Relevant bibliographies by topics / Batch settling

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers
  5. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Batch settling'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 5 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Batch settling"

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van Deventer, Ben B. G., Shane P. Usher, Ashish Kumar, Murray Rudman, and Peter J. Scales. "Aggregate densification and batch settling." Chemical Engineering Journal 171, no. 1 (June 2011): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.03.075.

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Aarne Vesilind, P., and Gregary N. Jones. "Channelling in Batch Thickening." Water Science and Technology 28, no. 1 (July 1, 1993): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0017.

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Channelling, which occurs during the batch thickening of concentrated slurries, allows water to escape the settling slurry at a high rate, thus increasing the interface settling velocity. This research shows that the upper layers of the settling column are progressively diluted and that the channel zone occurs at the interface between the diluted slurry and the slurry in compression. As the solids in the lower sections of the column compress and expel water, this water escapes by means of the channels.
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Lester, Daniel R., Shane P. Usher, and Peter J. Scales. "Estimation of the hindered settling functionR(?) from batch-settling tests." AIChE Journal 51, no. 4 (2005): 1158–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.10333.

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Chu, C. P., S. P. Ju, D. J. Lee, F. M. Tiller, K. K. Mohanty, and Y. C. Chang. "Batch Settling of Flocculated Clay Slurry." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 41, no. 5 (March 2002): 1227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie0103411.

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Nadiv, Corinne, and Raphael Semiat. "Batch Settling of Liquid-Liquid Dispersion." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 34, no. 7 (July 1995): 2427–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie00046a026.

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Zheng, Yunsheng, and David M. Bagley. "Numerical Simulation of Batch Settling Process." Journal of Environmental Engineering 125, no. 11 (November 1999): 1007–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1999)125:11(1007).

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Concha, F., and M. C. Bustos. "Settling velocities of particulate systems, 6. Kynch sedimentation processes: batch settling." International Journal of Mineral Processing 32, no. 3-4 (September 1991): 193–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-7516(91)90068-t.

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Li, Zhen Liang, and Dai Jun Zhang. "A Model for Characterizing the Process of Activated Sludge Compression Settling." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 3680–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.3680.

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Based on batch settling tests, a model describing the compression settling stage was developed and validated by experimental data. A equation determining the critical point when the compression settling stage commences, and a new velocity function for compression settling process were deduced from the model. It was shown that compression settling velocity, time and sludge concentration of the critical point occurrence depend on the initial sludge concentrations, the initial sludge blanket height and the sludge characteristic. Dividing the entire settling process of activated sludge into the zone settling and compression settling stages, and describing them by respective velocity models was more reasonable for characterizing the entire settling behaviour of activated sludge. The method was applied to predict the sludge blanket height during batch settling tests, and the results showed that the settling processes could be simulated well.
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Bürger, R., and E. M. Tory. "On upper rarefaction waves in batch settling." Powder Technology 108, no. 1 (March 2000): 74–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-5910(99)00257-0.

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Howells, I., K. A. Landman, A. Panjkov, C. Sirakoff, and L. R. White. "Time-dependent batch settling of flocculated suspensions." Applied Mathematical Modelling 14, no. 2 (February 1990): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0307-904x(90)90075-g.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Batch settling"

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Kurt, Nilufer, and nilf_k@yahoo com au. "A Study of Channelling Behaviour in Batch Sedimentation." RMIT University. School of Civil and Chemical Engineering, 2006. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20061220.120258.

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Batch sedimentation is a method that enables us to understand the mechanism of compaction and compression of sedimenting slurry. However, batch settling behaviour is a very complex phenomenon that is not easily described fully by a mathematical model. This causes unrealistically large empirical calculations when the thickener size estimations are required. Channelling, reverse concentration gradients and the initial concentration of the slurry have large effects on batch settling. Existing procedures do not provide clear relationships involving these three significant variables. In this study, batch sedimentation phenomena are examined in detail and possible explanations are given to clarify the complex behaviour using recent theories. Modern research has shown that channelling is an unwanted formation because channels can change the concentration at the bottom and top of the bed by carrying a great amount of flocs upwards. Batch sedimentation tests were performed using flocculated slurry of Calcium Carbonate at various initial concentrations such as 250 g/l, 500 g/l, 750 g/l and 1000 g/l to observe channelling and reverse concentration gradients. Flux plots for the batch system reveal behaviour which can be attributed to the upward flow of solids. In addition, photographic methods were used to observe settling processes, channelling mechanisms and flocs in the channels. One of the purposes of this work was to examine the phenomenological solid-liquid separation theory of Buscall and White (1987), which employs the material properties of the local volume fraction, compressive yield stress Py ()ö and hindered settling function R()ö to identify the material behaviour in batch sedimentation. Stepped-pressure filtration and batch settling tests were used to measure the material characteristics for the flocculated CaCO3 suspension. Experimental data were demonstrated using Height versus Time and Height versus Concentration graphs and displayed the possible region of reverse concentration gradients and channelling in the settling bed. Mathematical predictions adopted from Usher (2002) were performed employing material characteristics of the material and graphical documentations were presented. The results of mathematical predictions were compared to the experimental results and the modes of sedimentation explained by Lester et al. (2005). Fundamental theoretical models and experimental observations highlight that the main driving force for channelling is the high-pressure gradient at the bottom of the bed and the most important factors that cause channelling are high initial concentration of slurry and settling time. The predictions also show that the material and flocculant used for the batch settling tests demonstrate important effect on the settling process. The knowledge and information gained from this study is valuable to maximize the thickening process.
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Anderson, Robert K. "Development of scale factors for clarifier design based on batch settling data." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 1989. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/RTD/id/22218.

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University of Central Florida college of Engineering Thesis
Traditionally, batch settling tests have been employed to determine the values of the settling parameters V0 and K of the Vesilind equation which represents activated sludge settling velocity as a function of solids concentration. It remains unresolved how closely batch settling tests describe settling in full-scale clarifiers. An experimental procedure was developed to dtermine scale factors between batch settling and full-scale solids flux curves. An experimental protocol was determined for full-scale clarifier operation, including specific criteria of necessary instrumentation and operational flexibility. Several graphical techniques were evaluated and a procedure was selected to determine a scale factor between batch and full-scale settling. The specified procedure requires determination of underflow velocity and concentration. The scale factor was approximately 0.84 as applied to the limiting flux, thus clarifiers designed from batch settling tests would be underdesigned. In addition, a methodology was developed to account for batch flux curve variability in the form of a safety factor. Finally, a design procedure was recommnded to calculate clarifier area based on the scale factor determined from the batch and full-scale experiments.
M.S.;
Engineering;
113 p.
viii, 113 leaves, bound : ill. ; 28 cm.
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Wells, Miriam. "The effect of clay addition on the settling ability of activated sludge as a proposed method to control filamentous bulking." Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Biological Sciences, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/10279.

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Filamentous bulking is a problem that has long plagued activated sludge (AS) wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Much research has looked at its prevention and control but there is still no solution. The sludge microbiological community is very complex and there are many factors that can affect bulking. Clay addition in scaled-down activated sludge systems was investigated at concentrations of 0.4, 2.0 and 5.0 g/L along with sequencing batch reactor (SBR) parameters when run with a synthetic wastewater (SWW). The 5.0g/L concentration exhibited positive results on settling in the form of modified SVI but appeared to cause no reduction in filament length. These preliminary investigations indicate that clay may help improve sludge settling but make no difference in the abundance of filamentous microorganisms. The SBRs exhibited trends in regards to running systems with a synthetic wastewater. A loss of volatile suspended solids (VSS), coupled with increase in sludge volume index (SVI), suggested a link between lack of non-VSS and settling ability. This has implications in the importance of non-VSS such as grit or clay in research performed using SWWs.
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Cubas, Suazo Francisco Jose. "Effect of Reactor Feeding Pattern on Performance of an Activated Sludge SBR." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35311.

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The possible effects of changes in the feeding pattern on activated sludge properties related to bioflocculation have been analyzed in lab scale sequencing batch reactors (SBR) in order to determine if these changes in effluent water quality and settling and dewatering properties are significant, so they can be considered in future studies or if they can be recommended as crucial when operating and designing wastewater treatment plants. The activated sludge process is widely used to treat wastewater from both industrial and municipal sources. Biomass from industrial facilities containing high monovalent to divalent ion content usually settles poorly, which leads to low quality effluents that fail to meet environmental requirements. Therefore, the combined effect of feeding pattern plus the addition of sodium to activated sludge reactors was studied in this experiment.

A series of SBRs were operated at different sodium concentrations that ranged from 1.5 - 15 meq/L and different feeding times that ranged from 1 minute to 4 hours. Biomass samples were taken from each reactor to study the settling and dewatering properties and effluent samples were used to analyze the amount of organic matter and exocellular polymeric substances present due to deflocculation. As expected, the changes in feeding strategies affected all of the properties measured. When the feeding time was maintained low (pulse feed) the effluent quality and settling properties were the best. As the feeding time was increased the effluent quality, settling, and dewatering properties increased suggesting that the way in which the reactors were fed affected the overall bioflocculation process. The causes of the high deflocculation observed are not well understood, but data suggest that a microbial community change could have affected exocellular biopolymers which are believed to play an important role on bioflocculation.

This research demonstrates the importance of the interaction between cation content and feeding pattern when operating a wastewater treatment plants and when reporting lab-scaled results related to settling and bioflocculation.


Master of Science
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Gomes, Fernanda Cavalcante. "Decantação acelerada: alternativa para o tratamento de vazão excedente de esgoto - estudo na ETE Martim de Sá (Caraguatatuba/SP)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3147/tde-17082010-101003/.

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Este estudo foi motivado pela necessidade de se tratar o excesso de vazão afluente às estações de tratamento de esgoto, que ocorre em dias de chuvas intensas. A hipótese central deste estudo é a de que a adoção de processo físico-químico para o tratamento de esgoto excedente diluído, pode ser vantajosa em relação ao aumento da capacidade com a ampliação dos sistemas exclusivamente biológicos. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida na ETE Martim de Sá da SABESP, localizada em Caraguatatuba/SP, onde o esgoto é tratado por lodos ativados em bateladas sequenciais. Estudou-se a variação da vazão de esgoto afluente na época de chuvas, bem como o funcionamento das bateladas. Além disso, foi avaliado o emprego da coagulação, floculação e sedimentação em decantador laminar para tratar o excesso de vazão com aplicação de sulfato de alumínio, cloreto férrico e polímero catiônico em uma estação piloto, após a realização de ensaios em escala de bancada em aparelho de Jar Test. O monitoramento da vazão afluente mostrou que em dias de chuvas e com ocorrência de desvios, a vazão máxima foi 220 L/s, ou seja, até 6 vezes maior que a vazão média de tempo seco. Para esta situação, o processo físico-químico pode tornar-se uma alternativa promissora, devido à sua capacidade de trabalho sob altas vazões em instalações de menor porte. Nos ensaios para se avaliar o tratamento físico-químico utilizou-se esgoto bruto pertencente a duas faixas de DBO: 50 e 100 mg/L e taxa de aplicação superficial no decantador de 76,82 m³ / m² / dia. A melhor dosagem de produto químico utilizada para tratar o esgoto bruto da faixa de DBO igual a 50 mg/L foi 40mg/L de cloreto férrico mais 0,5mg/L de polímero catiônico resultando em efluentes com DBO média de 26mg/L. Para o esgoto bruto da faixa de DBO igual a 100 mg/L a melhor dosagem foi a de 60mg/L de cloreto férrico, com DBO média dos efluentes igual a 44mg/L. Para esta faixa de trabalho é recomendável prever a aplicação de polímero. Por esta pesquisa concluiu-se que é possível atender aos limites legais de qualidade do esgoto tratado com o emprego do tratamento físico-químico, além disso produziu elementos importantes para subsidiar a avaliação econômica para a implantação desta tecnologia em paralelo ao sistema de lodo ativado nas situações de sobrecarga hidráulica. No entanto, a análise do fluxograma do funcionamento da estação com o processo de lodos ativado em bateladas, indicou que é possível efetuar o tratamento da vazão de 220 L/s pelo processo biológico. Assim, é recomendável a implantação do tratamento físico-químico somente se, após a realização do teste em escala real do funcionamento das bateladas com a vazão de 220 L/s, o tratamento biológico não atender aos padrões estabelecidos.
This study was motivated by the need to treat high wastewater influent exceeding in sewage treatment plants, which occurs on days of heavy rain. The central hypothesis of this study is that the physical-chemical process to treat dilute sewage overflow, it can be advantageous with respect to increased capacity and expansion of biological systems. The research was conducted in ETE Martim de Sá (SABESP), located in Caraguatatuba / SP, where the sewage is treated by sequencing batch reactor. It was studied the variation of the flow of wastewater during the rainy season, and the operation of the batch. Furthermore, it was evaluated the use of coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation in plate settler with application of aluminium sulfate, ferric chloride and cationic polymer in a pilot plant, after the testing of bench scale apparatus in Jar Test. Monitoring the inflow showed that on days of rainfall and bypass, the maximum flow was 220 L/s, up to 6 times the dry weather average flow. For this situation, the physico-chemical process may become a promising alternative, due to its ability to work under high flow rates in smaller facilities. In tests to evaluate the physical-chemical treatment was used two kinds of raw sewage: 50 and 100 mg/L BOD, overflow rate used in the plated settling tank was 76.82 m³/m² / day. The best dosage of chemical used to treat the raw sewage BOD of 50 mg/L was 40 mg/L ferric chloride plus 0.5 mg/L of cationic polymer, resulting in average effluent with BOD of 26 mg/L. For the raw sewage of the range BOD of 100 mg/L, 60 mg/L ferric chloride was the best dosage with an average BOD of effluent equal to 44 mg/L. For this range of work is recommended to provide for the application of polymer. This research concluded that it is possible to comply with the legal standard of treated sewage with physical-chemical treatment, also produced evidence that can help in the economic evaluation for the implementation of this technology in parallel with the activated sludge system in hydraulic overload situations. However, analysis of the flow diagram of operation of the station with the sequencing batch reactor, indicated that it is possible to make the treatment of flow of 220 L/s by the biological process. Therefore, is recommend the implementation of physical-chemical treatment only if after the test-scale operation of the batches with the flow rate of 220 L/s, the biological treatment doesn\'t meet the established standards.
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Flintrop, Clara [Verfasser], Morten [Akademischer Betreuer] Iversen, Helle [Gutachter] Ploug, and Wolfgang [Gutachter] Bach. "From microstructures to macroscale carbon export : influences of marine snow composition on settling velocity and microbial colonization / Clara Flintrop ; Gutachter: Helle Ploug, Wolfgang Bach ; Betreuer: Morten Iversen." Bremen : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1199003735/34.

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Rossle, Werner Herbert. "The effects of short-term temperature variations on activated sludge settling." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/29408.

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Settling properties of activated sludge or mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) have been studied for more than 75 years at wastewater treatment plants. Temperature, together with MLSS concentration, has been acknowledged as important contributors to MLSS settling variations. Batch MLSS settling tests are performed on a regular basis at most of the plants. The majority of these MLSS settling test reports reflect the complete absence of any form of temperature compensation or even MLSS sample temperature (Ts) recordings. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of short-term temperature variations on MLSS settling parameters. This is done by means of simplified theoretical calculations, followed by operational reactor temperature (Tr) observations, and batch MLSS settling tests. The experimental work concludes with the implementation of an on-line MLSS settling test procedure at a full-scale plant reactor to develop settling models based on diurnal Tr fluctuations. These settling models illustrate that parameter correlations improve when Tr is included in on-line MLSS concentration-based settling models. The unhindered settling velocity of a single solid biofloc in water is considered in a simplified calculation to estimate the effect of temperature variations on MLSS settling. Over a Ts increase of 20°C, water density and viscosity reductions result in a calculated biofloc settling velocity increase of less than 0.5 m/hr. Similarly, biofloc density, shape, and size changes result in calculated biofloc settling velocity increases of about 11, 10, and 2 m/hr respectively over the 20°C Ts range. Plant temperature recordings show significant short- to long-term variations. Ambient temperature (Ta) and Tr fluctuate about 20°C and 1.8°C respectively per day, and Tr changes by about 4°C within a week, as measured on-line at local plants during the test period in winter. The aeration method can have a significant impact on Tr. Differences in Tr in adjacent surface and bubble aeration reactors in the same plant were about 5°C. Large enough Tr and Ta variations exist at these local plants to affect MLSS settling test results. The MLSS settling test cylinder environment and meteorological conditions have a direct influence on Ts during batch settling tests. Direct solar radiation increases the average Ts by 4.3°C, or by 0.15°C per minute, during a 30-minute MLSS settling test duration. This Ts change leads to a sludge volume index (SVI) change of 63 mℓ/g, at an average SVI decrease of 14.8 mℓ/g per 1°C Ts increase. Changes to other parameters include an initial settling velocity (ISV) increase of about 0.12 m/hr for every 1°C Ts increase, together with a clarified supernatant turbidity increase of about 1.4 formazine nephelometric unit (FNU) for every 1°C Ts increase. Ts adjusts towards Ta before and during a batch MLSS settling test, thereby influencing MLSS settling results. Compensation for Ts variations during routine MLSS settling tests is nevertheless not reported as a common practice. To some extent, this is due to a lack of temperature-controlled MLSS settling test equipment. An automated MLSS settling meter demonstrates a semi-continuous on-line method to determine settling parameters in situ at the operational Tr of a full-scale plant. A basic polynomial fits 11 MLSS settling parameters that indicate in most instances improved MLSS settling at increased Tr. The average SVI decreases by 14.8 mℓ/g for every 1°C Tr increase. Similarly, for every 1°C Tr increase, the maximum settling velocity (u_max) increase is 0.1 m/hr, and the time to reach maximum settling velocity (t_umax) decreases by 2.4 minutes. The incremental 5-minute duration average settling velocities increase over the first 15 minutes of a MLSS settling test, as the MLSS concentration decreases and the Tr increases. This direct incremental settling velocity trend with Tr is reversed between 15 and 30 minutes, as the average 5-minute MLSS settling velocity increases at a reduced Tr. The inclusion of Tr in MLSS concentration-based settling best-fit correlations with SVI, u_max, and t_umax improves the coefficient of multiple determinations (R2) by an average of 0.32. Best-fit SVI models with u_max and t_umax have R2-values of 0.90 and 0.95 respectively. The developed models are only valid for the individual reactor MLSS conditions within the experimental parameter ranges. The main contribution of this study is to present temperature-based MLSS settling models. These models illustrate that an automated on-line MLSS settling meter is suitable to identify and model temperature related MLSS settling data with minimal experimental effort. A suitable approach is provided to improve the reliability of MLSS settling data, as effects of short-term temperature variations can be practically eliminated from settling test.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2008.
Chemical Engineering
unrestricted
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Book chapters on the topic "Batch settling"

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Arouca, F. O., L. C. O. Lopes, and João Jorge Ribeiro Damasceno. "Concentration Profiles and Iso-Concentration Curves for Batch Settling Using the Gamma Rays Attenuation Technique." In Materials Science Forum, 29–34. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-423-5.29.

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Sposito, Garrison. "Soil Adsorption Phenomena." In The Chemistry of Soils. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190630881.003.0012.

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Adsorption experiments involving soil particles typically are performed in a sequence of three steps: (1) reactio of an adsorptive (ion or molecule) with a soil contacting an aqueous solution of known composition under controlled temperature and applied pressure for a prescribed period of time, (2) separationof the wet soil slurry from the supernatant aqueous solution, and (3) quantitationof the ion or molecule of interest, both in the aqueous solution and in the separated soil slurry along with its entrained soil solution. The reaction step can be performed in either a closed system (batch reactor) or an open system (flow-through reactor), and it can proceed over a time period that is either relatively short (to investigate adsorption kinetics) or very long (to investigate adsorption equilibration). The separation step is similarly open to choice, with centrifugation, filtration, or gravitational settling being conventional methods to achieve separation. The quantitation step, in principle, should be designed not only to determine the moles of adsorbate and unreacted adsorptive, but also to verify whether unwanted side reactions, such as precipitation of the adsorptive or dissolution of the adsorbent, have influenced the experiment. After reaction between an adsorptive i and a soil adsorbent, the moles of i adsorbed per kilogram of dry soil is calculated with the standard equation ni ≡ niT − Mwmi where niT is the total moles of species i per kilogram dry soil in a slurry (batch process) or a soil column (flow-through process), Mw is the gravimetric water content of the slurry or soil column (measured in kilograms water per kilogram dry soil), and mi is the molality (moles per kilogram water) of species i in the supernatant solution (batch process) or effluent solution (flow-through process). Equation 8.1 defines the surface exces, ni, of an ion or molecule adsorptive that has become an adsorbate. Formally, ni is the excess number of moles of i per kilogram soil relative to its molality in the supernatant solution. As mentioned in Section 7.2, this surface excess may be a positive, zero, or negative quantity.
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Harrison, Roger G., Paul W. Todd, Scott R. Rudge, and Demetri P. Petrides. "Sedimentation." In Bioseparations Science and Engineering. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195391817.003.0008.

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Sedimentation is the movement of particles or macromolecules in an inertial field. Its applications in separation technology are extremely widespread. Extremes of applications range from the settling due to gravity of tons of solid waste and bacteria in wastewater treatment plants to the centrifugation of a few microliters of blood to determine packed blood cell volume (“hematocrit”) in the clinical laboratory. Accelerations range from 1 × g in flocculation tanks to 100,000 × g in ultracentrifuges for measuring the sedimentation rates of macromolecules. In bioprocessing, the most frequent applications of sedimentation include the clarification of broths and lysates, the collection of cells and inclusion bodies, and the separation of fluids having different densities. Unit operations in sedimentation include settling tanks and tubular centrifuges for batch processing, continuous centrifuges such as disk centrifuges, and less frequently used unit operations such as field-flow fractionators and inclined settlers. Bench scale centrifuges that accommodate small samples can be found in most research laboratories and are frequently applied to the processing of bench scale cell cultures and enzyme preparations. Certain high-speed ultracentrifuges are used as analytical tools for the estimation of molecular weights and diffusion coefficients. The chapter begins with a description of the basic principles of sedimentation, followed by methods of characterizing laboratory and larger-scale centrifuges. Two important production centrifuges, the tubular bowl centrifuge and the disk-stack centrifuge, are analyzed in detail to give the basis for scale-up. Ultracentrifuges, important for analytical and preparative work, are then analyzed. The effect of flocculation of particles on sedimentation is presented, and sedimentation of particles at low accelerations is discussed. The chapter concludes with a description of centrifugal elutriation.
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Conference papers on the topic "Batch settling"

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Nwaigwe, Kevin N., Nnamdi V. Ogueke, Clifford Kamalu, and Emmanuel E. Anyanwu. "Design and Construction of a Biodiesel Batch Reactor With Improved Settling Capability." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-40246.

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A work on the design and construction of biodiesel batch reactor with improved settling capability for production of biodiesel from fresh palm oil (FPO) and fresh vegetable oil (FVO) is presented. A centrifuge separator, 41 litres capacity, operating at 1400rpm was incorporated into the integrated reactor. Biodiesel production was done using transesterification method. Two experiments were carried out under different reaction conditions such as time and temperature to determine biodiesel yield. The optimum biodiesel yield was achieved at a reaction time of 56 minutes and reaction temperature of 140°F and a lower yield was gotten at a temperature of 131°F and 50 minutes. A clear yellow color was obtained at a temperature of 140°F. The centrifuge achieved separation and settling within an average of 55 minutes. A characterization test carried out to determine the biodiesel density, specific density, flash point, pour point, and cloud point showed that the produced biodiesel agreed with the ASTMD 6751 standard for biodiesel test and have similar properties with conventional diesel which can therefore be used in diesel engines so as to reduce environmental pollution and encourage diversity in energy source.
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Matyáš, Josef, Jaroslav Kloužek, Lubomír Němec, and Miroslav Trochta. "Spinel Settling in HLW Melters." In ASME 2001 8th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2001-1317.

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Abstract The efficiency of high-level waste (HLW) melters is limited by spinel settling and accumulation on the melter bottom if the waste loading is increased above a certain limit at which spinel crystallizes from the melt. Spinel accumulation interferes with melter operation and shortens melter lifetime. The mathematical modeling of spinel settling in a HLW melter was applied to define the critical level of spinel deposition during the lifetime of the melter and the corresponding increase in waste loading. In this study, spinel settled on the bottom, slant melter walls, and in the output pipe with a linear growth of spinel-sludge thickness after its concentration stabilized inside the melter. The calculations provided a higher concentration of spinel crystals in the melter regions where the temperature was lower then the liquidus temperature, i.e., T<TL. The effects of the following parameters on sludge-layer thickness were examined: 1) the impact of input concentration of spinel crystals of the same size, 2) the impact of different input size of spinel crystals of the same concentration entering from cold cap (melting batch on the melt surface), and 3) the influence of the average temperature (Tavg) inside of the melting space. The calculations showed that higher a concentration and bigger crystals caused thicker sludge layers in the melter, either because of a higher settling density of crystals or because of their higher settling rate. The nucleation of spinel crystals plays a more important role with decreasing of average temperature inside of the melter, and the thicker layer was formed at lower average temperatures.
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Kim, J. Y., and J. Sansalone. "Evaluation of Rainfall-Runoff Particulate Metals Removal by Hydrodynamic Separation and Batch Settling Clarifier." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2010. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41114(371)340.

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Pham Van Bang, Damien, and Patrick Brisset. "Non-Intrusive Devices Applied to Sedimentation and Consolidation." In ASME-JSME-KSME 2011 Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajk2011-11017.

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This paper presents two non-intrusive techniques to measure the time evolution of the vertical profile of concentration during batch settling test. The first one is a Magnetic Resonant Imaging (MRI) vertical prototype used on Gironde estuary. The second is an X-ray ‘home-made’ prototype used on Seine estuary. Both are used to observe the sedimentation and the consolidation processes of natural cohesive sediments. They provide the movement of the supernatant/suspension interface and the isoconcentration lines of the process. A space-time based method is proposed to close the governing equation.
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Cho, Yung-Zun, In-Tae Kim, Hee-Chul Yang, Hwan-Seo Park, and Han-Soo Lee. "Separation of Lanthanide Fission Products in a Eutectic Waste Salts Delivered From Pyroprocessing of a Spent Oxide Fuel by Using Lab-Scale Oxidative Precipitation Apparatus." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16127.

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Co-precipitation experiments of lanthanides were carried out using this lab-scale apparatus (4kg-salt/batch). As lanthanides, 8 lanthanide elements (Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu and Gd) were used. By reaction with oxygen, these 8 lanthanide chlorides were converted their oxide (REO2, RE2O3) or oxychloride form. Since these lanthanide oxides or oxychlorides are nearly molten salt insoluble, they all were precipitated by free settling in the bottom of molten salt bed, where about 7–8 hrs precipitation time was requested. It was found that in the conditions of 700 °C - 12 hours sparging time and 5 L/min, all the used lanthanide elements showed over 99.5% oxidation efficiency. But in case of 800 °C molten salt temperature only after 7 hours they showed over 99% oxidation efficiency.
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Belfroid, S. P. C., H. J. C. Korst, P. van Beek, K. Lunde, I. G. Eidsvik, F. Hansen, and B. Olsen. "Singing Mitigation in an Export Riser via Liquid Injection: A Field Case Study." In ASME 2014 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2014-28533.

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Flexible Risers are prone to the generation of high amplitude tonal noise, i.e. a so-called singing riser. Recently, severe vibrations and high noise levels were encountered on the turret of an FPSO in the Norwegian Sea, resulting in significantly reduced production. The vibrations could be attributed to pulsations generated either by a flexible jumper (connecting topside to turret), the gas lift riser or the gas export riser. Field measurements showed that the most likely source was the 10 inch gas export riser. Due to the vibrations, a reduced production limit was set. A field measurement campaign was started to inject liquid into the export risers to provisionally increase production, while in the meantime permanent solutions were evaluated and installed. Liquid was injected batch wise and continuously. The main field trial was initiated by a batch of MEG (mono ethylene glycol) (2 times 500 liters) followed by continuous injection of small amounts of MEG. Between settling periods, the gas export rate was increased in steps until vibrations were detected. At detection, the MEG injection rate was increased until vibrations/pulsations disappeared, after which gas export was increased again. This process was repeated to maximum gas flow rate, after which the liquid injection and gas export were similarly stepwise decreased. During this test, the gas export could be increased tenfold with moderate liquid injection rates (up to a maximum of 25 l/hr). Similar tests were done with TEG as injected fluid. However, TEG was far less efficient in suppressing the singing. This is attributed to the higher viscosity of the TEG at the injection temperatures and the method of injection.
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Wang, Li, Changchun Wu, Lili Zuo, Yanfei Huang, and Haihong Chen. "Optimization of the Receipt and Delivery Schedules for a Transfer Tank Farm of Products Pipeline Network." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-65276.

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Transfer tank farms play an important role in an oil products pipeline network, which receive oil products from upstream pipelines and deliver them to downstream pipelines. The scheduling problem for oil products supply chain is very complicated because of numerous constraints to be considered. The published literatures on schedule optimization of oil products pipeline network usually focus on the batch plans of each pipeline, without consideration on the receipt and delivery schedule of transfer tank farm. In this paper, a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model is developed for the schedule optimization of transfer tank farm. The objective of the model is to minimize switching times of the tank operations of a tank farm during a planning horizon, while fulfilling the products transmission requirements of the upstream and downstream pipelines of the tank farm. The constraints of the model include material balance, the operational rules of tanks, the topological structure constraints of the tank farm, the settling period of the oil products stored in dedicated tank and so on. To satisfy the constraint of fulfilling the specific transmission requirements of pipelines, concepts of static and dynamic time slot are proposed. A continuous time representation is used to obtain accurate optimal schedules and decrease scale of the model by reducing the number of variables. The model is solved by CPLEX solver for a transfer tank farm of an oil products pipeline network in China. Some examples are tested under different scenarios and the results show that global optimal solution can be obtain at acceptable computational costs.
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Pillai, Pradeep, Chih-Cheng Lin, Jonathan Brege, Raj Mohan, Edward Derkach, Valerie Lafitte, Bala Gadiyar, Tint Htoo Aung, and Juan-Carlos Santamaria. "Industry First Openhole Alternate Path Gravel Pack Completion in HPHT Environment: Fluid Development and Case History." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/206048-ms.

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Abstract For offshore wells requiring sand control, Open Hole Gravel Packing (OHGP) with or without shunted screen technology is a common completion technique. Prior to this paper, there has been no application of shunted screen OHGP in High-Pressure High-Temperature (HPHT) environment due to lack of a viscous fluid availability in high-density divalent brines (> 14.6 lbm/U.S. gal). For the case study, the fluid requirements in terms of density and temperature were 15.4 lbm/U.S. gal and 265°F, respectively. The only brine option at this density was a blend of calcium chloride/bromide and zinc bromide. In this brine and density, none of the existing fluids work hence a novel polymer-based fluid had to be developed. The fluid had to pass the following tests a) rheology before and after subjecting to high shear of both uncontaminated and contaminated fluids at 3 different temperatures b) sand settling tests at 4 different temperatures c) Production Screen Tester to ensure the fluid does not plug the screens during the job. System Integration Tests (SIT) were performed to ensure the mixing equipment would be able to batch mix the fluid and actual pumping equipment would function properly with the fluid. The field trial planning included simulations, pre-job meetings, and fluid management plan. The job was executed as per the procedure outlined during pre-job meetings. This paper discusses laboratory development, yard test qualification, and successful shunted screen OHGP case history of a novel 15.4 lbm/U.S. gal viscous gravel pack carrier fluid.
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Bamberger, Judith Ann, and Perry A. Meyer. "Investigating Using Oscillating Jets for Fluid Mixing." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-69037.

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Scaled mixing experiments were conducted to evaluate maintaining mobilized particles in a uniform suspension (the condition of concentration uniformity) using jet pumps to mix the suspension. The study experimentally evaluated uniformity in a 1/12-scale experiment varying the Reynolds number, Froude number, and gravitational settling parameter space. The product of the jet exit velocity and nozzle diameter (U0D0) was used to scale the experimental conditions. The test matrix included a full factorial test between 100% and 50% U0D0 and two half-factorial tests at 75% and 25% U0D0. Evaluating points at 75% U0D0 and 50% U0D0 allowed evaluation of curvature. Eliminating points at 25% U0D0 decreased the testing time by several weeks. Test conditions were achieved by varying the simulant viscosity (μ), the mean particle size (dp), and the jet nozzle exit velocity (U0). Concentration measurements at sampling locations throughout the tank were used to assess the degree of uniformity achieved during each test. Concentration data was obtained using a real time ultrasonic attenuation probe and discrete batch samples. The undissolved solids concentration at these locations was analyzed to determine whether the tank contents were uniform (< ±10% variation about mean) or nonuniform (> ±10% variation about mean) in concentration. Concentration inhomogeneity was modeled as a function of dimensionless groups. The two parameters that best describe the maximum solids volume fraction that can be suspended in a double-shell tank were found to be 1) the Froude number (Fr) based on nozzle velocity (U0) and tank contents level (H) and 2) the dimensionless particle size (dp/D0). The dependence on the Reynolds number (Re) does not appear to be statistically significant.
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Barre´, Yves, and Vincent Pacary. "Study of the Radioactive Liquid Waste Treatment by Coprecipitation: From Modeling to New Process Designs." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16018.

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The ever increasing pressure to reduce the release of radioactive and other toxic substances into environment requires constant improvement/upgrading of processes and technologies for treatment and conditioning of liquid radioactive wastes. To decontaminate liquid nuclear wastes, the coprecipitation process is the most commonly used in nuclear field because it can be applied to any type of aqueous effluents whatever their composition may be. This process deals with the in situ precipitation of solid particles to selectively remove one or more radioelements. In the nuclear research center of CEA (Commissariat a` l’Energie Atomique), the coprecipitation of 90Sr with barium sulphate is the technique used to treat selectively this radionuclide. In a previous study (1), an elaborated model is presented which predicts the radioactive strontium decontamination factor of nuclear waste solutions which can be achieved by using a coprecipitation process with barium sulphate. The originality of this new approach lies in the possibility to simulate the decontamination process in non equilibrium conditions and at the reactor scale. This modelling combined with the resolution of the population balance, enables to identify the influence of process parameters (flow rates, stirring speed…) on crystal size and ultimately on decontamination. Simulations of the strontium coprecipitation with barium sulphate have been performed in continuous and semi batch reactors. Thanks to these simulations, laws of the treatment efficiency variation as a function of several process parameters (mean residence time, stirring speed, BaSO4 concentration) have been determined and experimentally verified. This study leads to the determination of optimal treatment conditions. Three apparatus (recycling apparatus, fluidised bed and reactor/settling tank) providing these optimal conditions have been successfully tested and offered significant outlooks for the reduction of the residual sludge volume.
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Reports on the topic "Batch settling"

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Reboul, S., D. Click, and D. Lambert. SLUDGE BATCH 7 (SB7) WASHING DEMONSTRATION TO DETERMINE SULFATE/OXALATE REMOVAL EFFICIENCY AND SETTLING BEHAVIOR. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1001772.

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