Academic literature on the topic 'Basis for the stability of labor relations'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Basis for the stability of labor relations.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Basis for the stability of labor relations"
1
Нуртдинова, Алия, Aliya Nurtdinova, Людмила Чиканова, and Lyudmila CHikanova. "Differentiation of Legal Regulation of Labor Relations as Typical Tendencies of Labor Law Development." Journal of Russian Law 3, no. 6 (June 5, 2015): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/11430.
Full textAbstract:
The articles dwells upon the issue of differentiation of legal regulation of labor relations which is seen as a legal instrument, which allows taking into account the specificity of social relations that are formed under the conditions of or among the labor law subjects and that have specific features. The differentiation is a polar opposite to the legal regulation unity which embodies the existence of a unified legal status of employees, their equality, and, ultimately, the unity of the branch of law, which is unthinkable without stability and certainty of legal standing of principal participants of relevant legal relations. Further differentiation of legal regulation of labor relations is one of the most typical tendencies in labor law development. The article notes that the grounds for differentiation, out of necessity to coordinate with the principle of equality, and hence abidance by discrimination prohibition, must be entitative, justified and directly linked with an object of legal regulation and satisfy the principles of clarity and unambiguousness. Based on the abovementioned criteria, the authors analyze such grounds of differentiation of legal regulation of labor relations as peculiarities of labor process, its organization, and the type and nature of labor activity, the field of economic activity which uses labor, and the working and environmental employment terms. The articles notes that the grounds for differentiation, chosen by a legislator, do not always correspond to the mentioned criteria. They are often arbitrary and do not reflect their objective need or do not correspond to the reality. For example, inclusion into the Labor Code of peculiarities of legal regulation of labor relations for those categories of workers, in relation to whom these peculiarities have already been established by special laws. In fact these rules do not convey any regulatory meaning and therefore complicate the legislation and do not contribute to clarity and transparency of those workers’ legal status. The analysis shows that the employer’s legal form and the peculiarities of the employees’ professional activities have recently become the mostly widespread grounds for differentiation. The authors draw the conclusion that differentiation cannot be considered valid if it was derived on the basis of one criterion (the employer’s legal form) without taking into account other significant criteria. While the admissibility (and sometimes the necessity) of setting the specificity of legal regulation based on the peculiarities of labor (professional) activity does not raise doubts. The only issue that could be raised is the issue of existence (or absence) of such peculiarities and of the advisability of specific manifestations of the differentiation, i.e. special rules adopted by a legislator.
2
Osodlo, Vasyl, Oleh Rybchuk, and Viktoriia Krykun. "Organizational Culture as a Basis for Efficient Development of Organization." Management and Business Research Quarterly 17 (February 2021): 18–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.32038/mbrq.2021.17.02.
Full textAbstract:
The article is devoted to the study of non-material assets of an organization development, particularly of organizational culture as a basis of effective development of an organization. The hypothesis lies in the fact that specific features study of organizational culture of a company provides possibility of objective evaluation of a degree of stability of organization, its ability for competition, allows to predict the important directions of management decisions, and a possibility of achievement of planned results. The tendencies concerning the transformations of contemporary management of organizations, which are realized in transferring of management influences from the management of technology of work to technology of management of human potential of a company, are revealed. The change of emphasis is due to objective reasons: due to the processes of globalization, state-of-the-art production technologies, including the latest information technologies, as well as the international labor market, humanization of industrial relations and human resource management technologies are becoming widely available. The article presents the results of an empirical study of certain aspects that determine the organizational culture. Promising directions, that have a significant potential for improving organizational culture, are identified.
3
Фоміна, Галина Юріївна. "THE CONCEPT AND PURPOSE OF TRANSLATION AND MOVEMENT OF EMPLOYEES." Juridical science, no. 3(105) (March 30, 2020): 507–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.32844/2222-5374-2020-105-3.63.
Full textAbstract:
This article is devoted to the complex formation of relevant scientific thought about the essence, as well as the purpose of the transfer and relocation of employees in accordance with the norms of the current labor legislation of Ukraine. In the process of analyzing the current labor legislation, the author, taking into account the main current scientific approaches to understanding “transfer of employees” and “relocation of employees”, establishes that the main goal of “transfer of employees” is manifested in the rationalization of the use of labor resources at the enterprise (in an institution, organization), and the derived purpose of this personnel procedure is associated with individual (situational) manifestations of rationalization of the use of labor resources at the enterprise (in an institution, organization). The implementation of the “relocation of employees” is aimed at production and management (purely production, organizational, economic) rationalization of the use of hired employees by the employer at workplaces that are created at the enterprise (in an institution, organization), in specific conditions of the current needs of the production process. In the process of analyzing the purpose of transferring and relocation employees, it is proved that these personnel procedures are: equally aimed at the optimal use of labor resources by the employer; objectify the purpose and social significance of the production function of labor law, which is also adjusted by the social function of this branch of law. A comprehensive analysis of the purpose of the transfer and relocation of employees allows us to come to the conclusion that they are personnel procedures of a special sectoral legal regime – an integral legal regime for the transfer and relocation of employees. This legal regime is the order of legal regulation of the regime of rational use by the employer of the labor potential of employees (within the framework of industrial relations) through their “movement” (permutations in space, in forms of employment, in a set of responsibilities) without prejudice to ensuring the basis of workers' freedom of work and the harmonious stability of labor relations between employees and employers.
4
Rzhanitsyna, Lyudmila. "Standard of economic sustainability of family a new orientation of income policy." Population 22, no. 1 (May 8, 2019): 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/1561-7785-2019-00009.
Full textAbstract:
Improving labor incentives is a condition for the Russian economy to recover from the crisis, increase the well-being of the population, and further develop the country. In this regard, in the policy and organization of remuneration, it is proposed to switch from an orientation towards the physiological minimum to a standard of income that would allow an employee to earn a decent income on himself and the child, to the standard of economic sustainability of a family with children. A fair salary exempts the worker from dependence on the social assistance of the state, determined by the decision of the official. The transition of the state policy of personal income is a way to reduce the poverty of workers, to ensure material well-being for the economically active population, thereby creating a middle class, the basis of social stability and social peace in society. And the account of expenses for children is an objective component of the price and reproduction of labor in the system of market relations.
5
Zolkover, A., and V. Bozhenko. "APPOACHES TO MACROECONOMIC STABILITY ASSESSMENT." Vìsnik Sumsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu, no. 3 (2020): 303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/1817-9215.2020.3-34.
Full textAbstract:
The rapid development of globalization and convergence processes in the financial sphere, strengthening cooperation between countries in foreign economic activity, digital transformation of economic relations, free movement of labor and liberalization of state regulation inevitably affect the state of macroeconomic stability in the country. Macroeconomic stability is the basis for sustainable economic growth, so its support is one of the most important tasks not only of the central bank, but also of other government regulators and supervisors. To monitor the current state of economic development of the country and identify structural imbalances in the real and financial sectors of the economy, the development of an aggerated indicator becomes objectively necessary. The purpose of this study is to systematize the existing methodological approaches to assessing macroeconomic stability in the country. Methods of induction, analysis, synthesis, comparison were used within the research. The article analyzes the index of macroeconomic stability of individual developed countries and the developing world, calculated by experts from the reinsurance company Swiss Re and the London School of Economics. Analysis of existing methods for assessing macroeconomic stability and its derivatives has identified several approaches: probabilistic (determining the probability of adverse events and phenomena that impair macroeconomic stability), signal (analysis of the market environment based on key indicators and their compliance with threshold values). determination of the deterministic relationship between the selected variables). The obtained results will be of practical value for public authorities and international organizations for the current analysis and adoption of a set of preventive measures to combat crises in the economy. Priority areas for further research are the development of its own methodology for assessing the level of macroeconomic stability of the country, taking into account the presence of transmission effects between participants in the financial and real sectors of the economy.
6
Mizanbekova, S. K., B. B. Kalykova, and D. A. Aitmukhanbetova. "Grain farming is the basis for functioning of grain product sub-complex." Problems of AgriMarket, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.46666/2021-2.2708-9991.16.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – complex multifunctional and dynamic system, which includes a wide range of national economic functions, which is represented by grain farming, and requires priority attention to its development from the state has been analyzed. It is noted that the stability of grain trade, functioning of national and general grain markets depend on the quantity, quality, species range and price level of grain produced, demand, government influence on its production and sale, situation on the world grain market and other factors of an internal and external nature. The research methods are reflected in the improvement of territorial division of labor in the process of grain production and development of grain trade between countries, taking into account the scientific approach to the development and implementation of projects and programs of an interstate association, which should be comprehensive and take into account the positive aspects and barriers in expanding the single grain market. Results – it was revealed that innovative activity, promising innovations for the systems of breeding and seed production of grain crops, development of mechanization, land reclamation, chemical processing, expansion and strengthening of transport routes, information support, management in the fields of grain production and market relations allow the formation of specialized grain zones. Conclusions – in Kazakhstan, it is necessary to create a domestic accounting system in accordance with interstate agreements, according to which, in 2022, a mechanism for the identification and traceability of grain should function in the EAEU. It will require its development, similar to dairy products, which will significantly increase the cost of using these technologies.
7
Trinh, Hang Thi. "Some Some issues on the employee’s right to unilaterally terminate the employment contract under the 2019 Labor Code." Science & Technology Development Journal - Economics - Law and Management 5, no. 3 (June 29, 2021): first. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjelm.v5i3.768.
Full textAbstract:
Article 35 of the Vietnamese Constitution 2013 stipulates that "Citizens have the right to work, choose a career and workplace." This is one of the basic rights of citizens and is concretized by an array of different regulations to regulate the labor relations between employees and employers. Of the regulations, provisions on the employee's right to unilaterally terminate the employment contract are emphasized. Within the scope of this article, the author points out a number of issues which are associated with the employee's rights to unilaterally terminate the employment contract stipulated in the Labor Code 2019, specifically the provisions in Section 3, Chapter III. In order to clarify and deepen the issues, the author uses the comparison method between the provisions of the Labor Code 2019 and the provision of the Labor Code 2012, reviewing and analyzing the issues of grounds and procedures for exercising the right to unilaterally terminate the employment contract of the employee; rights and obligations of employees when unilaterally terminating the employment contract legally; rights and obligations of employees when unilaterally terminating the employment contract illegally. In particular, the issues of grounds for the termination of the employment contract, a notice period before the unilateral termination of the employment contract, severance allowances and unemployment benefits are analyzed thoroughly to highlight the positive points as well as the gaps that currently exist and affect employees and employers. Finally, the author gives a number of recommendations to improve the legal regulations, creating balance and stability in labor relations as well as sustainable development for the economy and society.
8
Parreira, Fernanda Ramos, and Marta Rovery De Souza. "O Trabalho no SUS: retrato das relações trabalhistas no Programa Academia da Saúde." Archives of Health 2, no. 5 (August 9, 2021): 1455–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.46919/archv2n5-007.
Full textAbstract:
RESUMO
Justificativa: As contratações na área da saúde pública brasileira – especialmente em nível municipal – perpassam por essas novas dinâmicas laborais. Trabalhadores da saúde contratados por tempo determinado, relações trabalhistas sem estabilidade ou garantias mínimas de direitos trabalhistas e previdenciários. Objetivo: Refletir sobre as dinâmicas laborais existentes no contexto de um programa. Método: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo-transversal, que utiliza dados secundários referente ao programa Academia da Saúde, bem como dados oriundos de pesquisa de campo. Resultados: Predomínio de profissionais do sexo feminino, jovens, com elevado grau de instrução, presença de equipes multiprofissionais, mas com relações e vínculos de trabalho precarizados, constituídos por meio de contratações temporárias, por exemplo credenciamento, baixa permanência de trabalhadores. Conclusões: As relações de trabalho – no contexto do programa Academia da Saúde, no estado de Goiás – constroem-se de forma precarizada e sem estabilidade ao trabalhador, e contribui a pouca motivação e desinteresse de profissionais em atuarem no programa.
ABSTRACT
Background: Brazilian public health hiring - especially at the municipal level - permeates these new work dynamics. Health workers on a fixed-term basis, unsettled labor relations or minimum guarantees of labor and social security rights. Objective of paper: Reflect on the existing work dynamics in the context of a program. Method: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study that uses secondary data related to the Academia da Saúde program, as well as data from field research. Results: Predominance of female, young, highly educated professionals, presence of multiprofessional teams, although presenting precarious working relationships and bonds, constituted through temporary hiring, for example, accreditation, low permanence of workers. Conclusions: Labor relations - in the context of the Academia da Saúde program in the state of Goiás - are built in a precarious manner and without stability to the worker, contributing to the professionals' lack of motivation and lack of interest in working in the program.
9
Prots, Ivanna. "LEGAL NATURE OF LEGAL RELATIONS IN THE FIELD OF INSURANCE: ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL ASPECT." Social & Legal Studios 12, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32518/2617-4162-2021-2-33-38.
Full textAbstract:
On the basis of the systematic theoretical and legal analysis of scientific researches and the current legislation the legal nature of insurance which is caused by three key approaches – economic, material and legal is investigated. The economic essence of insurance is expressed through the category of monetary funds needed to cover unforeseen needs of society; the material nature of insurance is disclosed through the category of monetary funds, which are used to compensate for damage caused by natural disasters and unforeseen circumstances; the legal content of insurance is manifested through a set of rules governing economic relations related to the protection of the legitimate interests of individuals and legal entities, public entities. It is noted that insurance has all the main functions of the category of finance in financial law but in certain specific manifestations. It is stated that insurance is a complex legal institution, which includes the rules of constitutional, civil, financial, administrative, labor law, social security law, and legal relations arising in connection with insurance, which are public and private law. Imperative norms of the field of financial law have priority in the regulation of public relations, formed in the organization of insurance, implementation of compulsory insurance, licensing of insurance entities, ensuring financial stability and solvency of insurers, on the reorganization of insurance companies, in the National Bank Ukraine's regulatory powers in the areas of insurance control and insurance supervision.
10
Masters, Marick F., and John D. Robertson. "Class Compromises in Industrial Democracies." American Political Science Review 82, no. 4 (December 1988): 1183–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1961755.
Full textAbstract:
The stability of democracies has been of critical interest to students of comparative politics. One question that has received limited empirical analysis is, How do we integrate class conflict into the broader concept of democratic stability? We extend the work of Przeworski and Wallerstein. Our principal thesis is that as the material bases of class exchange diminish, the state intervenes economically to expand the resources conducive to class consent. A tripartite coalition thus emerges, with the state facilitating class compromise between labor and capital through economic policies. We explore this thesis in a cross-national analysis of data collected from 20 advanced industrial democracies during the time period 1965–83, and explore the essential conclusions and the political-economic implications of our findings.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Basis for the stability of labor relations"
1
Швець, В. О. "Проблеми правового регулювання забезпечення стабільності трудових правовідносин." Thesis, КНУ ім. Т. Г. Шевченка, 2021. http://openarchive.nure.ua/handle/document/15070.
Full textAbstract:
Дисертацію присвячено комплексному та ґрунтовному аналізу сутності і проблем правового регулювання забезпечення стабільності трудових правовідносин в Україні. У роботі з’ясовано особливості статики та динаміки трудових правовідносин та охарактеризовано генезис, сутність і соціально-правове значення забезпечення стабільності трудових правовідносин. Розкрито міру узгодження засади стабільності трудових правовідносин із принципами трудового права. Надано комплексну концептуальну характеристику правового механізму забезпечення стабільності трудових правовідносин, а саме розкрито його поняття, ознаки та значення. Проаналізовано систему нормативно-правових актів, якими регулюється функціонування цього механізму, а також оцінено достатність такого правового регулювання. З’ясовано структуру правового механізму забезпечення стабільності трудових правовідносин та сутнісний зміст права на стабільні трудові правовідносини, актуальні форми захисту цього права. Виокремлено проблемні аспекти забезпечення стабільності трудових правовідносин в Україні у контексті поширення атипової форми зайнятості, змін в організації виробництва і праці, рейдерства, умов дії режиму запобігання поширенню інфекційних хвороб. Окреслено теоретичні та практичні проблеми належного функціонування правового механізму забезпечення стабільності трудових правовідносин в Україні. Визначено основні шляхи вирішення проблем функціонування правового механізму забезпечення стабільності трудових правовідносин в Україні. The dissertation is devoted to the complex and thorough analysis of essence and problems of legal regulation of maintenance of stability of labor legal relations in Ukraine. The peculiarities of the statics and dynamics of labor relations are clarified and the genesis, essence and social and legal significance of ensuring the stability of labor relations are characterized. The degree of harmonization of the principles of stability of labor relations with the principles of labor law is revealed. The complex conceptual characteristic of the legal mechanism of maintenance of stability of labor legal relations is given, and its concept, signs and value are revealed. The system of normative-legal acts regulating the functioning of this mechanism is analyzed, and also the sufficiency of such legal regulation is estimated. The structure of the legal mechanism for ensuring the stability of labor relations, as well as the essential content of the right to stable labor relations, the current forms of protection of this right. The problematic aspects of ensuring the stability of labor relations in Ukraine in the context of: the spread of atypical forms of employment; changes in the organization of production and labor; raids; conditions of the regime of prevention of infectious diseases. Theoretical and practical problems of proper functioning of the legal mechanism to ensure the stability of labor relations in Ukraine are outlined. The main ways to solve the problems of the legal mechanism of ensuring the stability of labor relations in Ukraine are identified.
2
Krejsa, Josef. "Organizační změny zaměstnavatele a stabilita pracovněprávních vztahů." Master's thesis, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-396152.
Full textAbstract:
During writing of this work, I focused on the nature and consequences of organizational changes done by employer, that affect labor relations, especially their stability. At the same time, I tried to emphasize the importance of balancing the stability and flexibility of these relationships, which is mainly due to the fact that I supplement my opinion on the balance of these contradictory aspects in the description of the legislation related to the issue. Given that organizational changes affect the weaker side of labor relations, employee, more significantly, I focused on his position in these evaluations. The key role in the interpretation of legislation of organizational changes and related institutes have courts through judgments, that often have to fill gaps that arise mainly due to variability of cases that may occur in practise. The main finding is that the Czech legal regulation of organizational changes provides, in the vast majority od cases, enough freedom to implement the will of both the employer and the employee, as well as largely adheres to one of the main principles of labor laq, protection of employee status. However, some institutes do not fully match the current needs of labor relations and somentimes even the requirements of the European Union. Therefore, we can only believe...
3
Monyakane, ’Mampolokeng ’Mathuso Mary-Elizabeth. "The constitutionality of employers' investigative procedures and disciplinary hearing processes with specific reference to dismissal of employees on the basis of criminal misconducts in South Africa." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/26956.
Full textAbstract:
This Doctoral thesis entitled the Constitutionality of Employers' Investigative Procedures and Disciplinary Hearing Processes with Specific Reference to Dismissal of Employees on the Basis of Criminal Misconducts in South Africa, focusses on individual labour law principles of fair labour practices entrenched in section 23(1) of the Constitution. The thesis deals with fairness in situation where an employee who is suspected of committing a criminal act is investigated and subsequently goes through a disciplinary hearing for dismissal. It determines the extent to which an employee’s criminal guilt is decided before dismissal. As such, the thesis is based upon South African judicial interpretation of the right to fair dismissal. In the process the thesis examines the application of principles informing the employer’s duty to provide fair reason concerning the dismissal of employees criminal suspects. In examining if employers observe constitutional transformative objective when conducting criminal investigations and disciplinary hearings - the thesis reviews the extent to which the employer respects constitutional rationales of equity based on the principles of natural justice. These natural justice principles are the basis upon which section 23(1) fairness is founded. Section 23 (1) is implemented through the LRA provisions. The thesis then concludes that, only one principle of natural justice - audi alteram partem is respected within employer flexibility-based fairness while the other principle - nemo judex in propria sua causa is ignored. It is this denial that causes serious procedural challenges in the quest for equity intended in section 23(1) fair labour practices. It is upon these foundational equity concerns that this thesis opposes the flexibility in employer’s criminal investigations and disciplinary hearing processes entrenched in item 4 (1) of Schedule 8 of the LRA fair procedure for dismissal of employees suspected of criminal acts. The thesis interlinks labour law and criminal law to advocate for the missing constitutionally justiciable fairness for employees who have committed criminal misconducts. It argues that the current judicial interpretation of labour law fairness is based upon the principle of flexibility underlying dismissals, asserting that fairness based on flexibility breeds informal procedural processes which exempt employers from observing crucial constitutional fairness principles expressed through proportionality-based prescripts. The thesis concludes that the practice of including the right against self-incrimination in employment law, done in other common law countries be introduced into the South African labour law through section 39 of the Constitution so that the identified procedural challenges are regulated.Mercantile Law
LL.D.
4
Fulle, Gina. "Les sources d'influence des pratiques d'emploi instaurées par les entreprises multinationales originaires des pays européens dans leurs filiales québécoises." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/12420.
Full textBooks on the topic "Basis for the stability of labor relations"
1
Ultimate security: The environmental basis of political stability. New York: W.W. Norton, 1993.
Find full text
2
Myers, Norman. Ultimate security: The environmental basis of political stability. Washington, D.C: Island Press, 1996.
Find full text
3
Profit sharing: Does it make a difference? : the productivity and stability effects of employee profit-sharing plans. Kalamazoo, Mich: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 1993.
Find full text
4
Dolzhenko, Ruslan. Economic grounds for the development of new forms of labor relations. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/977548.
Full textAbstract:
The monograph examines the key new forms of labor relations (outsourcing, crowdsourcing, and insourcing, freelancing), which by their nature and content have positive qualities for the subjects of labor. The methodological basis of research are the theory of neo-institutional Economics and the theory of transaction costs. The considered approach to the introduction of new practices in the system of labor relations of the organization with consideration of needs of subjects of labour to reduce transaction costs may serve as a guideline to determine promising areas of transformation of labor relations in the innovation economy.
For specialists in the Economics and sociology of labour, as well as all those interested in questions of introduction and use of innovation in the workplace.
5
United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. Prospects for democratic reconciliation and workers rights in Bangladesh: Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, second session, February 11, 2014. Washington: U.S. Government Publishing Office, 2015.
Find full text
6
Stolyarov, Vladimir, and Svetlana Pozdnyak. Economic basis of management of religious organizations. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1014619.
Full textAbstract:
The textbook discusses the economic basis of the economic activity of Orthodox religious organizations. Its chapters are devoted to the characteristics of the Russian Orthodox Church as an economic system, the ownership of religious organizations, their financial and economic activities, business activities, taxation, labor relations and remuneration. General laws of the main economic relations and processes, mechanisms of their implementation are revealed. Theories, concepts and approaches, possible models of successful management of religious organizations are presented. Each Chapter presents a set of tasks that make up the workshop. Meets the requirements of Federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For students of higher theological education. It can be useful for teachers, undergraduates, practitioners of religious organizations, as well as anyone interested in the economic problems of the Russian Orthodox Church. Will provide assistance in self-education and obtaining background information.
7
United States. Congress. Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe. Implementation of the Helsinki accords: Joint hearing before the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe and the Subcommittee on Africa of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, One Hundred Second Congress, first session : Conference on Security, Stability, Development, and Cooperation in Africa, July 30, 1991. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1992.
Find full text
8
United States. Congress. Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe. Implementation of the Helsinki accords: Hearing before the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, Ninety-ninth Congress, first session, Soviet forced labor practices, August 15, 1985, Buffalo, NY. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1986.
Find full text
9
United States. Congress. Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe. Implementation of the Helsinki accords: Hearing before the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, Ninety-ninth Congress, first session, Soviet forced labor practices, August 15, 1985, Buffalo, NY. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1986.
Find full text
10
Bass, Aleksandr, Dmitriy Burakov, and Igor' Molchanov. Finance and credit. Modern concept. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1047892.
Full textAbstract:
The textbook covers the current state of Affairs in the field of financial relations. The most important generally accepted provisions of various concepts of Finance and the most relevant discussion aspects are revealed. Credit science and existing conceptual approaches to the opening of a significant, both socially and economically, category of "credit"are considered. Conceptual approaches to the formation and disclosure of the key provisions of the theory of credit and loan interest in the conditions of perfect and imperfect credit markets, as well as the theoretical foundations of the theory of credit and credit boundaries as the basis for ensuring financial stability are presented. Contains control questions for self-control, situational tasks, and tests. Topics of reports and home creative tasks (essays) are given. Meets the requirements of the Federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For master's degree students in financial and credit areas who study financial and credit disciplines. It can be used by teachers of higher educational institutions, and will also be useful for specialists and experts in the field of Finance and credit.
Book chapters on the topic "Basis for the stability of labor relations"
1
Rosenberg, Samuel. "Business—Labor Relations: Conflict Amidst Stability." In American Economic Development since 1945: Growth, Decline and Rejuvenation, 64–82. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4039-9026-6_4.
Full text
2
Nakagawa, Kayo. "Industrial relations in Japan on the basis of labor union-management relations." In Personalwirtschaftlicher Wandel in Japan, 333–46. Wiesbaden: Gabler Verlag, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-89027-6_16.
Full text
3
Preminger, Jonathan. "Between National Community and Class Solidarity." In Labor in Israel. Cornell University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501717123.003.0014.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 13 expands on the idea of incongruence between political community and labor force by presenting a historical overview of the relationship between Israel and the Palestinians in the field of labor and worker representation. Beginning with Mandatory Palestine, through the establishment of Israel in 1948, the territorial conquest of 1967, the Oslo Accords, and the ongoing occupation, the chapter underscores the Histadrut’s “nationalist” role and charts the incremental incorporation of Palestinian citizens and non-citizens as laborers, but with limited access to political institutions, including the Histadrut and Labor Party. It closes by overviewing Israel’s textile industry as epitomizing the development of the economy according to the requirements of the Jewish state and its relations with the Palestinians. This constitutes the basis for the assertion, explored in the subsequent chapter, that since 1948 Israel has increasingly struggled with the conflicting imperatives of economic incorporation and political exclusion of Palestinians.
4
Preminger, Jonathan. "Renegotiating the Role of the Histadrut." In Labor in Israel. Cornell University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501717123.003.0006.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 5 explores the Histadrut’s continued hegemony, its friendly ties with the political establishment and large employers, and the special status it is granted by the labor courts. The chapter analyzes the dispute between the Histadrut and Koach Laovdim in which the High Court ruled in the Histadrut’s favor, preferring labor relations stability over worker voice and influence. Workers are frustrated with the Histadrut’s autocratic leadership, but also aware of the benefits of its power, and many choose to remain within it. Nonetheless, there are signs of change: demands for increased union democracy, as well as the shock of being rejected by the social protest movement, have goaded the Histadrut into taking a more active part in unionizing and seeking high-level agreements. However, the chapter also discusses the possible contradiction between the partnership and organizing approaches to union revitalization which may undermine the Histadrut’s attempts to regain its political power.
5
Schouten, Gina. "The Political Case for Gender Egalitarianism." In Liberalism, Neutrality, and the Gendered Division of Labor, 198–227. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813071.003.0007.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter argues that a liberal society cannot remain stable over time if its institutions are structured on the basis of an assumption that one’s sex will dictate the kind of work that one does. Stability in the relevant sense includes a moral dimension, and this chapter shows that moralized stability is threatened by arguing that the institutionalized assumption that sex will dictate the kind of work that one does is an affront to the political value of autonomy. When gender norms and social institutions built upon the assumption of breadwinner/homemaker specialization constitute formidable obstacles to the enactment of gender-egalitarian lifestyles, the citizenship interest in stability will license—and in fact demand—interventions to remove those obstacles. The criterion of reciprocity thus positively calls for gender-egalitarian political interventions under these circumstances. I go on to argue that the circumstances demanding those interventions obtain in the United States today.
6
Zheng, Wenzhi, Yen-Chun Jim Wu, and Meizhi Xu. "From Democratic Participation to Shared Values." In Handbook of Research on Human Resources Strategies for the New Millennial Workforce, 421–32. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0948-6.ch022.
Full textAbstract:
A low-level equilibrium exists between low investment among employers and low loyalty among employees in private enterprises, and this is because enterprises follow the laws of the market and wait for changes in labor relations. On the basis of theoretical analysis, this paper establishes a process model to achieve high-level equilibrium between employees and employers and win–win situations. First, enterprises should follow social-exchange laws and create their management philosophies accordingly, in addition to exploring collective targets set including their interaction paths. Second, enterprises should be active and take the first step to improve labor relations through a participative style of management. The ensuing change in employee cognition leads to positive organizational behavior and positive interactions, with the realization of mutual benefit and win–win situations as possible final results. Democratic participative management is a necessary condition for the creation of win–win situations, which can effectively avoid the disequilibrium of high employer investment and low employee loyalty that contributes to labor shortages in China.
7
Regev, Ronny. "Bargaining." In Working in Hollywood, 165–94. University of North Carolina Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469636504.003.0007.
Full textAbstract:
The sixth chapter recounts the history of Hollywood collective bargaining. On a day-to-day basis, the American motion picture industry relied on its ability to balance a modern, rationalized production operation with a more unstructured creative process. However, in times of crisis, when the harmony was interrupted, the creative element was often surrendered. During the 1930s, the presidency of FDR, his New Deal policies, and the empowerment of organized labor throughout the U.S. had a significant influence on Hollywood. The chapter focuses on the rise of the Screen Writers Guild, the Screen Actors Guild, and the Screen Directors Guild, their struggles, the way they chose to pursue them, and the attitude embraced towards them by studio management. However, as is shown, while they borrowed tactics from industrial unions and appealed to the National Labor Relations Board, Hollywood creative employees aligned with traditional industrial labor causes only as long as it served their immediate goals.
8
Wilson, Alice. "Everyday Sovereignty in Exile." In The Everyday Lives of Sovereignty, 134–53. Cornell University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501755736.003.0007.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter examines sovereignty as a set of social relations explored through the case of the Sahrawi refugee camps. Full territorial sovereignty as desired by the refugees is absent in this setting; nevertheless, the various governance activities suggest that the social relations of sovereignty are very much present in the Sahrawi refugee camps. The chapter then addresses what kinds of ethnographic forms these social relations of sovereignty take in exile. The claimed territory of Western Sahara is an essential feature of Sahrawis' aspirations for full sovereignty in the future; the Polisario Front currently controls part of this claimed territory. In the context of Sahrawis' exile, the claimed territory either is not readily accessible for refugees on a daily basis due to distance, or is under Moroccan annexation. As a result, the chapter explores how, in exile, the social relations of sovereignty take the form of relations between people — governing authorities and governed constituencies — with these relations playing out with regard to resources that, due to displacement, take nonterritorial, mobile forms such as rations and refugees' labor.
9
Sousa, Lisa. "Duties and Responsibilities." In The Woman Who Turned Into a Jaguar, and Other Narratives of Native Women in Archives of Colonial Mexico. Stanford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9780804756402.003.0007.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 7 addresses the gendered division of labor at the household and community levels. The chapter examines women’s roles as weavers, craftpersons, producers of food and beverages, midwives and healers, community leaders, merchants, and agriculturalists. Chapter 7 challenges the gendering of “public” and “private” space that is implied in prescriptive texts by showing that women’s duties took them out of the household on a daily basis, and that men, especially craftsmen, frequently worked within the home. It also considers how increasing Spanish demands for labor and tribute and the development of a money economy shaped women’s roles and status. The chapter argues that, in examining various facets of women’s work, it becomes evident that Spanish policies contributed to the slow erosion in women’s status overtime. But Spanish pressures did not fully succeed, for underlying concepts of gender parallelism and complementarity were at the core of social organization and household relations.
10
Boutellier, Hans. "Social order in a network society." In A Criminology of Moral Order, 17–38. Policy Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529203752.003.0002.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter first looks at the information age and its networking mindset. It then examines three tenets from the study of complex systems: structure, synchrony, and stability. It describes the concept of ‘improvising society’, which refers to new social forms of processing alignment and fine-tuning. In both tightly structured and more fluid compositions, arrangements and spontaneous play produce a kaleidoscopic image of networks, clusters and subcultures. The improvising society reflects the new institutional relations. Institutions develop on the basis of tradition and renewal, and give society stability. The alignment of one actor (person, organization) with another actor, and vice versa, ad infinitum, is the ordering process of the current network society.
Conference papers on the topic "Basis for the stability of labor relations"
1
Koev, Krasimir, and Ana Popova. "Social aspects of the intra-EU mobility." In 7th International e-Conference on Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences. Center for Open Access in Science, Belgrade, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32591/coas.e-conf.07.16169k.
Full textAbstract:
The paper presents a topical picture of the intra-EU mobility on the basis of officially published quantitative data. Several social aspects of this type of internal migration are discussed and analyzed, such as: risks for the health, education and socialization of the migrant children; risks for the stability of the migrant families; demographic and social consequences for the EU countries which are reported as the biggest sources of intra-EU mobility. The official statistical data are compared with the results of the authors’ study on socialization deficits for the children from so called “transnational families”, where one or both parent are labor migrants and have left their children to the care of relatives in the country of origin. The comparative results serve as a basis of conclusions about the negative social impact of the intra-EU mobility on the migrant families and especially on their children.
2
Мурашева, Мария Викторовна. "FEATURES OF THE LABOR MARKET IN THE FIELD OF PHYSICAL CULTURE AND SPORTS." In Сборник избранных статей по материалам научных конференций ГНИИ "Нацразвитие" (Санкт-Петербург, Май 2021). Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/may191.2021.83.80.047.
Full textAbstract:
Основой организации труда физкультурных работников является его нормирование. С помощью нормирования определяются общая численность физкультурных работников, количественные соотношения между различными категориями работающих, реализуются возможности роста эффективности их труда. Нормы труда, устанавливаемые физкультурным работникам, зависят от особенностей их деятельности и методов измерения объёма выполняемых ими работ. Особенность нормирования труда ряда категорий физкультурных работников (например, тренеров, инструкторов, организаторов) состоит в том, что результаты труда работников не осуществляются в продукте, а выступают в форме нематериального блага. The basis of the organization of the labor of physical education workers is its rationing. With the help of rationing, the total number of physical education workers is determined, quantitative relations between different categories of working, the possibilities of growth in the effectiveness of their labor are being implemented. Labor standards established by physical workers depend on the peculiarities of their activities and methods for measuring the volume of work performed by them. The peculiarity of the laboring of the labor of a number of categories of physical education workers (for example, coaches, instructors, organizers) is that the results of workers are not carried out in the product, but perform in the form of an intangible good.
3
Abirov, Rustam A. "On the Constitutive Relations in Plasticity at Complex Loading." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-66240.
Full textAbstract:
The calculations of boundary problems by different plasticity theories give different results for many applied problems. One of these reasons is complex loading. Because, calculation of structures and installations which operate under plastic strain conditions, have been done on the basis of simplified stress-strain constraints. Besides, overwhelming majority of structures usually operates under complex multiparametric loading conditions, it is necessary to look for the ways of stating boundary problems of the bodies’ stability and plastic yielding on the basis of experimentally and theoretically substantiated stress-strain correlations. It is a complex problem including the following: comprehensive investigation of material properties; modelling of constitutive relations taking into consideration the experimental investigations of the materials; formulation of numerical approach in combination with new physical correlations.
4
Ivanova, Oksana Evgenevna, and Evgeniia Valerevna Khokhlacheva. "The Level of Development of Crowdsourcing Activities: Russian and Foreign Experience." In All-Russian scientific and practical conference with international participation. Publishing house Sreda, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31483/r-99020.
Full textAbstract:
The article considers the world experience in the development of crowdsourcing, and makes a rating of the countries of the world according to the level of development of crowdsourcing. It is revealed that the large-scale application of crowdsourcing is hindered by the lack of elaboration of issues related to the implementation of crowdsourcing projects, the lack of state regulation of social and labor relations in the "employer-crowdsourcing" system, the lack of theoretical foundations and practical basis for conducting research in this area.
5
Tulanova, Zulfiya. "Trade and Money Relations in Timurid Period." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c10.02081.
Full textAbstract:
We know that the time of Amir Temur and Temurids is the "golden age" in the XIV-XV centuries as a period of revival in the history of Central Asia. At present, the formation of the national economic idea for the economic stability of the country is an actual issue. This article analyzes the conditions created for the development of external and internal trade relations as part of the economic reform in the times of Amir Temur and Timurid, at the same time, highlights the significance of radical changes in socio-economic life of the country as a result of monetary reforms. Our knowledge based on the study of economic reforms in the epoch of Temur and Temurids is a fundamental basis for the further development of our national economic thinking, and its practical use makes a significant contribution to the economic growth of our country.
6
Asanov, Turusbek, and Marat Kudaikulov. "Multinational Corporation as the Highest Form of Managing in Modern Economic System." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.00971.
Full textAbstract:
example of that multinational corporations are the highest form of managing of capitalist economic system. The notable separation of the countries of economic vanguard from other countries (group of the high-growth countries, the socialist countries, the countries) happened to a transitional economy on the basis of multinational corporation development. The economic aspect of this influence is accurately traced in effective instruments of industrial, scientific and technical, social and economic development. Evolutionary changes of the relations of property, the competition, strengthening of regularity of national economies in capitalist economic system are inseparably linked now with multinational corporation. Even in stronger, in the economic plan, the countries consider multinational corporation not only through a prism of economic influence, but also political domination. This moment is telling argument of finding of multinational corporation in the center of serious discussions concerning their role, positive or negative, in the international division of labor, in processes of movement of the capitals and globalization of world economy. It follows from this that the state economic policy in the Kyrgyz Republic which basis are processes of formation and development of the market relations, has to provide active use of the developed economic forms (in this case multinational corporation) more progressive system of the economic relations, i.e. modern capitalism. In this research attempt of theoretical justification of mutually beneficial cooperation of the Kyrgyz Republic with multinational corporation which will act as an interaction basis with multinational corporations present at the Kyrgyz Republic ("Kumtor Opereyting Company", Gazprom, Reemstma, Coca-Cola, etc.) is carried out.
7
Şentürk, Serhat, and Recep Kök. "Industrial Agglomeration Economies: The Case of the Organized Industrial Zones of Komotini-Xanthi-Alexandroupolis." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.00912.
Full textAbstract:
Agglomeration economies brings innovation and high growth rates and describes the advantages of agglomeration as decreasing of transportation costs, providing skilled labor pool and knowledge spillover. We aim to evaluate the industrial agglomeration economies with regard to the organized industrial zones in Komotini, Xanthi and Alexandroupolis that are located in Western Thrace and to develop some suggestion on the zones’ entrepreneurship potential. Survey data analysis; classification method; cluster analysis; factor analysis. Industrial agglomeration is an important concept on determining economic integration and dispersion of economic activities. Therefore, we consider the advantages of agglomeration and co-agglomeration in terms of the theoretical basis related to organized industrial zones as a model of industrial settlement. In this framework, in with model of industrial some surveys will be applied to 81 firms in the sample. The findings show that agglomeration economies support to competitive environment. This study will contribute to the policy suggestions on relations between Turkey and Greece in terms of forecasters of the related econometric application.
8
Acaroğlu, Doğaç, and Kenan Terzioğlu. "Inflation and Marginal Costs in Open Economies: The New Keynesian Hybrid Phillips Curve." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c13.02566.
Full textAbstract:
The inclusion of the inflation rate in wage determination affects the behavior of economic actors and also positions the expected inflation as one of the main factors in determining inflation. Changes in currency parities in developing countries, which make their production dependent on imports, affect costs and prices. Moreover, changes in labor market structures resulting from free capital flows affect employment and the inflation phenomenon. This paper analyzes the current inflation, expected inflation, and output gap relations with the fuzzy linear regression method in the context of the Turkish economy, which has inflation and effective external dependency. Based on the results obtained using marginal cost instead of the output gap, policy recommendations are provided. The scope of this paper comprises the New Keynesian Hybrid Phillips curve that includes external factors. The relationship between inflation and relevant variables is statistically significant and positive, proving the fuzzy linear regression results as promising. To obtain economic stability and policy precautions, we must examine whether the use of tight monetary policies for coping with inflation leads to unemployment and whether expansionist monetary policies lead to inflation.
9
Clauss, Gu¨nther F., Janou Hennig, Heike Cramer, and Stefan Kru¨ger. "Development of Safer Ships by Deterministic Analysis of Extreme Roll Motions in Harsh Seas." In ASME 2003 22nd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2003-37174.
Full textAbstract:
For modern ship design — as confirmed by many examples of ship design and operation — the current intact stability code (IMO (2002)) does not provide a reliable basis for the assessment of ship safety in rough seas. In ship design the application of the IS-Code is not supporting design decisions towards increased safety in rough seas (Cramer and Kru¨ger (2001)), and ship operators find their cargo and/or vessels endangered by large roll angles and accelerations (France et al. (2001)). Thus, there is a great need for procedures to analyze ship safety in rough seas. This paper presents innovative deterministic seakeeping test procedures which are used to identify the physical mechanism endangering intact ships by evaluating cause-reaction relations of wave/structure interaction. Rogue wave sequences are embedded in severe seas for computer controlled capsizing tests of different vessels at the Hamburg Ship Model Basin. The model test results are used as a basis for the development of non-linear numerical methods to simulate ship motions in extreme seas with the target to design safer ships with reduced capsizing risk. Polar plots following from the non-linear simulations allow the evaluation of ship safety in severe seas with reference to course, speed and trim.
10
Davydov, I. F., G. V. Egorov, and V. V. Kozlyakov. "The Simplified Method for the Wave Loads Statistical Characteristics Estimation in Stationary Confused Seas." In ASME 2004 23rd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2004-51500.
Full textAbstract:
Practically relevant procedures of construction of the short-term and long-term distributions of wave loads and combined stresses at two- and three-dimensional waves is based on the rather cumbersome schemes of definition of the standards “σyi”, effective periods “Tyie” and correlation coefficients “ryiyi” of wave loads “yi”. These calculations can be made more visible and essentially simplified on the basis of the shape stability of the doubly-normalized amplitude-frequency (AFC) and mutual-frequency response characteristics (MFRC). All specific features of these characteristics are determined by their maximum values and frequencies of maxima. In the report the convenient formulae for estimation of σyi, Tyie and ryiyj are derived, and graphs of functions, determining them, for different wave loads are plotted. These relations allow to reveal major influencing factors and use them for construction of the short-term and long-term spectra of wave loads and stresses for full transport ships (CB > 0.75), including FPSO ships, for which non-linear and dynamic effects are expressed rather weakly.
Reports on the topic "Basis for the stability of labor relations"
1
Navajas, Fernando, Hildegart Ahumada, Santos Espina-Mairal, and Guillermo Bermúdez. Productivity Growth and Infrastructure-Related Sectors: The Case of Mexico. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003606.
Full textAbstract:
This technical note examines the interactions between infrastructure and productivity growth in Mexico. To address this relation, we follow an approach that seek to tie down infrastructure productivity improvements in terms of the impact of particular types of infrastructure on particular sectors, thus providing the basis for informed decisions on investment priorities for economic growth. We have been able to identify significant relations between labor and capital productivity improvements, or capital deepening (i.e., investment) in infrastructure-related sectors and labor productivity improvements in other sectors. Sectoral infrastructure priorities can be found in the transport and energy sectors, broadly defined, with effects that have regional differences. The nature of our results points to complementary policies and the need to improve the regulatory compact for infrastructure in Mexico. Our results recommend special attention to the regulatory/competition policy approach in transport, and the electricity wholesale market.
2
Lazonick, William, Philip Moss, and Joshua Weitz. Equality Denied: Tech and African Americans. Institute for New Economic Thinking, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp177.
Full textAbstract:
Thus far in reporting the findings of our project “Fifty Years After: Black Employment in the United States Under the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission,” our analysis of what has happened to African American employment over the past half century has documented the importance of manufacturing employment to the upward socioeconomic mobility of Blacks in the 1960s and 1970s and the devastating impact of rationalization—the permanent elimination of blue-collar employment—on their socioeconomic mobility in the 1980s and beyond. The upward mobility of Blacks in the earlier decades was based on the Old Economy business model (OEBM) with its characteristic “career-with-one-company” (CWOC) employment relations. At its launching in 1965, the policy approach of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission assumed the existence of CWOC, providing corporate employees, Blacks included, with a potential path for upward socioeconomic mobility over the course of their working lives by gaining access to productive opportunities and higher pay through stable employment within companies. It was through these internal employment structures that Blacks could potentially overcome barriers to the long legacy of job and pay discrimination. In the 1960s and 1970s, the generally growing availability of unionized semiskilled jobs gave working people, including Blacks, the large measure of employment stability as well as rising wages and benefits characteristic of the lower levels of the middle class. The next stage in this process of upward socioeconomic mobility should have been—and in a nation as prosperous as the United States could have been—the entry of the offspring of the new Black blue-collar middle class into white-collar occupations requiring higher educations. Despite progress in the attainment of college degrees, however, Blacks have had very limited access to the best employment opportunities as professional, technical, and administrative personnel at U.S. technology companies. Since the 1980s, the barriers to African American upward socioeconomic mobility have occurred within the context of the marketization (the end of CWOC) and globalization (accessibility to transnational labor supplies) of high-tech employment relations in the United States. These new employment relations, which stress interfirm labor mobility instead of intrafirm employment structures in the building of careers, are characteristic of the rise of the New Economy business model (NEBM), as scrutinized in William Lazonick’s 2009 book, Sustainable Prosperity in the New Economy? Business Organization and High-Tech Employment in the United States (Upjohn Institute). In this paper, we analyze the exclusion of Blacks from STEM (science, technology, engineering, math) occupations, using EEO-1 employment data made public, voluntarily and exceptionally, for various years between 2014 and 2020 by major tech companies, including Alphabet (Google), Amazon, Apple, Cisco, Facebook (now Meta), Hewlett Packard Enterprise, HP Inc., Intel, Microsoft, PayPal, Salesforce, and Uber. These data document the vast over-representation of Asian Americans and vast under-representation of African Americans at these tech companies in recent years. The data also shine a light on the racial, ethnic, and gender composition of large masses of lower-paid labor in the United States at leading U.S. tech companies, including tens of thousands of sales workers at Apple and hundreds of thousands of laborers & helpers at Amazon. In the cases of Hewlett-Packard, IBM, and Intel, we have access to EEO-1 data from earlier decades that permit in-depth accounts of the employment transitions that characterized the demise of OEBM and the rise of NEBM. Given our findings from the EEO-1 data analysis, our paper then seeks to explain the enormous presence of Asian Americans and the glaring absence of African Americans in well-paid employment under NEBM. A cogent answer to this question requires an understanding of the institutional conditions that have determined the availability of qualified Asians and Blacks to fill these employment opportunities as well as the access of qualified people by race, ethnicity, and gender to the employment opportunities that are available. Our analysis of the racial/ethnic determinants of STEM employment focuses on a) stark differences among racial and ethnic groups in educational attainment and performance relevant to accessing STEM occupations, b) the decline in the implementation of affirmative-action legislation from the early 1980s, c) changes in U.S. immigration policy that favored the entry of well-educated Asians, especially with the passage of the Immigration Act of 1990, and d) consequent social barriers that qualified Blacks have faced relative to Asians and whites in accessing tech employment as a result of a combination of statistical discrimination against African Americans and their exclusion from effective social networks.
3
Blum, Abraham, and Henry T. Nguyen. Molecular Tagging of Drought Resistance in Wheat: Osmotic Adjustment and Plant Productivity. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580672.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Drought stress is a major limitation to bread wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) productivity and its yield stability in arid and semi-arid regions of world including parts of Israel and the U.S. Currently, breeding for sustained yields under drought stress is totally dependent on the use of yield and several key physiological attributes as selection indices. The attempt to identify the optimal genotype by evaluating the phenotype is undermining progress in such breeding programs. Osmotic adjustment (OA) is an effective drought resistance mechanism in many crop plants. Evidence exists that there is a genetic variation for OA in wheat and that high OA capacity supports wheat yields under drought stress. The major objective of this research was to identify molecular markers (RFLPs, restriction fragment length polymorphisms; and AFLPs, amplified fragment length polymorph isms) linked to OA as a major attribute of drought resistance in wheat and thus to facilitate marker-assisted selection for drought resistance. We identified high and low OA lines of wheat and from their cross developed recombinant inbred lines (RILs) used in the molecular tagging of OA in relation to drought resistance in terms of plant production under stress. The significant positive co-segregation of OA, plant water status and yield under stress in this RIL population provided strong support for the important role of OA as a drought resistance mechanism sustaining wheat production under drought stress. This evidence was obtained in addition to the initial study of parental materials for constructing this RIL population, which also gave evidence for a strong correlation between OA and grain yield under stress. This research therefore provides conclusive evidence on the important role of OA in sustaining wheat yield under drought stress. The measurement of OA is difficult and the selection for drought resistance by the phenotypic expression of OA is practically impossible. This research provided information on the genetic basis of OA in wheat in relations to yield under stress. It provided the basic information to indicate that molecular marker assisted selection for OA in wheat is possible. The RIL population has been created by a cross between two agronomic spring wheat lines and the high OA recombinants in this population presented very high OA values, not commonly observed in wheat. These recombinants are therefore an immediate valuable genetic recourse for breeding well-adapted drought resistant wheat in Texas and Israel. We feel that this work taken as a whole eliminate the few previous speculated . doubts about the practical role of OA as an important mechanism of drought resistance in economic crop plants. As such it should open the way, in terms of both concept and the use of marker assisted selection, for improving drought resistance in wheat by deploying high osmotic adjustment.