "A Combined Cycle of Heating and Adsorption Refrigeration: Theory and Experiment." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 124, no. 1 (July 1, 2001): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1445442.

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A combined cycle capable of heating and adsorption refrigeration is proposed, and the experimental prototype has been installed. The system consists of a heater, a water bath, an activated carbon-methanol adsorption bed and an ice box. This system has been tested with electric heating, and has been found that with 61 MJ heating, the 120 kg water in the bath can be heated from 22°C to 92°C, of while 9 kg ice at −1.5°C is made. The calculated COPsystem is 0.0591 and COPcycle is 0.41. After reconstruction to a real hybrid household water heater-refrigerator, when 55 MJ heating is added to 120 kg of 21°C water, and the condensing temperature is controlled at about 30°C, the result is the 4 kg water contained inside the methanol refrigerant evaporator was iced to −2°C, the cooling capacity of the ice and the refrigerant in the evaporator will maintain the 100 liter cold box for about three days below 5°C. The experiments show the potential of the application of the solar powered hybrid water heater and refrigerator. Theoretical simulation has been done, which is in good agreement with experimental results. This research shows that the hybrid solar water heating and ice-making is reasonable, and the combined cycle of heating and cooling is meaningful for real applications of adsorption systems.

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Dosapati, Chaitanya, and Mohan Jagadeesh Kumar Mandapati. "Thermal performance of a packed bed double pass solar air heater with a latent heat storage system: an experimental investigation." World Journal of Engineering 17, no. 2 (December 12, 2019): 203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-08-2019-0221.

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Purpose Solar energy applications are limited because of its intermittent and discontinuous availability with respect to time. Hence, solar energy thermal conversion systems need integration with thermal storage units (TSUs) to use solar energy in off sunshine hours. This paper aims to perform thermal analysis of a solar air heater (SAH) integrated with a phase change material (PCM)-based TSU to supply hot air during night period. Design/methodology/approach An experimental setup with TSU as main component was prepared with SAH at its upward side, food chamber at its downward side as subcomponents. In TSU, paraffin wax was used as thermal energy storage material. Mass flow rate of air considered as an input parameter in the experiment. Two different absorber plates, namely, plane and ribbed absorber plates were used for the experimentation. Each day for a fixed mass flow of air, observations were made during charging and discharging of PCM. Findings Nusselt number and convection heat transfer coefficients were analytically calculated by considering flow through TSU as external flow over bank of tubes in a rectangular duct. A temperature drop of around 7-8°C during charging of PCM and temperature rise of around 4-5°C during discharging of PCM was observed from the experimental results. The average practical efficiency of TSU with ribbed absorber plate SAH during charging and discharging of PCM was 22 and 6 per cent, respectively, higher than that of TSU with plane absorber plate SAH. Research limitations/implications There are no limitations for research on SAH integrated with TSU. Different PCM including paraffin wax, Glauber’s salt, salt hydrates and water are used for thermal storage. Only limitation is lower efficiency of SAH integrated with TSU because of lower heat transfer coefficients with air as working medium. If it can improve heat transfer coefficients of air then heat transfer rates with these units will be higher. Practical implications There are no practical limitations for research on SAH integrated with TSU. Sophisticated instrumentation is needed to measure flow rates, temperatures and pressure variations of air. Social implications In poultry farms during night, chicks cannot survive at cold climatic conditions. Hence, hot air should be supplied to poultry farms whenever the atmospheric temperature drops. It is proposed that, in combination with TSUs, heat produced by SAH is stored in day time in the form of either sensible or latent heat and is retrieved to provide hot air in the night times. This will reduce total operating costs in poultry farms. Originality/value Conventionally, people are producing hot air by combusting coal in poultry forms. This cost around Rs. 75,000 per month for a batch of 225 to 250 chicks in a poultry form. Hot air could be produced economically during off sunshine hours from SAH integrated with TSU compared to the conventional method of coal burning. Present experimental investigations conducted to fill the literature gap in this area of research and to design a SAH integrated with TSU to produce hot air for poultry forms.

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Kazemi Moghadam, Hamid, Seyed Soheil Mousavi Ajarostaghi, Mohsen Saffari Pour, and Mohsen Akbary. "Numerical Evaluation of the Hydrothermal Process in a Water-Surrounded Heater of Natural Gas Pressure Reduction Plants." Water 15, no. 8 (April 9, 2023): 1469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15081469.

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The gas pressure in the main network of transmission lines is about 700 to 1000 psi (4826.33 to 6894.76 kPa), which is reduced to 250 psi (1723.69 kPa) at the entrance station of a city. This reduction process, which occurs in the regulator, causes a severe drop in gas temperature. The drop in the gas temperature produces hydrates and even causes the water vapor in the gas to freeze. As a result, there is a possibility that the passage of gas in the regulator is blocked and the gas flow is cut off. By employing heaters (indirect water heaters), the temperature of the gas entering the regulator can be preheated to eliminate the possibility of freezing in the regulator. This heater is fueled with natural gas and it operates for 24 hr a day, especially in the cold seasons. Therefore, one of the main challenges in using this type of heater is its high fuel consumption. Consequently, researchers are looking for a solution to reduce the fuel consumption (natural gas) of gas heaters. In this paper, the heat transfer and fluid flow in a heater of a natural gas pressure reduction plant, the Aliabad Power Plant (Iran), are numerically investigated using a commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code, ANSYS FLUENT 18.2. The considered heater consists of three parts, including (i) gas coils, (ii) a water bath (shell), and (iii) a fire tube. The indirect heat transfer process takes place between the hot liquid flow in the fire tube (combustion exhaust) and the cold liquid flow (natural gas) using the natural convection flows generated in the water bath. Numeric modeling is performed for four different gas mass flows, including 6 × 104, 8 × 104, 1 × 105, and 12 × 105 standard cubic meters per hour (or 16.67, 22.22, 27.78, and 33.33 m3/s). The results indicate that the natural gas outlet temperature achieved to a temperature higher than required. By installing a regulator on the burner, the gas consumption can be reduced, resulting in station cost savings, and also reducing the environmental impacts. The outcomes depict that the maximum possible reductions in monthly gas consumption and economic savings in the proposed system are 67,500 m3 and IRR 25 million at a gas mass flow rate of 60,000 SCMH.

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Rastegar, Saeed, Hadi Kargarsharifabad, Mohammad Shafii, and Nader Rahbar. "Experimental investigation of the increasing thermal efficiency of an indirect water bath heater by use of thermosyphon heat pipe." Thermal Science 24, no. 6 Part B (2020): 4277–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci190428054r.

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Natural gas must be preheated prior to pressure reduction in city gate stations. Indirect water bath heaters are employed in city gate stations for preheating, consume a considerable amount of natural gas for the process. This type of heater has a low efficiency therefore a significant amount of energy is wasted. Due to the high capacity of thermosyphon heat pipe, its utilization in city gate stations heater were investigated experimentally in this paper. For this purpose, a heater set-up was manufactured and its thermal efficiency was calculated. The thermosyphon heat pipe were then designed, manufactured, and utilized between the fire tube and the gas tube. Further the type of working fluid and the range of filling ratio were discussed and the most effective state was suggested. Moreover, the thermal efficiency of the heater in the presence of thermosyphon heat pipe was investigated. The obtained results showed that the thermal efficiency of the heater improved up to 13% with the addition of thermosyphon heat pipe. The most effective state of thermosyphon heat pipe was associated with the water as working fluid with 20% filling ratio in the front route and methanol as working fluid with 30% filling ratio in the back route of the fire tube.

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Irawan, Chairul, Tiara Nur Awalia, and Sherly Uthami W.P.H. "PENGURANGAN KADAR ASAM LEMAK BEBAS (FREE FATTY ACID) DAN WARNA DARI MINYAK GORENG BEKAS DENGAN PROSES ADSORPSI MENGGUNAKAN CAMPURAN SERABUT KELAPA DAN SEKAM PADI." Konversi 2, no. 2 (October 1, 2013): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/k.v2i2.82.

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Penggunaan minyak goreng yang berulang- ulang dapat merubah struktur fisik dan kimia tersebut sesuai dengan komposisi dan jenis minyak. Beberapa perubahan yang terjadi pada minyak setelah penggorengan yaitu perubahan warna dan terurainya komponen penyusun minyak menjadi senyawa lain yaitu Free Fatty Acid. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemakaian campuran adsorben dalam mengurangi kadar FFA dan warna pada minyak jelantah. Adsorben yang digunakan berupa sekam padi dan serabut kelapa yang sudah diaktivasi. Adsorben dibuat dengan membakar masing-masing bahan yaitu sekam dan serabut kelapa dan diaktivasi menggunakan H3PO4 1 M. Adsorben yang diperoleh digunkan untuk mengadsorpsi minyak jelantah sebanyak 5, 10 dan 20% dari berat minyak dengan variasi komposisi campuran sekam dan serabut kelapa dengan perbandingan 30:70 ; 70:30 ; 50:50 ; 100:0 dan 0:100. Adsorben yang telah disiapkan dimasukkan ke dalam gelas beker yang berisi minyak jelatah kemudian dilakukan proses adsorpsi minyak menggunakan pemanas dan magnetic stirrer. Proses adsorpsi berlangsung secara batch selama 60 menit pada suhu 80oC dengan kecepatan pengadukan 100 rpm. Setelah disaring, minyak jelantah dianalisa kadar FFA, warna, densitas dan kadar air. Hasil penelitian yang maksimum untuk kondisi yang dijalankan didapatkan dengan menggunakan berat adsorben sebanyak 20% dari berat minyak dengan perbandingan komposisi sekam dan serabut kelapa 30:70 dengan kadar FFA 0,294% dan warna 295 PtCo dengan penurunan sebesar 57,07% serta penurunan nilai warna sebesar 37,04%.Kata kunci: adsorbsi, sekam padi, serabut kelapa, FFA, dan warna minyakCooking oils that used frequently will be destructed the physical and chemical of its composition and structure. The treatment of waste cooking oil is challenging due to the pressure of undesirable component such as FFA and colour degradation. This research aims are investigated the ability of mixed adsorbent from rice husk and coir coconut fiber to reduce FFA and colour of waste cooking oil. The adsorbent was activated with H3PO4 1 M. This adsorben use about 5, 10, and 20% of weight waste cooking oil with composition mixing adsorbent of rice husk and coir coconut fiber 30:70 ; 70:30 ; 50:50 ; 100:0 and 0:100 have prepared. Adsorben put into beaker glass of waste cooking oil then batch adsorption proccess was going on about 1 hour use heater and magnetic stirrer with mixing speed 100 rpm and temperature 80oC, then filtered and analyzed in order of FFA, colour, density, and water content. As the result, the best dose adsorben for maximum reduce FFA was 20% of weight waste cooking oil with composition mixing adsorbent of rice husk and coir coconut fiber 30:70 which gave FFA was 0,294% and value of colour was 295 PtCo.The effectivity reduce for FFA was 57,07% and value of colour was 37,04%.Keywords : Adsorption, Rice Husk, Coir Coconut Fiber, FFA, and Colour

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Corredig, Milena, and Douglas G. Dalgleish. "Effect of different heat treatments on the strong binding interactions between whey proteins and milk fat globules in whole milk." Journal of Dairy Research 63, no. 3 (August 1996): 441–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029900031940.

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SummaryThe heat-induced binding of whey proteins to milk fat globule membranes in whole milk was investigated by quantitative electrophoresis and laser scanning densitometry. Both α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin bound to the surfaces of fat globules when milk was heated in a water bath in the temperature range 65–85 °C. The interaction behaviour of α-lactalbumin did not seem to change with temperature, and the total amount of protein bound was ∼ 0·2 mg/g fat contained in the cream. The quantity of βlactoglobulin interacting with the milk fat globules increased with temperature from 02 to 0·7 mg/g fat between 65° and 85 °C. Even in whole milk heated at batch pasteurization temperatures (60–65 °C), α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin were found attached to the fat globules. The interactions of the whey proteins with intact fat globule membranes were also investigated in milk heated in an industrial system (a pilot scale UHT and high temperature short time module), and the results were compared with those from the laboratory treatment (simple batch heating). The binding of the whey proteins to fat globules differed between milk heated by UHT using indirect steam heating or direct steam injection (DSI). However, the surface load in milk treated by DSI was not comparable to that of milk treated by batch heating or indirect steam heating, because of the changes in fat globule size and membrane composition caused by the DSI process.

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Lin, Chang-Sheng, Jui-Kai Liu, and Hung-Tse Chiang. "A U-Shaped Oscillatory Liquid Piston Compression Air Conditioner Driven by Rotary Displacer Stirling Engine." Energies 13, no. 16 (August 7, 2020): 4091. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13164091.

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A rotary displacer, Stirling engine-driven, oscillatory liquid piston-compression air conditioning unit is analyzed, designed, and conceptually proved by experiments on its cooling capability and performance efficiency. The engine itself aims to work compatibly with a conventional solar water heater as its power source, with a rotary displacer to manipulate its operation frequency. A U-shaped, oscillatory liquid piston, with the cylinder chamber vented to low pressure, aims to both reduce the sealing friction and serve as the refrigerant. During the experiments, the engine is fed with an electrically heated hot bath whose temperature profile is determined according to a field test of solar thermal collectors in summer conditions. Experimental results show that the coefficient of performance (COP) of the oscillatory liquid piston air conditioning unit would be in the range of 1.3 to 1.5.

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Kiyama, Akihito, Rafsan Rabbi, Zhao Pan, Som Dutta, John S. Allen, and Tadd T. Truscott. "Morphology of bubble dynamics and sound in heated oil." Physics of Fluids 34, no. 6 (June 2022): 062107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0088065.

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The interaction between a heated oil bath and water droplets commonly occurs in the kitchen and has important implications for cooking, fire safety, and indoor air pollution. The interplay between the bubble dynamics in a heated oil bath, the generated sound, and the ligament-like expulsion to the surrounding air is examined. We focus on an explosion of a millimeter-sized water droplet in heated oil as a simplified case. We discuss three typical bubble types that can be classified as a function of the stand-off parameter h/ R, where h is the distance between the oil surface and bubble and R is the maximum bubble radius. Our data describe the morphology of bubble dynamics inside a heated oil bath and represent those found in the cooking pan. This paper also highlights potential applications of our findings.

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O'Hara, Michael D., Fred W. Hetzel, and Stan Frinak. "Thermal distributions in a water bath heated mouse tumor." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 11, no. 4 (April 1985): 817–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-3016(85)90316-5.

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Gou, Xiang, Shian Liu, Yang Fu, Qiyan Zhang, Saima Iram, and Yingfan Liu. "Experimental Study on the Performance of a Household Dual-Source Heat Pump Water Heater." Energies 11, no. 10 (October 18, 2018): 2811. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11102811.

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A household dual source heat pump water heater is proposed to utilize the energy of wastewater and air heat in a bathroom. The heat pump system integrates a wastewater source heat pump (WSHP), air source heat pump (ASHP), and a preheater. This aims at energy saving through recovering the heat of wastewater and ventilation air during the bathing process. The experiment was conducted to verify the feasibility of a dual heat source heat pump water heater system in a bath unit. It is found that the system can achieve an average coefficient of performance (COP) of 4.80 and 4.38 with and without preheater, respectively. At a bath water temperature of 40 °C, a flow rate of 6 L/min, and a room temperature of 26.5 °C, the COP of system can reach 6.08, which shows a significantly promising method for energy saving in-house.

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Akanji, AM, and AM Ogungbesan. "Effects of heat-treated Jack beans on the performance characteristics and hematology profile in the commercial broiler." Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science 43, no. 3 (December 31, 2014): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v43i3.21650.

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The PDF from another article was originally loaded for this article by mistake and on 9th February 2015 the correct PDF was loaded.A study was carried out to assess the effects of aqueousheated and dryheated Jack beans on the growth, hematology, serum metabolites and enzymes of broiler chickens. Jack beans were processed by aqueous heating into two different batches. In the first batch of aqueousheated Jack beans (AHJB1), raw seeds were soaked in distilled water for 48 hrs prior to cooking in fresh water for 1 hr The second batch (AHJB2) had raw Jack beans soaked in distilled water for 48 hrs prior to 2 hrs cooking at 1 hr interval. In preparing the dryheated Jack beans (DHJB), the raw seeds were roasted in an oven at 120°C for 30 minutes. Four hundred and twenty (420) broiler chicks of ANAK strain were randomly allotted to seven dietary groups. The aqueous heated and dryheated Jack beans were incorporated in to the diets at 15% and 30% levels respectively. Higher residual amounts of canavanine, trypsin inhibitor and haemagglutinin were retained in DHJB. The Performance characteristics showed significant (P<0.05) reductions in feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion efficiency of birds fed 15% and 30% AHJB1 and DHJB, and 30% AHJB2, respectively. Blood studies revealed marked reductions (P<0.05) in red blood cells, packed cell volume and hemoglobin of birds fed DHJB diets. Over all, the best significant improvements in the response indices were obtained in birds fed 15% AHJB2 as the birds fed on the diet compared favorably with the control group.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v43i3.21650 Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2014. 43 (3): 207-212

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Hoy, Carlton FO, Hani E. Naguib, and Narinder Paul. "Fabrication and characterization of polymeric cellular foams for low-density computed tomography phantom applications." Journal of Cellular Plastics 55, no. 1 (October 24, 2018): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021955x18806833.

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Computed tomography imaging phantom devices have proven to be beneficial in improving computed tomography diagnostic techniques. Though commercial phantoms are available with tissue mimicking properties, there is a lack of low-density tissue specificity and variety. This study proposes a method for the fabrication of various low-density tissue mimicking computed tomography imaging phantoms. By illustrating the fabrication technique, material properties can be shown to be controlled and assessed against characteristic computed tomography imaging properties, most particularly, the computed tomography number in Hounsfield Units. A batch cellular foaming technique was utilized on thermoplastic polyurethane with ranging heated water bath foaming times from 0.5 to 10 min to fabricate polymeric computed tomography phantoms of controlled foam material properties. Computed tomography number values were experimentally measured. Additionally, separate experimental measurements were made on the foam characteristic properties of fabricated thermoplastic polyurethane foams. A relative decreasing trend was exhibited between the foam characteristic properties of cell density, average cell size, and material density to computed tomography number.

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Liu, Xiangyu, Dandan Feng, Lei Ji, Tao Zhang, Yong Xue, and Changhu Xue. "Effects of microwave heating on the gelation properties of heat-induced Alaska Pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) surimi." Food Science and Technology International 24, no. 6 (April 3, 2018): 497–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1082013218768411.

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In the present study, we examined the properties of Alaska Pollock ( Theragra chalcogramma) surimi gels in response microwave heating at different powers (300, 400, or 500 W) and time (10, 20, or 30 min). The surimi gels heated by a microwave at 300 W for 10 min showed the highest gel strength and water-holding capacity. Increasing the power and time resulted in decreases in both the gel strength and water-holding capacity. The gel formation rate of microwave-heated gels was significantly higher than that produced by water bath heating. In addition, differential scanning calorimetry indicated that microwave heating caused less damage to the native structures of myosin and actin than water bath heating. Microstructure studies revealed that microwave heating contributed to the formation of a denser and stronger frame of the surimi gels. Raman spectroscopy indicated that the degree of the secondary structure denaturation caused by microwave heating was less than that induced by water bath heating. Thus, the results demonstrated that microwave heating is a promising method to enhance the gelation properties of surimi.

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Forsberg, Brian C., William M. Novick, Cynthia Cervantes, Jorge Lopez, and Marcelo Cardarelli. "Potential Deleterious Interactions between Certain Chemical Compounds and a Thermoplastic Polyurethane Heat Exchanger Membrane Oxygenator." Journal of ExtraCorporeal Technology 50, no. 4 (December 2018): 244–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ject/201850244.

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Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has become a powerful tool in the race to reverse failure to rescue events. Rapid implementation set the stage for the advent of the 30-day wet-priming storage as a standard practice. A recent alert regarding methylene blue (MB) unidirectional leach from patient's circulation through the oxygenator thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) heat-exchanger membrane into the heater–cooler unit (HCU) water bath led us to believe that despite reassurances, the reverse process might be possible. To that effect, we performed a pilot in vitro experiment. We tested three adult ECMO sets (Adult Quadrox iD Oxygenator, Getinge, Doral, FL) probing for the transfer of MB between the water bath of a Sarns Dual Heater Cooler (Terumo Corporation, Ann Arbor, MI) and the circuit stored wet-primed for 30 days. In each test, 1,500 mg of reconstituted MB (HiMedia, Mumbai, India) were added to the 7.5 L of water in the HCU, circulated for 6 hours on which the water lines were disconnected and the setup was stored for 30 days. The primed circuit was tested for MB transfer at days 0, 13, and 30 by means of optical density (OD) at 665 nm and 26.5°C. Transference of MB from the HCU water bath into the ECMO circuit could be detected as early as day 13 after setup, achieving significant values by day 30 (median OD .019 (.014–.021). Expected OD if no diffusion present: 0. The complete separation of water interfaces between the patient's circuit and the HCU water bath may prove to be more dogma than fact when certain chemical substances are used in conjunction with TPU membrane oxygenators. Whether the transfer of substances is due to chemical processes or molecular weight needs further evaluation. Meanwhile, the use of chemicals for the cleaning of the HCU should be mindful of potential noxious effects.

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Zuo, J., Y. Zuo, W. Zhang, and J. Chen. "Anaerobic bio-hydrogen production using pre-heated river sediments as seed sludge." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 10-11 (November 1, 2005): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0676.

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Anaerobic bio-hydrogen production is the focus in the field of bio-energy resources. In this paper, a series of batch experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of several factors on anaerobic bio-hydrogen producing process carried out by pre-heated river sediments. The results showed that several factors such as substrate and its concentration, temperature and the initial pH value could affect the anaerobic bio-hydrogen production in different levels. At 35°C and the initial pH of 6.5, using glucose of 20,000mg COD/L as substrate, the highest hydrogen production of 323.8ml-H2/g TVS in a 100ml batch reactor was reached, the specific hydrogen production rate was 37.7ml-H2/g TVSh, and the hydrogen content was 51.2%. Thereafter using the same pre-heated river sediments as seed sludge, continuous anaerobic bio-hydrogen production was achieved successfully in a lab-scale CSTR with gas-separator. At the organic loading rate of 36kg COD/m3d, the highest hydrogen production was 6.3–6.7l-H2/l-reactord, the specific hydrogen production was 1.3–1.4mol-H2/mol-glucose, and the hydrogen content in the gas was 52.3%. The effluent of the bio-reactor contained some small molecular organics, mainly including ethanol, acetate, butyrate and their molar proportion is 1 : 1 : 0.6.

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Haq, Reazul Haq Abdul, Mohd Saidin Bin Wahab, and Norul Ilmie Jaimi. "Fabrication Process of Polymer Nano-Composite Filament for Fused Deposition Modeling." Applied Mechanics and Materials 465-466 (December 2013): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.465-466.8.

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This Report Describe the Development of a New Polymer Nano-Composite Material that Tobe Used as an Altenative Material for Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) Process. this New Type Ofpolymer Nano-Composites is a Mixture of Polycaprolactone (PCL) as a Main Resin, Montmorillonite(MMT) and Hydroxyapatite (HA) as a Filler. the Compunding Process is Done Using Single Screwextruder Nanomixer Machine. then the Compounded Polymer Nano-Composites is Crushed and Fedinto Single Screw Extruder which is Design to Produce a Filament. A Polymer Nano-Compositesfilament with 1.7 Mm of was Successfully Produced by Assisted of Water Bath and Puller Machine.The Temperature Setting for Heater 1, Heater 2, Heater 3 and Heater 4 on Extruder Machine Are78°C, 114°C, 113°C, and 79°C Respectively. the Spindle Speed for Extruder Machine was Set to 3.0Hz, while the Puller Machine Speed is 2.5%.

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Nguyen, Van. "The effect of heating factors on the properties of heat-induced surimi gel under ohmic heating." Can Tho University Journal of Science 13, no. 2 (July 29, 2021): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.22144/ctu.jen.2021.028.

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Ohmic heating (OH) is a method that heat is generated within the food due to its electrical resistance, resulting in a relatively linear heating rate and uniform temperature distribution. Because surimi-based paste contains water and salts, the conductivity is sufficiently good for the ohmic effect. Gelation induced by OH greatly depends on heating conditions such as heating speed, heating time, or electrical conductivity. However, the detailed information obtained is quite limited. Therefore, in order to clarify how ohmic heating affects the physical properties of surimi gel under OH, gels from croaker surimi (SA grade) were obtained using different heating conditions (heating speed, heating time, or salt concentration - electrical conductivity). Furthermore, the gels heated by ohmic heating were compared with the gel obtained by conventional water-bath heating. The results showed that, at the same heating rates, higher salt concentration generated better surimi gels for croaker surimi. Gels cooked ohmically at a slow heating rate performed significantly better than those cooked at a fast heating rate or heated conventionally in a water bath. There was little discernible difference in protein pattern between gels heated by OH and conventional water bath heating at fast heating rates with two different salt concentrations. The results also indicated that holding time at target temperature showed no effect on the gel. These results suggested that the properties of heat-induced surimi gels by OH are affected by not only heating speed but also holding time at maximum temperature and salt content.

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Sulastri, Sri, Dwi Kusuma Purnamasari, and Sumiati Sumiati. "Pemanfaatan Kompor Listrik Rumah Tangga Sebagai Pengganti Penangas Air Pada Analisis Kadar Lemak Metode Soxhlet." JURNAL SAINS TEKNOLOGI & LINGKUNGAN 9, no. 1 (March 30, 2023): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jstl.v9i1.414.

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This research was conducted with the aim of comparing the results of the soxhlet method of fat content analysis with a waterbath, dan the soxhlet method of fat content analysis with a householh electric stove. Soxhlet is a method of analyzing the fat content with the principle of extracting solvent in the soxhlet flask is heated according to the boiling point so that in evaporates and extracts the fat in the sample. The collected extract is heated again so that the solvent will evaporate again and the fat will be left in the flask.Thus, recycling of the solvent occurs so that each material is extracted with a new solvent. The result of these two tools can be used to analyze fat content with ccurate results. The results showed that the levels of corn fat, moringa flour and rice bran using a water bath andhousehold electric stove were the same, namely 3,99 %, 4,65 % and 7,81 %, at the same temperature and time. Based on these results it can be concluded that household electric stoves can be used as heaters in the analysis of fat content in addition to waterbath. Besides that, household electric stoves have the advantage of being cheap and easy to obtain, compared to waterbath.

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Chakraborty, Sudipta, Saikat Kumar Bera, Satish Chandra Bera, and Nirupama Mandal. "Design of a Simple Temperature Transmitter Circuit of an Electric Heater Operated Water Bath." IEEE Sensors Journal 18, no. 8 (April 15, 2018): 3140–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2018.2809465.

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Soleimani, P., M. Khoshvaght-Aliabadi, H. Rashidi, and H. Bahmanpour. "Performance enhancement of water bath heater at natural gas city gate station using twisted tubes." Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 28, no. 1 (January 2020): 165–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cjche.2019.03.018.

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Gomonsirisuk, Khemmakorn, Kotchakorn Yotyiamkrae, Malee Prajuabsuk, Saisamorn Lumlong, Pharit Kamsri, Pornpan Pungpo, and Parjaree Thavorniti. "Synthesis of Zeolite from Water Treatment Sludge and its Application to the Removal of Brilliant Green." Key Engineering Materials 766 (April 2018): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.766.111.

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In this work, water treatment sludge from the water treatment plant was used to synthesize zeolite material. In the synthesis, the washed sludge was mixed with sodium hydroxide and then heated at 600ºC for 6 h. After agitation, the aged material was heated in a water bath at 80ºC for different period of aging times. Based on XRD and SEM analyses, Faujasite zeolite was obtained. Then, the feasibility of employing the obtained zeolite as adsorbent for Brilliant Green (BG) removal was investigated. The effect of adsorbent dosage and contact time were examined. Adsorption kinetics and isotherm were also evaluated. The results showed that the obtained zeolite has potential for applying as low-cost adsorbent for the removal of BG from wastewater with higher than 97% adsorption efficiency.

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Sonawan, Hery, Panji Saputro, and Iden Muhtar Kurniawan. "Utilization of air conditioner condenser as water heater in an effort to energy conservation." Renewable Energy and Environmental Sustainability 3 (2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/rees/2018001.

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This paper presents an experimental study of utilization of air conditioner condenser as water heater. Modification of existing air conditioner system is an effort to harvest waste heat energy from condenser. Modification is conducted in order to test the system into two mode tests, first mode with one condenser and second mode with two condensers. Harvesting the waste heat from condenser needs a theoretical and practice study to see how much the AC performance changes if modifications are made. It should also be considered how the technique of harvesting waste heat for water heating purposes. From the problem, this paper presents a comparison between AC performance before and after modification. From the experiment, an increase in compressor power consumption is 4.3% after adding a new condenser. The hot water temperature is attained to 69 °C and ready for warm bath. The increase in power consumption is not too significant compared to the attainable hot water temperature. Also seen that the value of condenser Performance Factor increase from 5.8 to 6.25 or by 7.8%.

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Malczewska, Beata. "Evaluation of effectiveness of natural organic compounds removal from water in hybrid processes." Journal of Water and Land Development 30, no. 1 (September 1, 2016): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jwld-2016-0024.

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Abstract Natural organic matter (Natural Organic Matter – NOM) represents a mixture of diverse chemical structure and different properties. The humic substances constitute an important component of NOM, and they are responsible for water color and taste, also they can contribute to the formation of disinfection by-products (DBP). Therefore, removal of NOM is considered to be one of the important technological operations during water treatment. The present study evaluate the effectiveness of NOM removal from water by one of the hybrid process and the results showed that the use of this process allows to improve the efficiency of water purification and also reduces the intensity of blocking membranes. Batch adsorption tests of heated aluminum oxide particles (HAOPs) showed that the NOM removal efficiency has been between 86 to 77% at a dose 5 and 10 mg·dm−3, respectively for both tested natural water.

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Li, Ming, Yan Zhen Yu, Yu Zhong Guo, and Juan Ting Wang. "The Resource Utilization of Color Steel Plate Waste Residue." Advanced Materials Research 848 (November 2013): 236–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.848.236.

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Preparation of water purifying agent by color steel plate waste will attain the goals of managing the waste by waste. The influence factors of the dissolution rate of aluminum was explored,and the optimum conditions were obtained: leached in 10% hydrochloric acid solution and heated by 90°C water bath for 3 hours. The effect of coagulant is best at the pH 6 when the dosing quantity is 0.5ml/L.

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Khosravi, Milad, Ahmad Arabkoohsar, Ali Sulaiman Alsagri, and Mohsen Sheikholeslami. "Improving thermal performance of water bath heaters in natural gas pressure drop stations." Applied Thermal Engineering 159 (August 2019): 113829. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.113829.

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Malczewska, Beata. "Adsorption of Natural Organic Matter and Phosphorus from Surface Water Using Heated Aluminum Oxide (Predeposited) Dynamic Membrane Adsorber." Applied Sciences 11, no. 16 (August 11, 2021): 7384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11167384.

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The paper reports the removal of phosphorus and natural organic matter (NOM) from surface water by dynamic membrane (DM) adsorber. DM filter builds up as a layer of particles deposited via permeation through the membrane’s surface. This study reports the application of Heated Aluminium Oxide Particles (HAOPs) as a dynamic membrane adsorber. Filtration experiments were conducted with surface water and batch tests were carried out with synthetic water. The efficiency of phosphorus removal along with the efficiency of organics (represented as UV-254) removal was evaluated. Additionally, the impact of HAOPs surface loading on the changes of transmembrane pressure (TMP), the kinetics, isotherm modeling of the adsorption and the effect of the pH, the effect of ionic strength, the effect of coexisting organic matter on phosphorus removal efficiency were studied. In the case of phosphorus removal in batch adsorption experiments, its sorption kinetic and isotherm data were analyzed using pseudo-first- and pseudo-second-order models and Langmuir and Freundlich models, respectively. The results indicated that Langmuir adsorption isotherm fits the experimental data best (0.9894). The kinetics of phosphorus adsorption on HAOPs was best described by the pseudo-second-order model and the best removal was achieved at the pH 6–7 (96.65% on average). An increase in ionic strength did not impact the efficiency of phosphorus removal significantly. The outcome of this study highlights HAOPs efficiency in NOM removal up to 92% in filtration experiments. In the case of phosphorous, removal efficiency varied. For the highest HAOPs dose, the degree of phosphorus removal ranged up to 93 ± 5%. The same removal efficiency was observed for the lowest dose while for 17 g/m2 of HAOPs the fluctuations were larger and varied from 64.7% to 92%. The results demonstrate that HAOPs could potentially be applied in the removal of phosphorus from surface water, especially when there is a high concentration of phosphorus in the water. However, this process requires further research and optimization of its parameters.

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Jandlová, Marcela, Alžbeta Jarošová, Jozef Kameník, Vojtech Kumbár, and Šárka Nedomová. "The concentrations of phthalic acid esters in a water bath at sous-vide heat treatment." Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences 13, no. 1 (August 28, 2019): 681–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5219/1114.

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Esters of phthalic acid are common contaminants of the environment because of their large application in plastics. Phthalic acid esters are used as plasticizers in plastics, and they are also used in plastic intended for contact with food. In our research, we investigated the influence of heating on the migration of phthalic acid esters into the water used as a water bath. The water bath was used to heat the vacuum-wrapped meat, this heating is called the sous-vide method. The plastic thermostable bags containing phthalates were used on the meat packaging. Two esters of phthalic acid dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) have been determined. Three packaged meat samples were heated in a water bath for one hour either at 50 °C or at 60 °C. The water was analyzed always before the heating and after the heating. Average DEHP concentrations in the water dropped after heating at 50 °C in two cases and average DBP concentrations rose in one case and declined in one case. Average DBP concentrations in water declined after heating at 60 °C, while average DEHP concentrations after heating at 60 °C in water increased. The concentrations of phthalic acid esters in the water ranged from 15.2311 μg.L-1 to 34.5645 μg.L-1 for DEHP and from 0.0433 μg.L-1 to 2.6529 μg.L-1 for DBP. The heating of vacuum-packed food in plastic phthalate bags in a water bath does not pose a great risk of contamination of water with phthalic acid esters.

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Baskin, Katherine, Katharine M. Flores, and Patricia B. Weisensee. "Heat transfer and melt dynamics of millimetric ice particles impacting a heated water bath." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 146 (January 2020): 118830. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.118830.

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Shellie, Krista C. "Commodity Heating Medium and Mexican Fruit Fly Mortality." HortScience 33, no. 3 (June 1998): 533e—533. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.533e.

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The objective of this research was to investigate whether the medium used to transfer heat to a commodity influenced the mortality of Mexican fruit fly larvae. A similar 2-h heat dose was delivered to grapefruit via immersion in a variable temperature water bath or via exposure to a rapidly circulating gas. The concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide inside the grapefruit was analyzed at 30-min intervals and grapefruit center temperatures recorded every 60 s during heating. The mortality of larvae located inside grapefruit during heating in a controlled atmosphere or in hot water was significantly higher than that of larvae located inside grapefruit heated in air. The internal atmosphere of grapefruit heated in a controlled atmosphere or in hot water contained significantly higher levels of carbon dioxide and lower levels of oxygen than grapefruit heated in air. Larval mortality was compared after larvae were heated in media by rapidly circulating air or by an atmosphere containing 4 kPa of oxygen and 18 kPa of carbon dioxide to evaluate whether the altered atmosphere or a heat-induced fruit metabolite was responsible for enhanced mortality. The significantly higher mortality of larvae heated in media in the presence of an altered atmosphere suggested that the altered atmosphere enhanced larval mortality. Results from this research suggest that reducing oxygen and or increasing the level of carbon dioxide during heating can enhance mortality of the Mexican fruit fly and potentially reduce the heat dose required for quarantine security.

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Popovic, Marko. "The bathing chamber in the castle of Novo Brdo." Starinar, no. 68 (2018): 175–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sta1868175p.

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A recent archaeological excavation of the Castle of the town of Novo Brdo has discovered residential buildings from the second quarter of the 14th century as well as the remains of a subsequently built bath, dated to the end of the 14th or beginning of the 15th century. Built on a small area, the bath consisted of a single bathing chamber above a hypocaust, a water reservoir and a furnace. Since there were no natural springs or groundwater wells, it was supplied with water from cisterns. The bathing chamber, originally domed, was not furnished with a masonry water basin. It was heated by an under floor hypocaust system and by steam conveyed by pipes from are servoir of boiling water. The only known analogies for this small structure, presently the only such discovered in medieval Serbia and its neighborhood, are bathing chambers in residential complexes in the region of Amalfi, southern Italy.

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Khusaimi, Zuraida, S. Amizam, Mohamad Hafiz Mamat, Mohd Zainizan Sahdan, Norbani Abdullah, Saifollah Abdullah, and Mohamad Rusop. "Growth of Zinc Oxide Rods in Different Heating Medium." Advanced Materials Research 667 (March 2013): 490–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.667.490.

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In this investigation, it was successfully shown that variation of heating media for infused substrates in precursor solution, affects the growth density and size of nanostructured ZnO rods. ZnO rods were prepared by precipitation on a template of cleaned p-type silicon wafer, sputter-coated with a thin layer of gold, infused in prepared precursor solution. The precursor solution consists of 0.01M zinc nitrate hexahydrate (Zn(NO3)2.6H2O) added with equal concentration of stabilizer hexamethylenetetramine, C6H12N4 (HMTA). The set-up was heated in water-bath or dry-oven at a constant low temperature of 80°C. Structural images of the prepared ZnO rods were captured using scanning electron microscope (SEM), its structural phase orientation was characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and its optical property was analyzed from photoluminescence (PL) emission spectra.

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Jiang, Jin-Jin, Hui-Min Shang, Ying Shu, Wan-Peng Li, Huan Zhang, Wen-Jing Liu, Mei-Zhen Qu, and Shu Liu. "Multi-walled carbon nanotube composite fiber formation in a water coagulation bath and application as wire heater." Diamond and Related Materials 110 (December 2020): 108109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2020.108109.

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KNUTSON, KATHLEEN M., ELMER H. MARTH, and MARY K. WAGNER. "Use of Microwave Ovens to Pasteurize Milk." Journal of Food Protection 51, no. 9 (September 1, 1988): 715–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-51.9.715.

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High-temperature short-time (HTST) and low-temperature long-time (LTLT) pasteurization were simulated using uninoculated and inoculated milks that were heated in microwave ovens. Heating milk (76 ml) for 59 s at 700 W achieved a temperature of 71.7°C, but heating for 60–65 s and holding for 15 s failed to inactivate all added cells of Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli or Pseudomonas fluorescens. Milk, 453.6 g (ca. one-half quart) or 604.8 g (ca. two-thirds quart), was heated to >62.8°C, but <71.7°C, in 4.5 to 5 min, depending on power (550 or 700 W) that was used, and refrigerated overnight. Such treatments failed to reduce the population of Streptococcus faecalis in the milks by the degree that occurred when inoculated milk was heated in a water bath at 62.8°C for 30 min.

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MOHAMMADZADEH, R. S., and F. E. GHODSI. "CORRELATION BETWEEN WATER-BATH TEMPERATURE, SOLUTION VISCOSITY AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SOL–GEL DERIVED V2O5 THIN FILMS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 25, no. 02 (January 20, 2011): 283–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979211054665.

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Thin films of V 2 O 5 were deposited on glass substrates by dip-coating technique using sol–gel route. The vanadium pentoxide sol was prepared by dissolving V 2 O 5 powder in H 2 O 2 solution. The solutions were kept in water bath and heated at five different temperatures for 30 min. The samples were annealed at 150°C for 60 min. The optical, structural, and morphological measurements were performed for characterization of samples. The effect of viscosity on optical constants (n, k, and Eg) of V 2 O 5 were studied. The indirect optical band gap energy of sol–gel V 2 O 5 thin films are about 2.33 eV and independent of viscosity within the error limits. The results show that the water-bath temperature strongly influences the viscosity of sol. The viscosity of sol was changed from 12.5 to 75 m Pa s. with increasing water-bath temperature from 50 to 90°C. The XRD measurements show that the structure of the V 2 O 5 films and powders is polycrystalline after annealing at 450°C. A correlation exists between the viscosity, morphology, and optical characteristics.

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Mitchell, Andrew J., and Rebecca A. Cole. "Survival of the Faucet Snail after Chemical Disinfection, pH extremes, and Heated Water Bath Treatments." North American Journal of Fisheries Management 28, no. 5 (October 2008): 1597–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/m07-211.1.

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Busnaina, A., X. Zheng, and X. Zhu. "Three-Dimensional Computer Simulation of Gas Flow and Particle Transport in a Horizontal Diffusion Furnace." Journal of the IEST 36, no. 2 (March 1, 1993): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17764/jiet.2.36.2.11422412451q881g.

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Numerical simulation of gas flow, heat transfer, and particle transport in a horizontal diffusion is presented. The wafers are cooled by inlet cold gas convectively but heated by furnace wall radiatively. Gas velocity between the wafers appears to be small compared with the bulk gas flow. A significant cooling of the first wafer in the batch is observed. Trajectories of aerosol particles in the furnace are predicted by solving the corresponding Lagrangian equation of motion that includes effects of temperature, drag, lift, gravity, and Brownian motion. Particle transport and deposition on the wafers are evaluated using three-dimensional particle trajectories.

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Hosahally, Jayanth S., Varsha Patil, and YP Girish Chandra. "Fatal Carbon Monoxide Poisoning." Journal of Forensic Science and Medicine 9, no. 2 (2023): 182–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_23_22.

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Liquefied petroleum gas on combustion with deficient oxygen produces toxic carbon monoxide. It is used as a fuel to heat water in gas geysers. Here, we report a fatal case of carbon monoxide poisoning resulting from the usage of gas water heater. A 24-year-old female had gone to take bath in a bathroom where a gas geyser was installed to heat the water. As she did not come out of the bathroom even after more than an hour, the door was broken down by the relatives and she was found dead. Cherry red postmortem hypostasis, congested and edematous pinkish lungs, and cerebral edema were salient autopsy findings. Carboxyhemoglobin was quantified in blood to 76.55%. The cause of death was attributed to carbon monoxide poisoning; accidental in manner. This case highlights the hazards of using a gas geyser in an ill-ventilated bathroom.

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Naidoo, D., C. E. Archer, S. Septien, C. C. Appleton, and C. A. Buckley. "Inactivation of Ascaris for thermal treatment and drying applications in faecal sludge." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 10, no. 2 (April 6, 2020): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2020.119.

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Abstract Ascaris lumbricoides is the most common helminth of human health importance, and the most resilient helminth found in faecal sludge. There are numerous types of sludge treatments; however, heating and drying are most commonly used for pathogen inactivation. Ascaris suum eggs were heated in a water bath at 40–55 °C for 10 seconds to 60 minutes in water, as well as heated in both urine diversion dry toilet and ventilated improved pit latrine sludge at 40 °C, 60 °C and 80 °C for times ranging from 5 seconds to 120 minutes. Eggs were also spiked into sludges of different moisture contents and incubated over 12 weeks at 25 °C, with samples analysed weekly. Overall, we concluded that eggs were inactivated at temperatures >50 °C, that the temperature–time relationship directly impacted the efficacy of heat treatment, that suspension medium had no effect, and that eggs survived better in wet rather than dry sludges.

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Shabanian, Sadaf, Fakhreddin Ashrafizadeh, Navid Saeidi, and Ali Ashrafi. "Failure analysis of carbon steel components in a water bath heater and the influence of ethylene glycol concentration." Engineering Failure Analysis 66 (August 2016): 533–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2016.05.015.

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Kim, Joo Hyung, Dae Hyun Kim, Sae Yun Baik, and Yong Pyo Lee. "Pain control and early wound healing effect using sitz bath with ozonised water after haemorrhoidectomy." Journal of Wound Care 29, no. 5 (May 2, 2020): 289–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/jowc.2020.29.5.289.

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Objective: Studies have shown that ozone in an aqueous state on a scar, because of its antibacterial effect, aids wound-healing. This study aimed to compare the pain control effect, based on the time to wound healing, of using a sitz bath with ozonised water with that of using a sitz bath with ordinary tap water in patients who have had a haemorrhoidectomy. Method: Patients were divided into two equal-sized groups: Group O used a sitz bath with ozonised water after haemorrhoidectomy and patients in Group T used a sitz bath with ordinary tap water. Different concentrations (1ppm, 2ppm and 4ppm) of ozonized water were tested to determine their bactericidal activities. Pain levels were measured using the Visual Analogue Scale (ranging from 0–10 where 0 is ‘no pain’ and 10 is ‘unbearable pain’), on days two, three and seven. Cohort analysis was retrospectively performed on the prospectively randomised collected data for this study. Results: A total of 80 patients participated in the study. No case showed any signs of bacterial growth. On postoperative day seven, patients in Group O showed a significantly lower pain level than those in Group T (1.35±0.48 versus 2.40±0.9; p<0.001). The time needed for anus scars to be completely healed was significantly shorter for Group O than that for Group T (2.75±0.63 weeks versus 3.85±0.80 weeks; p<0.001). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that using a sitz bath with ozonised water reduced pain and accelerated healing in patients who have had a haemorrhoidectomy.

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Journal articles on the topic 'BATCH WATER HEATER'

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