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Journal articles on the topic 'Bass Strait'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 January 2023

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1

Malikides, M., P. T. Harris, C. J. Jenkins, and J. B. Keene. "Carbonate sandwaves in Bass Strait." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 35, no. 3 (September 1988): 303–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120098808729449.

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2

Brett, David. "Bass Strait Scallops in Trouble." Maritime Studies 1991, no. 61 (November 1991): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07266472.1991.10878296.

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3

Baines, Peter G., Graeme Hubbert, and Scott Power. "Fluid transport through Bass Strait." Continental Shelf Research 11, no. 3 (March 1991): 269–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(91)90069-i.

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4

Fagg, Kathryn J. "GAS LIFT IN BASS STRAIT." APPEA Journal 25, no. 1 (1985): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj84008.

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Gas lift has proved a most effective artificial lift method for the fields operated by Esso Australia Ltd in Bass Strait for the Esso-BHP joint venture. Gas lift is now used to produce approximately 5 st ML/d of the total crude production from the Strait. It has enabled wells to be produced to water cuts higher than 90 per cent, increasing the oil recovery from the fields by up to 35 per cent.Gas lift work in Bass Strait to date has included the use of special packoff gas lift assemblies for wells with sliding sleeves, the development of a tool to assist the opening of the sleeves, improved operating techniques to limit slugging from gas-lifted wells, and the testing of gas lift performance. Gas lifting has been more successful than expected, and as a result, workovers initially planned to install full gas lift strings for older wells have not been necessary. The two phase flow correlations available have been improved to match the performance of the gas-lifted wells. The correlations are now used to design tubing strings with a number of gas lift mandrels prior to running the initial completions and to select the optimum gas injection depth.Future work in gas lift for Bass Strait will involve the optimisation and automation of lift gas distribution on the platforms. Gas lift will also be used for planned future developments, including mini-platforms and subsea completions.

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5

Hayes, John J. "BASS STRAIT WATER HANDLING DEVELOPMENTS." APPEA Journal 25, no. 1 (1985): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj84009.

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Esso Australia Ltd operates, on behalf of Esso/BHP, a crude oil and natural gas producing and processing facility in the Gippsland Basin, Victoria. Saline formation water produced with the oil is treated and discharged overboard from offshore platforms wherever possible to limit the volume of saline water in the pipeline system and avoid onshore disposal of saline water. Esso has developed oily water treatment and continuous oil-in- water monitoring beyond conventional technology and operates within stringent overboard water discharge regulations. Initial oily water treating installations were Cross Flow Interceptors, a corrugated plate gravity separator. Unsatisfactory performance prompted investigations leading to development of the Dissolved Gas Flotation unit using evolved gas to lift oil droplets to the surface. These units operate successfully offshore today. The most recent developments have been associated with a liquid-liquid hydrocyclone trade named 'Vortoil'. This has been tested offshore with an 'Purometer' continuous oil-in-water monitor. The Vortoil and Purometer have both performed favourably and proven a compact, low cost combination for future water treating installations.

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6

Bowdler, Sandra. "The Bass Strait Islands revisited." Quaternary International 385 (October 2015): 206–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.07.047.

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7

Gibbs, CF, M. Tomczak Jr, and AR Longmore. "The nutrient regime of Bass Strait." Marine and Freshwater Research 37, no. 4 (1986): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9860451.

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Charts of temperature, salinity, nitrate plus nitrite, inorganic phosphate, silicate, ammonia, total phosphorus, and chlorophyll a are presented for Bass Strait for all seasons, based on seven cruises from August 1979 to November 1981. Temperature and salinity observations are consistent with eastward flow in winter and weak or westward flow in summer. Nutrient concentrations in Bass Strait are low (< 1 �M) throughout the year but rise to somewhat higher levels at the western edge, and to considerably higher levels (up to 7 �M) at the eastern edge, during winter. Chlorophyll a concentrations are also low (generally <0.5 �g I-1) but show highest concentrations over the shelf just inside both edges, again in winter. It is suggested that nutrient input to Bass Strait occurs from the deeper waters in the east and west, and that the nutrients are used as soon as they enter Bass Strait, leaving a very limited nutrient supply for the interior of Bass Strait.

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8

Denney, Dennis. "Bass Strait Workover and Completion Technology." Journal of Petroleum Technology 53, no. 03 (March 1, 2001): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0301-0054-jpt.

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9

Blackman, DR, JB Hinwood, and GT Lleonart. "Temperature anomaly in western Bass Strait." Marine and Freshwater Research 38, no. 2 (1987): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9870191.

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Observations of the water temperature on the western side of Bass Strait show occasional large falls, not previously described. It is deduced that these are intrusions of deeper water accompanying strong storm events and that they represent an appreciable input of deeper, nutrient-rich water to Bass Strait.

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10

Villanoy, CL, and M. Tomczak. "Influence of Bass Strait water on the Tasman Sea thermocline." Marine and Freshwater Research 42, no. 5 (1991): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9910451.

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Volumetric analysis of the Tasman Sea Central Water for different temperatures and salinities was used to determine the degree of influence of the seasonal outflow from Bass Strait on the observed strong positive anomalies in the Tasman Sea thermocline. The absence of a systematic decrease of salinity and Bass Strait Water content away from the coast suggests that the observed high-salinity anomalies are not entirely manifestations of Bass Strait Water alone and that some local processes may be involved in modifying the water properties. It is suggested that the seasonal Bass Strait Water intrusions may act as a trigger to overturn the environment, entraining high-salinity water from the upper layers by double-diffusive convection.

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11

Lake, B. D., and V. Santostefano. "BASS STRAIT DRILLING - PREPARING FOR THE NINETIES." APPEA Journal 30, no. 1 (1990): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj89019.

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Future development drilling in Bass Strait will be challenged by small field sizes, thin oil columns and increasing drilling difficulty due to greater hole angle and reach. New drilling technology successfully introduced in the recent Bream, Whiting, Perch and Dolphin developments including Steerable Drilling Systems (SDS), Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC) bits and Logging While Drilling (LWD) tools, coupled with the successful use of jackup rigs for miniplatform development, has given Esso the tools and confidence to meet the development challenges of the 'nineties. Bass Strait's first horizontal well has been successfully drilled and completed with further wells planned in the current Bream development. There still remain some areas requiring improvements, including hole cleaning in high angle holes. Improvements in this and other areas will further improve drilling capability.Given the right incentives Bass Strait drilling technology is well positioned for the challenge of oil development in the 'nineties.

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12

Henzell, Steve. "A long history of wet gas pipelines in Victoria." APPEA Journal 55, no. 2 (2015): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj14050.

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Australia's relative isolation and the harsh environment in Bass Strait have led to many innovations in offshore oil and gas developments. The initial developers were moving into frontier territory when Bass Strait was developed, with the harsh sea state and the water depths presenting major challenges. The original development of Bass Strait in the 1960s was tied to a wet gas pipeline philosophy, which was a novel step-out from normal industry practice. For example, the North Sea developments, which started shortly after Bass Strait, adopted dry gas export pipelines and required substantially larger platforms to process the gas for export. The cold waters of Bass Strait require an active hydrate management strategy and the success of hydrate inhibitors has been a key element in using wet gas pipelines. The initial development relied on methanol for hydrate inhibition, but this changed to a glycol-based hydrate inhibitor within 10 years of production start-up, due to challenges in the onshore production facilities. The use of mono-ethylene glycol for management of wet gas pipelines was demonstrated in Bass Strait. The success of the initial developments has given operators the confidence to pursue marginal field developments that rely on wet gas transport to the beach. The Minerva, Casino, Thylacine and Longtom gas field developments in Bass Strait have all adopted the same strategy, in part because of the confidence provided from operating the initial developments for many years.

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13

Weaver, AJ. "Bass Strait as a reverse estuary source for coastally trapped waves." Marine and Freshwater Research 38, no. 6 (1987): 685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9870685.

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The water in Bass Strait is often denser than the surrounding Tasman Sea water, especially in winter. This phenomenon is modelled numerically as a Rossby adjustment problem. Coastally trapped waves are generated when dense Bass Strait water flows over deepening bottom topography, through the joint effect of baroclinicity and relief (JEBAR). A narrow northward flowing stream is also observed at the shelf edge. These results are compared with field observations and the Austraian Coastal Experiment. The flow at the eastern mouth of Bass Strait is also described briefly.

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14

Wiedenmayer, F. "Demospongiae (Porifera) from northern Bass Strait, southern Australia." Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria 50, no. 1 (1989): 1–242. http://dx.doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.1989.50.01.

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15

Tomczak, M. "The Bass Strait Water Cascade during winter 1981." Continental Shelf Research 4, no. 3 (January 1985): 255–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(85)90044-5.

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16

Wijeratne, E. M. S., C. B. Pattiaratchi, Matt Eliot, and Ivan D. Haigh. "Tidal characteristics in Bass Strait, south-east Australia." Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 114 (December 2012): 156–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2012.08.027.

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17

Horwitz, P. "Sea-level fluctuations and the distributions of some freshwater crayfishes of the genus Engaeus (Decapoda; Parastacidae) in the Bass Strait." Marine and Freshwater Research 39, no. 4 (1988): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9880497.

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The effect of past sea-level fluctuations on the distribution of one species of freshwater crayfish, Engaeus cunicularius, which occurs in coastal areas on both sides of Bass Strait and on several Bass Strait islands, is discussed. A model is proposed to explain the way in which successive rising and falling of sea levels has contributed to the distributions and speciation of some species in the genus Engaeus, and the implications of the model are outlined. Bass Strait is not considered to have acted as a complete barrier to freshwater organisms during periods of lowered sea levels.

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18

Tomczak, M., and E. Tanner. "An estimate of Bass Strait water Movement in the Western Tasman Sea during the Australian Coastal Experiment." Marine and Freshwater Research 40, no. 5 (1989): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9890465.

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The presence and movement of Bass Strait Water along the continental slope of south-eastern Australia during the Australian Coastal Experiment (ACE) is estimated by evaluating the amount of salt and heat imported from Bass Strait for the five standard hydrographic ACE sections. South of Jervis Bay (35°S), the amounts decrease from September 1983 to February 1984 by a factor of two. North of Jervis Bay, the amounts depend strongly on the position of the East Australian Current and its eddies. It appears that during periods of low eddy activity Bass Strait Water can be carried northward well past Newcastle (33�S).

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19

Fandry, CB, GD Hubbert, and PC McIntosh. "Comparison of predictions of a numerical model and observations of tides in Bass Strait." Marine and Freshwater Research 36, no. 6 (1985): 737. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9850737.

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A depth-averaged numerical model is used to describe the tidal regime in Bass Strait. Tidal constants corresponding to the four major tidal constituents (M2, S2, O1 and K1) are calculated at the grid points of the model, and co-amplitude and co-phase contours drawn for each of the constituents. At 17 locations in Bass Strait, the computed tidal constants are in excellent agreement with those obtained from flow and sea-level data. The dominant tidal constituent is found to be the semi-diurnal, M2, tide, which is predicted by the model with an accuracy of 10% in sea-level amplitude and 10� in phase. The M2 tide in Bass Strait is generated by two oppositely travelling waves, one entering the eastern end and another entering the western end with a phase lag of about 3 h. Some amplification of these waves occurs as they move from the deep water into the much shallower continental shelf waters of the Strait, and their superposition causes a large tidal amplitude (up to 1.2 m) to occur in central Bass Strait. The other three constituents are much weaker than the M2 constituent, and are driven by tidal waves entering from the western end. They propagate eastwards, emerging at the eastern end with little change in amplitude throughout the Strait.

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20

Gibbs, CF, GH Arnott, AR Longmore, and JW Marchant. "Nutrient and plankton distribution near a shelf break front in the region of the Bass Strait cascade." Marine and Freshwater Research 42, no. 2 (1991): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9910201.

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Nutrient enrichment of surface water to the east of a shelf break front at the eastern end of Bass Strait occurs in winter. This area of enrichment is more than 100 nautical miles (E-W) by 150 nm (N-S). From east of Banks Strait (40� 45'S,148�E), some of the nutrient-rich water is carried northwards with the northward flow of Bass Strait water which later forms the well-known 'cascade' below the warmer waters of the Tasman Sea. In September 1984, the chlorophyll a concentration increased along the line of this northward flow, producing a maximum off the Victorian coast near where the cascade occurs. In contrast to nutrient and chlorophyll a distributions, zooplankton biomass (dry weight) was higher in the shallow water of Bass Strait than over the continental slope. This suggests that the plankton growth observed in shallow Bass Strait waters in late winter had ceased by September, but was continuing to the north-east and over the slope in waters with a shallow mixed depth. We propose that the northward flow of water along the shelf break maintains plankton in a nutrient-rich environment, so that they continue to grow until they are carried below the photic zone by the cascade.

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21

Baines, PG, and DL Murray. "Topographic influence on the pattern of flow through Bass Strait." Marine and Freshwater Research 46, no. 4 (1995): 763. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9950763.

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A laboratory simulation of the flow through Bass Strait has been made with the aid of a physical model of the topography, situated in a tank on a rotating turntable. The throughflow was driven by a continuous supply of homogeneous water to the western end that was uniform with latitude. The effect of the depth variations within the strait were realistically represented and had a controlling influence on the flow pattern. In particular, the uniform inflow from the west was directed towards the south-eastern region, guided along contours of constant depth around the central depression by approximate conservation of potential vorticity. West of Flinders Island, the flow then splits into a northward branch that flows toward the Victorian coast and leaves the strait near Gabo Island and a southern branch that leaves through Banks Strait. This modelled flow pattern is generally consistent with the outflows inferred from observed temperature and salinity fields.

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22

Quilty, PG. "A Pliocene foraminiferid fauna from Flinders Island, Bass Strait." Papers and Proceedings of The Royal Society of Tasmania 119 (1985): 89–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.26749/rstpp.119.89.

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23

Young, I. M., M. A. Trupp, and M. J. Gidding. "Tectonic Evolution of Bass Strait–Origins of Tertiary Inversion." Exploration Geophysics 22, no. 2 (June 1991): 465–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/eg991465.

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24

Tomczak, M. "The Bass Strait water cascade during summer 1981–1982." Continental Shelf Research 7, no. 6 (June 1987): 561–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(87)90022-7.

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25

Edwardes, A. K. Khurana R. J. "NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN BASS — STRAIT THE LOW- COST CHALLENGE." APPEA Journal 29, no. 1 (1989): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj88001.

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Esso Australia, with its co- venturer BHP Petroleum, is planning to bring five new fields into production in 1989. These fields are relatively small, with total reserves of approximately 50 million barrels (7950 ML). Development concepts new to Bass Strait have been identified to make them economically attractive.The significant change made to the fiscal environment of Bass Strait in June 1987, when the Government provided an exemption from excise for the first 30 million barrels (4770 ML) of oil production for certain offshore projects, has played a key role in the economic viability of these developments.The Whiting field will be developed with a mini- platform, the Seahorse and Tarwhine fields with satellite sub- sea wells, and the Perch and Dolphin project will use mono- towers.New organisational and technical approaches have been used to select cost- effective development options for these fields. These approaches include increased integration between exploration and production activities, reductions in capital expenditure through applying novel concepts and researching big ticket items such as facilities installation, and minimising of operating costs by remote operation of facilities.With the developments planned for 1989, and with ongoing research, the outlook can be described as optimistic provided tax regimes continue to encourage development of small fields both in Bass Strait and elsewhere offshore in Australia.

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26

Pike, P. J., M. G. Smith, R. S. Gill, S. Savva, and A. J. Fisher. "ESSO/BHPP BASS STRAIT SAFETY-ACHIEVING WORLD CLASS PERFORMANCE." APPEA Journal 34, no. 1 (1994): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj93015.

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This paper describes the key initiatives Esso Australia Ltd (Esso) has undertaken to improve employee and contractor safety performance to world class standards.Esso produces 50M litres of crude oil per day and up to 25 million cubic metres of gas per day (peak winter demand) from 13 manned and three unmanned satellite platforms in Bass Strait, and two onshore oil/gas/LPG processing plants. Esso operates the facilities on behalf of the Esso/BHP Petroleum joint venture. Over 1400 employees and two million contractor work hours per year are involved in the operations.In 1992, Esso employees worked over 2.8 million hours with no Lost Time Injuries (LTI's). As of October 1, 1993, Esso employees have worked over 5.2 million hours LTI free for the first time in over 22 years of operations in Bass Strait. Employee Total Injuries (LTI's plus medical treatment injuries plus restricted work cases) are also significantly down over the period.In 1992, contractors working on Esso managed sites worked 2.2 million hours and sustained nine LTI's, for a frequency per million hours of 4.1. This was about half of the previous year's performance. Eight of these injuries occurred in the first half of 1992. Over the past 15 months, there have been two contractor LTI's equating to a LTI frequency of 0.7. Contractor Total Injuries are also significantly down over the period.In addition to occupational injury performance, the number and severity of operational incidents such as hydrocarbon releases and fires are also down.This improved safety performance and operations integrity is the culmination of a major effort to create a culture where safety is an integral part of our business and where everyone is committed to working safely.

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27

Cole, P. G., T. R. New, and I. W. B. Thornton. "PSOCOPTERA OF FLINDERS, KING AND DEAL ISLANDS, BASS STRAIT." Australian Journal of Entomology 28, no. 1 (February 1989): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-6055.1989.tb01189.x.

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28

Morrow, R. A., Ian S. F. Jones, R. L. Smith, and P. J. Stabeno. "Bass Strait Forcing of Coastal Trapped Waves: ACE Revisited." Journal of Physical Oceanography 20, no. 9 (September 1990): 1528–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1990)020<1528:bsfoct>2.0.co;2.

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29

Middleton, John F., and Fernando Viera. "The Forcing of Low Frequency Motions within Bass Strait." Journal of Physical Oceanography 21, no. 5 (May 1991): 695–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1991)021<0695:tfolfm>2.0.co;2.

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30

Hannah, Charles G. "Geostrophic Control with Wind Forcing: Application to Bass Strait." Journal of Physical Oceanography 22, no. 12 (December 1992): 1596–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1992)022<1596:gcwwfa>2.0.co;2.

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31

Terrens, G. W., and R. D. Tait. "EFFECTS ON THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT OF PRODUCED FORMATION WATER DISCHARGES FROM OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT IN BASS STRAIT, AUSTRALIA." APPEA Journal 34, no. 1 (1994): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj93053.

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An environmental effects study was undertaken to assess the potential environmental effect of discharged produced formation water from offshore oil and gas platforms in Bass Strait. The focus was on potential effects on the fisheries of Bass Strait. Produced formation water discharged to the ocean from the Halibut platform, one of the largest Australian oil fields and now the most prolific produced formation water field, was modelled for dilution versus distance from the platform. Characterisation of produced formation water from 10 Bass Strait platforms for chemical constituents and toxicity to local marine organisms was performed.It was found that produced formation water discharged into Bass Strait presents a very low risk to marine organisms due to very low toxicity and very high dilution rates. For the Halibut platform, acceptable acute toxicity concentration can be obtained with dilution of less than 2:1. Actual dilution rates are approximately 30:1 within 10m of the discharge point, and concentrations reach an indicative 'no chronic' toxicity effect within 25m of the discharge point. The plume is also spatially limited and mobile and any organism would be exposed to potentially lethal concentrations of produced formation water for less than about 30 seconds for median current condition.

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32

Hoedt, FE, and WF Dimmlich. "Egg and larval abundance and spawning localities of the anchovy (Engraulis australis) and pilchard (Sardinops neopilchardus) near Phillip Island, Victoria." Marine and Freshwater Research 46, no. 4 (1995): 735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9950735.

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The distribution and abundance of the eggs and larvae of the anchovy (Engraulis australis) and pilchard (Sardinops neopilchardus) were determined for the waters near Phillip Island between May 1992 and January 1994. Eggs and larvae of both species were common in these waters, indicating that this region is an important spawning area for both species. Pilchard eggs and larvae occurred at sample stations in Bass Strait and in the western entrance to Western Port. Anchovy eggs and larvae were collected both within Western Port and at most plankton stations in Bass Strait. The mean density of anchovy eggs in Western Port differed markedly between the two spawning seasons, suggesting that the number of adult fish spawning therein can vary between years. Densities of pilchard eggs and of the larvae of both species exhibited considerable spatial variability in Bass Strait.

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33

Fromant, Aymeric, Yonina Eizenberg, Rosalind Jessop, Arnaud Lec’hvien, Johanna Geeson, and John Arnould. "Colony relocation of Greater Crested Terns Thalasseus bergii in Bass Strait, south-eastern Australia." Australian Field Ornithology 37 (2020): 166–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.20938/afo37166171.

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A newly established Greater Crested Tern Thalasseus bergii colony was observed on Kanowna Island, northern Bass Strait, in December 2019 and was monitored through January 2020. A maximum of 532 ± 28 nests was counted,representing ~15–20% of the known northern Bass Strait breeding population. Resightings of 69 leg-banded individuals (from 3 to 24 years of age) demonstrated that founding individuals originated from colonies in Victoria [The Nobbies on Phillip Island (54%), Corner Inlet Barrier Islands (39%), Mud Islands in Port Phillip Bay (6%)] and one individual from South Australia. Breeding began 2 months later than usual for northern Bass Strait, perhaps because the birds only moved to Kanowna Island after failed nesting attempts elsewhere (Corner Inlet and Phillip Island). Individuals were observed to mainly feed their chicks with Barracouta Thyrsites atun and Jack Mackerel Trachurus declivis, contrasting with the usual predominance of Australian Anchovy Engraulis australis in the diet of this species in the Bass Strait region. This relocation may result from local changes in prey availability and/or a combination of potential human disturbance, predation and storm events. The recent 50% decrease in the number of breeding Greater Crested Terns in Victoria suggests substantial changes in the regional environmental conditions, highlighting the importance of understanding the impact of environmental variations on seabird species.

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34

Mustoe, S. H., M. C. Greenwood, and J. F. Moore. "ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN THE BASS STRAIT NORTHERN FIELDS 3D SEISMIC SURVEY." APPEA Journal 43, no. 1 (2003): 761. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj02046.

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The Northern Fields 3D seismic survey in Bass Strait was a large survey of 4,000 km2, carried out between the months of October 2001 to July 2002. The program attracted interest from various groups regarding the possible impacts of the survey on fisheries and cetaceans (whales and dolphins).The survey was the first to operate in eastern Bass Strait after the Environment Australia Guidelines for Minimising Acoustic Disturbance to Whales, came into force, in September 2001.The Northern Fields program was conducted in accordance with a method statement for the mitigation of impacts to cetaceans, developed by Esso to meet the requirements of Australian environmental legislation and acknowledge environmental best practice. The program utilised teams of three whale watchers who maintained a continuous rotational watch of two observers throughout the day. This proved to be a reliable element of the program and was one of several key learnings that may assist other companies in developing comprehensive and cost-effective mitigation strategies for future surveys.Concerns raised by the fishing industry and some conservation groups about the potentially detrimental impact of seismic sources on commercial scallop larvae and fish populations were effectively addressed by avoiding commercial scallop areas during spawning periods. A controlled, in-situ study of scallops exposed to the acoustic source completed during the program conclusively demonstrated no significant variation in scallop mortality or muscle strength.Observation data collected during this survey provided a sample of the cetacean population in Eastern Bass Strait during a large part of the annual migration cycle. These observations, which may be relevant to the planning and execution of future seismic surveys in the region, are discussed. The findings also provide valuable information for continued research into the distribution and conservation of whales and dolphins in Bass Strait.

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35

Liu, Jin, Alberto Meucci, Qingxiang Liu, Alexander V. Babanin, Daniel Ierodiaconou, and Ian R. Young. "The wave climate of Bass Strait and South-East Australia." Ocean Modelling 172 (April 2022): 101980. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2022.101980.

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36

Barton, A. D. "RISK-BASED MANAGEMENT OF STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY FOR BASS STRAIT PLATFORMS." APPEA Journal 41, no. 1 (2001): 727. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj00042.

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Esso Australia Pty Ltd (Esso) has embraced the framework of risk management to improve the focus and priorities of its inspection and maintenance activities. Structural integrity is one of the disciplines that has adopted a risk-based approach to inspection and integrity assessment and this has been applied to Esso/BHP’s 18 offshore platforms located in Bass Strait.The paper provides a discussion of the issues faced in the management of structural integrity of offshore platforms which lead to the development of a risk-based inspection (RBI) strategy. RBI is applied to improve the prediction of the structures’ condition and provides a consistent basis for continued improvement in the future. The RBI model generates targeted inspection workscopes for each platform that, coupled with the implementation of appropriate inspection techniques, ensure that the integrity of the platforms can be managed with greater confidence and at lower cost.The RBI approach has resulted in reduced focus on traditional areas of uncertainty such as fatigue of tubular joints, and increased focus on secondary structures, for example service caissons. This shift in focus is made possible by building into the risk model a calibration process that considers previous inspection data. A key component of this calibration is a new method developed to calibrate tubular joint fatigue lives.

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37

Luick, John L., Rolf Ka¨se, and Matthias Tomczak. "On the formation and spreading of the Bass Strait cascade." Continental Shelf Research 14, no. 4 (April 1994): 385–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(94)90025-6.

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38

Arnould, JPY, and CL Littnan. "Pup production and breeding areas of Australian fur seals Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus at Kanowna Island and The Skerries in north eastern Bass Strait." Australian Mammalogy 22, no. 1 (2000): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am00051.

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THE breeding distribution of the Australian fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) is restricted to offshore islands in Bass Strait, southeastern Australia (Warneke and Shaughnessy 1985). Breeding colonies are currently established on only nine islands but there is historical evidence to suggest that several other islands within Bass Strait once accommodated breeding sites (Warneke 1982). Prior to the largescale commercial hunting (1798-1825), the annual total A. p. doriferus pup production is estimated to have been between 20,000 ? 50,000 but these numbers were severely reduced as a result of overexploitation (Warneke and Shaughnessy 1985).

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39

Moulton, PL, TI Walker, and SR Saddlier. "Age and growth studies of Gummy Shark, Mustelus antarcticus Gunther, and School Shark, Galeorhinus galeus (Linnaeus), from Souther Australian Waters." Marine and Freshwater Research 43, no. 5 (1992): 1241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9921241.

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Age-length data were derived from counting stained bands on whole vertebral centra obtained from gummy shark, Mustelus antarcticus, captured by gill-nets during 1973-76 in Bass Strait and from gummy shark and school shark, Galeorhinus galeus, captured during 1986-87 in Bass Strait and waters off South Australia. The data were fitted to the von Bertalanffy growth equation after adopting the Francis reparametrization and correcting for sampling bias caused by the selectivity effects of the gill-nets of various mesh sizes used to capture the sharks. The von Bertalanffy growth curves of male and female gummy shark were significantly different, but the growth curves of male and female school shark were not. The growth curves suggest that growth rates of male and female gummy shark in Bass Strait were lower during 1986-87 than during 1973-76 and that the growth rates of male and female gummy shark and school shark in Bass Strait during 1986-87 were lower than those in South Australia at the same time. These apparent temporal and spatial differences in growth patterns of gummy shark are explained by the 'Phenomenon of Apparent Change in Growth Rate'. It is concluded that the growth curves determined for 1986-87 are distorted by the effects of a long history of high and length-selective fishing mortality and that actual growth patterns of gummy shark are better represented by the von Bertalanffy growth equation determined for shark caught in Bass Strait during 1973-76, when fishing mortality was much lower. Verification of age estimates was attempted by comparing von Bertalanffy growth curves derived from age-length data with those derived from tag release-recapture length-increment data, but these comparisons highlight the limitations of using tag data for this purpose. Although reasonable agreement was found between such growth curves for gummy shark, it appears that school shark older than 11 years cannot be aged accurately from stained whole or sectioned vertebrae. Sectioned vertebrae from a school shark recaptured 35.7 years after being tagged and released and calculated as having an age exceeding 45 years gave estimates of only 18-20 years of age.

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40

Buchwald, VT, and BJ Kachoyan. "Shelf waves generated by a coastal flux." Marine and Freshwater Research 38, no. 4 (1987): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9870429.

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Using the zero divergence approximation, we calculate the response of a continental shelf to an oscillating coastal current source which acts through a gap of finite width in the coastline. It is shown that this response consists of a forced oscillation in the neighbourhood of the gap, together with shelf waves appropriate to the shelf on either side. For a shelf of exponential slope similar to that of the East Australian shelf, and a flux through a channel of the dimensions of Bass Strait, the shelf wave response is shown to be qualitaticely similar to the results obtained in the Australian Coastal Experiment. This supports the contention that Bass Strait is a dominant source of shelf waves on the East Australian continental shelf. The 'eddy' mode required to explain the observations may also be attributed to the forced response of the shelf directly off-shore to Bass Strait. This paper also investigates the effect of adopting, in this physical context, simpler boundary conditions at the shelf edge. It is shown that there is some computational simplification, and that the results are largely unaffected by this simplification.

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41

Beckwith, Robin. "Australia's Quiet Success Story: The Riches of Bass Strait." Journal of Petroleum Technology 63, no. 08 (August 1, 2011): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0811-0042-jpt.

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42

Fenton, G. E. "Mysella australiana sp. nov. from Bass Strait, Australia (Crustacea: Mysidae: Mysidellinae)." Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria 50, no. 2 (1990): 437–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.1990.50.14.

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43

Fenton, G. E. "Haplostylus tattersalli sp. nov. from Bass Strait, Australia (Crustacea: Mysidae: Gastrsaccinae)." Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria 50, no. 2 (1990): 443–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.1990.50.15.

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44

Kirkpatrick, JB. "The vegetation of Dover and Erith Islands, Kent Group, Bass Strait." Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 129 (1995): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.26749/rstpp.129.25.

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45

Harris, S., and J. Balmer. "The vegetation and flora of Three Hummock Island, western Bass Strait." Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 131 (1997): 37–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.26749/rstpp.131.37.

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46

Robinson, S., and W. Dick. "Black Rats eradicated from Big Green Island in Bass Strait, Tasmania." Papers and Proceedings of The Royal Society of Tasmania 154 (2020): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.26749/rstpp.154.37.

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47

WATSON, CHRISTOPHER, NEIL WHITE, RICHARD COLEMAN, JOHN CHURCH, PETER MORGAN, and RAMESH GOVIND. "TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason-1: Absolute Calibration in Bass Strait, Australia." Marine Geodesy 27, no. 1-2 (January 2004): 107–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01490410490465373.

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48

Cullen, Richard. "Bass Strait Revenue Raising: A Case of One Government Too Many?" Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law 6, no. 4 (January 1988): 213–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02646811.1988.11433634.

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49

Murray, Alexander G., John Parslow, and Stephen Walker. "Modelling treated waste disposal in Port Phillip Bay and Bass Strait." Environment International 27, no. 2-3 (September 2001): 249–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0160-4120(01)00094-0.

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50

Blackman, D. R., and A. D. McCowan. "Application of a hindcast model to waves in Bass Strait, Australia." Applied Mathematical Modelling 11, no. 1 (February 1987): 2–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0307-904x(87)90178-8.

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