Journal articles on the topic 'Basque language – History – 20th century'
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1
Santazilia, Ekaitz. "Varia. Irigarai familiaren funtsa Nafarroako Errege Artxibo Nagusian: katalogoa." Fontes Linguae Vasconum, no. 133 (June 30, 2022): 229–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.35462/flv133.9.
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Recently, the Royal and General Archive of Navarre has received Fermin Irigaray’s and Angel Irigaray’s collection of documents as a donation. The collection reflects the outstanding contribution these two men (father and son) made in the 20th century in favour of the Basque language. Among others, it includes old texts, manuscripts, articles, press, journals, books, drafts, and notebooks, starting from the 17th century and, mostly to the 19th and 20th centuries. Since it is an interesting material to study the history of the Basque language, Fontes Linguae Vasconum will publish the cathalogue of the documentation in two parts. This first part includes published documents.
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Urgell, Blanca. "On the reliability of Larramendi’s evidence." Anuario del Seminario de Filología Vasca "Julio de Urquijo" 50, no. 1/2 (September 13, 2021): 121–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/asju.22861.
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In this article, the analysis of the sources of Manuel de Larramendi’s (1690-1766) grammar and dictionary reveals the importance of his work and asserts that they are necessary tools to better understand the history of the Basque language. First, we will offer an overview of the reception of Larramendi’s works from the 18th century to the 20th (§ 1), in order to show that from the end of the 19th century onwards vascologists highlighted their apologetic aspect and downplayed their significance as the first printed Basque linguistic tools, just the opposite of what had happened previously. We will go on to evaluate the reliability and richness of his Diccionario Trilingüe (DT, 1745) with a sample (§ 2) to show the large number of words from the oral language collected by Larramendi, in what semantic fields they are concentrated and, ultimately, the relevance of his dictionary as a means of attesting words and variants, and dating them. As this paper presents the results of a first approach to the Basque sources of Larramendi’s grammar (1729), we will seek to establish that the Labourdin writers Etxeberri of Ziburu (1627, 1630) and Haranburu (1635) are some of them, and perhaps also Axular (1643), all of them known sources of his dictionary. Finally, regarding the Biscayan dialect, the data shows that, although some of the verb forms may have been taken from Capanaga's catechism (1656), others are coined by Larramendi analogically from the paradigms of the Guipuzcoan dialect.
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Artola, Koldo. "Oltzako aldaeraren inguruan (2 – Ihabarko azpialdaera)." Fontes Linguae Vasconum, no. 133 (June 30, 2022): 61–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.35462/flv133.3.
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In a previous work we explained why the speech of Ihabar should be differentiated from the rest of Arakil, based on the opinions of Pedro de Yrizar in this respect. That is, always respecting the dialectal classification of Prince Bonaparte, Yrizar divided the Basque of Arakil into two parts, taking into account the characteristics of the intransitive bipersonal verb forms, which, in the case of Ihabar, departing from those of the rest of its valley, extend as far as Arbizu. In this work we offer several samples of the Basque language of Ihabar; specifically, we present the transcriptions of oral testimonies offered by informants born at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century.
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Krajewska, Dorota. "Resultatives in Basque: A Diachronic Study." Lingua Posnaniensis 54, no. 2 (December 1, 2012): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10122-012-0014-0.
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ABSTRACT Dorota Krajewska. Resultatives in Basque: A Diachronic Study. Lingua Posnaniensis, vol. LIV (2)/2012. The Poznań Society for the Advancement of the Arts and Sciences. PL ISSN 0079-4740, ISBN 978-83-7654-252-2, pp. 55-67. This paper deals with several aspects of the diachrony of Basque resultative constructions. In present day Basque, resultatives can be used with perfect-like meaning. The goal of this paper has been thus to study the development of the non-resultative uses of resultative constructions. To this end, the diathesis types of resultative and the meanings the construction may convey are studied in a corpus of 17th to 20th century texts. It has been found that in the time span covered by the study, new diathesis types are introduced and two new meanings develop: perfect and experiential.
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Martínez Areta, Mikel. "Towards a History of Basque Anthroponymy." Anuario del Seminario de Filología Vasca "Julio de Urquijo" 50, no. 1/2 (September 13, 2021): 301–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/asju.22867.
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In this paper, a short history of Basque anthroponymy is made, starting from Antiquity and going through the Roman period, the Middle Ages, the Modern Age and the Contemporary Age. For each of these periods, the stock of the most frequent person names is presented, by synthesizing a variety of works by other authors, who in turn depend on the kind of sources that we have for each period. As in other parts of Europe, an autochthonous repertoire of anthroponyms dominates until the 11th century, either of Aquitanian/Basque etymology or borrowed (mainly from Romance), but deep-rooted in the Basque-speaking areas and particularly in the Kingdom of Pamplona. From the 11th century, the centralizing reforms undertaken by the Catholic Church brought about a gradual substitution of those ancient person names by some others taken from saints, evangelists, characters of the New Testament, a tendency brought to the extreme by the previsions fostered by the Council of Trent. However, as any other European language, Basque developed vernacular versions of these names, as well as an ample array of hypocoristic variants, in which the autochtonous processes of the language such as suffixation, palatalization, etc., are profusely employed. As against some previous accounts of Basque anthroponymy, which have focused exclusively on the analysis of separate anthroponymic units (basically idionyms and patronyms), this paper aims at a global description of the anthroponymic system, considering also social aspects like the development of naming structures as a whole (e.g. idionym + patronym + toponym), and the motivation for giving children particular names (according to relatives, ancestors, patron saints, calendars…).
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Ivanov, Vyacheslav V. "Semiotics of the 20th century." Sign Systems Studies 36, no. 1 (December 31, 2008): 185–244. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/sss.2008.36.1.10.
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Semiotic and linguistic studies of the 20th century have been important mostly in two senses — (1) they have opened a road for comparative research on the origin and development of language and other systems of signs adding a new dimension to the history of culture; (2) they have shown a possibility of uniting different fields of humanities around semiotics suggesting a way to trespass separation and atomisation of different trends in investigating culture. In the 21st century one may hope for closer integration of semiotics and exact and natural sciences. The points of intersection with the mathematical logic, computer science and information theory that already exist might lead to restructuring theoretical semiotics making it a coherent and methodologically rigid discipline. At the same time, the continuation of neurosemiotic studies promises a breakthrough in understanding those parts of the work of the brain that are most intimately connected to culture. From this point of view semiotics may play an outstanding role in the synthesis of biological science and humanities. In my mind that makes it a particularly important field of future research.
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Berezin, Fedor Mixajlovič. "Mikołaj Kruszewski and 20th-century linguistics." History of Linguistics in Poland 25, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1998): 61–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.25.1-2.06ber.
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Summary The article deals with important issues in general linguistic theory discussed by Mikołaj Habdank Kruszewski alias Nikolaj Vjačeslavovič Kruševskij (1851–1887), in the author’s view an unjustly forgotten linguist of genius of the late 19th century, who could be seen as standing at the roots of the 20th-century structuralism, long before the appearance of F. de Saussure’s lectures on general linguistics. In his major book O čerk nauki o jazyke (An outline of the science of language) of 1883, Kruszewski conceived of language as a system of signs, laying stress on the semiotic function of language. His understanding of sound alternation is in many ways close to modern principles of phonology and morphonology. His hypothesis of the universal character of the sound laws too anticipated the discovery of language universals. As a result, the author agrees with Radwańska-Williams’ (1993) characterization of Kruszewski’s theory as ‘a lost paradigm’ in the history of linguistics. Well-known linguists of the 20th century such as Roman Jakobson (1896–1982), Jerzy Kuryłowicz (1895–1978) , and others rightly argued that Kruszewski was one of the founders of modern linguistic theory.
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Cienki, Alan. "19th and 20th century theories of case." Historiographia Linguistica 22, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1995): 123–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.22.1-2.06cie.
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Summary This article considers the similarities and differences between two types of semantically-based approaches to the study of grammatical case. One approach, which views the basic meanings of cases as spatial, stems from the localist hypothesis, which claims that spatial expressions serve as structural templates for other expressions. This view was most strongly espoused by certain German linguists in the 19th century, but has found support in the 20th century as well. The range of localist theories of case and the extent of the claims made by different localists are considered. These are compared and contrasted with contemporary approaches subsumed under the banner of ‘cognitive linguistics’. Research in this vein has focussed on the role of spatial notions in the semantics of case, but within a broader framework of human conceptualization. According to this view, space is only one of several domains which are basic to cognitive representation.
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Pelc, Jerzy. "Logic of language and philosophy of language in 20th-century Poland." History of Linguistics in Poland 25, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1998): 163–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.25.1-2.13pel.
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Summary The logic of language and the philosophy of language in 20th-century Poland ran in two mainstreams, the so-called Lvov-Warsaw school and and that of phenomenological thought. The former was dominant, the latter was represented mainly by the work of Roman Ingarden (1903–1970). Among works of the Lvov-Warsaw school, the present paper considers the most important achievements of its founder, Kazimierz Twardowski (1866–1938), and the oldest generation of his disciples: Leśniewski (1886–1939), Kotarbiński (1886–1981), Ajdukiewicz (1890–1963), and Izydora Dąmbska (1904–1983), as well as Alfred Tarski (1902–1983) who, in philosophy, was a disciple of Jan Łukasiewicz (1878–1956), Leśniewski and Kotarbiński. The paper is limited to the discussion of the most important of their reflections on natural language, in particular to what is most characteristic of them: elaborated and deep analyses of semantic sections connected with epistemological ones, and pragmatic sections connected with psychological ones, all presented with great attention to clarity, precision and comprehensibility of formulations. Major semantic conceptions of Ingarden were also mentioned: the theory of meaning as a relation between an intending object and an intentional object, as well as semantic differences between a name, verb and sentence.
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López-Goñi, Irene. "Basque Schools in Navarre: The Early Stages, 1931-1936." History of Education Quarterly 45, no. 4 (2005): 565–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5959.2005.tb00054.x.
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The Basque School, as well as a type of school, is an educational phenomenon that emerged and underwent most of its development during the twentieth century. Some initial confusion existed between the terms “Basque school,” “bilingual school” and “ikastola,” due to the undefined nature of the Basque model of schooling during this early period. These schools introduced a new model of education and pursued a common aim: to restore the Basque language and culture. Past research on ikastolas during the time of the Republic shows that the choice of term varied in Navarre according to the school's geographical location. Though there had been earlier initiatives, the Basque schools appeared in Navarra with the advent of Spain's Second Republic in 1931 and survived until the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936. During the Franco regime, Basques attempted to restart the educational project throughout the whole of Spanish Basque Country. Navarra's first ikastola of this new era was set up in 1963, giving rise to an educational movement that continues to maintain a strong impetus in the new millennium and has become a point of reference for both linguists and educationalists.
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Falk, Julia S. "Turn to the history of linguistics." Historiographia Linguistica 30, no. 1-2 (September 16, 2003): 129–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.30.1.05fal.
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Summary In the 1940s and 1950s, the leading proponents of American synchronic linguistics showed little interest in the history of linguistics. Some attention to historiography occurred in subfields of linguistics closest to the humanities – linguistic anthropology, historical linguistics, modern European languages – but the ‘science of language’ developed by Leonard Bloomfield and his descriptivist followers demanded autonomy from other disciplines and from the past. Increasing American contact with European linguistics during the 1950s culminated in the 1962 Ninth International Congress of Linguists in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Here Noam Chomsky presented a plenary session paper that appeared in print in four versions between 1962 and 1964, each version incorporating an increasing amount of discussion of the early 20th-century precursors to the descriptivists and a number of 17th- and 19th-century studies of language and mind. Charles Hockett responded by organizing his 1964 presidential address to the Linguistic Society of America as a history of linguistics, emphasizing periods, figures, and ideas not included in Chomsky’s work. Historiographers of the time recognized a surge of American interest in the history of linguistics beginning in the early 1960s and most attributed it largely to Chomsky’s work. Historiographic publication increased significantly among the descriptivists; at the same time it emerged among the generativists, most of whom followed Chomsky in exploring pre-20th-century philosophical ideas or reconsidering concepts and practices of the descriptivists’ forerunners. The resulting visibility and impetus to the history of linguistics contributed to the foundation upon which linguistic historiography matured in North America in the later decades of the 20th century.
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Ceberio, Klara, and Antton Gurrutxaga. "State-of-the-art on monolingual lexicography for Basque (Basque)." Slovenščina 2.0: empirical, applied and interdisciplinary research 7, no. 1 (April 18, 2019): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/slo2.0.2019.1.53-64.
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In this article, we give an overview of the evolution of Basque lexicography to the present, pointing out its main achievements and shortcomings, as well as its challenges for the future. Basque lexicography has a relatively short history, but a considerable amount of resources have been produced in the last 50 years, since the standardisation process began. After years of lexicographic work by different groups and publishers, a remarkable achievement is the Dictionary of the Academy (Euskaltzaindiaren Hiztegia), a prescriptive updated dictionary recently published and based on historical and contemporary corpora. Although the number of monolingual products is noticeably increasing in the last years, Basque dictionary making has been specially productive for bilingual purposes, due probably to the sociolinguistic status of the language. On the other hand, specialized lexicography and terminology have been very active from the beginning of the standadisartion process. Since the beginning of the XXI. century, use of corpora has known an increasing impulse. Many Basque dictionaries are freely available on the Internet.
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Bengtson, John D. "The Anthropological Context of Euskaro-Caucasian." Iran and the Caucasus 21, no. 1 (March 15, 2017): 75–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-90000008.
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The hypothesis that the Basque language is genetically related to languages in the Caucasus region was developed in the 20th century by respected scholars including C. C. Uhlenbeck, Georges Dumézil, and René Lafon, but has recently fallen into disfavour. The author defends the Euskaro-Caucasian hypothesis in a refined model in which Basque (Euskara) is most closely related to the North Caucasian language family (but not “South Caucasian” = Kartvelian). It is maintained that this hypothesis is not only linguistically convincing, supported by hundreds of basic etymologies, sound correspondences, and shared morphology, but is also consistent with recent results in archaeology and human genetics. Among the Euskaro-Caucasian etymologies is a significant number involving small and large cattle, swine, dairying, grain and pulse crops, and tools and methods of processing crops. These lexical fields are consistent with the spread of agriculture and animal husbandry to Western Europe by means of colonisation by bearers of the Cardial (Impressed Ware) Culture who came from the Anatolian (or possibly Balkan) region, and spoke a language related to Proto-North Caucasian. The well-known genetic distinctiveness of the Basques is a result of centuries of low population size, genetic drift and endogamy, rather than purely Paleolithic ancestry. The present-day Basque people represent a genetic amalgam of the Cardial colonists with indigenous hunter-gatherers, but their Euskaro-Caucasian language is colonial, not indigenous, in origin. Basque is the sole remaining descendant of the Euskaro-Caucasian family in Western Europe, but there is evidence (in the form of substratum words) that this colonial language was formerly more widely spread in other nearby regions (Sardinia, parts of Iberia, France, the Alps, Italy, the Balkans, and perhaps beyond).
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Hall, Robert A. "Milt Cowan, Enabler in Mid-20th century linguistics." Historiographia Linguistica 21, no. 3 (January 1, 1994): 453–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.21.3.16hal.
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Ward, Zachary. "The low return to English fluency during the Age of Mass Migration☆." European Review of Economic History 24, no. 2 (May 15, 2019): 219–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ereh/hez007.
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Abstract English skills are highly valuable for today’s immigrants, but has this always been the case? I estimate the premium for English fluency and the rate of language acquisition in the early 20th century US using new linked data on over two hundred thousand immigrants. Few early 20th century immigrants arrived with English proficiency, yet many acquired language skills rapidly after arrival. Based on individual fixed effects, acquiring English fluency was associated with a small upgrade in occupational income. The results suggest that English fluency was less important for economic assimilation in the early 20th century than in recent decades.
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Ennis, Juan Antonio. "Italian-Spanish Contact in Early 20th Century Argentina." Journal of Language Contact 8, no. 1 (December 17, 2015): 112–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-00801006.
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This article attempts to provide a general approach to the exceptional language contact situation that took place in Argentina from the end of the 19thcentury until the first decades of the 20thcentury, in which an enormous immigration flow drastically modified the sociolinguistic landscape. This was most evident in urban environments—and among them especially the Buenos Aires area—and led the local ruling elites to set up a complex and massive apparatus for the nationalisation of the newcomers, which included a language shift in the first stage. Given that the majority of immigrants came from Italy, the most widespread form of contact was that between the local varieties of Spanish and the Italian dialects spoken by the immigrants, which led to the creation of a contact variety called Cocoliche that arose, lived then perished. Although this contact variety did not survive the early years, at least not as a full-fledged variety, the history of its emergence and the ways in which it can be studied today nevertheless make it an object of special interest for research perspectives oriented around the question of the early years of language contact. This article gives an account of this history so as to provide an analysis of a series of documents that, in a highly mediated way, can be used as an unreliable but nonetheless interesting corpus for the study of language and culture contact.
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Kanevskaya, Galina I. "Russian Libraries in Australia in the 20th Century." Bibliotekovedenie [Russian Journal of Library Science], no. 3 (May 25, 2009): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2009-0-3-80-85.
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The article deals with review of the history of Russian librarianship in Australia. The role of libraries in preservation of Russian language in the Russian diaspora and national identity in the being in the strange cultural space is defined.
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Graffi, Giorgio. "A survey of syntactic theories in the 20th century." Historiographia Linguistica 25, no. 3 (January 1, 1998): 373–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.25.3.09gra.
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Byrnes, Joseph F. "The Relationship of Religious Practice to Linguistic Culture: Language, Religion, and Education in Alsace and the Roussillon, 1860–1890." Church History 68, no. 3 (September 1999): 598–626. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3170040.
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The revolutionary and legislator Bertrand Barrère in his Sur les idiomes étrangers et l'enseignement de la langue française had said, “Federalism and superstition speak Breton; emigration and hatred of the Republic speak German; the counter-revolution speaks Italian, and fanaticism speaks Basque.” For Barrère, regional languages were intertwined with religion (“superstition,” “fanaticism”) and the other antigovernment forces. And he was right, at least in part. Surveys made in the last century indicate that of those regions where a language other than French was spoken (German in Alsace-Lorraine, Flemish in the department of the Nord, Gaelic in Brittany, Basque in the Southwest, and Catalan in the Roussillon), all save the Roussillon had statistically high levels of religious practice. To explore how religious practice has been supported by linguistic culture in modern France, I have chosen the high-practice region of Alsace and the low-practice region of the Roussillon in the last half of the nineteenth century. I want to interpret the dynamics through which Alsace supported religious practice and the Roussillon did not.
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Selihey, P. O. "Failed language predictions: history giving lessons." Movoznavstvo 313, no. 4 (September 10, 2020): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33190/0027-2833-313-2020-4-001.
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The external history of individual languages shows attempts to predict their future. Time has shown that these predictions were both true and false. The article on the material of some languages analyzes what exactly predicted them in the past and what happened to them later. For example, in 16–17th centuries English was perceived as «backward» and «peasant», which should give way to a more perfect Latin. In the middle of the 20th century the Russian language was foretold the status of a world language after the victory of communism throughout the world. Quite often predictions about the near death of languages experiencing linguicide turned out to be false. Fr. Engels predicted the disappearance of «small» Slavic peoples and their languages (Czechs, Slovaks, Croats, Slovenes). In the 18th century, the Swedish administration predicted the rapid disappearance of the «hopeless» Finnish language. Sometimes optimistic forecasts were not confirmed either. At one time, nobody could foresee the rapid decline of Yiddish. As a result of the Nazi Holocaust and the subsequent assimilation of the Jews, the demographic power of this language decreased by more than 20 times. At the same time, Hebrew has unexpectedly overcome the opposite path during the incomplete century: from a half dead book language to a universal means of communication in all communicative spheres. The history of the Ukrainian language abounds with predictions of its imminent decline. The respective forecasts were given not only by assimilators, but also by native speakers. Thus, in the 19th century one of the motives for compiling grammar and dictionaries was the fear that in the future it would be impossible to do so, as the language is doomed to death. From chauvinistic point of view the Ukrainian language was perceived as unviable, which served as a basis for administrative oppressions and prohibitions. The misconceptions about its futility and near death existed in fact until the end of the 20th century. Unfulfilled predictions about the decline of languages give reason to formulate a recommendation: even if the language is subject to linguicide, it is not necessary to be pessimistic and to lose heart. The belief in a better future, the position «not to give up under any circumstances», the guide to an uncompromising fight for the language is practically expedient and psychologically advantageous. The second conclusion: there are still no reliable forecasting methods in linguistics. This is a big gap, because, apart from cognitive function, science must also have a predictive function. Prediction of the future of the language should become a topical task of modern linguistics.
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Mukhtarov, Timur, and Firdaus Khisamitdinova. "History and Sociology of Bashkir: Archival Dialect Materials from Ufa Federal Research Centre of the RAS (Scientific Archive, Collections of Rare Books and Manuscripts)." Бюллетень Калмыцкого научного центра Российской академии наук 3, no. 19 (December 28, 2021): 114–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2587-6503-2021-3-19-114-125.
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Introduction. The article examines early-to-mid 20th century Bashkir dialect materials stored at archival collections of Ufa Federal Research Centre (RAS). Goals. The study aims at interpreting and identifying the dialect materials for available documents related to history and sociology of the Bashkir language. Materials and methods. The work analyzes reports and other documents of 1920s–1930s dialect and comprehensive research expeditions supervised by N. Dmitriev, as well as old printed books, dictionaries and other 18th–19th century materials from the Scientific Library and collections of rare books and manuscripts. The main research methods employed are descriptive, comparative, and diachronic ones. Results. The paper shows that participants of expeditions succeeded in collecting not only linguistic and folklore materials but also that dealing with sociology of Bashkir. Moreover, the former not only examined the language situation but also made their proposals on the language of instruction in the field, thus improving the literary language, compiling dictionaries and textbooks. Conclusions. The most valuable materials on history and sociology of the Bashkir language have been deposited in archives of Ufa Federal Research Centre (RAS). Those reflect 18th – 20th century linguistic peculiarities, specifics of language policy, state of the Bashkir language in crucial years of the 20th century
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Butler-Pascoe, Mary Ellen. "The History of CALL." International Journal of Computer-Assisted Language Learning and Teaching 1, no. 1 (January 2011): 16–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcallt.2011010102.
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It has been over 50 years since the emergence of computer-assisted language learning (CALL) that would forever change how second/foreign languages are taught. This article presents a historical overview of the evolution of CALL from the early years of the mainframe computer to the integrative technologies of the 21st century. It examines the evolution of the dual fields of educational technology and second/foreign language teaching as they intertwined over the last half of the 20th century into present day CALL. The paper describes the paradigm shifts experienced along this journey and the current state of CALL as new technologies rapidly advance language teaching capabilities and challenge practitioners to provide optimum learning environments for the future.
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Stalmaszczyk, Piotr. "Celtic Studies in Poland in the 20th century: a bibliography." ZCPH 54, no. 1 (April 30, 2004): 170–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zcph.2005.170.
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Introduction Celtic Studies are concerned with the languages, literature, culture, mythology, religion, art, history, and archaeology of historical and contemporary Celtic countries and traces of Celtic influences elsewhere. The historical Celtic countries include ancient Gaul, Galatia, Celtiberia, Italy, Britain and Ireland, whereas the modern Celtic territories are limited to Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Isle of Man, Cornwall and Brittany. It has to be stressed that Celtic Studies are not identical with Irish (or Scottish, Welsh, or Breton) Studies, though they are, for obvious reasons, closely connected.
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McCawley, James D. "Syntactic concepts and terminology in mid-20th century American Linguistics." Historiographia Linguistica 26, no. 3 (December 31, 1999): 407–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.26.3.13mcc.
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Summary This paper deals with the notions and terminology that figure in the syntactic works of Bloomfield, Fries, Hockett, Gleason, and early Chomsky. Notwithstanding Bloomfield’s commitment to constituent structure and his profound influence on syntactic research in the United States, constituency had a surprisingly peripheral role in such works as Fries (1952) “Immediate constituents” (is the last of its syntactic chapters) and notions of dependency structure a much more central role. Many false generalizations by descriptivists (e.g., treatments of Therer-insertion as inversion) result from a failure to consider complex expressions as constituents of the various constructions. Notwithstanding descriptivists’ denunciations and generativists’ endorsements of traditional grammar, it is the descriptivists whose syntactic category notions came closer to those of traditional grammar. The unusual category scheme of Fries did not deviate all that much from traditional schemes, and its innovations were not applied consistently. 1960s generative syntax shared with Fries’s approach a conception of gender features and referential indices in English as borne by Ns rather than by NPs, and a failure to treat inter- and intra-saentential anaphora uniformly. Gleason (1965) is the most honorable exception to the dismal quality of this era’s literature on parts of speech.
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Karl, Rebecca E. "Culture, Revolution, and the Times of History: Mao and 20th-Century China." China Quarterly 187 (September 2006): 693–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741006000324.
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The recent spate of English-language exposés of Mao Zedong, most prominently that written by Jung Chang and Jon Halliday, seems to announce a culmination of the tendency towards the temporal-spatial conflation of 20th-century Chinese and global history. This sense was only confirmed when the New York Times reported in late January that George W. Bush's most recent bedtime reading is Mao: The Unknown Story, or when, last month, according to a column in the British paper The Guardian, “the Council of Europe's parliamentary assembly voted to condemn the ‘crimes of totalitarian communist regimes,’ linking them with Nazism…” The conflation, then, is of the long history of the Chinese revolution with the Cultural Revolution, on the one hand; and, on the other hand, of Mao Zedong with every one of the most despicable of the 20th century's many tyrants and despots. In these conflations, general 20th-century evil has been reduced to a complicit right-wing/left-wing madness, while China's 20th century has been reduced to the ten years during which this supposed principle of madness operated as a revolutionary tyranny in its teleologically ordained fashion. In this way are the dreams of some China ideologues realized: China becomes one central node through which the trends of the 20th century as a global era are concentrated, channelled and magnified. China isglobal history, by becoming a particular universalized analytic principle, in the negative sense. That is, universality becomes a conflationary negative principle.
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DANYLІUK, N. O. "UKRAINIAN LINGUO-FOLKLORE STUDIES: THEIR HISTORY, CURRENT STATE, AND PERSPECTIVES." Movoznavstvo 320, no. 5 (October 28, 2021): 34–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.33190/0027-2833-320-2021-5-003.
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The article is devoted to the evolution, present state and perspectives of development of the Ukrainian linguo-folklore studies that are conducted by Sv. Yеrmolenko, N. Zhuravliova, A. Moisiienko, T. Betsenko, Y. Diadyshcheva-Rosovetska, N. Kolesnyk, R. Serdeha and others. The main aspects of the analysis of the language of the Ukrainian folk poetic texts of the period from the end of the 19th century until the middle of the 20th century were considered. They are historical linguistic, linguo-stylistic, linguo-didactic, linguo-cultural, ethnolinguistic, linguo-conceptual, linguo-semiotic. Two stages in the development of linguo-folklore studies were distinguished: 1) 60s — 80s of the 20th c., and 2) 90s of the 20th c. — the early 21st c. It was pointed out that the Ukrainian linguo-folklore studies had already evolved into a separate branch of philology and an educational course with its own object (a linguostructural, artistic-figurative organization of folkloristic texts of various genres, peculiar features of a folkloristic style formation), and subject of research, tasks and trends. There were mentioned the present day approaches to the analysis of folk poetic texts, being based on the language layers (folklore stylistics of language units), language expressive means (folklore stylistics of language expressive means), genres (folklore stylistics of genres) and separate parts of linguistics. The following perspectives of the linguo-folklore studies were defined: the analysis of understudied language units and figurative means, used in the texts of various genres (not only the traditional but new ones as well), development of a folklore lexicography, folklore dialectology, folklore linguo-cognitology, folklore linguosemiotics, folklore communication, linguo-genderology, contrastive linguo-folklore studies, and other trends, as well as a wider application of modern systems of an automatic analysis of texts, dictionaries’ compilation, and data creation.
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Leontyeva, Varvara. "On the History of Studying Modal Verbs in the German Language." Nizhny Novgorod Linguistics University Bulletin, no. 51 (September 30, 2020): 64–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.47388/2072-3490/lunn2020-51-3-64-76.
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The article is an overview and a summary of the study of modal verbs in the German language in Russian and foreign linguistics, from Antiquity to the present day, in line with the holistic study of modality in world linguistics. Using the methods of generalization and systematization, the author analyzes monographs and articles by Russian and foreign experts in the field of the history of the German language, functional grammar, and morphology. While a considerable number of works by foreign and Russian linguists in the 20th century are devoted to the issues of semantics of preterite-present and modal verbs in specific historical periods of the development of the German language, there are still many open questions in this area. Throughout almost the entire 20th century, Germanists viewed modal verbs mainly as a means of expressing internal modality, i.e., the attitude of the speaker to the action being performed. However, in the late 20th and early 21st century, they began to actively study the subjective use of modal verbs. Much modern literature on the subject is devoted to the study of German modal verbs in the function of subjective (epistemic) modality. This article focuses on etymological, semantic, grammatical, and functional features of modal verbs in modern German and discusses a number of controversial issues, such as the question of whether modal verbs are a closed or open cluster of vocabulary, that is, whether it is possible, at the present stage of language history, to include other linguistic units into the category of modal units, it these other units answer certain semantic or grammatical criteria. It is also open to discussion whether there is a one-to-one corre-spondence between a modal verb and the type of modal relations that is expressed with the help of this verb in speech, and vice versa. The author highlights such significant aspects as grammaticalization of modal verbs, correlation of modal verbs with various types of modal relations, primary and secondary meanings of modal verbs, characteristics of the preterito-presentia, compatibility of modal verbs, and syntactic features of their usage. The relevance of this study lies in the fact that it gives a more comprehensive understanding of functions and pragmatics of modal verbs as a special lexical cluster in speech.
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Hundt, Marianne, and Benedikt Szmrecsanyi. "Animacy in early New Zealand English." English World-Wide 33, no. 3 (October 29, 2012): 241–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.33.3.01hun.
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The literature suggests that animacy effects in present-day spoken New Zealand English (NZE) differ from animacy effects in other varieties of English. We seek to determine if such differences have a history in earlier NZE writing or not. We revisit two grammatical phenomena — progressives and genitives — that are well known to be sensitive to animacy effects, and we study these phenomena in corpora sampling 19th- and early 20th-century written NZE; for reference purposes, we also study parallel samples of 19th- and early 20th-century British English and American English. We indeed find significant regional differences between early New Zealand writing and the other varieties in terms of the effect that animacy has on the frequency and probabilities of grammatical phenomena.
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Kundrotas, Gintautas. "Lithuanian language intonation: history of research, in the context of language intonology." Językoznawstwo 14, no. 1(14)/2020 (March 22, 2021): 195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.25312/2391-5137.14/2020_12gk.
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The linguists Jablonskis (1911) and Durys (1927) were the first to study Lithuanian language intonation. Research on intonation in other European languages (English, Russian) began earlier, in the 16th and 17th centuries (English: Hart (1551) and Butler (1634); Russian: Lomonosov (1743, 1765)). The beginning and the second half of the 20th century were the most productive research periods on Lithuanian language intonation. Intonation was studied by Lithuanian linguists – syntax specialists and phoneticians. A considerable amount of research using methods of experimental phonetics was carried out. The main authors were the syntactician Balkevičius (1963, 1998) and the phoneticians Pukelis (1972) and Bikulčienė (1976), Pakerys (2003), Girdenis (1980; 2003). Variants of the Lithuanian language intonation system inventory are presented in the numerous works of the author. Keywords: intonation, experimental phonetics, intonation units, intonation system of the Lithuanian language, intonation typology.
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Duinat, Benjamin. "¿Divisoria e invisible a la vez? La frontera hispano-francesa de la zona vascoparlante desde el prisma de la movilidad nupcial (1780-1920) = Divisive yet also invisible? The Franco-Spanish border of the Basque-speaking area through the prism of nuptial mobility (1780-1920)." REVISTA DE HISTORIOGRAFÍA (RevHisto) 30 (May 28, 2019): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/revhisto.2019.4743.
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Resumen: A través del estudio sistemático de la frecuencia de los matrimonios transfronterizos entre 1780 y 1920 en el valle de Xareta situado a caballo en el límite hispano-francés, se pretende revisar la interpretación dominante según la cual los fronterizos de la zona vascoparlante fueron dándose la espalda a lo largo del siglo XIX. La permanencia y regularidad de las uniones transfronterizas demuestran que las observaciones acerca de la formación inexorable de una ruptura territorial entre vascos de España y Francia no reflejan un hecho real, sino impresiones erróneas que han sido hasta hoy repetidas acríticamente. En definitiva, la frontera posee una naturaleza muy polisémica, en tanto en cuanto es aprehendida y apropiada de modo muy distinto en función de los individuos y grupos. La línea divisoria de los agentes estatales permanece casi invisible al analizar las dinámicas espaciales vinculadas a la movilidad nupcial.Palabras claves: Frontera, Movilidad nupcial, Zona vascoparlante, Siglos XVIII-XX.Abstract: Through the systematic study of the frequency of cross-border marriages, between 1780 and 1920 in the valley of Xareta straddling the Franco-Spanish border, we aim to revise the dominant interpretation according to which the frontier population of the Basque country turned their back on their neighbours during the 19th century. The permanence and regularity of cross-border nuptial unions show that remarks about the establishment of a permanent territorial divide between Basques in France and Spain do not relate to a real fact and are thus erroneous impressions that have been repeated uncritically. Ultimately, the border is polysemic, as the range of actors and groups apprehended and appropriated it very differently. When analysing the spatial dynamics linked to nuptial mobility, the dividing line of the State is almost invisible.Key words: Boundary, Nuptial Mobility, Basque-speaking área, 18th-20th centuries.
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Bijan, Amanj N. B. "Kurdish studies in Russia in the early 20th century." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, no. 190 (2021): 158–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2021-26-190-158-165.
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We consider the history of studying the history of Kurds in Russia in the early 20th century. The plans of cooperation between the Russians and Kurds against the Ottoman Empire are analyzed. We consider the socio-political and research activities of Russian politicians and scientists in the framework of solving the Kurdish issue. Research on Kurdistan, which began in the 19th century, continued and developed in Russia. Along with military and strategic studies, there were studies of Kurdish clans and Kurdish society. In addition to Russian scientists, Russian diplomats also contributed to the development of Kurdish studies. Before World War I, Russia tried to establish consulates and shopping centers in Kurdish cities. In the early of 20th century in Russia, Kurdish studies were developing rapidly, which was due to both the international situation and the activity of well-trained specialists-orientalists. Often they, like V.F. Minorsky and I.A. Orbeli, combined official (diplomatic) and research activities. Active role in the formation and development of Kurdish studies played N.I. Marr and A.S. Shamilov, who had no formal linguistic education and has been at the epicenter of political processes in the Soviet historiography and linguistics (repression, criticism of “marisma”). Despite the complex political processes of the early 20th cen-tury, it was during this period that the main ideas about Kurdish history and the Kurdish language were formed, and the main scientific schools were formed, which were developed after 1945.
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Long, Joan C. "The History of Rubber—A Survey of Sources about the History of Rubber." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 74, no. 3 (July 1, 2001): 493–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547648.
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Abstract This paper is a bibliographic survey of the major sources of information about historical aspects of rubber and rubber products that appeared in the 20th century. These sources, primarily those in the English language, on various aspects of rubber history have been categorized according to whether the emphasis is on natural or synthetic rubber, general rubber history and processing, rubber organizations, and people and companies that have played an important role. A section on the history of tires is included.
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Dinneen, Francis P. "A 17th-century account of Mohawk." Historiographia Linguistica 17, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1990): 67–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.17.1-2.07din.
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Summary Jacques Bruyas (c.l630-c.l701) left a set of notes on Mohawk in the late 1600s which were published in 1862. His account and work done on the language in the 20th century are compared. Where he fails to record all the sound-contrasts that are functional in the language and is unable to cope with allophones, modern workers may still disagree on how best to represent them. His lack of models for the description of a polysynthetic language, with a modest phonemic inventory, but complex morphophonemics, obscures morphemic boundaries. Bruyas had the reputation among contemporaries of being equally fluent in French and Mohawk, yet his notes fail to mention factors that are obviously frequent, complex and demanded for accurate communication. While the vocabulary in his account is perhaps better handled than in modern works, the selection is more guided by human interest than grammatical relevance.
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Sharaeva, Tatyana I. "Особенности иконографии в калмыцкой вышивке: традиционные и современные практики." Oriental Studies 14, no. 2 (July 20, 2021): 314–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2021-54-2-314-336.
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Introduction. The Kalmyks are a Mongolic Buddhist people that arrived in the Volga region in the 17th century. The specific ethnic features of Buddhism professed by the Kalmyks took shape over centuries of Russian suzerainty and were determined by various historical factors, including prolonged remoteness from Buddhist centers, the total eradication of Buddhist monasteries and centuries-long ban on spiritual guidance experienced in the 20th century, and the official Buddhist restoration by the early 21st century. Goals. The work aims at identifying and comparing traditional and contemporary Buddhist thangka patterns as elements to mirror particular features of Kalmyk iconography, as essential objects of religious cult and cultural heritage at large. Results. The paper shows that in the pre-20th century period Kalmyks used different techniques for producing thangkas — painting, embroidery, and applique ones. In the late 18th century onwards, imports of religious attributes from Tibet and Mongolia were restricted, and the role of art workshops affiliated to local Buddhist temples increased. That resulted in further development of thangka painting schools and the shaping of somewhat ethnic style in depicting Buddhist deities characterized by certain differences from canonical images. The old thangkas from private and public collections have served a basis for the restoration of ethnic painting traditions integral to Kalmykia’s Buddhism proper. The contemporary practices of producing divine images are closely related to stages in the regional development of Buddhism from the late 20th century to the present, lay Buddhist experiences, women’s leisure-time activities, and ethnic entrepreneurship. The study concludes contemporary Kalmyk needlewomen are guided by traditional rules of religious craftsmanship.
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Heo , Jaeyoung. "The Division of Korean Language History and the Grammatical Change in the Early 20th Century." Korean Language and Literature in International Context 73 (June 30, 2017): 7–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31147/iall.73.1.
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Bronaugh, Richard. "Legal Philosophy in the Twentieth Century: The Common Law World by Gerald J. Postema * Springer, 2011. Pgs VII-XXV, 3-618. ISBN 978-90-481-8959-5. The words in double quotation marks have a page number for reference; those in single quotation marks are merely bits of characteristic language used in the book." Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 27, no. 2 (July 2014): 535–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0841820900006469.
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This big book recounts the march of the giants of 20th century English language jurisprudence, one aiming to bring progress to history by means of a sustained philosophical inquiry over time. My task in this CJLJ Book Review is especially to show, by discussing but a small aspect of each chapter, how valuable Postema’s book is for a philosopher of law professionally. It is a story which for many well-practiced jurisprudes could spell, in a word, réanimation. That said: if someone early in the 22nd century writes a history of legal philosophy looking back on the 21st century, Gerald Postema’s critical history which looks back on 20th century will surely be counted as one of the major achievements of the 21st—our time. Legal Philosophy in the Twentieth Century: The Common Law World is a brilliant book and, for the rest of us incapable of achieving anything like this (and I mean the rest of us), it is simply breathtaking.
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Dvorkin, Ilya. "Rosenzweig and Bakhtin. Hermeneutics of Language and Verbal Art in the System of the Philosophy of Dialogue." RUDN Journal of Philosophy 26, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 537–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2302-2022-26-3-537-556.
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For all the differences in the teachings and fate of Franz Rosenzweig and Mikhail Bakhtin, comparing them with one another is extremely instructive and reveals important and often lost meanings of 20th-century philosophy. Bakhtin made his debut in 1929 as the author of Problems of Dostoevsky’s Creative Art, but then went into exile for sufficient years and emerged from oblivion only in the 1960s. Rosenzweig died in 1929 and was almost forgotten for many years. Now, almost a century later, we see in Bakhtin’s philosophy, especially in his early works, and in Rosenzweig’s philosophy very much in common. Both sought to create a new philosophical system that radically rethinks the subject of philosophy. Both went beyond the traditional New European ontology, both recognized the fundamentality of language and language arts in the philosophy of the future, and, finally, both became the creators of the philosophy of dialogue as an important trend in 20th-century thought. For all that, there were many cultural, religious, and intellectual differences between Bakhtin and Rosenzweig. However, consideration of both the commonalities and differences in their philosophical systems is extremely fruitful not only for the cultural history of the 20th century but also for philosophical studies of the future.
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Palmié, Stephan. "Africanisms." African Diaspora 11, no. 1-2 (December 9, 2019): 17–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18725465-01101005.
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Abstract This essay attempts to chart the career of the concept of ‘Africanisms’ in the anthropology and history of the African Diaspora in the Americas. After surveying the origins of the concept, I focus on the role of Melville J. Herskovits’ highly influential mobilisation of the concept, its major mid-20th century critiques, and a highly influential late 20th century reaction to the terms of these debates. I will conclude by indicating how Africanist historians have come to repurpose this concept around the turn of the millennium, and how more recent scholarship might indicate the end of its usefulness as an analytical category.
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Glišović, Jelena, and Žarko Ilić. "Serbian Atlases in the 19th and Early 20th Century." Proceedings of the ICA 4 (December 3, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-proc-4-119-2021.
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Abstract. Atlases published in the Serbian language in the 19th and early 20th century, with rare exceptions were used as an auxiliary teaching tool in geography and history classes. The aim of this paper is to point out all the atlases that were in use in Serbian schools until the beginning of the First World War. The analysis of the content of the atlases was performed and presented, and as well as the different methodologies used by the authors during the creation of the atlas. The connection between the geography curriculum and the content of the atlas was pointed out, in accordance with the changes in the geography curriculum during the time. In addition to school atlases, the first atlases, made by Jovan Cvijić, will be presented, which aimed to show maps that relate to a clearly defined topic and these were the first such atlases within the framework of Serbian cartography.
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Skujytė-Razmienė, Asta. "Cholera „limpamų ligų“ kontekste: prevencijos ir gydymo rekomendacijos Lietuvoje XX amžiaus pirmojoje pusėje | Communicable Diseases in Early 20th-Century Lithuania: Recommendations for the Prevention of Cholera in its Treatment." Acta Historica Universitatis Klaipedensis 43 (December 16, 2022): 131–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15181/ahuk.v43i0.2491.
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The press (books, newspapers, magazines, calendars, etc) in the Lithuanian language educated its readers extensively on the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases in the early 20th century. However, the frequent outbreaks of various epidemics from the 1900s to the 1930s raises the question whether this information really reached its target audience, especially when, as folklore sources show, folk medicine was still heavily relied on in the provinces. The article addresses this question by taking cholera as an example. It compares the methods of protection against cholera and its treatment, as presented in Lithuanian periodicals and professional publications, with narratives of folk medicine collected in archives. In the collected material, the author looks for definitions of the folk concept of communicable diseases (limpamos ligos, the name given to infectious diseases at the time), which may have influenced the limits to which people followed the recommendations of medics in the first half of the 20th century.
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Nerlich, Brigitte, and David D. Clarke. "Polysemy." Historiographia Linguistica 24, no. 3 (January 1, 1997): 349–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.24.3.07ner.
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Summary 40 years ago Stephen Ullmann wrote that polysemy was the pivot of semantics. He was referring then to traditional synchronic and diachronic semantics. Nowadays, some 40 years later, polysemy has again become a central topic in cognitive semantics. This article traces the history of this important concept, from Antiquity to the first half of the 20th century. Bréal’s treatment of polysemy is the pivot around which the article itself turns, as it was Bréal who invented the term ‘polysemy’ a century ago.
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Kadžytė, Gražina. "The Last One among the 20th Century Priests – Folklore Collectors." Tautosakos darbai 52 (December 30, 2016): 258–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.51554/td.2016.28877.
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Rich collections of the Lithuanian Folklore Archives, now amassing over 2 million pieces, are the result of ceaseless efforts not only by the researchers, but also by numerous volunteer assistants, among which there were quite a number of enlightened Lithuanian priests. Priest Antanas Valantinas (1916–2004), an active collector of folklore from the second half of the 20th century, also belonged to this group. His 100th anniversary was celebrated this year. In 1958–1989, responding to the invitation of his contemporary folklorists to join in the work of folklore collecting, this priest recorded and handed over to the Archives 115 folklore collections, comprising in total 13 148 folklore pieces. Valantinas collected folklore both in his native places and in the parishes where he worked as a priest. Valantinas was also a literary man: he composed poems and personally published over 20 books and brochures containing poetry, essays, sermons, as well as several small folklore collections. Although the Archives still receives folklore recorded by the priests working in the second half of the previous century, Valantinas stands out among them as the most prolific collector and the last priest – folklore collector of such scope. This essay discusses the events organized to commemorate the merits of this deserving worker in the field of the Lithuanian folklore.
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Túbọ̀sún, Kọ́lá. "An overview of the British Library Yorùbá language collection." Africa Bibliography, Research and Documentation 1 (October 14, 2022): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/abd.2022.3.
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AbstractThe Yorùbá language materials at the British Library (BL) span the years between 1843, when the first item was published, and the present day, providing an impressive catalogue of the history of Yorùbá writing through the early days of 19th-century missionary writings with a yet undeveloped orthography, the boom of anthropological literature of the later 19th century, the creative fervour of the early and mid-20th century, and the later experimentations of 21st-century monolingual and bilingual writings. From September 2019 to September 2020, I was Chevening Research Fellow at the BL working on this wide-ranging collection with the BL’s Africa Curator. In this article, I present an analysis of what the records contain and what is missing, along with a record of some challenges I faced cataloguing the work – ranging from technological limitations to issues of orthography.
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Ritchie, Chris, and James Harris. "No Laughing Matter?A Short History of German Comedy." Scenario: A Journal of Performative Teaching, Learning, Research I, no. 2 (July 1, 2007): 68–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33178/scenario.1.2.6.
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This article is the first stage of research for the book “No Laughing Matter: A Short History of German Comedy’ by Chris Ritchie and James Harris which will look at some key moments in German comedy, representations of Germans in English language comedy and ’and also take a look at the current Berlin comedy scene. It begins with an example of how the British, or particularly the English, represent the ‘comedy German’, and is followed by an overview of some key moments in the history of German comedy, in particular the work of Hans Sachs and the development of 20th century cabaret. The second section then looks at how the Germans view English comedy through an analysis of the sketch Dinner for One and Monty Python’s German-language episode. This article is the first stage of research for the book “No Laughing Matter: A Short History of German Comedy’ by Chris Ritchie and James Harris which will look at some key moments in German comedy, representations of Germans in English language comedy and ’and also take a look at the current Berlin comedy scene. It begins with an example of how the British, or particularly the English, represent the ‘comedy German’, and is followed by an overview of some key moments in the history of German comedy, in particular the work of Hans Sachs and the development of 20th century cabaret. The second section then looks at how the Germans view English comedy through an analysis of the sketch Dinner for One and Monty Python’s German-language episode.
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Prokopieva, Aleksandra N., and Kapitolina M. Yakovleva. "История изучения якутских украшений XIV–XVIII вв." Oriental Studies 14, no. 6 (December 30, 2021): 1290–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2021-58-6-1290-1303.
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Introduction. The article reviews works by Russian scholars to examine key stages of research on 14th–18th century Yakut jewelry. Goals. The study aims at outlining respective periods of research and identifying main trends therein with due regard of each explorer’s contribution — from local officials and their reports to contemporary scientists and their academic works. Earliest messages on Sakha jewelry were fragmented enough the latter to be perceived only as elements to traditional garments. Materials and methods. The paper analyzes original written materials dealing with Yakut jewelry (reports by officials, yasak lists, diaries and observations) towards present-day theoretical articles rethinking the accumulated data. Results and conclusions. The related historiography comprises a total of three stages: 1) pre-Revolution period, 2) early-to-mid 20th century, 3) mid-20th century to present day. Our insights into original sources and scientific texts shows those contain diverse and essential factual materials on Yakut jewelry.
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Bodrogi, Enikő Molnár. "Modernization and Language Loss in the Meänkieli Community." Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies 12, no. 2 (December 15, 2020): 67–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.53604/rjbns.v12i2_4.
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The Finns living in the Torne/ Tornio Valley were cut off from the Finns in Finland in 1809, when Sweden lost the territory of Finland in favor of Russia. Since then, the Tornedalian Finns have become the victims of a definite assimilation policy. Today their language, Meänkieli, is a minority language officially acknowledged in Sweden, but it is an endangered language nowadays, as well. One of the most important factors which led to the endangered status of Meänkieli was the systematic assimilation policy of the 19th and the 20th century Sweden. One of the main aims of its representatives was to lead language minorities to the path of modernization, offering them the acquisition of majority languages instead of their minority mother tongues. In my study, I am looking for an answer to the question of how modernization affected the Tornedalian Meänkieli-speaking community in Northern Sweden during the 19th and the first half of the 20th century, as reflected in some feuilletons written by the well-known Meänkieli writer Bengt Pohjanen. My research is based on the relational interpretation of history, culture, literature, and language identity.
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Pecchia, Cristina, Johanna Buss, and Alaka A. Chudal. "Print Cultures in the Making in 19th- and 20th-Century South Asia: Beyond Disciplinary Boundaries." Philological Encounters 6, no. 1-2 (July 23, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24519197-bja10019.
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Abstract The study of the history of print technology in South Asia is a multidisciplinary enterprise which involves attentive consideration of the cultural and linguistic diversity of the region, as well as of the historical time in which print technology was massively adopted, namely the colonial period. Here, we focus on the complex fabric of relationships between print and modes of recording and using texts in long present oral and manuscript cultures, also pointing out the limits of applying interpretative models based on the cultural history of Europe to the histories of print in South Asia. Furthermore, we present aspects of the formative stage of print cultures concerning Vedic, Limbu, Nepali, Newari, and Tamil textual traditions—which are studied in the essays of this special issue. This multi-layered perspective helps making sense of social and cultural dynamics concerning the uses of printed books, the (new) meanings associated with them, and the formation of hegemonic configurations within literary and religious traditions.
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Kudiņš, Jānis. "“BAŅUTA”, THE FIRST OPERA IN LATVIAN AND ITS LIBRETTO AS A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE IN THE CONTEXT OF STAGING HISTORY." Culture Crossroads 14 (November 9, 2022): 110–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.55877/cc.vol14.96.
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In theatre (including musical theatre genres), the text of the performance is an artefact which can express and echo a historical theme. Additionally, over the course of time, this artistic narrative can experience various changes due to the influence of external factors. This narrative can also consciously or unconsciously influence soci- ety’s view over a longer period. This article is focused on the first opera in the Latvian language “Baņuta” (1920, author of libretto Arturs Krūmiņš, composer Alfrēds Kalniņš). The three versions of this opera (1920, 1937, 1941), especially changes of libretto over time, seven stagings at the Latvian National Opera Theatre (1920, 1937, 1941, 1953, 1968, 1979, 1999) and several concert performances in Latvia and outside (in the 20th century eighties) reflect interesting historical experience. It is worthwhile get to know this story in the context of Latvian national culture in the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century.
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Olaberria, Juan Pablo, and Iñaki Olaizola. "A Basque Shipyard Design Method of the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries, and its Relationship to Non-graphic Hull Design of the 15th Century." International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 42, no. 2 (April 8, 2013): 358–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1095-9270.12014.
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Lopez-Mira, Álvaro Xosé. "The Galician Electoral Model." Revista Gestão & Políticas Públicas 3, no. 2 (December 26, 2013): 408–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2237-1095.v3i2p408-432.
Full textAbstract:
Along with Catalonia and the Basque Country, Galicia is one of the "historic nationalities" acknowledged by the Spanish Constitution of 1978; features such as an own language, an own culture and their political claim for differentiation describe its particular identity and are, as well, the starting point for the mentioned constitutional consideration. The centre-periphery conflicts have been constant throughout the history and became even worse both after the establishment of constitutionalism in the early 19th century and due to the exigency of Spanish nationalism during General Franco's dictatorship.