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Sandery, Paul Anthony, and paul sandery@flinders edu au. "Seasonal Variability of Water Mass Properties in Bass Strait: Three-dimensional oceanographic modelling studies." Flinders University. Chemistry, Physics and Earth Sciences, 2007. http://catalogue.flinders.edu.au./local/adt/public/adt-SFU20070831.093503.
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The climatology of the seasonal cycle of water mass variation and transformation in Bass Strait, south-eastern Australia, is studied using a high resolution three-dimensional sigma-coordinate hydrodynamic model coupled with data from observations and previous studies.
Model forcing consists of the principal tidal constituents from the Australian National Tidal Centre and long-term monthly mean atmospheric forcing fields from NCEP reanalysis. The initial density field is established using temperature and salinity means and annual and semi-annual harmonics from the CARS2000 hydrographic atlas. This is also used to prescribe incoming water mass properties at model open-sea boundaries with seasonal variation. Far-field forcing is included with open-sea boundary parameterisation of residual sea-level representing both the South Australian Current and the East Australian Current. Lagrangian and Eulerian tracer methods are used to derive transport timescales, such as age, residence times and flushing times. These are used to examine and summarise model predictions and as a diagnostic tool in sensitivity studies.
Currents, sea-level and water mass properties in the model compare favourably with previous studies and observations, despite limitations in the model and in the data used for comparison. The seasonal cycle, in model results, is characterised by formation of a shallow (< 20 m) saltier surface-layer in late spring to summer and subsequent downward mixing and erosion of the salinity field in autumn to winter with water mass from the west. This leaves behind water mass with positive age and salinity anomalies in areas of low flushing. In late winter-early spring most parts of this water mass leave the Strait interior. These areas are thought to be related to the source water of the Bass Strait Cascade. The residual circulation in all model experiments is shown to be related to seasonal-mean sea-level anomalies, arising from both barotropic and baroclinic adjustment, both in and surrounding the Strait.
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Fontanesi, Elena. "Habitat use of migrating dwarf minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata subspecies) in Tasmanian waters." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/9754/.
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The Great Barrier Reef hosts the only known reliable aggregation of dwarf minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata subspecies) in Australian waters. While this short seasonal aggregation is quite predictable, the distribution and movements of the whales during the rest of their annual cycle are poorly understood. In particular, feeding and resting areas on their southward migration which are likely to be important have not been described. Using satellite telemetry data, I modelled the habitat use of seven whales during their southward migration through waters surrounding Tasmania. The whales were tagged with LIMPET satellite tags in the GBR in July 2013 (2 individuals) and 2014 (5 individuals). The study area around Tasmania was divided into 10km² cells and the time spent by each individual in each cell was calculated and averaged based on the number of animals using the cell. Two areas of high residency time were highlighted: south-western Bass Strait and Storm Bay (SE Tasmania). Remotely sensed ocean data were extracted for each cell and averaged temporally during the entire period of residency. Using Generalised Additive Models I explored the influence of key environmental characteristics. Nine predictors (bathymetry, distance from coast, distance from shore, gradient of sea surface temperature, sea surface height (absolute and variance), gradient of current speed, wind speed and chlorophyll-a concentration) were retained in the final model which explained 68% of the total variance. Regions of higher time-spent values were characterised by shallow waters, proximity to the coast (but not to the shelf break), high winds and sea surface height but low gradient of sea surface temperature. Given that the two high residency areas corresponded with regions where other marine predators also forage in Bass Strait and Storm Bay, I suggest the whales were probably feeding, rather than resting in these areas.
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Toyama, Brandon Hiroyuki. "The structural basis of yeast prion strain variants." Diss., Search in ProQuest Dissertations & Theses. UC Only, 2009. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3378511.
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Armstrong, Karen Anne. "Theoretical bases for a personal heat strain monitor." Access electronically, 2006. http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/public/adt-NWU20070315.172135/index.html.
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Slingsby, Jason Hardwick. "The genetic basis of SLE in the BXSB mouse strain." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.300455.
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Morgan, Jason Kyle. "Genetic basis for the virulence of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli strain TW14359." Scholar Commons, 2014. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5277.
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Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is a virulent pathotype of E. coli that is associated with major outbreaks of hemorrhagic colitis and the life-threatening kidney disease hemolytic uremic syndrome. For successful host colonization and attachment to the intestinal mucosa, EHEC requires the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) pathogenicity island, which encodes a type III secretion system (TTSS) responsible for secreting and translocating effector proteins into host colonocytes. Regulation of the LEE is primarily directed through the first operon, LEE1, encoding the locus encoded regulator (Ler), and occurs through the direct and indirect action of several regulators. The 2006 U.S. spinach outbreak of E. coli O157:H7, characterized by unusually severe disease, has been attributed to a strain (TW14359) with enhanced pathogenic potential including elevated virulence gene expression, robust adherence, and the presence of novel virulence factors.
Aim 1 of this dissertation proposes a mechanism for the unique virulence expression and adherence phenotype of this strain, and further expands the role for regulator RcsB in control of the E. coli locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) pathogenicity island. Proteomic analysis of TW14359 revealed a virulence proteome consistent with previous transcriptome studies that included elevated levels of the LEE regulatory protein Ler and type III secretion system (T3SS) proteins, secreted T3SS effectors, and Shiga toxin 2. Basal levels of the LEE activator and Rcs phosphorelay response regulator, RcsB, were increased in strain TW14359 relative to O157:H7 strain Sakai. Deletion of rcsB eliminated inherent differences between these strains in ler expression, and in T3SS-dependent adherence. A reciprocating regulatory pathway involving RcsB and LEE-encoded activator GrlA was identified and predicted to coordinate LEE activation with repression of the flhDC flagellar regulator and motility. Overexpression of grlA was shown to increase RcsB levels, but did not alter expression from promoters driving rcsB transcription. Expression of rcsDB and RcsB was determined to increase in response to physiologic levels of bicarbonate, and bicarbonate-dependent stimulation of the LEE was shown to be dependent on an intact Rcs system and ler activator grvA. The results of this aim significantly broaden the role for RcsB in EHEC virulence regulation.
The bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) has been shown to stimulate LEE gene transcription through the LEE1 promoter, and is predicted to serve as a physiologic signal for EHEC colonization. Results from the previous aim demonstrated that bicarbonate induction of the LEE is mediated through the Rcs phosphorelay, and is dependent upon an intact global regulator of virulence grvA gene. However, the direct mechanism through which RcsB-GrvA regulates ler, and the contribution of GrvA to the virulence of EHEC is unknown. In Aim 2, the RcsB-GrvA regulon of EHEC was determined by RNA sequencing, and the contributions of each to virulence and stress fitness was explored. A significant increase in transcription of the gad genes for extreme acid resistance was observed for both EHEC strains TW14359grvA and TW14359rcsBgrvA compared to TW14359, and corresponded with a significant increase in acid survival for TW14359grvA during exponential growth. Therefore, a model by which RcsB-GrvA coordinate LEE expression with acid resistance through GadE was proposed. Finally, the temporal regulation of both rcsDB and grvAB operons in response to bicarbonate was defined using single copy luxE chromosomal reporter fusions. Taken together, these results demonstrate the role of RcsB and GrvA to EHEC virulence, and reveal a novel role for GrvA in of extreme acid resistance and LEE gene expression and in EHEC.
Finally, production of the ECP pilus has been demonstrated in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 (EHEC), and has been shown to be required for efficient adherence to epithelial cells during colonization. The first gene of the ecpRABCDE operon encodes a transcriptional regulator (EcpR) that positively regulates its own transcription, and promotes transcription and production of the downstream gene, ecpA, encoding the major ECP subunit EcpA. However, the distance between the ecpR and ecpA genes suggests the presence of regulatory elements that control ecpA directly. Therefore, it was hypothesized that an additional promoter was able to direct transcription of ecpA, independent of the promoter upstream of ecpR. To test this, promoter-lacZ transcriptional reporter fusions were created using the regions upstream of ecpR and ecpA to test for promoter activity, coupled with western blot analysis to detect EcpA in both wild-type and ecpR promoter mutant strains. In Aim 3, we showed that an additional promotable element, downstream of the EHEC O157:H7 strain TW14359 ecpR translational start site, is capable of driving transcription of ecpA, and that its activity is independent of an intact ecpR promoter. In addition, site-directed mutagenesis was used to characterize a TW14359 specific single nucleotide polymorphism within the predicted ecpA promoter region. Overproduction of EcpR was observed to increase cytosolic RcsB and Tir, indicating that ecp production is able to stimulate the LEE, and that the ecpA promoter polymorphism may contribute to intrinsically increased rcsB transcription in TW14359. Taken together, the results, and those obtained in Aims 1 and 2, expand the model for regulation of the ecp operon in EHEC O157:H7 strain TW14359, and broaden the model for EcpR and RcsB in the coordinate regulation of E. coli common pilus and type III secretion.
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Hayward, Benjamin James. "Investigation of road base shear strains using in-situ instrumentation." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Civil Engineering, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1164.
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The large majority of New Zealand's road network is constructed from thin surfaced unbound flexible pavements where a granular layer provides the main structural strength of the pavement. The current New Zealand empirical design theory states that permanent deformation should largely be attributed to the subgrade and that shape loss in the granular layers is simply a consequence of a previously deformed subgrade. However, recent research and field trials have indicated that basecourse shear strains may be a large contributor to rutting in unbound granular layers. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether the shear strains induced under heavy vehicle loads can be accurately measured using in-situ induction coils and whether the shear strains are related to permanent pavement deformation. In this investigation a rosette configuration of free floating induction coils was designed to measure principal basecourse shear strains. The principal strains were then used to construct Mohr's circle of strain in order to calculate the maximum shear strain occurring in the granular layer. The rosettes were installed in two full scale test pavements at the Canterbury Accelerated Pavement Testing Indoor Facility (CAPTIF). The pavements were loaded with an 8 tonne dual wheel axle load for 1 million and 600,000 load applications respectively and strain and rut depth testing occurred periodically throughout the test life. The research showed that the rosette coil arrangement was a feasible and accurate device for measuring in-situ shear strains in granular pavement layers. Finite element modelling confirmed the accuracy of the system. The results from the two CAPTIF pavements showed that there was a strong linear relationship between the magnitude of the basecourse shear strain and the rut depth at the end of the post construction compaction period. The investigation also showed that shear strain magnitudes in the region of 5000µƐ result in rapid shear failure in the granular layer. In addition, after the post construction compaction period had finished, the rate of change of shear strain was proportional to the rate of change of rut development. The results indicated that there was approximately a 4:1 ratio between the rate of change in rut depth and the rate of change in shear strain after the initial post construction period. Investigations into the effect of load magnitude on the magnitude of the basecourse shear strain showed that a linear relationship existed between the two parameters. Further to this, load location testing revealed that for a dual wheel configuration, 50mm of lateral wheel variation either side of a point of interest was the maximum allowable movement that would result in similar strain measurements. The research highlighted the dominance of the longitudinal tensile strain and shear strain over the vertical compressive strain within granular layers. As a result, these pavement responses should be considered in further granular pavement research in addition to the commonly used vertical compressive strains.
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Stevenson, Leonard. "A molecular basis for the biological control activity of a pseudomonas fluorescens strain." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240424.
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Green, Angharad. "Investigating the genetic basis of preservative resistance in an industrial Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2017. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/108193/.
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common industrial contaminant associated with costly recalls of home and personal care(HPC) products. Preservation systems are used to prevent bacterial contamination and protect consumers, but little is known about the mechanisms of preservative resistance in P. aeruginosa. The aim of this research was to map genetic and metabolic pathways associated with preservative resistance and bacterial growth in HPC products. The genome of the industrial strain P. aeruginosa RW109 was sequenced, functionally annotated, and compared to other strains of the species. This revealed the first complete genome of a P. aeruginosa isolate from the HPC industry. Comparative analysis with 102 P. aeruginosa strains from various sources, showed industrial strains’ genomes to be significantly larger than clinical and environmental strains and RW109’s genome was the largest of the species (7.8 Mbp) and included two plasmids. Identification of differentially expressed genes by RNA-Seq (more informative than mini-Tn5-luxCDABE mutagenesis), revealed complex genetic networks utilised by RW109 when exposed to benzisothiazolone(BIT), phenoxyethanol (POE) and a laundry detergent formulation. Differential expression of five sets of genes was consistently observed in response to these industry relevant conditions - MexPQ-OpmE efflux pump, sialic acid transporter and isoprenoid biosynthesis (gnyRDBHAL) genes were frequently upregulated; whereas phnBA and pqsEDCBA genes encoding PQS production and quorum-sensing, respectively, were consistently down-regulated. Genome-scale metabolic network reconstruction of RW109, the first with a P. aeruginosa industrial strain, along with integration of transcriptomic data, predicted essential pathways for RW109’s preservative resistance (e.g. cell membrane phospholipid biosynthesis as a key pathway for POE resistance). This study highlights the utility of integrating genomic, transcriptomic and metabolic modelling approaches to uncover the basis of industrial bacterial resistance to preservative and product formulations. The ability to predict the metabolic basis of P. aeruginosa preservative resistance will inform the development of targeted industrial preservation systems, enhancing product safety and minimising future resistance development.
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Cardinal, John William. "The basis for strain variation to the diabetogenic effects of streptozotocin in mice." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1997.
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Gornak, Steven. "A Comparison of Meristics and Morphometrics between Two Strains of Pond Cultured Striped Bass (Morone saxatilis)." W&M ScholarWorks, 1991. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539617636.
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Alloush, Habib Mahmoud. "The molecular basis of resistance to 5-fluorocytosine in Candida albicans." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240107.
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Проценко, Сергій Іванович, Сергей Иванович Проценко, Serhii Ivanovych Protsenko, Олена Вікторівна Федченко, Елена Викторовна Федченко, and Olena Viktorivna Fedchenko. "Strain resistive properties of films on the basis of copper and cobalt in wide deformation range." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2011. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/20972.
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McCauley, Jason. "Route 33 flexible pavement instrumentation project: Structural performance of a flexible pavement due to various bases." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 1995. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1179256950.
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Rodrigues, John Kennedy Guedes. "Pressiômetros, tensões e deformações em sub-bases de pavimentos flexíveis." Universidade de São Paulo, 1998. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18137/tde-01022018-155445/.
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Este trabalho contém relato e discussão sobre atividades e resultados obtidos durante uma tentativa para mostrar que pressiômetros e ensaios \"in situ\" podem ser úteis ao estudo de tensões e deformações de solos utilizados na construção de sub-base de pavimentos flexíveis. Verificaram-se condições para aceitar a hipótese: \"os módulos de elasticidade, estimados a partir de manuseio sobre dados obtidos através de levantamentos em campo com uso de pressiômetros PENCEL, poderão ser utilizados para estudo da relação entre tensões e deformações de solos granulares de sub-bases de pavimentos flexíveis\" - isso foi efetuado usando conceitos e estimativas de módulo de resiliência. Para isso, descreveram-se equipamentos e métodos de ensaio triaxiais com repetições de aplicações de cargas, para estimativa de módulos de resiliência, e, processos para levantamento de dados com o pressiômetro \"in situ\" nas sub-bases de pavimentos. Os dados usados foram obtidos nas rodovias BR 230 Rodovia Transamazônica e PB 055 Sapé a Guarabira, estado da Paraíba, Brasil. Estudos sobre a interseção de intervalos de confiança indicaram que, para o intervalo de tensões em sub-bases de pavimentos, as estimativas de módulos de elasticidade a partir de ensaios em campo com o uso de pressiômetros podem ser de mesma ordem de grandeza que os valores obtidos a partir de ensaios triaxiais em laboratório.In this work it was described and discussed the actions and the results obtained in activities to show that pressuremeters and \"in situ\" test should be useful to study stress and strains of soils used on building flexible pavement sub-base. lt was verified some conditions to accept the hypothesis \"the elasticity modulus estimated from data obtained from PENCEL pressuremeter data field surveying should be used to study granular soils stress and strain in the flexible pavement sub-bases\" - this was done using the resilient modulus concepts and surveying. lt was also described methods and equipment applied to dynamic triaxial tests, and the process used to survey field data using the pressuremeter to estimate the resilient modulus. The data was obtained in sub-bases from the BR 230 The Transzamazonic Highway and PB 055 The Sape to Guarabira Highway, located in the State of Paraiba, Brazil. lt was showed that the confidence intervals intersections among the elasticity modulus obtained from pressuremeter data field surveying and laboratory triaxial tests should have the same level of values.
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Bhering, Cecília de Andrade. "Avaliação da toxicidade da emodina e sua associação com radiação ultravioleta A em cepas de Escherichia coli e células da linhagem A549." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2012. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=5882.
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Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de JaneiroA emodina é uma antraquinona estruturalmente semelhante à aloe-emodina e ambas tem sido apontadas como capazes de causar lesões oxidativas pela produção de ERO. Sua presença em produtos dermocosméticos e de higiene pessoal, associada às informações de que a fotoativação de antraquinonas levaria ao aumento de lesões oxidativas causadas por ERO, torna relevante o estudo da associação da emodina com a radiação UVA. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a citotoxicidade induzida pela associação da emodina com doses subletais de radiação UVA, em células de Escherichia coli (selvagem e cepas deficientes em enzimas do BER), através de ensaios de sobrevivência bacteriana (taxa de dose de UVA igual a 20J/m/s, totalizando 108kJ/m ao final de 90min de experimento), e em células da linhagem A549 pela exclusão do corante azul de tripan e sobrevivência clonogênica(taxa de dose de UVA igual a 20J/m/s, totalizando 36kJ/m ao final de 30min de experimento). Além disso, a genotoxicidade desses agentes foi estudada por eletroforese em gel de agarose de DNA plasmidial (taxa de dose de UVA igual a 16J/m/s, totalizando 57,6kJ/m ao final de 60min de experimento). De acordo com os resultados: i) Concentrações iguais ou abaixo de 5,55mM de emodina não alteraram a sobrevivência em nenhuma das cepas estudas; ii) As proteínas Xth e Fpg parecem ter um papel importante no reparo das lesões causadas pela emodina, em altas concentrações, sugerindo a participação do reparo por excisão de bases (BER) nesse processo; iii) A associação da emodina com a radiação UVA se mostrou citotóxica em todas as cepas de E. coli; iv) O gene nfo foi o mais importante na resistência bacteriana às lesões induzidas pela associação dos dois agentes, reforçando o envolvimento do BER e indicando uma possível participação do reparo por incisão de nucleotídeos (NIR); v) A emodina parece ter interagido com o DNA plasmidial, alterando seu padrão de migração no gel de agarose; vi) Em células da linhagem A549, a emodina causa efeitos tóxicos imediatos que parecem ser reparados ao longo do tempo. Porém, quando a droga permaneceu por 24 horas em contato com as células, houve uma diminuição na sobrevivência celular que parece ser dosedependente; vii) As concentrações de 10μM e 25μM de emodina, quando associadas ao UVA, se mostraram responsáveis pela redução de mais de 50% na sobrevivência nas células A549, chegando a 100% de morte quando a concentração de emodina foi de 50μM; viii) A radiação UVA potencializou os efeitos citotóxicos da emodina, nos 2 modelos experimentais do presente estudo, indicando que a interação da emodina com a radiação UVA seja genotóxica e portanto prejudicial à saúde.
Emodin is an anthraquinone structurally similar to aloe-emodin and both have been identified as capable of causing oxidative damage by ROS production. Its presence in skin cosmetics and toiletries, associated to the information that the photoactivation of anthraquinones leads to increased oxidative damage caused by ROS, make studies about the association of emodin with UVA relevant. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity induced by the combination of emodin with sublethal doses of UVA radiation in Escherichia coli cells (wild strain and strains deficient in enzymes of BER) by bacterial survival assay (UVA dose rate equal to 20J/m/s, totaling 108kJ/m at the end of 90min of experiment); and in A549 cell line by trypan blue exclusion assay and clonogenic survival(dose rate of UVA equal to 20J/m/s, totaling 36kJ/m at the end of 30 minutes of experiment). Furthermore, the genotoxicity of these agents was studied by electrophoresis on agarose gel of plasmid DNA (dose rate of UVA equal to 16J/m/s, totaling 57,6kJ/m at the end of 60 minutes of experiment). According to the results: i) concentrations equal or below 5.55mM of emodin did not affect the survival in any of the studied strains; ii) proteins Xth and Fpg appear to have an important role in the repair of lesions induced by emodin, at high concentrations, suggesting the involvement of base excision repair (BER) in this process, iii) the association of emodin with UVA showed to be cytotoxic in all strains of E. coli iv) The nfo gene was the most important in bacterial resistance to damages induced by the association of the two agents, reinforcing the involvement of BER and indicating a possible role of the nucleotide incision repair (NIR), v) emodin appears to have interacted with plasmid DNA, altering its migration pattern in the agarose gel; vi) in A549 cell line, emodin caused immediate toxic effects that seemed to be repaired with time. However, when the drug remained for 24 hours in contact with the cells, there was a reduction in cell survival which seems to be in a dose dependent mode, vii) The concentrations of 10μM and 25μM of emodin, when associated with UVA, were responsible for a survival reduction of more than 50% survival in A549 cells, reaching 100% of death with the concentration of 50μM of emodin, viii) UVA radiation potentiates the cytotoxic effect of emodin in two experimental models in the present study, indicating that this interaction is genotoxic and therefore harmful to health.
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Ručinskas, Artūras. "Comparative analysis of stress-strain calculation methods and algorithms for concrete members reinforced with FRP re-bars." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20110620_141822-28189.
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The final thesis consists of three main parts, each covering a certain aspect of investigation.
First chapter presents an extensive literature review, covering such aspects as: application of
FRP (fiber reinforced polymer) materials in modern-day civil engineering, characteristics of
FRP reinforcement for reinforced concrete structures, advantages and drawbacks of FRP rebars
compared to traditional materials, peculiarities of flexural behavior of FRP reinforced
members, review of existing empirical stress-strain calculation algorithms and building codes
for concrete members reinforced with FRP.
Second part aims at presenting gathered experimental data consisting of 51 FRP reinforced
flexural members under 4 point bending scheme. Taking into account such parameters as
reinforcement ratio, load intensity and elasticity modulus of FRP reinforcement, statistical
analysis on a number of calculation algorithms and building codes is performed in order to
evaluate their credibility and reliability for use in real-world structures.
The final part of the work presents a Simplified Discrete Crack model developed in VGTU
Department of Bridges and Special Structures. The model is applied for a series of collected
beams. The results are compared with theoretical predictions made by different design codes
and experimental values.
The final thesis consists of: 90 pages of text (without appendixes), 46 pictures, 17 tables. 3
appendixes are included. Literature list consisting of 82... [to full text]Baigiamąjį magistro darbą sudaro trys pagrindinės dalys. Pirmajame skyriuje pateikiama literatūros apžvalga, kurioje nagrinėjamos temos susijusios su pluoštinės armatūros panaudojimu lenkiamiems betoniniams elementams. Apžvelgiamos tokių elementų panaudojimo galimybės, privalumai ir trūkumai, deformacijų skaičiavimo metodai bei matematiniai modeliai. Antrajame skyriuje nagrinėjama surinkta polimerine armatūra armuotų sijų eksperimentinių duomenų imtis. Siekiant įvertinti skirtingų skaičiavimo metodų patikimumą ir pritaikomumą ne plienine armatūra armuotiems elementams, atliekama lyginamoji statistinė analizė. Jos metu įvertinama armavimo procento, apkrovimo lygio bei pluoštinės armatūros tamprumo modulio įtaka. Trečiojoje darbo dalyje surinktai eksperimentinių duomenų imčiai pritaikytas VGTU Tiltų ir Specialiųjų Statinių Katedroje sukurtas Diskrečiųjų plyšių modelis. Gautos priklausomybės palygintos su kitų skaičiavimo normų rezultatais bei eksperimentiniais duomenimis. Gauti rezultatai parodė, kad pritaikius tikslesnius praslydimo bei armatūros ir betono sąveikos ruožuose tarp plyšių modelius, diskrečiųjų plyšių modelis gali būti sėkmingai taikomas polimerine armatūra armuotų elementų elgsenai prognozuoti.
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Fung, Wing Wah. "Lightly cemented rubber tire chips as highway pavement sub-base and the use of fiber Bragg's grating (FBG) as instrumentation sensors /." View abstract or full-text, 2004. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?CIVL%202004%20FUNG.
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Elbaz, Anas. "Sources laser compatibles silicium à base de Ge et GeSn à bande interdite directe." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS077/document.
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La photonique silicium connait un essor très important, porté notamment par la réalisation de câbles optiques actifs permettant de transférer optiquement des données à haut débit dans des environnements de type “High performance computing” ou “data center”. L'intégration de cette source laser est un enjeu très important pour la photonique silicium. Actuellement, ces sources sont obtenues avec des semi-conducteurs de type III-V sur substrats GaAs ou InP. Leur intégration dans une filière silicium est délicate et surtout ne permet pas de tirer pleinement parti de l'environnement de fabrication CMOS de la microélectronique.L'intégration d'une source optique monolithique représente donc un enjeu considérable. Les éléments de la colonne IV (Si, Ge) sont des semi-conducteurs à bande interdite indirecte, avec une faible efficacité de recombinaison radiative, et ne sont donc pas a priori de bons candidats. Un changement de paradigme est cependant en cours avec la récente démonstration qu'il était possible de manipuler la structure de bande des semi-conducteurs à base de germanium pour les rendre à bande interdite directe, i.e. les transformer en émetteurs efficaces. Cette ingénierie peut être réalisée soit en utilisant des tenseurs externes comme le nitrure de silicium soit en réalisant des alliages avec de l'étain (GeSn), ou en combinant les deux. Cette thèse porte donc sur l'étude de ces semi-conducteurs à bande interdite directe, avec pour objectif de faire la démonstration d'un laser avec ce nouveau type de matériauxSilicon photonics is experiencing a very important development. The laser source integration is a very important issue in silicon photonics. Currently, these sources are obtained with type III-V semiconductors on GaAs or InP substrates. Their integration in a silicon industry is delicate and above all does not allow to take full advantage of a CMOS environment.The integration of a monolithically optical source represents an important challenge. The elements of column IV (Si, Ge) are indirect bandgap semiconductors, with low radiative recombination efficiency, and therefore are not good candidates. However, a paradigm shift is underway with the recent demonstration that it was possible to manipulate the band structure of germanium-based semiconductors to direct bandgap, i.e. transform them into efficient transmitters. This engineering can be achieved either by using external tensors such as silicon nitride or by making alloys with tin (GeSn), or by combining both. This thesis deals with the study of these direct bandgap semiconductors. The goal will be to demonstrate a laser with this new type of materials
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Kreuter, Verner C. V. "Optimization and Application of the Strain-To-Fracture Test for Studying Ductility-Dip Cracking in Ni-base Alloys." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1437749997.
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Allen, David William. "Physiological basis of growth-performance trade-offs : insights from different strains of rainbow trout." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/51512.
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Growth rate is a fundamental life history trait common to all taxa. Despite its importance, the underlying physiological mechanisms and constraints associated with growth remain poorly understood. The purpose of my research was to explore the physiological correlates and trade-offs associated with high growth. I examined a suite of physiological variables related to growth including metabolic rate, digestive capacity, and tissue energy content. Three strains of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were chosen based on known differences in ecology and growth. Fish from each strain were assigned to one of three food ration treatments: (i) satiation over eight hours every day, (ii) fed 1% of body mass over eight hours every day, and (iii) complete deprivation of food. A wide range of growth rates were observed within and across all strains.
I found that fast growing rainbow trout (hatchery strain) had higher standard metabolic rates and lower maximum metabolic rates and aerobic scopes, suggesting that high growth rate results in a reduced capacity to do metabolic work. I also found that trout with high growth rates, generally, had larger gastrointestinal tracts, higher maximum food consumption rate, and higher growth efficiency. Lipid content and water content had opposing correlations with growth rate; larger individuals with higher growth rates had a higher body lipid content, while water content was highest amongst smaller individuals.
I show that there is a suite of physiological traits that correlate with growth rate, that these traits are affected by both genotype (strain) and environment (food ration), and that these traits appear to be consistently traded off against other correlates of performance.Science, Faculty of
Zoology, Department of
Graduate
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Shadram, Farshid, Ata Sina, and Peyman Karami. "Assessment of local bending stiffness in timber on basis of knot area ratios, resonance frequencies and measured strain fields." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för teknik, TEK, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-14420.
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Vittoz, Stéphane. "Modélisation et caractérisation de capteurs mécaniques intégrés à base d'hétérostructures A1GaN/GaN pour les environnements hostiles." Thesis, Grenoble, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GRENT064/document.
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Certains domaines d'applications tels que l'aérospatial, l'automobile ou le forage de haute profondeur peuvent nécessiter la visualisation de certains paramètres physiques dans des environnements hostiles. Les capteurs microélectroniques basés sur le silicium y atteignent souvent leurs limites, qui sont qualifiées de conditions « sévères ». Ce travail se base principalement sur l'étude de solutions de capteurs mécaniques fonctionnant en conditions sévères. Le principe de ces capteurs repose sur l'exploitation de transistors de mesures HEMT à base de nitrures III-V (III-N), à la fois piézoélectriques et semiconducteurs, qui reste stable en conditions sévères. La compréhension des interactions entre physique des semiconducteurs et physique des matériaux ainsi que la caractérisation de structures possibles pour la détection mécanique représentent les principaux enjeux de ce sujet de thèse. La modélisation mécanique analytique et numérique des structures étudiées a permis d'appréhender le comportement de structures piézoélectriques multicouches. Le couplage de ce modèle électromécanique avec un modèle électronique du capteur a permis d'établir la faisabilité du principe de détection ainsi que la linéarité de la réponse du capteur. La caractérisation des prototypes réalisés en cours de thèse ont corroboré la linéarité du capteur tout en faisant apparaître l'influence de nombreux effets parasites réduisant sa sensibilité à savoir les effets de résistance parasites et de piézorésistances variablesSome industrial areas as oil, automotive and aerospace industries, require electromechanical systems working in harsh environments. An elegant solution is to use III–V materials alloys having semiconductor, piezoelectric and pyroelectric properties. These materials, particularly nitrides such as GaN or AlN, enable design of advanced devices suitable for harsh environment. By using free-standing structure coupled with sensing HEMT transistors that are stable at high temperatures, it is possible to obtain mechanical sensors suitable for harsh environments. This PhD thesis focuses on a cantilever-based strain sensor and a drumskin-based pressure sensor. Analytical models of both sensors have been developed and establish the feasibility of the sensing principle as well as its response linearity. The characterization tests of fabricated prototypes validate the possibility of measuring external mechanical load with both sensors. The linearity of the response has also been confirmed by experimental measurements. The experimental sensitivity is smaller than the theoretical one due to several parasitic effects not included in the model such as parasitic resistance and variable piezoresisitive effects
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Winz, Robert Alan. "A genetic basis for swim stamina differences between strains of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26205.
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Two wild strains of British Columbia rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) (Deadman Creek steelhead and Pennask Lake ) and 2 domesticated strains (Domestic-McLeary and Duncan River) were compared for evidence of genetic changes in swim stamina due to natural and artificial selection in hatcheries. The wild strains had approximately twice the swim stamina of the hatchery strains, with critical swim velocities (U[sub crit]) of 1.98 ± 0.08 (Pennask) and 1.91 ± 0.1 0 (Deadman) body lengths.sec⁻¹ vs. 1.36 ± 0.09 (Domestic) and 1.10 ± 0.06 (Duncan) body lengths.sec⁻¹. These two categories of strains also differed in certain genetic/biochemical and morphological characteristics which have been linked to swimming ability.
The results of this study reveal that: (1) In the exercised state, the Pennask and Deadman strains convert lactate to pyruvate in the liver at the following maximum rates: 151.92 ± 5.25 and 150.64 ± 5.74 I.U.g⁻¹ wet weight, while the Domestic and Duncan convert at slower rates: 86.48 ± 1.78 and 109.20 ± 3.11 I.U.g⁻¹. Lactate oxidation in whole blood shows a similar trend. (2) No correlation was found between swim stamina and LDH B² genotype. However the two high stamina "wild" strains were the only heterozygous groups. (3) Lactate levels in the brain showed no change with exercise in the "wild" strains, while a 2.5 fold increase was observed for the "hatchery" strains. (4) Hemoglobin concentration during exercise was higher for the Pennask and Deadman strains, 1.73 ± 0.04 and 1.75 ± 0.05 mM, vs. 1.61 ± 0.03 and 1.54 ± 0.03 mM for the Domestic and Duncan strains. (5) The percentage of non-Bohr/Root hemoglobin was approximately 30% for all 4 strains. (6) The Duncan strain was the only one to show a nucleoside triphosphate/hemoglobin (NTP/Hb) ratio of less than unity during exercise (0.89 ± 0.04). (7) This strain is also monomorphic for the rare LDH B²” allele. (8) The Deadman and Duncan strains had greater percentages of GTP in their erythrocytic NTP pools in both the exercised and baseline states.
Poor survival after release into the wild is a negative characteristic of domesticated stocks of hatchery trout. A major component of the ability to survive in the wild is swim stamina. Domestication selection (a form of natural selection) in hatcheries against unnecessary swimming capacity is a potential reason why trout raised from hatchery brood stocks perform so poorly. High swim stamina is not as necessary for survival in the hatchery environment as it is in a trout's natural environment. Also, additional artificial selection for rapid growth characteristics may be mutually exclusive with any type of selection for high swim stamina.Science, Faculty of
Zoology, Department of
Graduate
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Barnes, Ifat Habib Ahmed. "Identification for the genetic basis of phenotypic differences in chicken colonisation between Campylobacter jejuni strains." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.412058.
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Aydin, Ömür Işıl. "Étude et caractérisation d'un procédé intégrable pour la fabrication de composants supportés ou suspendus à base de graphène CVD." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENT108/document.
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Nous vous proposons un procédé de fabrication pour obtenir des dispositifs de graphène suspendu avec rendement élevé (~ 90%). Surtout, nous nous concentrons sur l'intégrabilité de procédé ainsi que sa compatibilité avec les technologies existantes de silicium. Pour répondre à ces questions, nous avons développé un système de fabrication à base de graphène qui était synthétisé par dépôt chimique en phase vapeur (CVD).L'étape la plus importante dans le processus de fabrication est liée à la gravure du substrat de SiO2 sous-jacente à suspendre les rubans de graphène. Il est souvent rapporté dans la littérature que, à ce stade, les forces capillaires peuvent provoquer l'effondrement des rubans de graphène. En dehors de cet effet, nous avons trouvé que la qualité de l'interface entre le masque de gravure et le substrat est essentielle pour suspendre les dispositifs de graphène avec succès. Ce n'est que lorsque la qualité de cette interface a été amélioré, nous avons atteint des rendements remarquablement élevés d'environ 90%. Caractérisation par spectroscopie Raman, la microscopie électronique à balayage (MEB) et microscopie à force atomique (AFM), qui était effectuée après chaque étape de fabrication, ont attesté que notre méthodologie n'a aucune dommage sur la qualité du graphène.Par la suite, nous avons utilisé la spectroscopie Raman pour étudier le dopage et la contrainte dans nos dispositifs de graphène CVD. Alors que nous avons observé une forte dopage de type p sur graphène supporté sur SiO2 dans l'air, le dopage seul ne peut pas tenir compte des spectres observés. Au lieu de cela, nous concluons que les échantillons de graphène mesurées présentent une contrainte interne de compression, qui ne se relâche pas complètement pendant la fabrication. Nous attribuons cette contrainte au budget de la température de CVD et au polymère rigide de transfert.Enfin, nous avons étudié les caractéristiques électriques de nos dispositifs à température ambiante ainsi qu'à basse température. Les mesures ont confirmé la forte dopage de type p de graphène, et en suite, ‘back-gating' ont donné une modulation faible de courant. Mesures magnéto-transport, qui sont effectuées à 20 K et 4, ont été utilisés pour extraire la densité de porteurs et la mobilité des dispositifs supportés sur SiO2. Faibles valeurs de mobilité sont attribuées à la diffusion par les joints de grains. À des champs magnétiques faibles, nous avons observé des signatures de localisation faible, ce qui implique que ‘intervalley scattering' est le mécanisme dominant dans nos échantillons. À des champs magnétiques élevés, la résistivité longitudinale a montré oscillations robuste à température qui pourraient être identifiés comme niveaux de LandauWe propose a high-yield (~ 90%) fabrication route to obtain suspended graphene devices. Importantly, we focus on the scalability of the process as well as its compatibility with existing Si technologies. To address these issues, we developed a fabrication scheme based on graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD).The most crucial step in the fabrication process relates to the etching of the underlying SiO2 substrate to suspend the graphene ribbons. It is often reported in the literature that at this stage, capillary forces can lead to the collapse of the graphene beams. We have found that apart from this effect, the quality of the interface between the etch mask and the substrate is key to successfully suspend graphene devices. Only when the quality of this interface was improved, were we able to achieve remarkably high yields of approximately 90%. Characterization by Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), performed after each step of fabrication, attested that our methodology does not impact the quality of the graphene.We have subsequently employed Raman spectroscopy to investigate doping and strain in our CVD graphene devices. While we did observe a strong p-type doping of graphene supported on SiO2 in air, doping alone cannot account for the observed spectra. Instead, we conclude that the measured graphene samples display a compressive internal strain, which does not fully relax during fabrication. We attribute this strain to the large temperature budget of the CVD process and to the rigid transfer polymer
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Zimmerman, Cory Tyler. "Performance Analysis and Modeling of Pavements with a Cold Central Plant Recycled Base under Accelerated Loading Testing." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/79131.
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Cold Central Plant Recycling (CCPR) has been used by many state highway agencies to save material, money, time, and energy in pavement construction and rehabilitation. The objectives of this thesis were to: (1) perform an instrumented verification analysis, (2) evaluate the response and performance of two pavement configurations with a CCPR base layer through accelerated pavement testing (APT), and (3) construct models using mechanistic-empirical pavement design software for comparison with the APT results. The pavement configurations featured a 5-inch CCPR mixture with either a 3-inch or 1.5-inch SM-9.5D surface mixture. Each section was instrumented with strain gauges, pressure cells, and thermocouples. A heavy vehicle simulator (HVS) was used to load three replicate test sections in each lane, with the temperature controlled at 39°C at a depth of 1.5 inches.
Results from the instrument verification analysis showed that the strain gauges and pressure cells used in the experiment recorded pavement responses with a high degree of repeatability. In addition, the loading condition variables (speed, wheel load, and tire inflation pressure) affected the response following the expected trends and did not affect the repeatability of the instruments. The average CV of all strain gauge and pressure cell signals was approximately 0.009 or 0.9%, and 0.004 or 0.4%, respectively.
In terms of the rutting comparison, the sections with the 3-inch surface layer outperformed the sections with the thinner 1.5-inch surface layer. However, the age of the pavement at the start of testing significantly affected the rutting performance. After adjusting for the pavement age at the time of testing, the section with the thicker surface showed approximately half of the rutting of the section with the thinner surface.
The results from preliminary ME Design analysis indicate that the software cannot model the studied APT sections using the default material properties and calibration factors available at the time of analysis. In particular, the software does not seem to be prepared to model the CCPR materials.Master of Science
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Mahasantipiya, Sedtha. "Performance analysis of bases for flexible pavement." Ohio : Ohio University, 2000. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1179947659.
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Nissley, Nathan E. "Intermediate temperature grain boundary embrittlement in nickel-base weld metals." The Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1156949345.
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Mushongera, Leslie T. [Verfasser], and Heike [Akademischer Betreuer] Emmerich. "Strain-induced γ'-coarsening during aging of Ni-base superalloys under uniaxial load : modeling and analysis / Leslie T. Mushongera. Betreuer: Heike Emmerich." Bayreuth : Universität Bayreuth, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1113107367/34.
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Calmunger, Mattias. "Effect of temperature on mechanical response of austenitic materials." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Konstruktionsmaterial, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-73748.
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Global increase in energy consumption and global warming require more energy production but less CO2emission. Increase in efficiency of energy production is an effective way for this purpose. This can be reached by increasing boiler temperature and pressure in a biomass power plant. By increasing material temperature 50°C, the efficiency in biomass power plants can be increased significantly and the CO2emission can be greatly reduced. However, the materials used for future biomass power plants with higher temperature require improved properties. Austenitic stainless steels are used in most biomass power plants. In austenitic stainless steels a phenomenon called dynamic strain aging (DSA), can occur in the operating temperature range for biomass power plants. DSA is an effect of interaction between moving dislocations and solute atoms and occurs during deformation at certain temperatures. An investigation of DSA influences on ductility in austenitic stainless steels and nickel base alloys have been done. Tensile tests at room temperature up to 700°C and scanning electron microscope investigations have been used. Tensile tests revealed that ductility increases with increased temperature for some materials when for others the ductility decreases. This is, probably due to formation of twins. Increased stacking fault energy (SFE) gives increased amount of twins and high nickel content gives a higher SFE. Deformation mechanisms observed in the microstructure are glide bands (or deformations band), twins, dislocation cells and shear bands. Damage due to DSA can probably be related to intersection between glide bands or twins, see figure 6 a). Broken particles and voids are damage mechanisms observed in the microstructure.
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Lahabi, Omid. "Aspects juridiques de la politique maritime iranienne dans le golfe Persique." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAA011.
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Le golfe Persique est depuis toujours le carrefour du commerce mondial. Cette mer est aujourd’hui la voie vitale de l’approvisionnement énergétique mondial. Selon les statistiques, chaque jour 18 millions baril de pétrole passent par cette mer et le détroit d’Ormuz. Parmi les pays côtiers du golfe Persique le rôle de l’Iran est le plus important en raison de sa position géographique. L’Iran, avec ses 1200 kilomètres de côte, possède le plus large littoral dans le golfe Persique et est également l’un des deux États riverains du détroit d’Ormuz, la seule voie de communication maritime du golfe Persique avec le monde entier. C’est pourquoi la politique maritime de l’Iran et sa législation concernant le droit de la mer sont déterminantes dans la région et c’est la question que nous nous sommes proposé d’aborder dans la présente thèseThe Persian Gulf has always been the crossroad of world trade. The Persian Gulf is today the vital corridor of global energy supply. According to statistics 18 million barrels of oil pass through this sea and the Strait of Hormuz every day. Among the coastal countries of the Persian Gulf the role of Iran is crucial due to its geographical location. Iran, with 1200 km, has the widest coastline on the Persian Gulf, it is also one of the two coastal states to the Strait of Hormuz wich is the only shipping route of the Persian Gulf to the rest of the world. This is why Iran's maritime policy and its law of the sea legislation are critical in the region. This thesis tries to explore these policies and legislations of Iran
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Daghbouj, Nabil. "Implantation ionique d'hydrogène et d'hélium à basse énergie dans le silicium monocristallin." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30018/document.
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L'implantation d'hydrogène à forte dose est utilisée dans le procédé Smart Cut(tm) afin de transférer des couches de silicium assez épaisses (>200 nm) sur un autre substrat. En utilisant l'implantation à très basse énergie, la co-implantation d'H et d'He pour des doses totales bien plus faibles que celles requises lorsque l'hydrogène est implanté seul ouvre la voie à un transfert de couches beaucoup plus minces (< 50 nm). Cependant, les phénomènes mis en jeu ainsi que les mécanismes responsables de l'interaction, près de la surface libre du wafer, entre l'H et l'He, et les interstitiels et les lacunes qu'ils génèrent, restent à ce jour largement incompris. Dans ce travail, nous avons tout d'abord déterminé l'effet de la réduction des énergies d'implantation d'H et d'He sur la formation et le développement, lors d'un recuit, des cloques qui se forment à partir de micro-fissures en l'absence d'un raidisseur collé à la plaque implantée. Une approche basée sur la comparaison entre les caractéristiques dimensionnelles des cloques obtenues expérimentalement et la simulation par éléments finis, nous a permis de déterminer la pression et la quantité d'He et d'H2 hébergées dans ces cloques. En comparant ces résultats avec les doses d'ions implantées, nous avons pu mettre en évidence l'absence d'exo-diffusion d'He et d'H lors d'un recuit quelle que soit la distance entre la surface et les profils d'ions implantés, qui montre une forte efficacité des cloques à préserver les molécules. Nous avons pu identifier, puis expliquer, la différence en efficacité de coalescence des cloques en fonction de leurs positions en profondeur en la reliant à la variation de l'augmentation d'énergie élastique des cloques par rapport à leur surface. Nous avons ensuite étudié le rôle du dommage ionique, c'est-à-dire des défauts résultants de la co-implantation d'He et d'H, sur la formation et l'évolution thermique de la microstructure du silicium implanté. Cette étude a été menée soit en fonction de l'ordre d'implantation, soit en fonction de la position nominale en profondeur du profil d'He par rapport au profil d'H, soit en fonction du ratio entre les doses d'implantation d'He et d'H. Nous avons montré que la distribution en profondeur de l'H n'est jamais affectée par la co-implantation d'He. L'He est toujours piégé dans la zone où le dommage est maximal. Lorsque le dommage est maximal dans la zone du profil d'H, l'He y diffuse et y est piégé dans des nano-bulles et/ou des microfissures. Mais si le dommage généré dans la zone où est distribué l'He est supérieur à celui généré autour du profil d'H, l'He reste piégé en dehors du profil d'H dans des nano-bulles. L'He contenue dans des nano-bulles, quelle que soit leur distribution en profondeur, ne contribue pas à la pressurisation des cloques ce qui ralenti la coalescence des cloques. Finalement, nous avons pu proposer différents scénarii permettant de rendre compte des similarités et des différences mises en évidence tant avant recuit qu'après recuit, à basse ou plus haute température selon le type d'implantation réaliséThe high dose hydrogen ion implantation is used in the Smart Cut (tm) process to transfer relatively thick (i.e. >200 nm) Si layers from a donor substrate onto a host material. Hydrogen and helium co-implantation at low energies for a much lower total fluence opens the way for transferring extremely thinner (i.e. <50 nm) layers. However, the phenomena and the mechanisms responsible for the interaction, close to a wafer surface, between H, He, silicon interstitials and vacancies they generate remain poorly understood. First, we studied the effect of reducing the ion energies during both H and He implantations onto the formation and the development of blisters during annealing. Blisters were formed from the micro-cracks since a stiffener was not bonded to the implanted wafer. An approach, based on the comparison between experimentally obtained size characteristics of blisters with the finite element method simulations, allowed us to deduce the pressure inside blister cavities and the fraction of the implanted fluences used to pressurize them. We showed that even when implanted at very low energy, H and He atoms do not exo-diffuse out of the implanted region during annealing. We were able to identify, and then relate the efficiency of blister coalescence to a variation in the elastic energy of blisters as a function of their depth position. In a second part, we studied the role of the damage, produced by He and H coimplantation, on the formation and the thermal evolution of the microstructure of the implanted silicon. These investigations were realized as a function of either the order of co-implantation, or the nominal position of the He profile with respect to the H one, or the ratio between He and H fluences. We showed that the H depth distribution was never affected by He co-implantation. Helium was always trapped at the depth where the damage was maximum. When the damage was highest within the H profile, He diffused and was trapped there in the nano-bubbles and /or the blister cavities. However, when the damage was higher within the He profile than within the H one, He remained trapped in the nano-bubbles outside the H profile. Helium contained in the nano-bubbles, whatever their depth distribution, did not contribute to a pressurization of blister cavities that slowed down their coalescence. Finally, we have proposed various scenarios accounting for the similarities and the differences evidenced both before and after annealing at low or higher temperatures depending on the type of realized implantation
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Bean, Adam. "A Statistical, Genetic, and Molecular Approach for Establishing Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides) strains for Rapid Growth to 1.5 Pounds in the North Central Region." OpenSIUC, 2017. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2165.
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Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) have increasingly become more popular as a food fish within the aquaculture industry. With growing popularity comes the desire to improve growth rates for the current stocks, specifically the ability to reach market size (1.5lbs) more quickly. This research aims to establish a predictive model for largemouth bass growth to 1.5 pounds, evaluate the distribution of polymorphisms in insulin-like growth factor (IGF) genes among North Central Region (NCR) largemouth bass stocks and supply hatcheries, and correlate IGF gene polymorphisms to growth and gene expression using populations having differing genetic profiles. For objective 1 a predictive Bayesian hierchical model was established using wild populations demonstrating the ability to predict growth to 1.5 lbs. Objective 2 determined if the IGF-I and IGF-II genetic profile of populations available to North Central Region (NCR) growers differed greatly from what was previously described in identified populations of interest for a growth trial. In objective 3, it was observed that IGF I and IGF II expression in the skeletal muscle of fast growing largemouth bass was lower than slow growing bass, and there was a significant (r2=.59928, p=.0031) negative correlation between weight and IGF II expression. Overall, this research shows that, with proper data collection, a predictive model can be used to show which available populations may reach market size fastest, that the current gene pool has room for improvement through introduction of important, currently absent alleles, and that IGF-II may be an important biomarker for growth in largemouth bass. These findings are the starting point for future research and give NCR growers selection tools to begin improving growth rate and reduce time to market.
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Crié, Alice. "Caractérisation et lois rhéologiques d’élastomères chargés à basse température pour la simulation du procédé d’extrusion." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENMP0085/document.
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Ce travail de thèse porte sur l'étude du comportement rhéologique de deux mélanges élastomères chargés en noir de carbone dans une gamme de températures rencontrée en extrusion (90°C à 40°C) et sur la modélisation du procédé d'extrusion. La caractérisation rhéologique des deux matériaux de l'étude a mis en évidence leur comportement rhéologique différent. En effet, le SBR et ses mélanges chargés avec différentes teneurs en noir de carbone montrent une courbe d'écoulement en deux branches stables (branche I et branche II) séparées par un plateau. La présence d'un glissement, faible en branche I et important en branche II, a été mis en évidence. Le second matériau, le NR (pur et chargé), montre, quant à lui, un comportement en deux parties distinctes : une partie sans rhéodurcissement et une autre avec rhéodurcissement dû à la mise en place d'une cristallisation sous contrainte de cisaillement. L'existence d'un temps caractéristique de cristallisation, diminué par la vitesse de cisaillement, a pu être mise en évidence. Les lois de comportement pour chacun des matériaux ont été déterminées. La réalisation d'une superposition temps/taux de charge a permis de définir une loi de comportement générale ; dans la gamme de température de 40°C à 90°C pour les mélanges SBR/noir de carbone et dans la gamme de température de 50°C à 90°C pour le NR. La loi rhéologique déterminée pour le mélange SBR chargé à 33% en masse en noir de carbone a été implémentée dans un modèle 1D et 3D. Les résultats numériques ont alors été comparés aux résultats expérimentaux, obtenus suite à des essais sur une extrudeuse instrumentée. Le modèle 1D s'est avéré insuffisant pour rendre compte des phénomènes se déroulant lors du procédé d'extrusion. L'implémentation d'un modèle 3D a été effectuée afin de prendre en compte des phénomènes tels que les effets de bords et les gradients de températures. L'importance de prendre en compte le phénomène de glissement dans le modèle 3D a été démontréeThe present work deals with the characterization of the rheological behaviour of two rubbers filled with carbon black in a range of temperature encountered in extrusion (90°C to 40°C) and the modelling of the single screw extrusion process. The rheological characterization of the two rubbers shows behaviour totally different. The synthetic SBR rubber and SBR compounds filled with carbon black (with different amounts, from 16 to 33 wt%) showed a flow curve that can be divided in two stable parts (branch I and branch II) separated by a plateau. The occurrence of wall slip, low in branch I and important in branch II has been highlighted. The second rubber of the study, natural rubber, showed a different behaviour with a strain hardening due to the occurrence of a strain induced crystallization. The flow curve can be thus divided in two different parts: the first part without strain hardening and the second part with this phenomenon. The existence of a characteristic crystallization time, reduced by the shear rate, has been evidenced. By analysing data respectively on branch I for SBR and without strain hardening for NR, viscosity curves for all tested materials have been defined. General viscosity law have been proposed: for the SBR compound filled with carbon black valid in the range of temperature from 40°C to 90°C and for NR in the range of temperature from 50°C to 90°C. The rheological law defined for the SBR compound filled 33%wt with carbon black has been implemented in two different models: 1 D and 3D. Numerical results have been compared to experimental results obtained after experimentations on instrumented single screw extruder. The 1D approach was not sufficient to take into account all phenomena occurring during extrusion process. Then a 3D approach has been developed in order to take into account some effects as side effects and temperature gradients. The presence of the slip phenomenon in the modeling has been proved
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Nguyen, Mai Chung. "Etude théorique de nanodispositifs électroniques et thermoélectriques à base de jonctions contraintes de graphène." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS460/document.
Full textAbstract:
De par ses extraordinaires propriétés physiques, on s'attend à ce que le graphène devienne un matériau de nouvelle génération, susceptible de compléter les semi-conducteurs traditionnels dans les technologies de dispositifs électroniques. Depuis sa découverte expérimentale en 2004, de nombreux travaux ont cherché à en évaluer les potentialités. Toutefois, en vue d'applications en électronique, le graphène souffre d'un inconvénient majeur : l'absence de bande interdite dans sa structure de bandes. Ainsi, il est très difficile de moduler et couper le courant dans un transistor de graphène, ce qui restreint considérablement son champ d'applications. Du point de vue des propriétés thermoélectriques, l'absence de bande interdite empêche la séparation des contributions opposées des électrons et des trous au coefficient Seebeck, qui reste donc faible dans le graphène parfait. Aussi, l'ouverture d'une bande interdite (gap) dans le graphène est une nécessité pour contourner les inconvénients de ce matériau et bénéficier pleinement de ses excellentes propriétés de conduction. Il a été montré que de nombreuses approches de nanostructuration peuvent être utilisées dans ce but : découpage de nanorubans de graphène, bicouche de graphène avec application d'un champ électrique transverse, percement d'un réseau périodique de nano-trous (nanomesh), structures mixtes de graphène et de nitrure de bore, dopage du graphène à l'azote. Cependant, toutes ces approches ont leurs propres difficultés de fabrication et/ou restent encore à confirmer expérimentalement. Dans ce travail, je me suis focalisée sur une autre approche : l'ingénierie de contrainte, qui offre un large éventail de possibilités pour moduler les propriétés électroniques des nanostructures de graphène. Pour ce travail théorique, tous les calculs ont été faits en utilisant essentiellement deux méthodes : un modèle atomistique de Hamiltonien de liaisons fortes pour décrire les propriétés électroniques du matériau et l'approche des fonctions de Green hors-équilibre pour le calcul du transport quantique. Après une introduction du contexte général de ce travail et des techniques de calcul développées dans ce but, j'ai d'abord analysé les effets de contrainte. En fait, une contrainte d'amplitude supérieure à 23% est nécessaire pour ouvrir un gap dans la structure de bande du graphène. Mais je montre qu'avec une contrainte de quelques pourcents, le décalage du point de dirac induit par la contrainte peut suffire à ouvrir un gap de conduction très significatif (500 meV ou plus) dans des hétérostructures de graphène constituées de jonctions graphène contraint/graphène non contraint, alors que chacun des matériaux reste semi-métallique. Après l'analyse détaillée de cette propriété en fonction de l'amplitude de la contrainte, de sa direction et de la direction du transport, j'exploite cet effet dans des jonctions appropriées pour améliore le comportement et les performances de différents types de dispositifs. En particulier, je montre qu'avec une contrainte de seulement 5% il est possible de couper efficacement le courant dans les transistors, de sorte que le rapport ON/OFF peut atteindre 100000, ce qui constitue une très forte amélioration par rapport aux transistors de graphène pristine où ce rapport ne peut pas excéder 10. Puis, nous montrons qu'en combinant ingénieries de contrainte et de dopage dans de telles jonctions, le coefficient Seebeck peut atteindre des valeurs aussi fortes que 1.4 mV/K, ce qui est 17 fois plus élevé que dans le graphène sans gap. Cela peut contribuer à faire du graphène un excellent matériau thermoélectrique. Enfin, j'ai étudié l'effet de conductance différentielle négative (CDE) dans des diodes de graphène, constituées soit d'une simple-barrière contrainte contrôlée par une grille, soit d'une jonction PN. Je montre qu'une ingénierie de contrainte appropriée peut induire de forts effets de CDE, avec un rapport pic/vallée de quelques centaines à température ambianteDue to its outstanding physical properties, graphene is expected to become a new generation material, able to replace or complement traditional semiconductors in device technology. Hence, many studies have been led to explore the potential of this material immediately after the successful fabrication of a single layer of graphene in 2004. However, applications of graphene in electronic devices are still questionable due to the gapless character of this material. In particular, regarding electronic applications, the absence of energy bandgap in the band structure makes it difficult to switch off the current in graphene devices like transistors. Regarding thermoelectric properties, the gapless character is also a strong drawback since it prevents the separation of the opposite contributions of electrons and holes to the Seebeck coefficient. Thus, a sizable band gap in graphene is a requirement to overcome the disadvantages of graphene and to fully benefit from its excellent conduction properties. It has been shown that many Nano structuring techniques can be used to open such a bandgap in graphene, e.g., graphene nanoribbons, graphene bilayer with a perpendicular electric field, graphene nanotech lattices, channels based on vertical stack of graphene layers, mixed graphene/hexagonal boron nitride structures, nitrogen doped graphene, and so on. However, each of these methods has its own fabrication issues and/or need to be further confirmed by experiments. In this work, we focus on strain engineering, which offers a wide range of opportunities for modulating the electronic properties of graphene nanostructures. For this theoretical work, all calculations were performed using essentially two main methods, i.e., an atomistic tight binding Hamiltonian model to describe the electronic structure and the non-equilibrium Green's function approach of quantum transport. The main aim is to analyze in details the strain effects in graphene and to provide strategies of strain engineering to improve the performance of both electronic (transistors and diodes) and thermoelectric devices. After introducing the general context if this work and the numerical techniques developed for this purpose, we first analyze the only effect of strain. Actually, if uniformly applied, a strain of large amplitude (> 23%) is required to open a bandgap in the band structure of graphene. However, we show that with a strain of only a few percent, the strain-induced shift of the Dirac point in k-space may be enough to open a sizable conduction gap (500 meV or more) in graphene heterojunctions made of unstrained/strained junctions, though the strained material remains gapless. After analyzing in details this property according the amplitude and direction of strain and the direction of transport, we exploit this effect using appropriate strain junctions to improve the behavior and performance of several types of devices. In particular, we show that with a strain of only 5%, it is possible to switch-off transistors efficiently, so that the ON/OFF current ratio can reach 100000, which is a strong improvement with respect to pristine graphene transistors where this ratio cannot exceed 10. Then we show that by combining strain and doping engineering in such strain junctions the Seebeck coefficient can reach values higher than 1.4 mV/K, which is 17 times higher than in gapless pristine graphene. It can contribute to make graphene an excellent thermoelectric material. Finally, we study the effect of negative differential conductance (NDC) in graphene diodes made of either as single gate-induced strained barrier or a p-n junction. We show that appropriate strain engineering in these devices can lead to very strong NDC effects with peak-to-valley ratios of a few hundred at room temperature
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Ganai, Rais Ahmad. "Structural and biochemical basis for the high fidelity and processivity of DNA polymerase ε." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för medicinsk kemi och biofysik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-97689.
Full textAbstract:
DNA polymerase epsilon (Pol ε) is a multi-subunit B-family DNA polymerase that is involved in leading strand DNA replication in eukaryotes. DNA Pol ε in yeast consists of four subunits, Pol2, Dpb2, Dpb3, and Dpb4. Pol2 is the catalytic subunit and Dpb2, Dpb3, and Dpb4 are the accessory subunits. Pol2 can be further divided into an N-terminal catalytic core (Pol2core) containing both the polymerase and exonuclease active sites and a C-terminus domain. We determined the X-ray crystal structure of Pol2core at 2.2 Å bound to DNA and with an incoming dATP. Pol ε has typical fingers, palm, thumb, exonuclease, and N-terminal domains in common with all other B-family DNA polymerases. However, we also identified a seemingly novel domain we named the P-domain that only appears to be present in Pol ε. This domain partially encircles the nascent duplex DNA as it leaves the active site and contributes to the high intrinsic processivity of Pol ε. To ask if the crystal structure of Pol2core can serve as a model for catalysis by Pol ε, we investigated how the C-terminus of Pol2 and the accessory subunits of Pol ε influence the enzymatic mechanism by which Pol ε builds new DNA efficiently and with high fidelity. Pre-steady state kinetics revealed that the exonuclease and polymerization rates were comparable between Pol2core and Pol ε. However, a global fit of the data over five nucleotide-incorporation events revealed that Pol ε is slightly more processive than Pol2 core. The largest differences were observed when measuring the time for loading the polymerase onto a 3' primer-terminus and the subsequent incorporation of one nucleotide. We found that Pol ε needed less than a second to incorporate the first nucleotide, but it took several seconds for Pol2core to incorporate similar amounts of the first nucleotide. B-family polymerases have evolved an extended β-hairpin loop that is important for switching the primer terminus between the polymerase and exonuclease active sites. The high-resolution structure of Pol2core revealed that Pol ε does not possess an extended β-hairpin loop. Here, we show that Pol ε can processively transfer a mismatched 3' primer-terminus between the polymerase and exonuclease active sites despite the absence of a β-hairpin loop. Additionally we have characterized a series of amino acid substitutions in Pol ε that lead to altered partitioning of the 3'primer-terminus between the two active sites. In a final set of experiments, we investigated the ability of Pol ε to displace the downstream double-stranded DNA while carrying out DNA synthesis. Pol ε displaced only one base pair when encountering double-stranded DNA after filling a gap or a nick. However, exonuclease deficient Pol ε carries out robust strand displacement synthesis and can reach the end of the templates tested here. Similarly, an abasic site or a ribonucleotide on the 5'-end of the downstream primer was efficiently displaced but still only by one nucleotide. However, a flap on the 5'-end of the blocking primer resembling a D-loop inhibited Pol ε before it could reach the double-stranded junction. Our results are in agreement with the possible involvement of Pol ε in short-patch base excision repair and ribonucleotide excision repair but not in D-loop extension or long-patch base excision repair.
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Mühlstedt, Jens. "Entwicklung eines Modells dynamisch-muskulärer Arbeitsbeanspruchungen auf Basis digitaler Menschmodelle." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-86342.
Full textAbstract:
Arbeitswissenschaftliche digitale Menschmodelle werden als Werkzeuge virtueller Ergonomie zur Gestaltung menschengerechter Produkte und Arbeitsplätze genutzt. Der bislang nur qualitativ beschriebene Praxiseinsatz wird durch theoretische Analysen und eine empirische Studie systematisiert und darauf aufbauend werden die Schwachstellen der Systeme erörtert. Ein wesentlicher Ansatzpunkt für Weiterentwicklungen ist die Erarbeitung ergonomischer Bewertungsverfahren bzw. -modelle, insbesondere für Belastungen aufgrund von Bewegungen. Digitale Menschmodelle bieten das Potenzial, aus simulierten Bewegungsdaten und den damit zusammenhängenden Belastungen eine Bewertung der Arbeitsvorgänge zu generieren. In dieser Arbeit wird daher ein neues arbeitswissenschaftliches Bewertungsmodell für muskuläre Beanspruchungen erforscht, d.h. methodisch hergeleitet und evaluiert. Dazu ist ein Versuchsstand zur Standardisierung und Belastungserzeugung notwendig. In der darauffolgenden Laborstudie werden die Belastungsparameter statischer Momentanteil, Winkelgeschwindigkeit und Momentrichtung variiert und die daraus entstehende Veränderung der muskulären Beanspruchung von Probanden erforscht. Ein dafür benötigtes, neues Verfahren zur Normalisierung wird vorgestellt. Die Laborstudie zeigt, dass der statische Momentanteil linear steigend mit der Arbeitsbeanspruchung zusammenhängt. Die durchschnittliche Winkelgeschwindigkeit beeinflusst die Arbeitsbeanspruchung je nach Muskeltyp entweder linear steigend oder ohne ZusammenhangDigital human models for human factors are used as tools for virtual ergonomics and the design of products and workplaces. In this work the use of the systems is analysed with theoretical models and an empirical study. Therefore, disadvantages of the systems are identified. A main idea for further developments is the research on ergonomic approaches and models, especially for movements and the strain caused by movements. Digital human models are capable to assess work processes based on data from simulations. In this work a new human factors orientated rating model for muscular strains is developed and evaluated. A test stand generates and standardizes the stress. In a laboratory survey the stress parameters are analysed. The variation of the static torque part, the angular velocity and the torque direction cause changes in the muscular strains. Hence, these muscular strains are measured electromyographically. A new normalisation method, the normalized standard movement, is introduced. The survey shows the existence of a correlation of static torque part and work strain. Depending on the muscle type, the angular velocity either affects the work strain linear increasing or does not affect it
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Görke, Uwe-Jens, Ralf Landgraf, and Reiner Kreißig. "Thermodynamisch konsistente Formulierung des gekoppelten Systems der Thermoelastoplastizität bei großen Verzerrungen auf der Basis eines Substrukturkonzepts." Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2008. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-200802018.
Full textAbstract:
Non-negligible coupled thermal and mechanical
effects occur in several physical and industrial
procedures, e.g. warm for ming processes.
The authors present the theoretical background of
a phenomenological thermoelastoplastic material
model at large strains as well as its numerical
realization within the context of appropriate
finite element formulations. As usual, the presented
thermodynamical consistent constitutive approach is
based on the multiplicative decomposition of
the deformation gradient, and a corresponding
additive decomposition of the free Helmholtz
energy density. For the numerical treatment of
thermoelastoplastic problems within a finite
element approach, weak formulations of the balance
equation of momentum and the heat conduction
equation in material description are developed.
For the solution of non-linear boundary value
problems the linearization of the weak formulations
is presented. Within the context of the mechanical
problem the temperature dependence of material
parameters as well as the thermal expansion are
considered. The temperature evolution will be
affected by non-thermal phenomena like the
thermoelastic effect and plastic dissipation.
Several numerical procedures for the solution of
the coupled thermomechanical problem are
discussed.
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Mühlstedt, Jens. "Entwicklung eines Modells dynamisch-muskulärer Arbeitsbeanspruchungen auf Basis digitaler Menschmodelle." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsverlag der Technischen Universität Chemnitz, 2011. https://monarch.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A19704.
Full textAbstract:
Arbeitswissenschaftliche digitale Menschmodelle werden als Werkzeuge virtueller Ergonomie zur Gestaltung menschengerechter Produkte und Arbeitsplätze genutzt. Der bislang nur qualitativ beschriebene Praxiseinsatz wird durch theoretische Analysen und eine empirische Studie systematisiert und darauf aufbauend werden die Schwachstellen der Systeme erörtert. Ein wesentlicher Ansatzpunkt für Weiterentwicklungen ist die Erarbeitung ergonomischer Bewertungsverfahren bzw. -modelle, insbesondere für Belastungen aufgrund von Bewegungen. Digitale Menschmodelle bieten das Potenzial, aus simulierten Bewegungsdaten und den damit zusammenhängenden Belastungen eine Bewertung der Arbeitsvorgänge zu generieren. In dieser Arbeit wird daher ein neues arbeitswissenschaftliches Bewertungsmodell für muskuläre Beanspruchungen erforscht, d.h. methodisch hergeleitet und evaluiert. Dazu ist ein Versuchsstand zur Standardisierung und Belastungserzeugung notwendig. In der darauffolgenden Laborstudie werden die Belastungsparameter statischer Momentanteil, Winkelgeschwindigkeit und Momentrichtung variiert und die daraus entstehende Veränderung der muskulären Beanspruchung von Probanden erforscht. Ein dafür benötigtes, neues Verfahren zur Normalisierung wird vorgestellt. Die Laborstudie zeigt, dass der statische Momentanteil linear steigend mit der Arbeitsbeanspruchung zusammenhängt. Die durchschnittliche Winkelgeschwindigkeit beeinflusst die Arbeitsbeanspruchung je nach Muskeltyp entweder linear steigend oder ohne Zusammenhang.Digital human models for human factors are used as tools for virtual ergonomics and the design of products and workplaces. In this work the use of the systems is analysed with theoretical models and an empirical study. Therefore, disadvantages of the systems are identified. A main idea for further developments is the research on ergonomic approaches and models, especially for movements and the strain caused by movements. Digital human models are capable to assess work processes based on data from simulations. In this work a new human factors orientated rating model for muscular strains is developed and evaluated. A test stand generates and standardizes the stress. In a laboratory survey the stress parameters are analysed. The variation of the static torque part, the angular velocity and the torque direction cause changes in the muscular strains. Hence, these muscular strains are measured electromyographically. A new normalisation method, the normalized standard movement, is introduced. The survey shows the existence of a correlation of static torque part and work strain. Depending on the muscle type, the angular velocity either affects the work strain linear increasing or does not affect it.
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Tephany, Christophe. "Analyse de la formabilité de renforts composites à base de fibres naturelles." Thesis, Orléans, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ORLE2051/document.
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Cette thèse s’intéresse à la déformabilité des renforts à bases de fibres de lin lors de leur mise en forme, au cours du procédé RTM (Resin Tranfer Molding), notamment lorsque les formes considérées sont complexes. La compréhension des défauts et mécanismes de déformations de ces renforts est alors nécessaire. S’appuyant sur un banc d’essai d’emboutissage spécifique, une caractérisation globale (défauts de mise en forme) et locale (déformations des mèches par méthode optique) des préformes a été réalisée, pour différents paramètres procédés (pressions serre-flan et orientation du renfort) et matériaux (architecture). De cette étude, un défaut spécifique lors de la mise en forme a été mis en évidence : le bouclage, sous la forme de flambement hors plan des mèches. Afin de contribuer à sa compréhension, peu décrite dans la littérature, un banc de caractérisation, indépendamment du procédé, a été conçu pour reproduire le phénomène dans le plan et identifier les différents mécanismes à l’origine de ce défaut. Une méthode interférométrique pour quantifier ce phénomène est proposée et une étude paramétrique est réalisée (tensions appliquées, angle de courbure, orientation, architecture du renfort). Au sein du renfort, le comportement des mèches présente de fortes non-linéarités en tension. Un modèle macroscopique par éléments finis est proposé afin de mettre en avant l’importance de ces non-linéarités sur les résultats numérique issus de l’opération de formage. Une étude de sensibilité sous différentes conditions procédés de ces non-linéarités est également apportéeThis study concerns the manufacturing process of composite material from woven flax reinforcement and specifically the preforming stage of the RTM (Resin Transfer Molding) process, with complex geometries. During the process several deformation modes take place and several defects may appear and it is therefore important to understand the mechanisms controlling their appearance. A specific sheet forming bench has been used to characterise the formed shapes at the macroscopic scale (global defects) as well as at the mesoscopic scale (tow strains). Various process parameters (blank holder pressures and reinforcement orientation) and the local tensile strains were measured using an optical method. From the observed defects, the tow buckling, out of plane bending of tows, was particularly investigated as this one is not very much described in the litterature. An experimental setup independent of the forming process was designed to specifically study this defect and to quantify the key parameters controlling its appearance. An interferometric method was proposed to measure the size of the buckles with accuracy and a parametric study (applied tensions, bending angles, orientation and architecture of the reinforcement) has been completed. Within the reinforcement, the tensile behaviour of tows presents strong non-linearities. A finite elements model at the macroscopic scale is proposed to highlight the impact of these non-linearities on the forming modeling results. A sensitivity study under several process conditions has been realized
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Decorde, Nicolas. "Développement de jauges de contrainte à base de nanoparticules colloïdales : Application à la réalisation de surfaces tactiles souples." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAT0002/document.
Full textAbstract:
Un grand défi actuel consiste à réaliser des capteurs innovants tirant partie des propriétés singulières de nanoparticules colloïdales synthétisées par voie chimique et assemblées de manière contrôlée sur des surfaces. L’objet de cette thèse est le développement de jauges de contrainte résistives à base de nanoparticules. Ces jauges de contrainte sont constituées de lignes parallèles, de quelques micromètres de large, denses, de nanoparticules colloïdales d’or synthétisées par voie chimique et assemblées sur des substrats souples par assemblage convectif contrôlé. Le principe de ces capteurs résistifs repose sur la conduction tunnel entre les nanoparticules qui varie de manière exponentielle lorsque que l’assemblée est déformée. Des mesures électro-mécaniques couplées à des observations en microscopie électronique à balayage et à force atomique ont permis d’identifier, de quantifier et de comprendre l’impact de la taille et de la nature des ligands des nanoparticules sur la sensibilité et les phénomènes de dérive de la résistance à vide des jauges de contrainte. Ces travaux, associés à des mesures de diffusion de rayons X aux petits angles ont permis de corréler les variations macroscopiques de résistance électrique des jauges de contrainte aux déplacements relatifs des nanoparticules. Finalement, ces jauges de contrainte ultra-sensibles et miniatures, mises en matrices, ont été exploitées pour réaliser des surfaces tactiles souples multi-points et sensibles à l’intensité de l’appuiOne recent big challenge is to implement innovative sensors that take advantage of the unique properties of colloidal nanoparticles chemically synthesized and assembled on various surfaces. The goal of this work is the development of nanoparticle based resistive strain gauges. These strain gauges are constructed of few micrometers wide parallel wires of close packed colloidal gold nanoparticles, chemically synthesized, and assembled on flexible substrates by convective self assembly. The principle of these resistive sensors is based on the tunnel conduction between the adjacent nanoparticles which varies exponentially as the assembly is stretched. Electro-mechanical measurements coupled with scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy observations were used to identify, quantify and understand the impact of the nanoparticle size and the nature of the protecting ligands, on the gauge sensitivity and the drift of the resistance at rest of the nanoparticle based strain gauges. Coupled with small angle x-ray scattering measurements, these studies allowed us to correlate the macroscopic changes in electrical resistance of the strain gauges to the relative displacement of the nanoparticles at the nanoscale. Finally, a matrix of these miniature ultra-sensitive gauges was used to construct flexible touch screen panels capable of measuring the intensity of several touches simultaneously
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De, Melo Abinadabe Jackson. "Molecular basis for the structural role of human DNA ligase IV." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4040.
Full textAbstract:
Les défauts dans la réparation des cassures double-brin de l'ADN (DSBs) peuvent avoir d'importantes conséquences pouvant entrainer une instabilité génomique et conduire à la mort cellulaire ou au développement de cancers. Dans la plupart des cellules mammifères, le mécanisme de Jonction des Extrémités Non Homologues (NHEJ) est le principal mécanisme de réparation des DSBs. L'ADN Ligase IV (LigIV) est une protéine unique dans sa capacité à promouvoir la NHEJ classique. Elle s'associe avec deux autres protéines structuralement similaires, XRCC4 et XLF (ou Cernunnos). LigIV interagit directement avec XRCC4 pour former un complexe stable, tandis que l'interaction entre XLF et ce complexe est médiée par XRCC4. XLF stimule fortement l'activité de ligation du complexe LigIV/XRCC4 par un mécanisme encore indéterminé. Récemment, un rôle structurel non catalytique a été attribué à LigIV (Cottarel et al., 2013). Dans le travail de thèse présenté ici, nous avons reconstitué l'étape de ligation de la NHEJ en utilisant des protéines recombinantes produites dans des bactéries afin d’une part, d'explorer les bases moléculaires du rôle structural de LigIV, d’autre part de comprendre le mécanisme par lequel XLF stimule le complexe de ligation, et enfin de mieux comprendre comment ces trois protéines coopèrent au cours de la NHEJ. Nos analyses biochimiques suggèrent que XLF via son interaction avec XRCC4 lié à LigIV, pourrait induire un changement conformationnel dans la LigIV. Ce réarrangement de la ligase exposerait son interface de liaison à l'ADN ce qui lui permettrait alors de ponter deux molécules indépendantes d'ADN, une capacité indépendante de l'activité catalytique de LigIVFailure to repair DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) may have deleterious consequences inducing genomic instability and even cell death. In most mammalian cells, Non-Homologous End Joining (NHEJ) is a prominent DSB repair pathway. DNA ligase IV (LigIV) is unique in its ability to promote classical NHEJ. It associates with two structurally related proteins called XRCC4 and XLF (aka Cernunnos). LigIV directly interacts with XRCC4 forming a stable complex while the XLF interaction with this complex is mediated by XRCC4. XLF strongly stimulates the ligation activity of the LigIV/XRCC4 complex by an unknown mechanism. Recently, a structural noncatalytic role of LigIV has been uncovered (Cottarel et al., 2013). Here, we have reconstituted the end joining ligation step using recombinant proteins produced in bacteria to explore not only the molecular basis for the structural role of LigIV, but also to understand the mechanism by which XLF stimulates the ligation complex, and how these three proteins work together during NHEJ. Our biochemical analysis suggests that XLF, through interactions with LigIV/XRCC4 complex, could induce a conformational change in LigIV. Rearrangement of the LigIV would expose its DNA binding interface that is able to bridge two independent DNA molecules. This bridging ability is fully independent of LigIV’s catalytic activity. We have mutated this interface in order to attempt to disrupt the newly identified DNA bridging ability. In vitro analysis of this LigIV mutant will be presented as well as a preliminary in vivo analysis
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Bot, Anna. "Rupture continentale oblique : évolution tectonique du Golfe de Californie (Basse californie du Sud) du Néogène à l'actuel." Thesis, Brest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BRES0050/document.
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Le Golfe de Californie (GOC) est un exemple de rift très oblique, au stade d'accrétion depuis 3,6 Ma au sud. La déformation continentale débute au Miocène dans un contexte arrière-arc, en relation avec la subduction de la plaque Pacifique sous la Plaque Nord-Américaine. L'objectif de cette thèse est de déterminer I'histoire de la déformation à I'origine de la rupture continentale ainsi que les phénomènes post-rupture. Cette étude utilise des données tectoniques, sismologiques et géomorphologiques sur la marge Ouest du GOC en Basse Californie du Sud. Elles sont calées temporellement par des datations d'isotopes radiogéniques et cosmogéniques. Une histoire polyphasée de la déformation, essentiellement post-magmatique, est proposée en termes d'évolution des directions des failles et de déformations relativement à la cinématique des plaques. Je démontre dans cette zone que la déformation qui conduit à l'amincissement et à l'étirement lithosphérique est d'abord fortement oblique et devient transtensive et moins oblique relativement à la cinématique à partir de 7-8 Ma. La marge étudiée est intégrée de manière cohérente à I'ensemble des domaines déformés associés à la formation du GOC. On montre notamment que les marges du GOC sont diachrones et qu'elles se forment par migration vers I'Ouest de la déformation vers la zone de subduction, qui devient inactive vers 12 Ma. La dynamique post-breakup du GOC est interprétée en termes de mobilisation par fluage de la croûte inférieure en relation avec un évènement thermique lié à la rupture du slab. En conclusion, l'évolution du GOC ne peut s'expliquer par les modèles simples de rifting oblique et de formation de marges passivesThe Gulf of California (GOC) is an example of highly-oblique rift. Oceanic accretion started 3.6 Ma ago at its southern end. The earliest continental extension started during the Miocene, in a back-arc setting, in connection with the subduction of the Pacific plate (PAC) beneath North America (NAM). ln this study, I reconstitute the strain evolution along the proximal Baja California margin. For this, I used original tectonic and seismological data which I collected in Baja California Sur (BCS). Those data were time-constrained with absolute dating (radiogenic and cosmogenic isotopes). I outline that the main stretching and thinning of the Late Miocene-Pliocene Baja California margin was highly oblique regarding NAM-PAC kinematic vector, turning less oblique. By integrating the studied margin in the evolution of the GOC, it is proposed that the final break-up mechanism occurred within a broad semi-ductile right-lateral central shear-zone. lt is shown that the two GOC passive margins didn't form at the same time, crustal strain migrating westward during the Miocene in response to a probable retreat of the dying slab. The active post-breakup deformation in the proximal BCS is best interpreted in connection with an outward flow of the lower crust in a trend compatible with the margin shaping inherited from the major GOC-normal to GOC-oblique Miocene crustal deformation. This ductile flow would be enhanced by the heat input from the slab rupture. To conclude, the GOC evolution as an oblique rift system adjusts with no existing analogical or numerical model of strain field evolution of oblique rifting, a probable consequence to the complex dynamics in back-arc settings
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Li, Tianyu. "On the Formulation of a Hybrid Discontinuous Galerkin Finite Element Method (DG-FEM) for Multi-layered Shell Structures." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/82962.
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A high-order hybrid discontinuous Galerkin finite element method (DG-FEM) is developed for multi-layered curved panels having large deformation and finite strain. The kinematics of the multi-layered shells is presented at first. The Jacobian matrix and its determinant are also calculated. The weak form of the DG-FEM is next presented. In this case, the discontinuous basis functions can be employed for the displacement basis functions. The implementation details of the nonlinear FEM are next presented. Then, the Consistent Orthogonal Basis Function Space is developed. Given the boundary conditions and structure configurations, there will be a unique basis function space, such that the mass matrix is an accurate diagonal matrix. Moreover, the Consistent Orthogonal Basis Functions are very similar to mode shape functions. Based on the DG-FEM, three dedicated finite elements are developed for the multi-layered pipes, curved stiffeners and multi-layered stiffened hydrofoils. The kinematics of these three structures are presented. The smooth configuration is also obtained, which is very important for the buckling analysis with large deformation and finite strain. Finally, five problems are solved, including sandwich plates, 2-D multi-layered pipes, 3-D multi-layered pipes, stiffened plates and stiffened multi-layered hydrofoils. Material and geometric nonlinearities are both considered. The results are verified by other papers' results or ANSYS.Master of Science
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Agard, Bastien. "Détermination d’une stratégie de dimensionnement en fatigue à faible nombre de cycles adaptée au contexte industriel." Thesis, Lyon, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LYSEE003.
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Depuis le XXème siècle, le développement continu des puissances de calcul a permis aux méthodes numériques de devenir essentielles dans le processus de conception des produits industriels. La méthode de calcul par éléments finis apporte aux industriels des solutions fiables pour anticiper avec précision la tenue mécanique des composants sans recourir aux prototypages réels. La tendance actuelle d’optimisation des coûts de fabrication impacte directement la conception des produits avec notamment comme axe de travail la réduction des épaisseurs de matière. Dans ce contexte, les pièces de structures sont moins robustes qu’avant. La maitrise de la tenue en fatigue des composants est devenue aujourd’hui un enjeu majeur. Ce phénomène complexe se montre sensible à l’histoire vécu par la matière, notamment en ce qui concerne les potentiels impacts sur les propriétés matériaux locales des différents procédés de fabrication intrinsèques au composant. Le procédé de soudage induit des conséquences à plusieurs niveaux de l’assemblage qui peuvent s’avérer être néfastes pour la durée de vie des structures. Ces phénomènes multi-physiques d’origine thermique, métallurgique et mécanique doivent alors être pris en compte comme données d’entrée dans les études en fatigue pour fiabiliser les résultats. Cependant, la complexité des données d’entrée et les temps de traitements très conséquents freinent leur utilisation par les ingénieurs lorsqu’il s’agit de structures de grandes dimensions. Afin de répondre aux besoins des industriels, deux développements ont été créés pour réduire le temps d’analyse des approches de Manson-Coffin et de Fatemi-Socie de près de 99,9%. Ces post-traitements font partie intégrante d’une stratégie originale de dimensionnement en fatigue chainant la prise en compte des effets locaux des procédés d’assemblage, et permettant ainsi l’analyse en fatigue des grandes structures dans un délais compatible avec les attentes des bureaux d’étudesSince the 20th century, the continuous development of computing power has enabled numerical methods to become essential in the design process of industrial products. The finite element calculation method provides manufacturers with reliable solutions for accurately anticipating the mechanical strength of components by limiting the number of prototypes. The current trend of reducing manufacturing costs has a direct impact on product design with, in particular, the reduction of material thicknesses. In this context, the structural parts are more exposed to the risk of rupture. Controlling the fatigue behavior of components has now become a major challenge. This complex phenomenon is sensitive to the history experienced by the material, particularly with regard to the impacts on the local material properties by the various manufacturing processes. The welding process induces consequences at several levels of the assembly which can prove to be harmful for the life of the structures. These multi-physical phenomena of thermal, metallurgical and mechanical origin must then be taken into account as input data in fatigue studies to make the results more reliable. However, the complexity of the input data and the very substantial processing times hamper their use by engineers when dealing with large structures. In order to meet the needs of manufacturers, two developments have been created to reduce the analysis time of the Manson-Coffin and Fatemi-Socie approaches by nearly 99.9%. These post-processings take part of an original fatigue dimensioning strategy linking the consideration of the local effects of assembly processes, and thus allowing the fatigue analysis of large structures within a timeframe compatible with the industrial context
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Mohamed, Ahmed Abdeldayem. "Behavior, strength and flexural stiffness of circular concrete columns reinforced with FRP bars and spirals/hoops under eccentric loading." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/11406.
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Abstract : Deterioration of concrete structures reinforced with steel bars can be seen daily in regions with aggressive weather as steel-corrosion problems worsen. Fiber-reinforced-polymers (FRP) reinforcement has proven its feasibility through different civil structural elements. Present guidelines for FRP structures in North-America and Europe have not yet handled axially loaded members, due to the lack of research and experiments. This research takes charge of providing experimental database as well as extensive analyses and design recommendations of circular concrete columns reinforced totally with different FRP bars and spirals/hoops (FRP-RC columns). Full-scale columns were tested under monotonic loading with different levels of eccentricity. Test variables included the eccentricity-to-diameter ratio (e/D); reinforcement type (GFRP and CFRP vs. steel); concrete strength; longitudinal and transverse reinforcement ratio; and confinement configuration. All specimens measured 305 mm diameter and 1500 mm height. Test results indicated that specimens reinforced with glass-FRP (GFRP) or carbon-FRP (CFRP) reached their peak strengths with no damages to GFRP or CFRP rebar on either side of specimens. Specimens with CFRP reinforcement (CFRP-RC) behaved very similarly to their steel counterparts, and achieved almost the same nominal axial forces. Specimens with GFRP reinforcement (GFRP-RC) exhibited, however, reduced stiffness and achieved lower nominal axial forces than their steel or CFRP counterparts. Failure of GFRP-RC and CFRP-RC specimens was dominated by concrete crushing at low levels of eccentricity (e/D ratios of 8.2% and 16.4%). Experimental strain results revealed that GFRP bars developed high levels of strains and stresses on the compression and tension sides and hence the GFRP-RC specimens could sustain constant axial load after peak for some time up to the limit of concrete crushing at higher levels of eccentricity (e/D ratios of 8.2% and 16.4%), which help to delay the full damage. At these levels, flexural–tension failure initiated in the GFRP-RC specimens resulting from large axial and lateral deformations and cracks on the tension side until secondary compression failure occurred due to strain limitations in concrete and degradation of the concrete compressive block. The failure of CFRP-RC specimens at higher levels of eccentricity (e/D ratios of 8.2% and 16.4%) was characterized as flexural–compression in which it took place in a less brittle manner. On the other hand, this research also included different studies to analyze the test results, evaluate rebar efficiency, and provide recommendations for analysis and design. It was, therefore, indicated that the axial and flexural capacities of the tested FRP-RC specimens could be reasonably predicted using plane sectional analysis, utilizing the equivalent rectangular stress block (ERSB) parameters given by the ACI 440.1R-15 or CSA S806-12. All predictions underestimated the actual strength with variable levels of conservatism ranged between 1.05 to 1.25 for the GFRP-RC specimens and between 1.20 to 1.40 for the CFRP-RC specimens. These levels were noticeably reduced to critical limits in specimens with high-strength concretes. An elaborate review was made to the available ERSB parameters in the present steel and FRP design standards and guidelines. Modified expressions of the ERSB given in ACI 440.1R-15 and CSA S806-12 were developed. The results indicated good correlation of predicted and measured strength values with enhanced levels of conservatism. Additionally, sets of axial force–bending moment (P-M) interaction diagrams and indicative bar charts are introduced, and recommendations drawn. The compressive-strength contribution of FRP reinforcement was thoroughly reviewed and discussed. The minimum GFRP and CFRP reinforcement ratios to avoid rebar rupturing were broadly examined. Finally, the flexure stiffness (EI) of the tested specimens was analytically determined and compared with the available expressions using experimental and analytical M-ψ responses. Proposed equations are developed and validated against the experimental results to represent the stiffness of GFRP-RC and CFRP-RC columns at service and ultimate levels.La détérioration des structures en béton armé avec des barres d’armature d’acier peut être observée quotidiennement dans les régions à climat agressif. Le renforcement interne en polymères renforcés de fibres (PRF) a démontré sa faisabilité grâce à différents éléments structuraux en génie civil. Les lignes directrices actuelles pour les structures en béton armé de PRF en Amérique du Nord et en Europe n'ont pas encore gérées les sections soumises à des efforts axiaux excentrique, en raison du manque de recherches et d'expériences. Cette recherche permet d’augmenter la base de données expérimentales ainsi établir des analyses approfondies et des recommandations de conception pour les colonnes circulaires en béton armé complètement renforcées de PRF (barres et spirales). Des grandeur-nature colonnes ont été testées sous charge monotone avec différents niveaux d'excentricité. Les variables de test comprenaient le rapport excentricité / diamètre (e/D) ; le type de renfort (PRFV et PRFC comparativement à l’acier); la résistance du béton en compression; le taux d’armature longitudinal et transversal; et la configuration de l’armature de confinement. Tous les échantillons mesuraient 305 mm de diamètre et 1500 mm de hauteur. Les résultats des tests ont indiqué que les spécimens renforcés avec des PRF de verre ou des PRF de carbone atteignaient leur résistance maximale sans endommager les barres d’armature. Des deux types de renforcement, les spécimens de PRFCCFRP se comportaient de manière très similaire à leurs homologues en acier et atteignaient presque les mêmes résistances axiales. Cependant, les spécimens avec renforcement en PRFV ont présenté une rigidité réduite et des forces axiales nominales inférieures à celles de leurs homologues en acier ou en PRFC. Le mode de rupture des spécimens de PRFC et de PRFV a été dominé par l’écrasement du béton à de faibles niveaux d'excentricité (rapports e/D de 8,2% et 16,4%). Les résultats ont révélé que les barres de PRFV ont développé des niveaux élevés de déformations et de contraintes sur les faces en compression et en tension et, par conséquent, les spécimens de PRFVC pourraient supporter une charge axiale constante après la résistance ultime pendant un certain temps jusqu'à la limite de la rupture en compression du béton du noyau à des niveaux supérieurs d'excentricité (rapport e/D de 8,2% et 16,4%), ce qui contribue à retarder la dégradation. À ces niveaux, une rupture en tension a été initiée dans les spécimens de PRFV résultant à de grandes déformations axiales et latérales et des fissures du côté de la face en tension jusqu'à ce que la rupture en compression du béton. La rupture des spécimens de PRFC à des niveaux supérieurs d'excentricité (rapport e/D de 8,2% et 16,4%) a été caractérisé comme étant en compression du béton dans laquelle il s'est déroulé de manière moins fragile. D'autre part, cette recherche comprenait également différentes études pour analyser les résultats des tests, évaluer l'efficacité des barres d'armature et fournir des recommandations pour l'analyse et la conception. Il a donc été indiqué que les capacités axiales et de flexion des spécimens en PRF testées pourraient être raisonnablement prédites en utilisant une analyse en section plane, en utilisant les paramètres du bloc de contrainte rectangulaire équivalent (BCRE) donnés par l'ACI 440.1R-15 ou la CSA S806- 12. Toutes les prédictions ont sous-estimé la résistance réelle avec des niveaux de variabilité conservateur entre 1,05 et 1,25 pour les spécimens de PRFC et entre 1,20 et 1,40 pour les spécimens de PRFC. Ces niveaux ont été nettement réduits à des limites critiques dans les spécimens avec des bétons à haute résistance. Un examen approfondi a été effectué sur les paramètres du BCRE disponibles dans les normes et les directives de conception actuelles en acier et en PRF. Les expressions modifiées du BCRE fournies dans ACI 440.1R-15 et CSA S806-12 ont été développées. Les résultats indiquent une bonne corrélation entre les valeurs de résistance prédites et mesurées avec des niveaux accrus de conservatisme. La contribution de la résistance à la compression du renforcement en PRF a été soigneusement examinée et discutée. Le taux d’armature minimum de PRFV et de PRFC pour éviter la rupture de l'armature ont été largement examinés. Enfin, la rigidité en flexion (EI) des spécimens testés a été déterminée de manière analytique et comparée aux expressions disponibles dans la littérature en utilisant les réponses expérimentales et analytiques M-ψ. Les expressions modifiées de la rigidité en flexion EI apportées dans l’ACI 440.1R ont été développées et validées.
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Masson, Isabelle. "Détermination des propriétés mécaniques en fluage a haute température et étude des microstructures de déformation de céramiques a base de nitrure d'aluminium." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993INPL136N.
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En vue d'applications en sidérurgie dans les nouveaux procédés de coulée continue de bandes minces, plusieurs céramiques à base de nitrure d'aluminium (AlN fritte (SAlN), AlN presse a chaud (HPAlN) et composites al#2o#3-AlN) ont été déformées en compression uniaxiale soit sous contrainte constante (150-250 MPa) soit à vitesse de déformation imposée (5. 10##6s##1) à des températures variant de 1200 à 1650c puis caractérisées en microscopie électronique à balayage, en microscopie électronique à transmission et par analyse EDX. En fluage a charge constante, la vitesse de déformation est proportionnelle à la contrainte appliquée à la puissance 1,5 et varie exponentiellement avec la temperature, l'énergie d'activation apparente ayant une valeur moyenne de 650 kj. Mol##1 (la valeur maximale de la vitesse de déformation atteinte pour HPAlN déformé à 1650c sous 250 MPa étant de 4. 10##6s##1). A vitesse imposée, les courbes contrainte-déformation passent par une contrainte maximale qui croit quand la température diminue (la valeur maximale obtenue pour HPAlN déformé à 1550c étant de 670 MPa) puis décroissent. Après essai, la présence de nombreuses cavités aux joints de grains et aux points triples montre que la déformation est surtout intergranulaire. Les grains se déforment aussi plastiquement par mouvement de dislocations situées majoritairement dans le plan de base et de vecteur de burgers 1/3<1120>. Nous avons également observé plusieurs preuves de la montée de ces dislocations et de glissement dévié dans des plans prismatiques ou pyramidaux favorisée par l'absence de dissociation
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Laurent, Valentin. "Localisation de la déformation au sein de zones de cisaillement haute-pression basse-température et enregistrement isotopique ⁴⁰AR/³⁹AR." Thesis, Orléans, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ORLE2030/document.
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Les mécanismes d’exhumation des roches de haute-pression basse-température (HP-BT) au sein des zones de subduction sont nombreux, complexes et toujours activement débattus. L’étude des zones de subduction fossiles permet alors de mieux comprendre ces mécanismes, montrant notamment que l’exhumation des roches métamorphiques HP-BT est en grande partie accommodée le long de zones de cisaillement ductiles d’échelle crustale. Ce travail de thèse vise à contraindre la géométrie, la cinématique et la durée de l’histoire tectono-métamorphique des roches de HP-BT du complexe de subduction des Schistes Bleus Cycladiques située en Grèce. Un des objectifs est de contraindre, à différentes échelles, le calendrier de la localisation de la déformation au cours de l’exhumation dans le but de mieux comprendre le comportement mécanique des zones de subduction. Trois méthodes principales d’investigation ont été utilisées : i) une étude de terrain permettant de caractériser la géométrie, la cinématique et la distribution de la déformation, montrant notamment une localisation progressive de la déformation vers la base de l’unité des Schistes Bleus Cycladiques au cours de l’exhumation et le long de zones de cisaillement, ii) des outils de pétrologie métamorphique permettant de contraindre l’évolution P-T des roches métamorphiques au sein de la zone de subduction, et iii) des datations ⁴⁰AR/³⁹AR afin de déterminer le calendrier de l’histoire tectono-métamorphique des Schistes Bleus Cycladiques et de la localisation de la déformation au sein de zones de cisaillement d’échelle kilométrique à millimétrique associées à des degrés de rétromorphose variés. Une corrélation nette est clairement observée entre l’intensité de la déformation, le degré de rétromorphose et les âges les plus jeunes. Un des résultats de ce travail est que la préservation à l’affleurement d’éclogites et schistes bleus n’implique pas forcément une exhumation rapide. En effet, nos résultats suggèrent que l’unité des Schistes Bleus Cycladiques a enregistré une histoire d’exhumation longue d’environ 30 Ma. Le taux d’exhumation n’est donc pas le seul paramètre contrôlant le degré de rétromorphose des unités HP-BT, la remontée le long d’un gradient métamorphique froid dans le canal de subduction et la localisation progressive de la déformation ductile au cours de l’exhumation étant également des facteurs majeursExhumation mechanisms of high-pressure low-temperature (HP-LT) metamorphic rocks in subduction zones are complex and actively discussed. The study of fossilized subduction zones allows a better comprehension of these mechanisms, showing that exhumation of HP-LT rocks is mainly accommodated along crustal-scale ductile shear zones. This study aims at constraining the geometry, the kinematic and the timing of the tectonometamorphic history of the HP-LT Cycladic Blueschist Unit (CBU) cropping out in Greece. A main objective is to constrain the timing of strain localization at different scales during exhumation to better understand the mechanical behaviour of subduction zones. Three principal methods of investigation have been used, including i) a structural fieldwork that allows to characterize the geometry, the kinematic and the distribution of deformations, highlighting progressive strain localization during exhumation toward the base of the CBU and along shear zones, ii) a metamorphic petrology study aiming at determining the P-T evolution of the CBU, and iii) ⁴⁰AR/³⁹AR dating used to constrain the timing of the tectonometamorphic evolution of the CBU and the timing of strain localization within kilometre- to millimetre-scale shear zones showing different degrees of retrogression. We observe an obvious correlation between the intensity of finite deformation, the degree of retrogression and youngest mica ages. A major result of this thesis work is that the preservation of eclogite and blueschist-facies rocks does not necessarily imply fast exhumation rates. Our results instead suggest that the exhumation history of the CBU is relatively long, spanning over ca. 30 Ma. Consequently, it appears that the exhumation rate is not the main parameter controlling the degree of retrogression of HP-LT metamorphic rocks in the CBU compared to progressive strain localization during exhumation along a cold retrograde P-T evolution within the subduction channel
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Venturoli, Cinzia <1962>. "Stragi fra memoria e storia. Piazza Fontana, Piazza della Loggia, La stazione di Bologna: dal discorso pubblico all'elaborazione didattica. Il data base per la gestione delle fonti." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2007. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/622/.
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