Journal articles: 'Bat box'

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Griffiths, Stephen R., Linda F. Lumsden, Robert Bender, Robert Irvine, Lisa N. Godinho, Casey Visintin, Danielle L. Eastick, Kylie A. Robert, and Pia E. Lentini. "Long-term monitoring suggests bat boxes may alter local bat community structure." Australian Mammalogy 41, no. 2 (2019): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am18026.

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Bat boxes are often used to provide supplementary roosting habitats; however, little is known of their impacts on community composition. Data collected from a 25-year box-monitoring and 31-year harp trapping case study provides preliminary evidence that the installation of boxes may have contributed to one species, Gould’s wattled bat (Chalinolobus gouldii), dominating the bat community of a periurban park in Melbourne. This highlights the need for systematic monitoring and empirical assessment of conservation-focused bat box programs.

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Jeon, Young Shin, Sung Chul Kim, Sang Hoon Han, and Chul Un Chung. "First Utilization Record of Bat Box for Bat Conservation in Korea." Journal of Environmental Science International 28, no. 1 (January 31, 2019): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5322/jesi.2019.28.1.163.

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Rueegger, Niels, Ross Goldingay, Brad Law, and Leroy Gonsalves. "Testing multichambered bat box designs in a habitat-offset area in eastern Australia: influence of material, colour, size and box host." Pacific Conservation Biology 26, no. 1 (2020): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc18092.

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Bat boxes are frequently used as conservation and habitat-offset measures, yet their effectiveness is equivocal, particularly in Australia. Boxes used in Australia are largely voluminous-type boxes with Chalinolobus gouldii (Gould’s wattled bat) frequently dominating their use. We tested multichambered boxes comprising fissure-type cavities made from either plywood (~20000cm3) or woodcement (~7400cm3). We investigated whether occupancy was influenced by box colour (white boxes facing morning sun versus black boxes facing afternoon sun), box material/size, chamber width (15mm versus 20mm) and box host (tree versus pole). Boxes were monitored over 1.8 years. Overall, 245 bat observations were recorded. Boxes were frequently used (15% of 1088 box checks) by Nyctophilus geoffroyi (lesser long-eared bat), a species uncommonly reported to use boxes, which used 50 of the 64 boxes (78%), including for maternity roosting (n=6). In comparison, C. gouldii was rarely detected (1% of box checks). Two other species were also found in boxes at low frequencies. Modelling showed a preference by N. geoffroyi for black boxes, the larger plywood box and boxes installed on poles. Fissure-type boxes appear to meet the roost requirements of N. geoffroyi but not that of C. gouldii, the species principally detected in voluminous-type boxes and postulated to gain a competitive advantage. The black woodcement box was the second most frequently used design, demonstrating that this long-lasting box material can be a suitable alternative to the less durable plywood material. Given that just one species commonly used boxes, there is a need for further research on box designs.

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Faught, Edward. "Reoperations for Epilepsy: How Many Times Should We Bat?" Epilepsy Currents 20, no. 6 (September 30, 2020): 367–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1535759720961059.

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Reid, J. Leighton, Ellen K. Holste, Karen D. Holl, and Rakan A. Zahawi. "Does any bat box facilitate forest recovery? – Reply to Kelm." Biological Conservation 170 (February 2014): 330–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2013.11.019.

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Rueegger, Niels. "Variation in Summer and Winter Microclimate in Multi-Chambered Bat Boxes in Eastern Australia: Potential Eco-Physiological Implications for Bats." Environments 6, no. 2 (January 28, 2019): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments6020013.

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Bat boxes are commonly used as a conservation tool. Detailed knowledge on the influence of box elements on microclimate is lacking, despite eco-physiological implications for bats. Summer and winter box temperature and relative humidity patterns were studied in narrow multi-chambered plywood and wood-cement boxes in eastern Australia. Box exteriors were black or white and plywood boxes comprised vents. Relative humidity was higher in white boxes than black boxes and box colour, construction material, chamber sequence and vents influenced temperatures. Maximum box temperature differences between designs varied by up to 9.0 °C in summer and 8.5 °C in winter. The black plywood box consistently recorded the warmest temperatures. This design comprised a temperature gradient between chambers and within the front chamber (influenced by vent). During the 32-day summer sampling period, the front chamber rarely recorded temperatures over 40.0 °C (postulated upper thermal tolerance limit of bats), while the third and fourth chamber never reached this threshold. At the study site, the tested black boxes are considered most thermally suitable for bats during average summer conditions. However, during temperature extremes black boxes likely become too hot. Wood-cement, a durable material not previously tested in Australia should be considered as an alternative construction material.

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Davis, M. J. "Control of bat wing capillary pressure and blood flow during reduced perfusion pressure." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 255, no. 5 (November 1, 1988): H1114—H1129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1988.255.5.h1114.

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Regulation of blood flow depends on changes in the sum of arterial (Ra) and venous (Rv) resistances, whereas regulation of capillary pressure (Pc) depends on the ratio of Rv to Ra. If the myogenic response of the arterial system (i.e., delta Ra) is the primary mechanism for controlling pressure and flow when perfusion pressure is lowered, then Pc and total flow should be regulated to the same degree under these conditions. This hypothesis was tested by making direct measurements of Pc and flow in skin and skeletal muscle in the wings of unanesthetized bats. The box method was used to reduce perfusion pressure to the wing. Pressures were measured with a servo-null system; flows were computed from measurements of vascular diameters and red cell velocities using intravital microscopy. All branching orders of arterioles dilated significantly during decreases in box pressure (Pb). For 0 less than Pb less than or equal to -30 mmHg, total flow (1st-order arteriolar flow) remained nearly constant, whereas Pc was "regulated" only approximately 60%. These results cannot be explained by changes in arteriolar resistance alone and suggest that changes in Rv may be important. The possible consequences of flow redistribution, capillary recruitment, and micropressure sampling procedures are discussed in relationship to local regulation of capillary pressure and flow.

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Davis, M. J., and P. J. Sikes. "A rate-sensitive component to the myogenic response is absent from bat wing arterioles." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 256, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): H32—H40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1989.256.1.h32.

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The responses of three sequential branching orders of arterioles in the bat wing to rapid and slow changes in transmural pressure were studied. Arterial and venous pressures to the wing were elevated simultaneously by pressurizing a box containing the body of the animal, while the wing was exposed to atmospheric pressure. Box pressure was elevated from 0 to +48 mmHg at two rates: 24 and 0.6 mmHg/s. During this time, continuous recordings of hydrostatic pressure and diameter were made in single arterioles using intravital microscopic techniques. Second-order arterioles and arcuate arterioles from skin and skeletal muscle constricted in response to elevated transmural pressure but did not show an enhanced response to rapid pressure changes. There was a trend for terminal arterioles to show a transient peak constriction during rapid stretch, but this response was always associated with a biphasic change in arteriolar pressure. These results suggest that the transient arteriolar resistance changes associated with rapid transmural pressure increases in previous experiments may be primarily a result of transient pressure changes in small arterioles. We find no evidence that arterioles in this preparation exhibit a rate-sensitive component to their myogenic response.

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Saad, Abdulbaset, Zuomin Dong, Brad Buckham, Curran Crawford, Adel Younis, and Meysam Karimi. "A new Kriging–Bat Algorithm for solving computationally expensive black-box global optimization problems." Engineering Optimization 51, no. 2 (April 25, 2018): 265–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0305215x.2018.1461853.

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Tájek, Přemysl, and Pavla Tájková. "A long distance migration in Nyctalus leisleri from the Czech Republic to southern France (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)." Lynx new series 51, no. 1 (2021): 223–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37520/lynx.2020.016.

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On 28 January 2020, three living individuals of the Leisler’s bat, Nyctalus leisleri, were found in a shed in Malaucène, southern France (44°11’34”N, 05°07’26”E). Two of these bats had bands with the inscription CESON.ORG used in the Czech Republic since 2019. The whole ring code was detected in one case (CZ03313), in a female captured and banded in a bat-box near Bečov nad Teplou, western Bohemia, Czech Republic (50°05’27”N, 12°51’38”E) on 9 September 2019, 878 km away from Malaucène. This is the first case of a long distance migration in the population of Nyctalus leisleri of the Czech Republic. This observation also gives a direct evidence of a flight during the maximum 141 days in late summer or autumn from the central or northeastern Europe to the southwestern parts of the continent.

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11

Cook, Korrine, and Samuel R. Atcherson. "Impulse Noise: Can Hitting a Softball Harm Your Hearing?" Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/702723.

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The purpose of this study is to identify whether or not different materials of softball bats (wooden, aluminum, and composite) are a potential risk harm to hearing when batting players strike a 12′′ core .40 softball during slow, underhand pitch typical of recreational games. Peak sound pressure level measurements and spectral analyses were conducted for three controlled softball pitches to a batting participant using each of the different bat materials in an unused outdoor playing field with regulation distances between the pitcher’s mound and batter’s box. The results revealed that highest recorded peak sound pressure level was recorded from the aluminum (124.6 dBC) bat followed by the composite (121.2 dBC) and wooden (120.0 dBC) bats. Spectral analysis revealed composite and wooden bats with similar broadly distributed amplitude-frequency response. The aluminum bat also produced a broadly distributed amplitude-frequency response, but there were also two very distinct peaks at around 1700 Hz and 2260 Hz above the noise floor that produced its ringing (or ping) sound after being struck. Impulse (transient) sounds less than 140 dBC may permit multiple exposures, and softball bats used in a recreational slow pitch may pose little to no risk to hearing.

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Ransaleleh, Tiltje Andretha. "KOMPOSISI KIMIA DAGING SEGAR DAN SIFAT ORGANOLEPTIK KELELAWAR OLAHAN." ZOOTEC 36, no. 2 (July 23, 2016): 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.35792/zot.36.2.2016.12802.

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CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND ORGANOLEPTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PROCESSING BAT (Pteropus alecto) FRESH MEAT. Study was done to evaluate chemical composition and preference degree of the consumers on the processing bat meat compared with beef, chicken and cakalang fish using steam cooking method, flavor cooking and spicy cooking method. Chemical composition was analyzed by proximate analysis using procedures of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. The organoleptic test was done by hedonic test. Data of the hedonic test were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis method. To evaluate data distribution of the panelist respons on the sample test, the data were using plot graphic box. The hedonic scales were using 1 to 7. The variables used were including color, taste, flavor, tenderness and general acceptance. Results of proximate analyses of bat meat based on fresh meat indicated that water content was 67.21 percents and protein was 20.48 percents. Based on dry matter, the protein contents of bat meat, pork, chicken, and cakalang fish were 48.97 percents, 69.08 percents, 67.14 percents, and 69.41 percents, respectively. The water contents were 5.76 percents, 9.92 percents, 8.27 percents, and 9.90 percents, repsectively; the calcium (Ca) contents were also 10.62 percents, 1.09 percents, 1.36 percents, 1.38 percents, respectively; while Phosphor (P) contents were 1.46 percents, 0.69 percents, 0.66 percents, and 0.72 percents, respectively. Variance analysis for organoleptic test showed that meat type with different processing affected significantly on taste, color, flavor, tenderness and general preference of bat meat, beef meat, chicken meat and cakalang fish by steam cooking, chicken flavor, and spicy cooking methods. Conclusion, bat meat contained protein relatively lower than that in pork meat, chicken meat, and cakalang fish, but mineral contents were relative higher. Results of organoleptic test showed that preference degree of processing meat were higher on using spicy flavor. The specific test on taste, color, flavor, tenderness and general responsed showed relatively the same responses by the panelists. Key word: Chemical composition, organoleptic test, processing bat meat

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13

Davis, M. J., X. Shi, and P. J. Sikes. "Modulation of bat wing venule contraction by transmural pressure changes." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 262, no. 3 (March 1, 1992): H625—H634. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1992.262.3.h625.

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We tested the hypothesis that the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous venular contractions in the bat wing could be modulated by changes in transmural pressure. In one series of experiments, venous pressure in the wing was elevated by pressurizing a box containing the body of the animal while the wing was exposed to atmospheric pressure. During this time, venular diameters were continuously recorded using intravital microscopic techniques while venular pressures were measured through servo-null micropipettes. In another series of experiments, single venular segments were dissected from the wing, cannulated, and pressurized in vitro. The results from both experimental protocols were qualitatively similar; alterations in venous pressure over a narrow range (+/- 5 cmH2O from control) produced substantial changes in contraction frequency and amplitude. The product of frequency and cross-sectional area was maximal over the venous pressure range between 10 and 15 cmH2O. Venules demonstrated a rate-sensitive component in their reaction to rapid pressure changes, because contraction bursts occurred immediately after positive pressure steps and quiescent periods often occurred after negative pressure steps. We conclude that venular vasomotion in the bat wing is modulated by intraluminal pressure and involves a bidirectional, rate-sensitive mechanism. In addition, comparisons with arteriolar vasomotion studies suggest that venules are more sensitive to luminal pressure changes than arterioles.

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Narayan, Vinod A. "Nipah virus outbreak in India: is it a bat-man conflict?" International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 6, no. 4 (March 27, 2019): 1826. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20191430.

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Nipah virus infection is a newly emerging zoonotic disease that spreads from animal to human. The fruit bats are the one of the carriers of Nipah virus which gets transmitted from bats to other animals mainly through body fluids. Nipah can cause asymptomatic infection to the acute respiratory syndrome and fatal encephalitis in human beings with a dreadful mortality rate of 70 per cent. This review article focused on role of bats in ecosystem and preventive measure to contain the virus by improving public health. In 2018 the outbreak of Nipah in Kerala state of India claimed 17 lives. It has indeed opened Pandora’s box exposing the role of general public, health department and social media and so on. The early detection and the well-oiled medical infrastructure in the state did wonders. Though social media have been accused of spreading misinformation leading to culling of bats, the people of Kerala responded with positive frame of mind. Prompt and synchronized efforts of all stakeholders like health workers, state government, scientists, researchers and central government led to timely and successful control of Nipah virus cases in Kerala.

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Rahman, Sima, Yalin Lu, Piotr J. Czernik, Clifford J. Rosen, Sven Enerback, and Beata Lecka-Czernik. "Inducible Brown Adipose Tissue, or Beige Fat, Is Anabolic for the Skeleton." Endocrinology 154, no. 8 (August 1, 2013): 2687–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2012-2162.

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Abstract It is known that insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus are associated with increased fractures and that brown adipose tissue (BAT) counteracts many if not all of the symptoms associated with type 2 diabetes. By the use of FoxC2AD+/Tg mice, a well-established model for induction of BAT, or beige fat, we present data extending the beneficial action of beige fat to also include a positive effect on bone. FoxC2AD+/Tg mice are lean and insulin-sensitive and have high bone mass due to increased bone formation associated with high bone turnover. Inducible BAT is linked to activation of endosteal osteoblasts whereas osteocytes have decreased expression of the Sost transcript encoding sclerostin and elevated expression of Rankl. Conditioned media (CM) collected from forkhead box c2 (FOXC2)-induced beige adipocytes activated the osteoblast phenotype and increased levels of phospho-AKT and β-catenin in recipient cells. In osteocytes, the same media decreased Sost expression. Immunodepletion of CM with antibodies against wingless related MMTV integration site 10b (WNT10b) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP2) resulted in the loss of pro-osteoblastic activity, and the loss of increase in the levels of phospho-AKT and β-catenin. Conversely, CM derived from cells overexpressing IGFBP2 or WNT10b restored osteoblastic activity in recipient cells. In conclusion, beige fat secretes endocrine/paracrine activity that is beneficial for the skeleton.

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Torre, Ignasi, Adrià López-Baucells, Constantí Stefanescu, Lídia Freixas, Carles Flaquer, Carme Bartrina, Alba Coronado, et al. "Concurrent Butterfly, Bat and Small Mammal Monitoring Programmes Using Citizen Science in Catalonia (NE Spain): A Historical Review and Future Directions." Diversity 13, no. 9 (September 21, 2021): 454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13090454.

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The Biodiversity and Bioindicators research group (BiBIO), based at the Natural Sciences Museum of Granollers, has coordinated four long-term faunal monitoring programmes based on citizen science over more than two decades in Catalonia (NE Spain). We summarize the historical progress of these programmes, describing their main conservation outputs, the challenges overcome, and future directions. The Catalan Butterfly Monitoring Scheme (CBMS) consists of a network of nearly 200 recording sites where butterfly populations have been monitored through visual censuses along transects for nearly three decades. This programme provides accurate temporal and spatial changes in the abundance of butterflies and relates them to different environmental factors (e.g., habitat and weather conditions). The Bat Monitoring Programme has progressively evolved to include passive acoustic monitoring protocols, as well as bat box-, underground- and river-bat surveys, and community ecological indices have been developed to monitor bat responses at assemblage level to both landscape and climatic changes. The Monitoring of common small mammals in Spain (SEMICE), a common small mammal monitoring programme with almost 80 active live-trapping stations, provides information to estimate population trends and has underlined the relevance of small mammals as both prey (of several predators) and predators (of insect forest pests). The Dormouse Monitoring Programme represents the first monitoring programme in Europe using specific nest boxes for the edible dormouse, providing information about biological and demographic data of the species at the southern limit of its distribution range. The combination and complementarity of these monitoring programmes provide crucial data to land managers to improve the understanding of conservation needs and develop efficient protection laws.

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Goldingay, Ross L., Matthew J. Grimson, and Geoffrey C. Smith. "Do feathertail gliders show a preference for nest box design?" Wildlife Research 34, no. 6 (2007): 484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr06174.

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Although nest boxes have considerable application in the research and management of hollow-using arboreal marsupials, few studies have assessed whether species show a preference for particular nest box designs. This study aimed to determine whether the feathertail glider (Acrobates pygmaeus) showed a preference when offered four different designs, each of which had been used in earlier studies. We established one of each design in 45 plots across five locations, spanning north-east New South Wales and south-east Queensland. Feathertail gliders used 34 nest boxes at four locations but avoided a medium-sized rear-entry box with a 45-mm-diameter entrance. No clear preference was shown for three designs with narrow (≤25 mm) entrances. Feathertail gliders used 15 small rear-entry boxes, 10 large slit-entrance boxes and 9 wedge-shaped bat boxes. A slight preference was shown by breeding groups to occur in the non-wedge boxes compared with the wedge boxes. Squirrel gliders (Petaurus norfolcensis) used 51% of medium rear-entry boxes at four locations. This may account for the avoidance of this box design by feathertail gliders at these locations. Breeding and prolonged use of nest boxes by resident feathertail gliders and squirrel gliders at two locations in eucalypt plantations suggest that nest boxes can support local populations of arboreal marsupials where tree hollows are absent or scarce.

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Przygodda, Franciele, Natalia Lautherbach, Samyra Lopes Buzelle, Dawit Albieiro Goncalves, Ana Paula Assis, Sílvia Paula-Gomes, Maria Antonieta Rissato Garófalo, et al. "Sympathetic innervation suppresses the autophagic-lysosomal system in brown adipose tissue under basal and cold-stimulated conditions." Journal of Applied Physiology 128, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 855–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00065.2019.

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The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activates cAMP signaling and promotes trophic effects on brown adipose tissue (BAT) through poorly understood mechanisms. Because norepinephrine has been found to induce antiproteolytic effects on muscle and heart, we hypothesized that the SNS could inhibit autophagy in interscapular BAT (IBAT). Here, we describe that selective sympathetic denervation of rat IBAT kept at 25°C induced atrophy, and in parallel dephosphorylated forkhead box class O (FoxO), and increased cathepsin activity, autophagic flux, autophagosome formation, and expression of autophagy-related genes. Conversely, cold stimulus (4°C) for up to 72 h induced thermogenesis and IBAT hypertrophy, an anabolic effect that was associated with inhibition of cathepsin activity, autophagic flux, and autophagosome formation. These effects were abrogated by sympathetic denervation, which also upregulated Gabarapl1 mRNA. In addition, the cold-driven sympathetic activation stimulated the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, leading to the enhancement of protein synthesis, evaluated in vivo by puromycin incorporation, and to the inhibitory phosphorylation of Unc51-like kinase-1, a key protein in the initiation of autophagy. This coincided with a higher content of exchange protein-1 directly activated by cAMP (Epac1), a cAMP effector, and phosphorylation of Akt at Thr308, all these effects being abolished by denervation. Systemic treatment with norepinephrine for 72 h mimicked most of the cold effects on IBAT. These data suggest that the noradrenergic sympathetic inputs to IBAT restrain basal autophagy via suppression of FoxO and, in the setting of cold, stimulate protein synthesis via the Epac/Akt/mTOR-dependent pathway and suppress the autophagosome formation, probably through posttranscriptional mechanisms. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The underlying mechanisms related to the anabolic role of sympathetic innervation on brown adipose tissue (BAT) are unclear. We show that sympathetic denervation activates autophagic-lysosomal degradation, leading to a loss of mitochondrial proteins and BAT atrophy. Conversely, cold-driven sympathetic activation suppresses autophagy and stimulates protein synthesis, leading to BAT hypertrophy. Given its high-potential capacity for heat production, understanding the mechanisms that contribute to BAT mass is important to optimize chances of survival for endotherms in cold ambients.

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Lemckert, F., T. Brassil, R. Kavanagh, and B. Law. "Trapping small mammals for research and management: how many die and why?" Australian Mammalogy 28, no. 2 (2006): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am06028.

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Trapping programs are an essential part of mammal conservation and management, but trapping carries a risk of death for the study animals. Little information is available on mortality levels and its potential to influence studies. We examined the mortality levels recorded during 68 wildlife surveys within New South Wales, recording mortality rates associated with Elliott aluminium box and wire cage trapping for terrestrial mammals and harp traps for bats. We noted 232 deaths from 13623 small ground mammal captures in box traps, one death from 459 mammal captures in wire cage traps, and 44 deaths from 12,274 bat captures in harp traps. Mortality ranged from 0-13.3%, 0-0.6% and 0-9.1% of captures for box, cage and harp traps, respectively. No deaths were reported for 47% of surveys. Antechinus spp. comprised almost 95% of all trap deaths. Thirteen surveys provided detailed information for small ground mammal trapping, recording 111 deaths from 3651 small mammal captures. Box trap mortality in these surveys ranged from 0-7.5%, deaths being attributed to cold temperatures (generally winter) and multiple captures of individuals. Harp trap mortality stemmed from overheating, overcrowding and predation. Post-capture handling also contributed to mortality. No specific level of trap death can be ?expected? during a study as circumstances vary, but all efforts should be made to minimise the risk of deaths. This study found that mortality above 4% is unusual, resulting mainly from one-off ?extreme? mortality events. Minimising unnecessary recaptures and avoiding weather extremes should reduce mortality of small mammals during trapping studies, but will not prevent all deaths.

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Kelm, Detlev H. "Not every box makes a suitable bat roost for supporting forest recovery – Reply to Reid et al. 2013." Biological Conservation 170 (February 2014): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2013.11.016.

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Tompa, Eszter, Thomas G. T. Jaenson, and Peter Wilhelmsson. "First Records of Possibly Human Pathogenic Rickettsia Species in Bat Ticks, Carios vespertilionis, in Sweden." Microorganisms 11, no. 2 (January 31, 2023): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11020357.

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The Soprano pipistrelle bat, Pipistrellus pygmaeus, is a common species in large parts of Sweden. Many of its natural habitats are near human habitations. This creates opportunities for ticks infesting these bats to encounter humans and possibly transmit zoonotic pathogens by tick bites. The bats are often infested with Carios vespertilionis, a tick species that, in addition to bats, has been recorded to bite humans on occasion. This study aimed to investigate if C. vespertilionis acts as a reservoir for Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Neoehrlichia mikurensis, Tick-borne encephalitis virus, and species of Babesia and Rickettsia and to improve currently used conventional PCR protocols for molecular species determination of Rickettsia spp. Ninety-two C. vespertilionis ticks were collected from underneath a bat-box harbouring P. pygmaeus. Pathogen-specific PCR assays showed that 58.4% were positive for Rickettsia spp. and negative for the other pathogens analysed. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that the species belong to R. parkeri, R. conorii, R. slovaca, R. sibirica subsp. mongolotimonae, R. rickettsii, and a hitherto uncultured Rickettsia sp. Several of these species are considered pathogenic to humans. Given the ecology and behaviour of C. vespertilionis, it may be a vector of these rickettsiae among bats and occasionally humans. To determine the Rickettsia species with certainty, and to determine if C. vespertilionis may be a reservoir and vector of the Rickettsia spp., further studies are needed.

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Jaenson, Thomas G. T., and Peter Wilhelmsson. "First Record of a Suspected Human-Pathogenic Borrelia Species in Populations of the Bat Tick Carios vespertilionis in Sweden." Microorganisms 9, no. 5 (May 20, 2021): 1100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9051100.

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The bat tick Cariosvespertilionis has been reported from Sweden to occasionally feed on humans resulting in disease symptoms. The aim of this study was to investigate C. vespertilionis as a potential vector and reservoir of Borrelia species. In 2015 and 2018 in south-central Sweden, C. vespertilionis ticks were collected from a wooden bat box harboring Soprano pipistrelle bats, Pipistrellus pygmaeus. In addition, one C. vespertilionis tick found inside a house in southern Sweden in 2019 was collected. Ticks were screened for Borrelia spp. using a genus-specific quantitative PCR assay. The Borrelia species of the positive specimens were determined by conventional PCR followed by DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analyses. A total of 24% (22 of 92) of the analyzed C. vespertilionis ticks were Borrelia-positive. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that the bacteria belong to the relapsing fever group of borreliae; some of them appear to be identical with Borrelia sp. CPB1, a spirochete only found twice before—in the United Kingdom and in France. Our results also indicate a temporal and spatial distribution of this Borrelia species. Since C. vespertilionis occasionally bites humans, and since it exhibits a high prevalence of Borrelia bacteria, it is possible that it presents a risk of human disease. Further studies are needed to characterize Borrelia sp. CPB1 to determine if it is human-pathogenic and to determine if C. vespertilionis is a vector and/or reservoir of this agent.

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Rashchenko, Sergey V., Tatyana B. Bekker, Vladimir V. Bakakin, Yurii V. Seryotkin, Alexander E. Kokh, Peter Gille, Arthur I. Popov, and Pavel P. Fedorov. "A new mechanism of anionic substitution in fluoride borates." Journal of Applied Crystallography 46, no. 4 (July 4, 2013): 1081–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889813015756.

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A comprehensive study of the BaF2–Ba3(BO3)2 phase diagram has revealed a significant difference between the two intermediate phases Ba5(BO3)3F and Ba7(BO3)4−y F2+3y . The latter exhibited (BO3)3− ↔ 3F− anionic substitution which, unusually, strongly influences the solidus temperature. A comparison of the Ba5(BO3)3F and Ba7(BO3)4−y F2+3y crystal structures, along with consideration of other compounds demonstrating (BO3)3− ↔ 3F− isomorphism, allows for the disclosure of the mechanism of (BO3)3− ↔ 3F− heterovalent anionic substitution in fluoride borates via [(BO3)F]4− tetrahedral groups being replaced by four fluoride anions. No exception to this mechanism has been discovered among all known phases with (BO3)3− ↔ 3F− substitution.

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Davis, M. J., and P. J. Sikes. "Myogenic responses of isolated arterioles: test for a rate-sensitive mechanism." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 259, no. 6 (December 1, 1990): H1890—H1900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1990.259.6.h1890.

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The arterial myogenic response may consist of both static- and rate-sensitive components. However, in a recent study of bat wing arterioles, we were unable to demonstrate rate-sensitive constrictions when luminal pressure was elevated at rates between 0.06 and 1 mmHg/s. We have now examined this response in isolated arterioles in vitro, where pressure could be elevated more rapidly. Arterioles were dissected from the hamster cheek pouch and cannulated with micropipettes. Diameters were measured using an inverted microscope and video system, while the vessels were pressurized at various rates (up to 120 cmH2O/s) without flow. Most arterioles developed spontaneous tone and vasomotion and showed myogenic responses over the pressure range 40-160 cmH2O. The magnitude and time course of the active diameter response to a rapid pressure change was highly dependent on the amplitude and direction of the pressure step; monophasic constrictions were observed in response to small-amplitude, positive-pressure steps, and biphasic constrictions were consistently observed when box pressure was elevated to values exceeding 120 cmH2O. The time courses of these responses could be partially, but not completely, explained by a myogenic mechanism with static- and rate-sensitive components. The possible mechanism and physiological significance of this behavior in a microvascular network are discussed.

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Pyrzynska, Beata, Kamil Bojarczuk, Magdalena Winiarska, Jacek Bil, Nina Miazek, Piotr Zapala, Malgorzata Bobrowicz, Michal Dwojak, Marta Siernicka, and Jakub Golab. "Inhibitors Of Src Family and AKT Regulate The Activity Of CD20 Promoter." Blood 122, no. 21 (November 15, 2013): 1838. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v122.21.1838.1838.

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Abstract Introduction The monoclonal antibodies against CD20 antigen (rituximab and ofatumumab) have been developed and used in a clinic as a therapeutic strategy in B-cell malignancies. These antibodies eliminate B cells by triggering indirect effector mechanisms of the immune system, namely complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), or immunophagocytosis. Unfortunately, in some patients the resistance to anti-CD20 therapy has been detected. Therefore the molecular mechanisms responsible for the therapy failure should be urgently elucidated. One of the major mechanisms responsible for the resistance to anti-CD20 therapy seems to be the reduced level of CD20 antigen on the surface of tumor B-cells. We have previously discovered that CD20 expression is strictly dependent on the activity of Src family tyrosine kinases and AKT kinase. We have noticed that treatment of B cells with Src family inhibitors or AKT inhibitors leads to a dose-dependent reduction of CD20 at both transcript and protein level. On the other hand the overexpression of constitutively active AKT (CA-AKT) leads to a significant increase in CD20 mRNA level. To uncover the transcriptional mechanisms governing the CD20 expression we employed the construct encoding the promoter region of CD20 cloned upstream of the firefly luciferase gene. The truncated and mutated versions of the CD20 promoter were used in the luciferase assays to elucidate the role of particular transcription factors binding sites in the regulation of CD20 expression. Objectives The aim of this study was to explore the molecular mechanisms governing the transcriptional regulation of CD20 expression in lymphoma cells as a potential explanation of the resistance to anti-CD20 therapy. Results In the initial experiments we observed a significant reduction of CD20 protein level in Raji cells treated with Src family tyrosine kinase inhibitor, dasatinib (Fig. 1A,B). This reduction correlated with the impaired binding of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies as estimated by FACS analysis. Quantitative PCR analysis revealed that the transcriptional regulation is the major mechanism responsible for the reduction of CD20 level upon dasatinib treatment (Fig. 1C). Consistently, the exogenously expressed CD20 under the control of CMV promoter was not sensitive to dasatinib treatment. To further elucidate the mechanism of transcriptional regulation of CD20 we performed the luciferase assays to estimate the activity of CD20 promoter and its truncated forms (Fig. 1D). Dasatinib or AKT kinase inhibitor (MK-2206) strongly decreased the activity of CD20 promoter (Fig. 1E,F) while the overexpression of CA-AKT partially blocked the inhibition caused by dasatinib (Fig. 1G). Using the truncated versions of the CD20 promoter we found that lack of the region (-313/-198) made the promoter insensitive to dasatinib treatment. Since this particular region is known to contain a putative Octamer transcription factor binding site (BAT-box, Thevenin et al., 1993), we introduced mutations in the BAT-box sequence. Although basal promoter activity was indeed decreased (Fig. 1H), dasatinib was equally effective in reducing the activity of both wild-type and mutated CD20 promoter. Collectively, our results indicate that Octamer transcription factor is an important regulator of basal CD20 expression, but it is not the major mediator of the effects caused by Src family inhibitors. Conclusions Our studies indicate that the Src family tyrosine kinases and AKT kinase are involved in the transcriptional regulation of CD20 antigen in lymphoma cells. The activity of CD20 promoter is significantly reduced upon treatment with Src family inhibitors, namely dasatinib. The particular region of CD20 promoter (-313/-198) was identified as the major region sensitive to dasatinib treatment. The transcriptional machinery responsible for the reduction of CD20 expression by dasatinib needs further investigation since the expected Octamer transcription factor does not mediate the effects caused by dasatinib. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Yu, Xiao Guang, and Jian Chen. "Research on Removal Equipment for Industrial Dust Emissions with the Finite Element Method for the Manner of Filter Board and Filter Bag Layout." Applied Mechanics and Materials 345 (August 2013): 576–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.345.576.

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Filter board is one of the basic technology for the design of removal equipment for industrial dust emissions , it is the key to success for filter design. This paper take PPW64-6 air box pulse bag filter board as the research object, using SimulationXpress finite element analysis software to carry out static analysis for star arrangement and horizontal array filter board,which are two kinds of commonly used bog arrangement in the design of filter board. The analysis results show that the filter bag star-shaped arrangement of filter board has lower steel consumption and area occupation, which provide a basis for air box pulse bag filter plate improvement and the practical engineering design

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Lee, Jae Hoon, Tae Wook Choi, and Ki Jung Yun. "Expressive Pattern of Bcl-2, Bax and Fas in Nasal Polyp." Journal of Clinical Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery 14, no. 1 (May 2003): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.35420/jcohns.2003.14.1.76.

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Zewdie, Tsegahun Mekonnen. "Tomato quality as influenced by different packaging materials and practices." Journal of Scientific Agriculture 1 (May 27, 2017): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.25081/jsa.2017.v1i0.33.

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In this study, the effect of retailing packaging material on tomato quality was investigated. Specifically, non-defective tomato fruits were selected after harvest and packed in four different packaging materials; open market bag, open box, sealed box and Xtend bag. A total of six treatments were prepared by storing the packaged fruits at 4 or 17°C for 10 days. Quality attributes of tomatoes such as calyx freshness, weight loss, fruit firmness, total soluble solids (TSS), colour and physiological damage were assessed. Generally, both packaging material and storage temperature affected the quality of the tomato fruits. The quality of tomato fruits stored at 4oC was generally superior to those stored at 17°C.Calyx of tomato fruits stored in open market bag (stored at 17°C) and open box (stored at 17°C) were very dry after storage compared to the tomato fruits stored at 4°C. Tomato fruits packed in Xtend bag and sealed box were firmer than those packed in open box and open market bag. The carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in sealed box was substantially higher (8.25%) than that in Xtend bag (2.07%). In contrast, the oxygen (O2) concentration in the Xtend bag was higher (18.90%) than that in the sealed box (14.75%). Tomatoes packed in Xtend bag and sealed box had minimal changes in colour intensity (C*), showed lower TSS values compared to tomato fruits packed in other packaging materials. Xtend bag and sealed box seems to be better packaging material for storing tomato fruits for a period of 10 days.

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Henderson, Kathryn E. "Time to Think Outside the Box." Bariatric Nursing and Surgical Patient Care 3, no. 4 (December 2008): 233–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/bar.2008.9955.

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Carpenter, Jon. "Conserving a padlock from Pandora’s Box?" AICCM Bulletin 32, no. 1 (December 2011): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/bac.2011.32.1.002.

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Tran, Thu Ha, Thi My Ngoc Trinh, Duy Trinh Nguyen, and Van Giang Nguyen. "Effect of packaging materials on the quality of oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus saijo caju) during storage." Ministry of Science and Technology, Vietnam 63, no. 12 (December 25, 2021): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31276/vjst.63(12).34-40.

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The study aims to investigate the optimal packaging material to maximise the restriction of physiological and biochemical changes which reduce oyster mushroom (Pleurotus saijo caju) quality during the storage after harvesting. There are six packaging techniques tested, including PET box, PET box with kraft paper, PET box with kraft covered by GreenMAP bag, soft tray covered GreenMAP bag, soft tray with kraft paper in GreenMAP bag, and kraft paper. The result shows that the PET box with kraft paper in the GreenMAP bag is the most suitable for the storage of oyster mushrooms. After 10 days under 4oC, the lowest weight reduction can be seen with only 5.78%, soluble protein declines 65.49%, and decrease of vitamin C with 27.87 mg/100 g. In addition, the fruit body can maintain the colour, structure, and taste better than those packed with other materials

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Kim, Ki-Bum, and Yong-Kyun Jeon. "Effects of Exercise on Bcl-2, Bax Expression Ratio and Apoptosis in Skeletal Muscles." Journal of the Korean society for Wellness 16, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 371–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21097/ksw.2021.02.16.1.371.

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Jiang, Qiong, Wen Qing Li, Robert R. Hofmeister, Howard A. Young, David R. Hodge, Jonathan R. Keller, Annette R. Khaled, and Scott K. Durum. "Distinct Regions of the Interleukin-7 Receptor Regulate Different Bcl2 Family Members." Molecular and Cellular Biology 24, no. 14 (July 15, 2004): 6501–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.24.14.6501-6513.2004.

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ABSTRACT The antiapoptotic function of the interleukin-7 (IL-7) receptor is related to regulation of three members of the Bcl2 family: synthesis of Bcl2, phosphorylation of Bad, and cytosolic retention of Bax. Here we show that, in an IL-7-dependent murine T-cell line, different regions of the IL-7 receptor initiate the signal transduction pathways that regulate these proteins. Both Box1 and Y449 are required to signal Bcl2 synthesis and Bax cytosolic retention. This suggests a sequential model in which Jak1, which binds to Box1, is first activated and then phosphorylates Y449, leading to Bcl2 and Bax regulation, accounting for approximately 90% of the survival function. Phosphorylation of Bad required Box1 but not Y449, suggesting that Jak1 also initiates an additional signaling cascade that accounts for approximately 10% of the survival function. Stat5 was activated from the Y449 site but only partially accounted for the survival signal. Proliferation required both Y449 and Box1. Thymocyte development in vivo showed that deletion of Y449 eliminated 90% of αβ T-cell development and completely eliminated γδ T-cell development, whereas deleting Box 1 completely eliminated both αβ and γδ T-cell development. Thus the IL-7 receptor controls at least two distinct pathways, in addition to Stat5, that are required for cell survival.

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Mitchell, Alison. "Bax to Bak." Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 2, no. 1 (January 2001): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35048038.

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Hidy, G. M. "Atmospheric Chemistry in a Box or a Bag." Atmosphere 10, no. 7 (July 16, 2019): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10070401.

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Environmental chambers have proven to be essential for atmospheric photochemistry research. This historical perspective summarizes chamber research characterizing smog. Experiments with volatile organic compounds (VOCs)-nitrogen oxides (NOx) have characterized O3 and aerosol chemistry. These led to the creation and evaluation of complex reaction mechanisms adopted for various applications. Gas-phase photochemistry was initiated and developed using chamber studies. Post-1950s study of photochemical aerosols began using smog chambers. Much of the knowledge about the chemistry of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) derives from chamber studies complemented with specially designed atmospheric studies. Two major findings emerge from post-1990s SOA experiments: (1) photochemical SOAs hypothetically involve hydrocarbons and oxygenates with carbon numbers of 2, and (2) SOA evolves via more than one generation of reactions as condensed material exchanges with the vapor phase during “aging”. These elements combine with multiphase chemistry to yield mechanisms for aerosols. Smog chambers, like all simulators, are limited representations of the atmosphere. Translation to the atmosphere is complicated by constraints in reaction times, container interactions, influence of precursor injections, and background species. Interpretation of kinetics requires integration into atmospheric models addressing the combined effects of precursor emissions, surface exchange, hydrometeor interactions, air motion and sunlight.

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Chen, Yue, Jian Shi, and Xiao-Jian Yi. "Design Improvement for Complex Systems with Uncertainty." Mathematics 9, no. 11 (May 22, 2021): 1173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9111173.

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The uncertainty of the engineering system increases with its complexity, therefore, the tolerance to the uncertainty becomes important. Even under large variations of design parameters, the system performance should achieve the design goal in the design phase. Therefore, engineers are interested in how to turn a bad design into a good one with the least effort in the presence of uncertainty. To improve a bad design, we classify design parameters into key parameters and non-key parameters based on engineering knowledge, and then seek the maximum solution hyper-box which already includes non-key parameters of this bad design. The solution hyper-box on which all design points are good, that is, they achieve the design goal, provides target intervals for each parameter. The bad design can be turned into a good one by only moving its key parameters into their target intervals. In this paper, the PSO-Divide-Best method is proposed to seek the maximum solution hyper-box which is in compliance with the constraints. This proposed approach has a considerably high possibility to find the globally maximum solution hyper-box that satisfies the constraints and can be used in complex systems with black-box performance functions. Finally, case studies show that the proposed approach outperforms the EPCP and IA-CES methods in the literature.

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Hyder, Safwan K., and Patrick A. Forcelli. "Chronic DREADD Isn’t As Bad As It Sounds." Epilepsy Currents 20, no. 3 (April 30, 2020): 157–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1535759720920583.

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Gupta, Mohit. "Self-Compacting Concrete Containing Plastic Bag Waste Fibers Partially Replace by Sand." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 8 (August 31, 2021): 2500–2505. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.37767.

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Abstract: The production of self-compacting concrete SCC is a relatively new technology. Nowadays, the production of SCC is becoming more popular. However, the production of SCC requires more sensitive and efficient workmanship and equipment. This research presents the fresh and hardened properties of self-compacting concrete (SCC) containing plastic bag waste fibers (PBWF). Fibers were prepared by using waste plastic bags. Plastic bag waste fibers (PBWF) are used in varying percentages of fibers (0.5, 1, and 1.5%) replacement by weight of fine aggregate. L-box, U-box, and V-box tests were performed to assess the fresh properties of the prepared mixtures. The compressive strength of the concrete(M-30) was determined. Test results show that mixtures based on PBWF with 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% met the criteria of self-compactibility (evaluated by U -box, L-box, and V-box) regardless of the fibers content. This research consists of (i) the development of a suitable mix for SCC containing PBWF that would satisfy the requirements of the workability; (ii) casting of concrete samples and testing them for compressive strength for 7days, 14days, and 28days.

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Breeze-Hoernemann, Ulli. "CONSIDERATION AND TREATMENT OF A SILKCOVERED SEWING BOX." AICCM Bulletin 18, no. 1-2 (December 1992): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/bac.1992.18.1-2.004.

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Xiang, Fei Fei, Zhong Ke Xiang, and Qiu Xiang Nie. "Structure Optimization of Agricultural Vehicle Frame Based on APDL." Applied Mechanics and Materials 494-495 (February 2014): 305–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.494-495.305.

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This paper is about structure optimization of agricultural vehicle frame which adopts the method of adding strengthen box ,set up Frame and strengthen box parameterized mode Based on APDL , Using the optimization module of ANSYS to optimize the shape of the box and place got obvious improvement to the bad stress of longitudinal beam,Thus the overall performance of the frame is improved.

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Verma, Tunisha, and Shalini Jhanji. "Evaluation of Post-harvest Quality of Marigold Flowers After Packaging and Storage in Different Seasons." Bangladesh Journal of Botany 51, no. 2 (June 28, 2022): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v51i2.60421.

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In the present study, the keeping quality of differently packed and stored marigold flowers was evaluated under ambient conditions during summer and rainy seasons. The shelf life of marigold was 1 day in summer and 4 days in rainy season which was supported by high membrane stability index, relative water content, total soluble proteins, total soluble sugars, lesser loss in physiological weight, minimum spoilage and maximum freshness index of flowers in rainy season. The ice box, CFB box and polythene packages showed better results in comparison to gunny bag and onion mesh bag. One day storage was better in comparison to two and three days in all the seasons. Thus, marigold flowers can be packed in ice box, CFB box and polythene for 2 to 3 days without any adverse effect on keeping quality during rainy season. Bangladesh J. Bot. 51(2): 247-254, 2022 (June)

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Wu, Weina, and Zhong You. "A solution for folding rigid tall shopping bags." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 467, no. 2133 (March 30, 2011): 2561–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2011.0120.

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Rigid origami is concerned with the folding of rigid thin-walled structures. The materials from which the structures are made are not allowed to deform or bend, but can rotate freely about pre-arranged creases. One of the challenges in rigid origami is the flat folding of a shopping bag with a rectangular base if the bag is made of rigid materials. The problem is not only mathematically interesting but also has practical implications as many consumer goods are packaged in box-shaped cartons or cardboard boxes. In this paper, a new crease pattern has been proposed that allows a tall box-shaped bag with a rectangular base to be rigidly folded flat. Rigid folding conditions are established, and solutions that meet these conditions are found numerically. Simulations and experiments carried out demonstrate that the solution works. The new pattern represents the first practical solution for tall bags and can lead to direct applications in the packaging industry. Moreover, the folding analysis can be used to design an automated packaging process for folding box-shaped stiff cartons.

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Linske, Megan A., Scott C. Williams, Kirby C. Stafford, and Andrew Y. Li. "Integrated Tick Management in Guilford, CT: Fipronil-Based Rodent-Targeted Bait Box Deployment Configuration and Peromyscus leucopus (Rodentia: Cricetidae) Abundance Drive Reduction in Tick Burdens." Journal of Medical Entomology 59, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 591–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjab200.

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Abstract Integrated tick management (ITM) is a comprehensive strategy used to reduce presence of ticks and their associated pathogens. Such strategies typically employ a combination of host and non-host targeted treatments which often include fipronil-based, rodent-targeted bait boxes. Bait boxes target small-bodied rodents, specifically white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus Rafinesque) that not only play a crucial role in the blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis Say (Ixodida: Ixodidae)) life cycle, but also in the transmission of numerous pathogens, primarily Borrelia burgdorferi Johnson, Schmid, Hyde, Steigerwalt & Brenner (Spirochaetales: Spirochaetaceae), the causal agent of Lyme disease. This study aimed to determine the effect of bait box deployment configuration on tick burden reduction while also further exploring bait consumption and P. leucopus abundances as measures of bait box usage and effectiveness. Boxes were deployed on nine properties within each of six neighborhoods (n = 54) in two different configurations: grid and perimeter. Multiple factors were analyzed as potential predictors for reduction in tick burdens using a backward stepwise selection procedure. Results confirmed the perimeter configuration was a more effective deployment strategy. In addition, overall P. leucopus abundance was a significant predictor of tick burden reduction while bait consumption was not. These findings not only further support the recommended perimeter deployment configuration but provide insight into effective utilization in areas of high P. leucopus abundance. The identification of this significant relationship, in addition to configuration, can be utilized by vector control professionals and homeowners to make informed decisions on bait box placement to make sustained impacts on the I. scapularis vector and associated pathogens within an ITM framework.

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Pranoto, Bayu, Hilmi Iman Firmansyah, Hangga Wicaksono, Muhammad Fakhruddin, and Rilis Eka Perkasa. "Lunch Box Innovation Product Design In The Millennial Era." Mekanika: Majalah Ilmiah Mekanika 20, no. 2 (September 30, 2021): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/mekanika.v20i2.52100.

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Almost of kids in the world still bring a lunch box and a bottle of water in their bag when their go to school. His mother always prepares a lunch box complete with a bottle of drinking water, hoping that his son can enjoy his favorite lunch and avoid starvation. Sometimes the mother is very worried when the lunch box has been brought by the child but the water bottle is left behind. Then the mother was willing to take her child's water bottle to her school. This is certainly not expected by either the mother or the child. As a form of concern for the author to this problem, the author proposes a lunch box design with a lunch box lid that also functions as a drinking water bottle. The idea of this design proposal is ones grab, both are food & drink in your hand. The goal is how to make a kids can grab their food and drink easily and practice. So it is proposed to modify a top cover of common foodpack to become a drink bag. The design process begins with analyzing market needs, making sketches, creating 3D design models using the Autodesk Inventor CAD application, material selection, and product evaluation.

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Oliver, Antony W., Sarah A. Jones, Stephen Mark Roe, Steve Matthews, Graham H. Goodwin, and Laurence H. Pearl. "Crystal structure of the proximal BAH domain of the polybromo protein." Biochemical Journal 389, no. 3 (July 26, 2005): 657–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20050310.

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The BAH domain (bromo-associated homology domain) was first identified from a repeated motif found in the nuclear protein polybromo – a large (187 kDa) modular protein comprising six bromodomains, two BAH domains and an HMG box. To date, the BAH domain has no ascribed function, although it is found in a wide range of proteins that contain additional domains involved in either transcriptional regulation (e.g. SET, PHD and bromodomain) and/or DNA binding (HMG box and AT hook). The molecular function of polybromo itself also remains unclear, but it has been identified as a key component of an SWI/SNF (switching/sucrose non-fermenting)-related, ATP-dependent chromatin-remodelling complex PBAF (polybromo, BRG1-associated factors; also known as SWI/SNF-B or SWI/SNFβ). We present in this paper the crystal structure of the proximal BAH domain from chicken polybromo (BAH1), at a resolution of 1.6 Å (1 Å=0.1 nm). Structure-based sequence analysis reveals several features that may be involved in mediating protein–protein interactions.

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Szymona, Kinga, Ewa Dudzińska, Hanna Karakuła-Juchnowicz, Paulina Gil-Kulik, Piotr Chomik, Małgorzata Świstowska, Joanna Gałaszkiewicz, and Janusz Kocki. "Analysis of the expression of BAX, BCL2, BIRC6, CASP3, CASP9 apoptosis genes during the first episode of schizophrenia." Psychiatria Polska 53, no. 6 (December 31, 2019): 1293–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.12740/pp/onlinefirst/99971.

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Parohl, N., T. Michalek, M. Hilgenhöner, M. Roßburg, A. Biedler, and W. Popp. "Ein neues bag-in-box-System bei Einmaltuchspendereimern im Feldversuch." Krankenhaus-Hygiene + Infektionsverhütung 38, no. 5 (October 2016): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.khinf.2016.09.005.

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Hendrix, Paul F., Mac A. Callaham, John M. Drake, Ching-Yu Huang, Sam W. James, Bruce A. Snyder, and Weixin Zhang. "Pandora's Box Contained Bait: The Global Problem of Introduced Earthworms." Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 39, no. 1 (December 2008): 593–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.39.110707.173426.

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Qi, Yu Ming, and Wen Hua Gao. "Interesting Packaging Structure Design of Children’s Biscuits." Advanced Materials Research 989-994 (July 2014): 3262–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.989-994.3262.

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Biscuit, as a common snack, in order to attract the children’s attention, besides its taste and shape, packaging design is equally important. The beautifully decorated surface of the box can be divided into a number of blocks (4 or 9) by setting the punch lines. After the biscuits are eaten up, tear the box along the punch lines, then it becomes a simple jigsaw puzzle. Inside the box except the biscuits bag, a cute clamp like scissors added. So the children can gripping biscuits by the clamp rather than by hand directly.

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Hung, Tzu-Yao, Wei-Lun Chen, Yung-Cheng Su, Chih-Chieh Wu, Tzu-Yao Chueh, Hsin-Ling Chen, Shih-Cheng Hu, and Tee Lin. "Comparing the effectiveness of negative-pressure barrier devices in providing air clearance to prevent aerosol transmission." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 21, 2021): e0250213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250213.

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Purpose To investigate the effectiveness of aerosol clearance using an aerosol box, aerosol bag, wall suction, and a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter evacuator to prevent aerosol transmission. Methods The flow field was visualized using three protective device settings (an aerosol box, and an aerosol bag with and without sealed working channels) and four suction settings (no suction, wall suction, and a HEPA filter evacuator at flow rates of 415 liters per minute [LPM] and 530 LPM). All 12 subgroups were compared with a no intervention group. The primary outcome, aerosol concentration, was measured at the head, trunk, and foot of a mannequin. Results The mean aerosol concentration was reduced at the head (p < 0.001) but increased at the feet (p = 0.005) with an aerosol box compared with no intervention. Non-sealed aerosol bags increased exposure at the head and trunk (both, p < 0.001). Sealed aerosol bags reduced aerosol concentration at the head, trunk, and foot of the mannequin (p < 0.001). A sealed aerosol bag alone, with wall suction, or with a HEPA filter evacuator reduced the aerosol concentration at the head by 7.15%, 36.61%, and 84.70%, respectively (99.9% confidence interval [CI]: -4.51–18.81, 27.48–45.73, and 78.99–90.40); trunk by 70.95%, 73.99%, and 91.59%, respectively (99.9% CI: 59.83–82.07, 52.64–95.33, and 87.51–95.66); and feet by 69.16%, 75.57%, and 92.30%, respectively (99.9% CI: 63.18–75.15, 69.76–81.37, and 88.18–96.42), compared with an aerosol box alone. Conclusions As aerosols spread, an airtight container with sealed working channels is effective when combined with suction devices.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Bat box'

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