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Journal articles on the topic 'Batch settling'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 February 2022

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1

van Deventer, Ben B. G., Shane P. Usher, Ashish Kumar, Murray Rudman, and Peter J. Scales. "Aggregate densification and batch settling." Chemical Engineering Journal 171, no. 1 (June 2011): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.03.075.

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2

Aarne Vesilind, P., and Gregary N. Jones. "Channelling in Batch Thickening." Water Science and Technology 28, no. 1 (July 1, 1993): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0017.

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Channelling, which occurs during the batch thickening of concentrated slurries, allows water to escape the settling slurry at a high rate, thus increasing the interface settling velocity. This research shows that the upper layers of the settling column are progressively diluted and that the channel zone occurs at the interface between the diluted slurry and the slurry in compression. As the solids in the lower sections of the column compress and expel water, this water escapes by means of the channels.

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3

Lester, Daniel R., Shane P. Usher, and Peter J. Scales. "Estimation of the hindered settling functionR(?) from batch-settling tests." AIChE Journal 51, no. 4 (2005): 1158–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.10333.

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4

Chu, C. P., S. P. Ju, D. J. Lee, F. M. Tiller, K. K. Mohanty, and Y. C. Chang. "Batch Settling of Flocculated Clay Slurry." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 41, no. 5 (March 2002): 1227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie0103411.

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5

Nadiv, Corinne, and Raphael Semiat. "Batch Settling of Liquid-Liquid Dispersion." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 34, no. 7 (July 1995): 2427–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie00046a026.

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6

Zheng, Yunsheng, and David M. Bagley. "Numerical Simulation of Batch Settling Process." Journal of Environmental Engineering 125, no. 11 (November 1999): 1007–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1999)125:11(1007).

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7

Concha, F., and M. C. Bustos. "Settling velocities of particulate systems, 6. Kynch sedimentation processes: batch settling." International Journal of Mineral Processing 32, no. 3-4 (September 1991): 193–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-7516(91)90068-t.

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8

Li, Zhen Liang, and Dai Jun Zhang. "A Model for Characterizing the Process of Activated Sludge Compression Settling." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 3680–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.3680.

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Based on batch settling tests, a model describing the compression settling stage was developed and validated by experimental data. A equation determining the critical point when the compression settling stage commences, and a new velocity function for compression settling process were deduced from the model. It was shown that compression settling velocity, time and sludge concentration of the critical point occurrence depend on the initial sludge concentrations, the initial sludge blanket height and the sludge characteristic. Dividing the entire settling process of activated sludge into the zone settling and compression settling stages, and describing them by respective velocity models was more reasonable for characterizing the entire settling behaviour of activated sludge. The method was applied to predict the sludge blanket height during batch settling tests, and the results showed that the settling processes could be simulated well.

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9

Bürger, R., and E. M. Tory. "On upper rarefaction waves in batch settling." Powder Technology 108, no. 1 (March 2000): 74–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-5910(99)00257-0.

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10

Howells, I., K. A. Landman, A. Panjkov, C. Sirakoff, and L. R. White. "Time-dependent batch settling of flocculated suspensions." Applied Mathematical Modelling 14, no. 2 (February 1990): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0307-904x(90)90075-g.

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11

Grassia, P., S. P. Usher, and P. J. Scales. "Closed-form solutions for batch settling height from model settling flux functions." Chemical Engineering Science 66, no. 5 (March 2011): 964–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2010.12.002.

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12

Stricker, A. E., I. Takács, and A. Marquot. "Hindered and compression settling: parameter measurement and modelling." Water Science and Technology 56, no. 12 (December 1, 2007): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.786.

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The Vesilind settling velocity function forms the basis of flux theory used both in state point analysis (for design and capacity rating) and one-dimensional dynamic models (for dynamic process modelling). This paper proposes new methods to address known shortcomings of these methods, based on an extensive set of batch settling tests conducted at different scales. The experimental method to determine the Vesilind parameters from a series of bench scale settling tests is reviewed. It is confirmed that settling cylinders must be slowly stirred in order to represent settling performance of full scale plants for the whole range of solids concentrations. Two new methods to extract the Vesilind parameters from settling test series are proposed and tested against the traditional manual method. Finally, the same data set is used to propose an extension to one-dimensional (1-D) dynamic settler models to account for compression settling. Using the modified empirical function, the model is able to describe the batch settling interface independently of the number of layers.

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13

Kazmi, A. A., and H. Furumai. "A simple settling model for batch activated sludge process." Water Science and Technology 42, no. 3-4 (August 1, 2000): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0352.

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A simple settling model for the batch activated sludge process was proposed that could predict sludge concentration profile as a function of time. The predicted dynamic biomass profile would be used to quantify biological reactions during settling. The model can be applied by giving easily measurable parameters such as initial MLSS concentration, sludge interface variation which characterizes the settling rate, and SVI as an index of biomass settleability. The model describes the sedimentation process of the sludge by linking three concentrations, namely the MLSS on sludge interface (XH), constant MLSS on sediment surface (XC), and the variable MLSS at the bottom (XB). It was tested for wide ranges of activated sludge concentrations (1750 mg/L-4630 mg/L) and SVI (104-265). The model was applied to express MLSS profile for a full scale SBR as well as for 1 and 2 m column settling tests. The simulated MLSS profile by linking three critical concentrations agrees well with the observed data. Mass balance applied at each time step indicated that the deviation was from −2 to +12% of the total initial mass. The stratified MLSS profile simulated from the model was applied to predict denitrification rate during settling.

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14

Amberg, Gustav, and Anders A. Dahlkild. "Sediment transport during unsteady settling in an inclined channel." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 185 (December 1987): 415–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112087003239.

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Settling of a dilute, monodisperse suspension between two inclined, narrowly spaced parallel plates is considered. Effects of sediment motion are accounted for. Lubrication theory and a simplified model for the particle motion lead to a system of two coupled nonlinear hyperbolic equations for the evolution of the two interfaces between clear fluid, suspension and sediment. Two problems are solved: batch settling and the filling of a channel that initially contains clear fluid. In the batch-settling case, the sediment has no major qualitative effect on the motion. In the filling problem, however, effects of sediment are important.

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15

Derlon, Nicolas, Christian Thürlimann, David Dürrenmatt, and Kris Villez. "Batch settling curve registration via image data modeling." Water Research 114 (May 2017): 327–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.01.049.

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16

Diplas, Panayiotis, and Athanasios N. Papanicolaou. "Batch Analysis of Slurries in Zone Settling Regime." Journal of Environmental Engineering 123, no. 7 (July 1997): 659–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1997)123:7(659).

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17

Trelles, Ignacio José, Manuel María Mahamud, Antonio Gutiérrez Lavín, and Mario Díaz. "Sludge settling prediction in sequencing batch reactor plants." Journal of Cleaner Production 152 (May 2017): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.115.

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18

Souza, Amarílis Severino e., and Kassia Graciele dos Santos. "Settling process of cassava starch using natural coagulant from Moringa oleifera Lam seed extract." Research, Society and Development 9, no. 5 (March 27, 2020): e28953169. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i5.3169.

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Cassava starch has many known applications in food, paper, glue and textile industries, including even biodegradable packaging. In small and medium industries, the starch is obtained by washing the peeled and grinded manioc roots, followed by leaving the washwater for settling before drying the concentrated slurry. Since starch particles are very fine and have a low density, their settling time is high, resulting in a batch operation that lasts for 18 to 24 h. Therefore, it becomes suitable to form larger and heavier starch sets by means of applying coagulants, allowing the particles to settle faster. In the work reported here, the natural coagulant M. oleifera seed extract was used to decrease the settling time of the cassava starch. The effect of the initial concentration of the particles and the coagulant content on the final sedimentation time was evaluated on the batch settling tests. The results showed that the use of the coagulant reduced the sedimentation time in a beaker from 14h to 2h, allowing a quick batch operation.

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19

Holt, P. K., G. W. Barton, and C. A. Mitchell. "Mathematical analysis of a batch electrocoagulation reactor." Water Supply 2, no. 5-6 (December 1, 2002): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2002.0151.

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Electrocoagulation treats water by delivering coagulant from a sacrificial anode (aluminium) in an electrochemical cell. Hydrogen is evolved from the inert cathode. In the batch electrocoagulation reactor numerous interactions occur with settling and flotation identified as the dominant removal paths. Current determines both coagulant dosage and bubble production rate. The bubbles influence the mixing, and hence mass diffusion within the reactor. Rate of flotation and settling were experimentally determined for currents 0.25-2.0 A and pollutant loading 0.1-1.7 g/L. The performance of the electrocoagulation reactor was quantified by analysis of experimental results. First-order ordinary differential equations were developed to describe the pollutant's settling and flotation behaviour. Kinetic rate constants were calculated considering this pair of irreversible reactions. At low current (0.25A), sedimentation dominates with slow release of coagulant and gentle agitation provided by low bubble production. Removal is slow and hence the low rate constants calculated were appropriate. At high currents (1.0 and 2.0 A) faster removal occurs due to greater bubble density. This resulted in greater mass floated to the surface and higher rate constants were observed. Thus the developed rate equations successfully quantified the reactor's performance over a variety of conditions.

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20

Liu, J. R., and S. N. Liss. "The impact of reduced phosphorus levels on microbial floc properties during biological treatment of pulp and paper wastewaters." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 6 (March 1, 2007): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.214.

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The effect of limiting P in activated sludge was investigated in laboratory scale sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) fed effluent from a container board mill. Floc characterization included measurement of hydrophobicity, surface charge, and analysis of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Reactor performance was assessed by monitoring COD and inorganic P removal, MLSS, and sludge settleability (SVI and batch settling flux) over a period of eight months. Control reactors (BOD:N:P of 100:5:1) were compared to reactors run under P-limited conditions (100:5:0.3; 100:5:0.1). Reactor performance at lower temperatures (14 °C; control = 26 °C) was also studied to assess the impact of P-limitation. Changes in floc structure and the composition of EPS occurred within 1 to 3 days following a reduction in P levels. There was an insignificant increase in SVI; however, gravitational settling velocity and batch settling flux values for low P floc were consistently higher than for floc generated under control conditions. Lower temperatures (14 °C) resulted in a deterioration in floc settling properties at a BOD:N:P of 100:5:1. This impact on settling was significantly reduced at a BOD:P of 100:0.1. Reducing P concentrations in the wastewater treatment system has the potential to improve sludge settleability and reduce final P discharges.

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21

Rasmussen, Michael R., and Torben Larsen. "On-line measurements of settling characteristics in activated sludge." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 4 (August 1, 1997): 307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0144.

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An on-line settling column for measuring the dynamic variations of settling velocity of activated sludge has been developed. The settling column is automatic and self-cleansing insuring continuous and reliable measurements. The settling column was tested on sludge from a batch reactor where sucrose was added as an impulse to activated sludge. The continuous measurement of settling velocity revealed a highly dynamic response after the sucrose was added. The results were verified with simultaneous measurement of the initial settling rate. A 200 hour experiment showed variations in settling velocity, which was not apparent in the DSVI (Diluted Sludge Volume Index).

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22

Wedi, D. "Effects of an Activated Primary Settling Tank on Biological Phosphorus Removal." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 9-11 (November 1, 1992): 2199–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0696.

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This poster describes results and experiences gained at the wastewater treatment plant of the city of Hirblingen to improve the biological phosphorus removal. Investigations were carried out to study the accumulation of volatile fatty acids in an activated primary settling tank (PST), and in the Extended Anerobic Sludge Contact (EASC) Process. The effluent of the activated primary settling tank provided no higher concentrations of VFA compared with the efffluent of of regular settling tank. Laboratory batch-tests confirmed these results. The elimination of Ntot and Ptot was marginally improved, the gas production in the digester decreased. In batch tests the production of VFA was examined in correlation of organic load, pH value and temperature.

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23

Vanrolleghem, P., D. Van der Schueren, G. Krikilion, K. Grijspeerdt, P. Willems, and W. Verstraete. "On-line quantification of settling properties with in-sensor-experiments in an automated settlometer." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0004.

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An on-line settlometer has been developed. Batch settling experiments lasting 40 min are performed in a model clarifier incorporated in the sensor (“In-Sensor-Experiment”). The descent of the sludge blanket interface is monitored and the settling characteristics are deduced. The hardware consists of a 10 litre Pyrex decanter, a stirring/wall-scraping mechanism, an external light source and a moving light-intensity scanner. Either stirred or non-stirred settling curves can be recorded. Processing of the raw data readily produces the zone or hindered settling velocity (Vs) and the (stirred) sludge volume ([S]SV). The latter can be combined with a sludge concentration measurement to determine SVI-values, and dSVIs if a dilution step is included. Initial results are reported on a more elaborate interpretation of the data based on sedimentation models. The Takács et al. and Cho et al. models described the settling curves equally well. However, an identifiability analysis showed that not all parameters can be given unique values on the basis of the simple batch settling experiments applied in the work. More elaborate “In-Sensor-Experiments” are required to obtain complete identification. Two years of practical experience with the device on pilot- and full-scale treatment plants revealed its robustness, low maintenance requirements and reproducible monitoring of settling curves.

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24

Kazmi, A. A., and H. Furumai. "Field investigations on reactive settling in an intermittent aeration sequencing batch reactor activated sludge process." Water Science and Technology 41, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0021.

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The overall reactions during settling in an intermittent aeration SBR activated sludge process have been studied on a full scale. Several field investigations were conducted during settling in different seasons. Nitrate, MLSS, phosphate and TOC profiles were obtained at specified depths. Mass balances of nitrogen were made in order to evaluate the effect of different MLSS and seasonal conditions on nitrogen removal during settling. Total nitrogen reduction of more than 30% was achieved during settling by maintaining high MLSS in order of 3000 mg/L. Residual DO plays an important role in causing delay of denitrification for lower MLSS sludge concentration. Phosphorus release was observed in the bottom of the reactor and its occurrence was well coincident with the pH decrease. Denitrification rates and their temperature dependency were determined. Temperature coefficient θ was found to be 1.083 (valid in the range of 17–27°C). Mass transfer limitation during batch sludge settling was discussed. It was found out from batch tests with and without mixing, that denitrification rate was reduced by 40% under mass transfer limiting conditions.

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25

Zhang, Lianfu, Aixiang Wu, Hongjiang Wang, and Leiming Wang. "Representation of batch settling via fitting a logistic function." Minerals Engineering 128 (November 2018): 160–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2018.08.039.

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26

Henschke, M. "Determination of a coalescence parameter from batch-settling experiments." Chemical Engineering Journal 85, no. 2-3 (January 28, 2002): 369–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1385-8947(01)00251-0.

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27

François, Pierre, Florent Locatelli, Julien Laurent, and Karim Bekkour. "Experimental study of activated sludge batch settling velocity profile." Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 48 (April 2016): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2015.08.009.

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28

Cacossa, Kenneth F., and David A. Vaccari. "Calibration of a compressive gravity thickening model from a single batch settling curve." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 8 (October 1, 1994): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0392.

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A compressive gravity thickening model (Kos and Adrian, 1974; Kos, 1978) was calibrated from a single batch settling curve. This model was originally formulated in terms of the total suspended solids concentration, C, the dynamic pressure gradient, ∂P/∂z, and the gradient corresponding to the compressive yield strength, ∂σy/∂z. Fitch (1975) demonstrated that the model could be formulated in terms of C and the solids concentration gradient, ∂C/∂z. Utilizing this formulation the model was calibrated with data generated from elementary quantitative analysis of the steady-state conditions attained in continuous thickening experiments (Vaccari, 1984; Vaccari and Uchrin, 1989). In this investigation the model was calibrated from a single batch settling curve. This was done using the down-hill simplex optimization method proposed by Nelder and Mead (1965) in a curve-fitting capacity. The optimization routine adjusted the model coefficients in order to reduce the discrepancy between the simulated results of the model and the corresponding experimental batch settling data. When calibrated by this method the model was found to accurately predict experimental continuous thickening behavior observed for the sludge.

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29

Bürger, Raimund, Stefan Diehl, and Camilo Mejías. "On time discretizations for the simulation of the batch settling–compression process in one dimension." Water Science and Technology 73, no. 5 (November 7, 2015): 1010–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.572.

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The main purpose of the recently introduced Bürger–Diehl simulation model for secondary settling tanks was to resolve spatial discretization problems when both hindered settling and the phenomena of compression and dispersion are included. Straightforward time integration unfortunately means long computational times. The next step in the development is to introduce and investigate time-integration methods for more efficient simulations, but where other aspects such as implementation complexity and robustness are equally considered. This is done for batch settling simulations. The key findings are partly a new time-discretization method and partly its comparison with other specially tailored and standard methods. Several advantages and disadvantages for each method are given. One conclusion is that the new linearly implicit method is easier to implement than another one (semi-implicit method), but less efficient based on two types of batch sedimentation tests.

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30

Wanner, J. "Comparison of Biocenoses from Continuous and Sequencing Batch Reactors." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 6 (March 1, 1992): 239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0126.

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Sequencing batch reactors (SBR) are often used for research on nutrient removal systems. A model anaerobic-oxic SBR was compared with a compartmentalized continuous-flow system. The levels of COD, phosphorus, and nitrogen removal in both systems were comparable but the biocenoses differed significantly. The SVI values of activated sludge from the continuous reactor ranged between 100 and 200 ml/g although no significant occurrence of filamentous microorganisms was observed. The sequencing batch reactor produced activated sludge with the SVIs below 100 ml/g and with high settling velocities. Filamentous microorganisms were frequently observed in the biocenosis of the SBR. The differences in settling properties and filamentous growth in both reactors are discussed and explained.

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31

Li, Jun, Li-Bin Ding, Ang Cai, Guo-Xian Huang, and Harald Horn. "Aerobic Sludge Granulation in a Full-Scale Sequencing Batch Reactor." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/268789.

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Aerobic granulation of activated sludge was successfully achieved in a full-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with 50,000 m3 d−1for treating a town’s wastewater. After operation for 337 days, in this full-scale SBR, aerobic granules with an average SVI30of 47.1 mL g−1, diameter of 0.5 mm, and settling velocity of 42 m h−1were obtained. Compared to an anaerobic/oxic plug flow (A/O) reactor and an oxidation ditch (OD) being operated in this wastewater treatment plant, the sludge from full-scale SBR has more compact structure and excellent settling ability. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis indicated thatFlavobacteriumsp., uncultured beta proteobacterium, unculturedAquabacteriumsp., and unculturedLeptothrixsp. were just dominant in SBR, whereas uncultured bacteroidetes were only found in A/O and OD. Three kinds of sludge had a high content of protein in extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis revealed that metal ions and some inorganics from raw wastewater precipitated in sludge acted as core to enhance granulation. Raw wastewater characteristics had a positive effect on the granule formation, but the SBR mode operating with periodic feast-famine, shorter settling time, and no return sludge pump played a crucial role in aerobic sludge granulation.

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32

Lee, Hwa Young, Jong Kee Oh, and Dong Hui Lee. "Interpretation of continuous settling behavior from batch settling data in a Versatic acid 10-water system." Hydrometallurgy 32, no. 3 (April 1993): 273–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-386x(93)90043-d.

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33

Vanderhasselt, A. "Estimation of sludge sedimentation parameters from single batch settling curves." Water Research 34, no. 2 (February 2000): 395–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(99)00158-x.

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34

Reyes, Cristian, Christian F. Ihle, Fernando Apaz, and Luis A. Cisternas. "Heat-Assisted Batch Settling of Mineral Suspensions in Inclined Containers." Minerals 9, no. 4 (April 12, 2019): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9040228.

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In mineral processing, the common requirement for progressively finer milling due to the decreasing of ore grades implies the need for more challenging water recovery conditions in thickeners. Several mining operations exist in arid areas, where water recovery becomes critical. The present paper explores the process of particle separation in batch inclined settlers where the downward facing wall is subject to heating. To this purpose, two-dimensional numerical simulations using a mixture model have been run for a number of combinations of temperature jumps at the downward facing fall, particle diameters, and concentrations. Results show that, for particle sizes on the order of 10 µm, heating has a significant effect on the particle settling velocity at the bottom, but it also promotes particle resuspension, affecting the particle concentration at the supernatant layer. The initial concentration also affects settling: for the concentration range tested (8%–15% by volume), when re-normalized by the average concentration, particle accumulation rates at the bottom were found to be lower for higher average concentrations, thus suggesting that the separation process is more efficient at lower concentrations.

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35

Yu, G. Z., and Z. S. Mao. "Sedimentation and Coalescence Profiles in Liquid-Liquid Batch Settling Experiments." Chemical Engineering & Technology 27, no. 4 (April 2004): 407–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.200401884.

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36

Jeelani, S. A. K., and Stanley Hartland. "Prediction of steady state dispersion height from batch settling data." AIChE Journal 31, no. 5 (May 1985): 711–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690310503.

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37

Adav, Sunil S., Duu-Jong Lee, and Juin-Yih Lai. "Aerobic granulation in sequencing batch reactors at different settling times." Bioresource Technology 100, no. 21 (November 2009): 5359–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.05.058.

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38

Wilén, B. M., D. Lumley, and A. Nordqvist. "Dynamics in maximal settling capacity in an activated sludge treatment plant with highly loaded secondary settlers." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 7 (October 1, 2004): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0452.

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Secondary settling dynamics at maximal capacity were investigated at a full scale wastewater treatment plant which utilizes a unique process solution incorporating pre-denitrification with postnitrification in nitrifying trickling filters. Since nitrogen removal is greater when more secondary effluent is recirculated to the trickling filters, the secondary settlers generally operate at close to their maximal capacity. The settling and flocculation properties of the activated sludge are therefore a major capacity-determining factor for plant operation. Due to the short sludge age, the flocculation properties, with respect to both thickening and clarification, can change quickly. The dynamics in these changes were studied and the factors that determine the maximal settling capacity were assessed. Solids flux curves were constructed from batch settling tests and compared with the actual maximal settling capacities.

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39

Arouca, Fábio de Oliveira, L. C. O. Lopes, and João Jorge Ribeiro Damasceno. "Concentration Profiles and Iso-Concentration Curves for Batch Settling Using the Gamma Rays Attenuation Technique." Materials Science Forum 530-531 (November 2006): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.530-531.29.

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Knowledge of particle concentration is of extreme importance for the settling phenomenon. For well-diluted suspensions the solids concentration can be measured by sampling techniques. However, the use of such a technique for more concentrated suspension does not lead to good results. Knowledge of concentration distribution in sediments formed by decantation of aqueous suspensions inside a vertical vessel is fundamental for the evaluation of performance of some pieces of equipment such as continuous thickeners. In this work, the phenomenon of batch settling of aqueous suspensions of calcium carbonate was studied by using a nondestructive technique based upon the measurement of gamma-ray attenuation when the radiation beam goes through the physical medium as a function of the local concentration in several vertical positions of the vessel, and the sampling of suspension by aliquots is not necessary. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the use of gammaray attenuation technique for achieving concentration distributions in the phenomenon of batch settling as well as curves of iso-concentrations.

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40

Bortone, G., F. Malaspina, L. Stante, and A. Tilche. "Biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal in an anaerobic/anoxic sequencing batch reactor with separated biofilm nitrification." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 6 (September 1, 1994): 303–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0281.

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An Anaerobic/Anoxic Sequencing Batch Reactor (A/A SBR) with separated batch biofilm nitrification was tested for nutrient removal against a five step Anaerobic-anoxic/Oxic SBR (A/O SBR). Piggery wastewater, particularly challenging for its low COD/N ratio, was used as feed. After feeding, the A/A SBR ran under anaerobic conditions for organic carbon sequestering and phosphorus removal. A settling phase was allowed to separate an ammonia-rich supernatant to be nitrified in a external biofilm reactor. The nitrified effluent returned to the A/A SBR where nitrates were removed, being used as final electron acceptors for luxury P-uptake and organic carbon oxidation. A/A SBR showed very good N and P removal capacities with excellent sludge settling properties. On the other hand, organic carbon removal efficiency with nitrate was lower than with oxygen. Batch biofilm nitrification was very effective, with very high nitrification rates. Presence of poly-P bacteria in the A/A SBR sludge was assessed through microscopic observation and from the high cellular poly-phosphate content.

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Su, Kui Zu, Chang Wang, and Hui Fang. "Cultivation of Aerobic Granular Sludge under Selective Pressure in a Sequencing Batch Reactor." Advanced Materials Research 255-260 (May 2011): 3037–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.255-260.3037.

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Aerobic granules were cultivated in the sequencing batch reactor at 15-25°C, pH 7.0 ± 0.1. Settling time decreased from 5 minutes to 1 minute gradually. As increasing the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and NH3-N in influent, COD removal efficiency and mixed liquid suspended solids of the reactor increased. Sludge volume index decreased continuously for a few days and then stabilized at 22 ml g-1. Selective pressure induced by settling velocity was proved to play a crucial role in activated sludge granulation. Based on the continuously measured data, the granulation process was divided into three phases, granules namely initiating, developing and maturating.

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CHO, HEECHAN, and MARK S. KLIMA. "Application of a Batch Hindered-Settling Model to Dense-Medium Separations." Coal Preparation 14, no. 3-4 (January 1994): 167–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07349349408905232.

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Wu, Chun-Hsing, and Jia-Ming Chern. "Experiment and Simulation of Sludge Batch Settling Curves: A Wave Approach." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 45, no. 6 (March 2006): 2026–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie0510730.

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Qin, Lei, Yu Liu, and Joo-Hwa Tay. "Effect of settling time on aerobic granulation in sequencing batch reactor." Biochemical Engineering Journal 21, no. 1 (September 2004): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2004.03.005.

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Chang, W. C., S. J. Jou, C. C. Chien, and J. A. He. "Effect of chlorination bulking control on water quality and phosphate release/uptake in an anaerobic-oxic activated sludge system." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 8 (October 1, 2004): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0513.

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This study evaluates the effect of chlorination bulking control on water quality and phosphate release/uptake in an anaerobic-oxic activated sludge system. A series of batch experiments with different specific NaOCl mass dose were conducted to determine the sludge settling properties, supernatant water quality and phosphate metabolism behavior of filamentous bulking sludge. The harvested sludge was from a continuous-flow anaerobic-oxic (A/O) activated sludge pilot-plant, i.e., enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) system, operated with 15 days of sludge retention time. The filamentous bacteria in the A/O pilot plant were identified to be Thiothrix according to Eikelboom's classification techniques, which was in accordance with the high influent sulfate concentration of this study (50 mg/L sulfate). Increasing NaOCl concentration, as revealed by experimental results, obviously decreased the sludge settling properties (SVI values and zone settling velocities) and meanwhile significantly reduced supernatant water quality (COD, SS, TP) mainly due to higher suspended solids caused by floc disruption. Moreover, the nine-hour batch experiments indicated that high NaOCl dosage (40 mg/gMLSS) completely deteriorated phosphate metabolism of EBPR sludge. Such a high dosage of chlorination further confirmed overdosing through disappearance of intracellular PHB and death of protozoa by microscopic investigation. Still, phosphate release/uptake behavior of EBPR sludge properly functions at low NaOCl dosage (5 mg/g MLSS). Besides, phosphate metabolism worsens rapidly before the SVI value reaches its lowest level. These findings imply that determining NaOCl requirement with merely SVI values can readily result in chlorination overdosing. Proper NaOCl dosage requires a delicately balanced consideration between sludge settling improvement, water quality demand and phosphate metabolism. Batch test of phosphate release/uptake is apparently a prerequisite to conclude an appropriate NaOCl dosage for bulking control.

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Mat Saad, Azlina, Farrah Aini Dahalan, Naimah Ibrahim, Sara Yasina Yusuf, Siti Aqlima Ahmad, and Khalilah Abdul Khalil. "Settling properties of aerobic granular sludge (AGS) and aerobic granular sludge molasses (AGSM)." E3S Web of Conferences 34 (2018): 02022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183402022.

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Aerobic granulation technology is applied to treat domestic and industrial wastewater. The Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) cultivated has strong properties that appears to be denser and compact in physiological structure compared to the conventional activated sludge. It offers rapid settling for solid:liquid separation in wastewater treatment. Aerobic granules were developed using sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with intermittent aerobic – anaerobic mode with 8 cycles in 24 hr. This study examined the settling velocity performance of cultivated aerobic granular sludge (AGS) and aerobic granular sludge molasses (AGSM). The elemental composition in both AGS and AGSM were determined using X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The results showed that AGSM has higher settling velocity 30.5 m/h compared to AGS.

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Dangcong, P., W. Yi, W. Hao, and W. Xiaochang. "Biological denitrification in a sequencing batch reactor." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 10 (November 1, 2004): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0611.

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Biological denitrification was studied in an SBR to investigate the performance. The experimental results showed that granular sludge with high activity and good settling ability can be developed smoothly in the reactor. With the granular sludge, high nitrate loading rate (0.48 kg NO3-N dm−3 d−1) and removal efficiency (more than 99%) can be achieved. Scanning electronic microscope examination showed that only rod-shape bacteria existed on and within the granules, which confirmed indirectly that filamentous bacteria do not utilize nitrate and nitrite as electron acceptors. SBR is an alternative and effective technology for biological denitrification.

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Belia, E., and P. G. Smith. "The bioaugmentation of sequencing batch reactor sludges for biological phosphorus removal." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0003.

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The development of enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) through the bioaugmentation of a conventional activated sludge was studied. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the phosphorus removal capability of a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) when started with conventional activated sludge and augmented with a pure culture of Acinetobacter lwoffii. The effect of the addition of the pure culture on the reactor start up time, the settling properties of the sludge and on COD and nitrogen removal was also investigated. The effect of the removal of up to 70% of the bioaugmented biomass and its substitution with unconditioned sludge from a conventional sewage treatment plant was determined. This study has demonstrated that bioaugmentation can convert a conventional sewage works activated sludge to an EBPR sludge in 14 days. The sludge produced shows resilience to influent phosphate fluctuations, low D.O. and biomass replacement. The COD and nitrogen removal capabilities of the sludge and its settling properties are not affected by the addition of the pure culture.

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Nor Anuar, A., Z. Ujang, M. C. M. van Loosdrecht, and M. K. de Kreuk. "Settling behaviour of aerobic granular sludge." Water Science and Technology 56, no. 7 (October 1, 2007): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.671.

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Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) technology has been extensively studied recently to improve sludge settling and behaviour in activated sludge systems. The main advantage is that aerobic granular sludge (AGS) can settle very fast in a reactor or clarifier because AGS is compact and has strong structure. It also has good settleability and a high capacity for biomass retention. Several experimental works have been conducted in this study to observe the settling behaviours of AGS. The study thus has two aims: (1) to compare the settling profile of AGS with other sludge flocs and (2) to observe the influence of mechanical mixing and design of the reactor to the settleability of AGS. The first experimental outcome shows that AGS settles after less than 5 min in a depth of 0.4 m compared to other sludge flocs (from sequencing batch reactor, conventional activated sludge and extended aeration) which takes more than 30 min. This study also shows that the turbulence from the mixing mechanism and shear in the reactor provides an insignificant effect on the AGS settling velocity.

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Beun, J. J., M. C. van Loosdrecht, and J. J. Heijnen. "Aerobic granulation." Water Science and Technology 41, no. 4-5 (February 1, 2000): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0423.

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Heterotrophic aerobic granular sludge was cultivated in a sequencing batch airlift reactor (SBAR). A steady state operation, at a COD loading of 2.3 kg COD/(m3· d), was run for 50 days after which the experiment was terminated. The granules obtained were smooth, 1.0 mm in diameter and had a density of 48 g/l. Selection of dense granules occurred by applying a short settling time. Slow settling s ludge was washed out with the effluent and only the granules with good settling properties settled fast enough (vmin>16.2 m/h) to be retained in the reactor. Nitrification and almost complete denitrification occurred in the fully aerobic SBAR without any optimization of the process conditions. Compared to a sequencing batch bubble column (SBBC) much more dense granules with a smaller diameter were obtained in the SBAR at the same substrate loading rate and the same mixing intensity. Compared to granules formed in a, continuous fed, biofilm airlift suspension (BAS) reactor much more dense granules were obtained in the SBAR as well. The diameter of the granules in the BAS reactor was smaller than in the SBAR. Possible reasons for the better quality of the sludge granules in the SBAR are discussed.

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