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Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Basic Handbook on the Essentials of EU Competition Law. Madrid: Dykinson, 2015.

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2

United States. Bureau of Land Management., United States. Dept. of Agriculture., United States. Dept. of Energy., United States. Energy Information Administration., and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Scientific inventory of onshore Federal lands' oil and gas resources and the extent and nature of restrictions or impediments to their development: Phase II cumulative inventory : northern Alaska, Montana Thrust Belt, Powder River Basin, Wyoming Thrust Belt, greater Green River Basin, Denver Basin, Uinta-Piceance Basin, Paradox/San Juan Basins, Appalachian Basin, Black Warrior Basin, Florida Peninsula. [Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management,], 2006.

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3

Hudson, William J. The basic mechanisms of Japanese farm policy: Illustrated by rice price support and beef import restrictions : how they work. Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 1990.

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4

Oman's basic statute and human rights: Protections and restrictions : with a focus on nationality, shura, and freedom of association. Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 2013.

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5

Hudson, William J. The basic mechanisms of Japanese farm policy: Illustrated by rice price support and beef import restrictions : how they work. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 1990.

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6

), National Agricultural Pesticide Impact Assessment Program (U S. The effects of restricting or banning atrazine use to reduce surface water contamination in the Upper Mississippi River Basin: A summary. Washington, D.C.?]: The Program, 1992.

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7

Ovsyannikov, Evgeniy, and Tamara Gaytova. Optimal control of traction electric drives. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1141767.

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The monograph considers various types of traction electric drives of motor vehicles intended for operation in urban conditions. Mathematical models of these systems are proposed. On the basis of parametric optimization and graphoanalytic method, a method of joint control of electric drives according to the criteria of minimum losses and maximum overload capacity, taking into account possible restrictions on the resources of power elements, has been developed. For a wide range of readers interested in improving motor vehicles. It will be useful for students, postgraduates and teachers of engineering and technical universities.
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8

Dubanov, Aleksandr. Computer simulation in pursuit problems. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/02102-6.

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Currently, computer simulation in virtual reality systems has a special status. In order for a computer model to meet the requirements of the tasks it models, it is necessary that the mathematical apparatus correctly describe the simulated phenomena. In this monograph, the simulation of pursuit problems is carried out. An adaptive modeling of the behavior of both pursuers and targets is carried out. An iterative calculation of the trajectories of the participants in the pursuit problem is carried out. The main attention is paid to the methods of pursuit and parallel rendezvous. These methods are taken as the basis of the study and are modified in the future. The scientific novelty of the study is the iterative calculation of the trajectories of the participants in the pursuit task when moving at a constant speed, while following the predicted trajectories. The predicted trajectories form a one-parameter network of continuous lines of the first order of smoothness. The predicted trajectories are calculated taking into account the restrictions on the curvature of the participant in the pursuit problem. The fact of restrictions on curvature can be interpreted as restrictions on the angular frequency of rotation of the object of the pursuit problem. Also, the novelty is the calculation of the iterative process of group pursuit of multiple targets, when targets are hit simultaneously or at specified intervals. The calculation of the parameters of the network of predicted trajectories is carried out with a curvature variation in order to achieve the desired temporal effect. The work also simulates the adaptive behavior of the pursuer and the target. The principle of behavior can be expressed on the example of a pursuer with a simple phrase: "You go to the left - I go to the left." This happens at each iteration step in terms of choosing the direction of rotation. For the purpose, the principle of adaptive behavior is expressed by the phrase: "You go to the left - I go to the right." The studies, algorithms and models presented in the monograph can be in demand in the design of autonomously controlled unmanned aerial vehicles with elements of artificial intelligence. The task models in the monograph are supplemented with many animated images, where you can see the research process. Also, the tasks have an implementation in a computer mathematics system and can be transferred to virtual reality systems if necessary.
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9

United States. Dept. of the Interior., United States. Dept. of Agriculture., United States. Dept. of Energy., United States. Bureau of Land Management., United States. Energy Information Administration., and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Scientific inventory of onshore Federal lands' oil and gas resources and reserves and the extent and nature of restrictions or impediments to their development: The Paradox/San Juan, Uinta/Piceance, greater Green River, and Powder River Basins and the Montana Thrust Belt. [Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, 2003.

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10

United States. Bureau of Land Management. Scientific inventory of onshore Federal lands' oil and gas resources and reserves and the extent and nature of restrictions or impediments to their development: The Paradox/San Juan, Uinta/Piceance, greater Green River, and Powder River Basins and the Montana Thrust Belt. [Washington, D.C.]: [U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management], 2003.

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11

Hlushko, Stanislav. The System of Theatrical Improvisation: Ukrainian publisher presents the essay "The system of theatrical improvisation,” a result of ten-year experience of actor Stanislav Hlushko in the "Black Square" theater, Kiev. Improvisation by itself is not a novelty. It is known from performances of the antiquity by strolling comedians, Commedia dell'arte performers in Italy... A myth was created that improvisation should be prepared, and there is no other way. In the middle of the last century, Viola Spolin and Keith Johnstone began to develop improvisation techniques… This book describes a fundamentally different approach to improvisation, free of any restrictions. Systematically described are the basic laws of existence of an actor in spontaneous improvisation, fundamentals of improvisational dialogue, structural improvisation, and various playing situations. Kiev, Ukraine: Dmytro Strelbytskyy, 2014.

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12

Kleinkauf, Phillip Scott. Bacterial community structure of hydrothermal vents at Guaymas Basin, Mexico as determined by amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis. 2000.

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13

Service, United States Forest, and United States. Bureau of Land Management., eds. Travel restrictions in the Gunnison Basin. [Washinton, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, 2005.

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14

Service, United States Forest, and United States. Bureau of Land Management., eds. Travel restrictions in the Gunnison Basin. [Washinton, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, 2005.

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15

Service, United States Forest, and United States. Bureau of Land Management., eds. Travel restrictions in the Gunnison Basin. [Washinton, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, 2005.

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16

Service, United States Forest, and United States. Bureau of Land Management, eds. Travel restrictions in the Gunnison Basin. [Washinton, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, 2005.

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17

Parpworth, Neil. 18. Freedom of expression. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198810704.003.0018.

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This chapter focuses on laws governing freedom of expression in the UK. Freedom of expression is widely considered to be a necessary feature in any democratic state. The chapter considers the extent to which restrictions are placed on the freedom of expression in the UK. It considers laws for the control of obscenity and indecency, the publication of obscene matter, the test of obscenity, defences, powers of search and seizure, and the possession of pornographic images. The discussion also considers that part of the law of contempt of court which relates to restricting the ability of the media to report court proceedings. This chapter is confined to the law relating to obscenity and indecency and contempt of court on the basis that they share the important characteristic of being regulated by both statute and the common law.
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18

Scientific inventory of onshore Federal lands' oil and gas resources and the extent and nature of restrictions or impediments to their development: Phase II cumulative inventory : northern Alaska, Montana Thrust Belt, Powder River Basin, Wyoming Thrust Belt, greater Green River Basin, Denver Basin, Uinta-Piceance Basin, Paradox/San Juan Basins, Appalachian Basin, Black Warrior Basin, Florida Peninsula. [Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management,], 2006.

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19

United States. Bureau of Land Management., United States. Dept. of Agriculture., and United States. Dept. of Energy., eds. Scientific inventory of onshore Federal lands' oil and gas resources and the extent and nature of restrictions or impediments to their development: Phase II cumulative inventory : northern Alaska, Montana Thrust Belt, Powder River Basin, Wyoming Thrust Belt, greater Green River Basin, Denver Basin, Uinta-Piceance Basin, Paradox/San Juan Basins, Appalachian Basin, Black Warrior Basin, Florida Peninsula. [Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management,], 2006.

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20

Scientific inventory of onshore Federal lands' oil and gas resources and the extent and nature of restrictions or impediments to their development: Phase II cumulative inventory : northern Alaska, Montana Thrust Belt, Powder River Basin, Wyoming Thrust Belt, greater Green River Basin, Denver Basin, Uinta-Piceance Basin, Paradox/San Juan Basins, Appalachian Basin, Black Warrior Basin, Florida Peninsula. [Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management,], 2006.

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21

Monteiro, Cássia Juliana de Souza. A liberdade religiosa dos professores, na Alemanha - A proibição geral do uso do véu islâmico por professoras de escolas públicas, em especial. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-351-0.

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In this study, we used as a basis the examination of the German Constitutional Court case law of January 27th, 2015, in which the right of two Muslim employees at public schools to use hijab in the workplace was discussed. We cover the protection of religious freedom in Germany, as defined in art. 4th of the German Basic Law; the relevance of abstract risk and concrete risk in the rationale for an eventual restriction on the fundamental right to religious freedom; the difference and the application of “weighting” and “proportionality”, within the scope of the constitutional interpretation principle of “practical agreement”, where the legal assets to be protected must be coordinated with each other, so that each of them, individually, gain reality, being applied in the relationship “positive religious freedom v. negative religious freedom”; and we highlight the importance of the concept of “neutrality” adopted by States, where some of them are based on secularity and others on secularism.
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22

Alsalmi, Hussain S. Oman's Basic Statute and Human Rights : Protections and Restrictions: With a Focus on Nationality, Shura, and Freedom of Association. de Gruyter GmbH, Walter, 2020.

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23

Madhav, Khosla. Part III Constituting Democracy, Ch.14 Constitutional Amendment. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198704898.003.0014.

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This chapter examines the formal method for constitutional amendment provided for in Article 368 of the Indian Constitution. It first reviews the early cases that gave rise to the Basic Structure doctrine, which placed substantive restrictions upon the power of amendment, before exploring subsequent developments and the application of the doctrine. It considers how Indian courts have addressed the idea of an unconstitutional constitutional amendment, with particular emphasis on the architectural framework that the courts have envisioned the Constitution to have. It explains how the Basic Structure doctrine has been used to understand the principles on which constitutionalism must depend.
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24

Karttunen, Lauri. Finite-State Technology. Edited by Ruslan Mitkov. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199276349.013.0018.

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The article introduces the basic concepts of finite-state language processing: regular languages and relations, finite-state automata, and regular expressions. Many basic steps in language processing, ranging from tokenization, to phonological and morphological analysis, disambiguation, spelling correction, and shallow parsing, can be performed efficiently by means of finite-state transducers. The article discusses examples of finite-state languages and relations. Finite-state networks can represent only a subset of all possible languages and relations; that is, only some languages are finite-state languages. Furthermore, this article introduces two types of complex regular expressions that have many linguistic applications, restriction and replacement. Finally, the article discusses the properties of finite-state automata. The three important properties of networks are: that they are epsilon free, deterministic, and minimal. If a network encodes a regular language and if it is epsilon free, deterministic, and minimal, the network is guaranteed to be the best encoding for that language.
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25

Munro, James. Exceptions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828709.003.0009.

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Chapter 9 provides an overview of the availability and applicability of exceptions that could potentially save aspects of emissions trading schemes that otherwise violate international economic law. Drawing on the justifications set out in respect of those impugned aspects of emissions trading schemes in Chapter 8, Chapter 9 explains which of those justifications might be permissible under international economic law, and the kind of evidence that would be required to make out a successful defence. This chapter finds that justifications that are rationally connected to the goal of mitigating climate change or safeguarding financial markets, and which deploy the least trade-restrictive means possible, could form the basis of a defence in many instances. However, justifications that are grounded in other economic or social policy goals, or for which there is a less trade-restrictive means of achieving that end, will be less likely to save a measure that is otherwise a violation of international economic law.
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26

Stapley, Jonathan A. Priesthood Ordination. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190844431.003.0001.

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Early Mormons used the Book of Mormon as the basis for their ecclesiology and understanding of the open heaven. Church leaders edited, harmonized, and published Joseph Smith’s revelation texts, expanding understandings of ecclesiastical priesthood office. Joseph Smith then revealed the Nauvoo Temple liturgy, with its cosmology that equated heaven, kinship, and priesthood. This cosmological priesthood was materialized through sealings at the temple altar and was the context for expansive teachings incorporating women into priesthood. This cosmology was also the basis for polygamy, temple adoption, and restrictions on the participation of black men and women in the church. This framework gave way at the end of the nineteenth century to a new priesthood cosmology introduced by Joseph F. Smith based on male ecclesiastical office. As church leaders expanded the meaning of priesthood to comprise the entire power and authority of God, they struggled to integrate women into church cosmology.
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27

Güth, Werner. Mechanism Design and the Law. Edited by Francesco Parisi. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199684267.013.033.

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Mechanism design is the game theoretic jargon for institutional design and the even older tradition (in German) of ‘Ordnungspolitik’ (institutional design policy). When implementing institutions or mechanisms (or simply rules of conduct) such regulation should usually be codified by complementing the law appropriately. This article first derives and discusses legal rules as traditionally justified and implemented legally. This is then confronted with game theoretic mechanism design, relying on Dominance Solvability or the Revelation Principle. It is argued that the Revelation Principle is very useful for welfaristic or, more generally, consequentialistic explorations of what is attainable but offers no practical basis for legal mechanism design due to its unrealistic common knowledge restrictions.
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28

Fischer, Nick. Antidemocracy and Authoritarianism. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040023.003.0012.

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This chapter examines antidemocracy and paranoid authoritarianism as part of the Anticommunist Spider Web. It shows how anticommunist conspiracy theory, anticommunist propaganda, and the actions of many anticommunists encouraged the destruction of democracy and its replacement by a system of government by kinship group or tribe. It argues that the propaganda issued by the Spider Web, stressing the inherent disloyalty and degeneracy of huge sections of the community, inevitably pointed toward the restriction of American citizenship to those who truly deserved it. Anticommunism sought to restrict the franchise to people of the same ethnic background and religious and political beliefs. So even though anticommunist rhetoric emphasized the virtues of republican government and the universal basis of citizenship, it ultimately sought to legitimize an antidemocratic and even authoritarian society.
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29

Roger, Halson. 5 Analogous Provisions and Avoidance Techniques. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198785132.003.0005.

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This chapter first examines the provisions that operate in a similar way to a stipulated damages clause. These include advance payments, forfeiture clauses, and deposits. As these analogous provisions are either subject to a different, or no, regulatory regime they are often the basis of ‘avoidance techniques’ used deliberately to evade the restrictions of the penalty rule. These techniques are examined in the second part of the chapter. The final section outlines some general guidance about the drafting of clauses which will be subject to review. The general points discussed are supported by reference to the relevant case law considered elsewhere in this book that inform, or are essential background to, the guidance offered.
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30

Weitzman, Martin L. A Tight Connection Among Wealth, Income, Sustainability, and Accounting in an Ultra-Simplified Setting. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803720.003.0003.

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In theory, and under some very strong assumptions, there exists a tight quantitative relationship among the following four fundamental economic concepts: (1) ‘wealth’; (2) ‘income’; (3) ‘sustainability’; (4) ‘accounting’. These four basic concepts are placed in quotation marks here because a necessary first step will be to carefully and rigorously define what exactly is meant by each. This chapter reviews what is known about this important fourfold quantitative relationship in an ultra-simplified setting. It identifies some basic applications of this simplified economic theory of wealth and income (and sustainability and accounting). While the contents of this chapter are expressed at a very high level of abstraction and require many restrictive assumptions, the fundamental fourfold relationship it sharply highlights should be useful for conceptualizing, at least in principle, what is ‘wealth’ and what is its theoretical relationship to ‘income’, ‘sustainability’, and ‘accounting’.
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31

Goodall, Alex. Red Scare. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038037.003.0004.

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This chapter looks at how the government began 1919 by beating a retreat from political policing, far from charging toward a Red Scare. However, much of the private-sector machinery of countersubversion still remained in place. Voluntarist groups were less concerned with constitutional restrictions on political policing than Congress or the White House and, having benefited directly from the wartime campaign, sought to continue their activities. In so doing, they tended to drift away from the basic question of national security that had shaped wartime policy and toward matters of personal interest. Having already demonstrated their efficacy, national security justifications for countersubversive activism persisted, but they became increasingly tenuous, as individual groups sought to denounce their rivals as disloyal, treasonous, and a danger to the general good.
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32

Rodríguez Juárez, Carolina. Accesibilidad a la función Sujeto en lengua inglesa: restricciones funcionales, intrínsecas y jerárquicas. Servicio de Publicaciones y Difusión Científica de la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20420/1650.2021.479.

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La accesibilidad de un término para participar en una operación gramatical como la asignación de Sujeto está condicionada por restricciones jerárquicas, funcionales e intrínsecas que favorecerán la asignación de la función de Sujeto al primer argumento, resultando en una oración activa, o a un término distinto al primer argumento, obteniéndose una construcción pasiva. Estas restricciones se representan en forma de jerarquías de carácter tipológico cuya relevancia ha sido enfatizada tanto en la teoría de la Gramática Funcional (Dik, 1978, 1989) como en la Gramática Discursivo-Funcional (Hengeveld y Mackenzie, 2008, 2011) y cuya validez no solo está demostrada en estudios realizados entre lenguas, sino también en el caso de lenguas individuales al permitir determinar qué categorías son estadísticamente más frecuentes y consecuentemente menos marcadas en una lengua en particular. A través de un estudio cuantitativo y multidimensional basado en el análisis de un corpus escrito formado por oraciones activas transitivas y pasivas en lengua inglesa, estudiamos la incidencia directa de siete jerarquías de prioridad en la selección de Sujeto: Jerarquía de Funciones Semánticas, de Definición, de Persona, de Animacidad, de Número, de Entidades/ Abstracción, de Predicación y la Jerarquía de Términos. Los resultados demuestran que se observan preferencias de unas jerarquías sobre otras a la hora de determinar la accesibilidad de los términos a la función sintáctica de Sujeto. Basándonos en los niveles de frecuencia y de dominancia registrados entre las jerarquías, presentamos una nueva jerarquía que predice qué prioridades son más dominantes en esta operación gramatical. Estas prioridades se agrupan y ordenan jerárquicamente en tres grandes bloques atendiendo al tipo de restricciones que expresan: restricciones relacionadas con la complejidad estructural y movilidad sintáctica del término; restricciones intrínsecas del término asociadas con operadores gramaticales; y restricciones atribuibles al referente del término. Accessibility to the Subject function in the English language: functional, intrinsic and hierarchical restrictions The accessibilty of terms in grammatical operations such as Subject assignment is constrained by hierarchical, functional and intrinsic restrictions that will either trigger the assignment of the Subject function to a first argument resulting in an active sentence, or to a non-first argument, which will produce a passive sentence. These restrictions are represented in the form of typological hierarchies whose relevance has been stressed both in the theory of Functional Grammar (Dik, 1978, 1989) and in Functional Discourse Grammmar (Hengeveld y Mackenzie, 2008, 2011), and whose validity has been tested not only in studies across languages but also in the case of individual languages since they are able to determine what categories are statistically more frequent and, as a result, less marked in a particular language. Through a quantitative and multidimensional study based on a written corpus of active and passive sentences in English, we explore the direct impact of seven priority hierarchies on Subject selection: the Semantic Function Hierarchy, the Definiteness Hierarchy, the Person Hierarchy, the Animacy Hierarchy, the Number Hierarchy, the Entities/Abstraction Hierarchy, the Predication Hierarchy and the Term Hierarchy. The results reveal that preferences of some hierarchies over others can be observed when determining the accessibility of terms to the Subject function. Taking as a basis the frequency and dominance levels registered for the different hierarchies, we present a new hierarchy that predicts what priorities are more dominant in this grammatical operation. These priorites are grouped and ordered in a hierarchical fashion into three big blocks according to the type of constraints they express: restrictions related to the structural complexity and syntactic mobility of the term; intrinsic restrictions of the term associated with grammatical operators; and restrictions related to the referent of the term.
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33

Lubin, Timothy. The Vedic Student. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198702603.003.0008.

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This chapter examines the form and purpose of the Vedic studentship, and the special importance that came to be attached to it as Brahmins sought to reposition their tradition as a basis for establishing religious and legal norms for society. Studentship took the form of a regimen (vrata) of mildly ascetical observances (strict chastity and restrictions on speech, diet, and dress, along with other ritual duties), collectively known as brahmacarya. This regimen, probably at first constitutive of Brahmin status, is extended in the Vedic codes of domestic ritual (gṛhyasūtras) to two other classes of male Āryas as well. The initiation into this observance, symbolically a rebirth through the Veda, becomes in fact the marker of Ārya social status and it provides a template for a multitude of other similar expiatory or supererogatory regimens that structure the life of Smārta Brahmanical piety.
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34

Stemplowska, Zofia, and Adam Swift. Dethroning Democratic Legitimacy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813972.003.0001.

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The chapter considers the contributions made by democratic legitimacy and social justice to the question of what may permissibly be enforced. According to the conventional view, democratic decisions forfeit their claim to permissible enforceability only when they are gravely unjust. That view is rejected here as unduly restrictive, with a “balancing” view proposed instead, according to which the two considerations need to be balanced on a case-by-case basis. Both the provenance and the content of decisions yield pro tanto reasons: which determines the permissibility of enforcement depends on whether we have greater reason in any given case to advance legitimacy or justice. A democratically legitimate law or policy need not be gravely unjust for it to be wrong to enforce it.
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35

Bingzhi, Zhao. Progress and Trend of the Reform of the Death Penalty in China. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190272654.003.0009.

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Death penalty reform is one of the most realistic major questions in the field of criminal law or even in the construction of rule of law in China. Basing itself on contemporary social, legal, and international contexts, Chinese death penalty reform pays equal attention to legislative reform and judicial reform, and stresses positive interactions between the change of public attitude and that of the legal system. Consequently, it has progressed quickly and made noticeable achievements. The overall developing trend of death penalty reform in China is to strictly limit and gradually reduce the use of the death penalty, with a view to finally abolishing the ultimate punishment. To achieve this goal, China should continue to impose strict restrictions on the scope of criminals eligible for the death penalty and reduce capital crimes, and use long-term imprisonments as an alternative to the ultimate punishment more actively than before.
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36

Boyle, Alan, and Navraj Singh Ghaleigh. Climate Change and International Law beyond the UNFCCC. Edited by Kevin R. Gray, Richard Tarasofsky, and Cinnamon Carlarne. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199684601.003.0002.

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This chapter discusses the various shortcomings of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol. As a ‘framework convention’, the UNFCCC itself does not regulate climate change but only creates a basis for negotiating multilateral solutions. The Convention’s most evident weakness, as demonstrated during the Marrakesh Accords and the Copenhagen negotiations, is the dependence on the ability of the parties to reach the necessary agreement within a timescale. Complementary to the Convention, the Kyoto Protocol establishes quantitative emission restrictions to advanced industrial states, or Annex I parties. However, the Protocol only focuses on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions rather than on consumption, a reason which led to Canada’s withdrawal. According to international governance scholar Oran Young, these problems emerge as a result of the climate change regime not being based on ‘principles of fairness’ that are broadly acceptable major players.
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37

Craig, Paul, and Gráinne de Búrca. 21. Free Movement of Workers. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198714927.003.0021.

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All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. The free movement of workers is of central importance to the EU, in both economic and social terms. This is reflected in the legislation that fleshes out the basic rights contained in Article 45 and in the European Court of Justice’s consistently purposive interpretation of the Treaty Articles and legislation to achieve the EU’s objectives in this area. This chapter considers several central legal issues that arise in the context of the free movement of workers. These include the scope of Article 45, the meaning accorded to ‘worker’, the rights of intermediate categories such as ‘job-seeker’, the kinds of restrictions that states may justifiably impose on workers and their families; and the rights which family members enjoy under EU law.
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38

Okasha, Samir. The Evolution–Rationality Connection. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815082.003.0007.

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There are two related dimensions to the evolution–rationality connection. The first is the evolution of rationality itself, thought of as an actual phenotypic attribute of some organisms; the second is the use of rationality-inspired concepts to describe evolved organisms, as in agential thinking. Rationality may be understood either as consistency of choice or as having good reasons for beliefs/actions; these notions have distinct domains of application. The adaptive significance of rationality over arationality is clear; what is less clear is whether evolution would always favour rationality over irrationality. In a simple model, an evolutionary basis for the norms of Bayesian rationality emerges; however, the model relies on restrictive assumptions. The possibility of an evolutionary naturalization of traditional rationality norms, though philosophically coherent, appears empirically unlikely.
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39

Linnebo, Øystein. Dynamic Abstraction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199641314.003.0003.

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Any abstractionist approach to thin objects faces the threat of paradox, as illustrated by Frege’s inconsistent Basic Law V. The neo-Fregeans Hale and Wright respond by severely restricting the class of acceptable abstraction principles. Their approach is static in the sense that they hold the domain fixed. This approach to abstraction is criticized, and an alternative approach is developed which permits abstraction on a vast class of equivalence relations. This alternative approach is dynamic in the sense that abstraction on an extensionally specified domain (i.e. a domain specified by means of a plurality of objects) may result in a larger such domain. A form of absolute generality is nevertheless possible, provided that the associated domain is understood in an intensional sense (i.e. it cannot be specified by means of a plurality).
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40

Suhn-Kyoung, Hong, and Cheong Seong-Koo. 30 South Korea. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198808589.003.0030.

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This chapter discusses the law of set-off in South Korea, along with certain restrictions on the exercise of the right of set-off in insolvency proceedings. The legal framework for set-off in South Korea is based on the Civil Code. The courts have also generally supported set-off as a means of satisfying a claim or discharging debt. The Korean Private International Law does not expressly lay down the governing law for set-off. This governing law issue is commonly discussed under two scenarios: set-off is undertaken on the basis of a set-off agreement between the parties; and set-off is undertaken in the absence of an agreement. The chapter first considers the governing law of contractual and non-contractual set-off in South Korea before turning to set-off between solvent parties and set-off against insolvent parties. It also analyses issues arising in cross-border set-off.
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41

Jürg, Frick. 33 Switzerland. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198808589.003.0033.

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This chapter provides an overview of the law of set-off in Switzerland. Under Swiss law, set-off functions as a mechanism of substantive law that extinguishes two obligations to the extent of the smaller obligation. The basic legal framework for set-off is a unilateral act pursuant to Article 120 et seq of the Swiss Code of Obligations of 1911, as amended (CO). The chapter first considers the CO requirements for set-off between solvent parties as well as its mechanism and effects before discussing the legal framework applicable to set-off against insolvent parties. In particular, it examines the implications for mutuality of the distinction under Swedish law between the assets and liabilities of the estate and of the receivership. It also outlines the restrictions on set-off in the event of insolvency before concluding with an analysis of set-off issues in the cross-border context arising from conflict of laws, international jurisdiction, and insolvency proceedings.
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42

Clasby, Ryan, and Jason Nesbitt, eds. The Archaeology of the Upper Amazon. University Press of Florida, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813066905.001.0001.

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This volume brings together archaeologists working in Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia to construct a new prehistory of the Upper Amazon, outlining cultural developments from the late third millennium B.C. to the Inca Empire of the sixteenth century A.D. Encompassing the forested tropical slopes of the eastern Andes as well as Andean drainage systems that connect to the Amazon River basin, this vast region has been unevenly studied due to the restrictions of national borders, remote site locations, and limited interpretive models. The Archaeology of the Upper Amazon unites and builds on recent field investigations that have found evidence of extensive interaction networks along the major rivers—Santiago, Marañon, Huallaga, and Ucayali. Chapters detail how these rivers facilitated the movement of people, resources, and ideas between the Andean highlands and the Amazonian lowlands. Contributors demonstrate that the Upper Amazon was not a peripheral zone but a locus for complex societal developments. Reaching across geographical, cultural, and political boundaries, this volume shows that the trajectory of Andean civilization cannot be fully understood without a nuanced perspective on the region’s diverse patterns of interaction with the Upper Amazon.
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43

Neal, Elizabeth. “Alternative” Ketogenic Diets. Edited by Eric H. Kossoff. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190497996.003.0002.

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As the classical ketogenic diet fast approaches a centennial anniversary, the wider ketogenic landscape has expanded considerably both in application and implementation. Although still extensively used today, this traditional dietary therapy has been the basis for development of alternative ketogenic protocols. One ketogenic diet incorporating medium chain fatty acids is used for many children and adolescents, who benefit from the generous carbohydrate allowance facilitated by the increased ketogenic potential of medium chain triglycerides. More recently, two less restrictive dietary approaches have been developed: the low glycemic index treatment and the modified Atkins diet. These are now being used worldwide as the advantages of a more liberal ketogenic diet are recognized, especially in adults and older children, supported by an increasing body of scientific data. This chapter explores the background and evidence for use of these alternative ketogenic diets.
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44

Birks, David, and Thomas Douglas, eds. Treatment for Crime. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198758617.001.0001.

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Crime-preventing neurointerventions (CPNs) are increasingly being used or advocated for crime prevention. There is increasing use of testosterone-lowering agents to prevent recidivism in sexual offenders, and strong political and scientific interest in developing pharmaceutical treatments for psychopathy and anti-social behaviour. Recent developments suggest that we may ultimately have at our disposal a range of drugs capable of suppressing violent aggression, and it is not difficult to imagine possible applications of such drugs in crime prevention. But should neurointerventions be used in crime prevention, and may the state ever permissibly impose CPNs as part of the criminal justice process? It is widely thought that preventing recidivism is one of the aims of criminal justice, yet existing means of pursuing this aim are often poorly effective, restrictive of basic freedoms, and harmful. Incarceration, for example, tends to be disruptive of personal relationships and careers, detrimental to physical and mental health, highly restrictive of freedom of movement and association, and rarely more than modestly effective at preventing recidivism. Neurointerventions hold the promise of preventing recidivism in ways that are more effective and more humane, but the use of CPNs in criminal justice raises several ethical concerns. CPNs could be highly intrusive and may threaten fundamental human values, such as bodily integrity and freedom of thought, and humanity has a track record of misguided, harmful, and unwarrantedly coercive use of neurotechnological ‘solutions’ to criminality. This collection brings together original contributions from emerging scholars and internationally renowned moral and political philosophers to address these issues.
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45

Peñagarikano, Olga, and Daniel H. Geschwind. CNTNAP2 and Autism Spectrum Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199744312.003.0016.

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Although autism was described in the early 1940s as a disorder of affective contact (Kanner, 1943), it was not classified as a neurodevelopmental disorder with a biological basis until the early 1980s, when studies reported its high heritability (Folstein & Rutter, 1977; Ritvo et al., 1985) and co-occurrence with chromosomal abnormalities (Gillberg & Wahlstrom, 1985; Wahlström et al., 1986). Today, autism is considered a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental syndrome and therefore termed autism spectrum disorder (ASD), characterized by variable deficits in social behavior and language, restrictive interests, and repetitive behaviors. Autism spectrum disorder has an estimated prevalence of 1:150–1:200 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2007), being one of the most common childhood disorders. In addition to the core domains necessary for diagnosis, a number of other behavioral abnormalities are frequently associated with ASD, including epilepsy, sensory abnormalities, hyperactivity, motor abnormalities, sleep disturbances, and gastrointestinal symptoms (Geschwind, 2009).
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46

Neeleman, Ad, and Hans van de Koot. Word Order and Information Structure. Edited by Caroline Féry and Shinichiro Ishihara. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642670.013.20.

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This chapter is concerned with the question to what extent free word order phenomena are regulated by information-structural (IS) constraints. Progress on this question must combine detailed empirical study with bold theoretical work that aims to test restrictive hypotheses about available syntactic operations, available IS-primitives, and their mapping. The present chapter evaluates four cross-cutting word order generalizations on the basis of a rough classification of syntactic operations and IS-primitives. Operations will be divided into those that are A-related (A-scrambling, passive), those that are A′-related (A′-scrambling), those that involve doubling with a pronoun or clitic, and finally those that involve extraposition, and it is assumed that IS-primitives are restricted to topic, focus, contrast, and givenness. Some discussion is offered of how the four generalizations identified here might emerge as effects of deeper properties of the language faculty or human psychology.
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Song, Sarah. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190909222.003.0012.

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Chapter 11 reiterates the intermediate ethical position between closed borders and open borders. Against restrictive nationalists who favor closing borders, it argues that states should not regulate immigration solely in the interests of their own members. Members of a political community have special obligations to one another, but they also have obligations to the rest of humanity, including prospective migrants. Against proponents of open borders, it maintains that political membership is morally significant, even if its distribution is morally arbitrary. Political membership grounds special rights and obligations, and a government may show some partiality toward the interests of its members. This means a government may deny admission to prospective migrants if their basic interests are protected in their home countries and doing so protects important interests of its constituents. What is required is not closed borders or open borders but controlled borders and open doors.
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48

Cheng, Ning, Susan A. Masino, and Jong M. Rho. Metabolic Therapy for Autism Spectrum Disorder and Comorbidities. Edited by Jong M. Rho. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190497996.003.0014.

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heretogenous developmental disorder characterized by deficits in sociability and communication and by repetitive and/or restrictive behaviors. Currently, only comorbid manifestations can be alleviated (such as seizures and sleep disturbance) not core behavioral symptoms. Recent studies have increasingly implicated mitochondrial dysfunction as a cause of ASD. Mitochondria play an integral role in many cellular functions and are susceptible to many pathophysiological insults. Derangements in mitochondrial structure and function provide a scientific rationale for experimental therapeutics. Meanwhile, the high-fat, low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet (KD) has been shown to enhance mitochondrial function through a multiplicity of mechanisms. Reviewed herein is clinical and basic laboratory evidence for the use of metabolism-based therapies such as the KD in the treatment of ASD, as well as emerging comorbid models of epilepsy and autism. Future research directions aimed at validating such therapeutic approaches and identifying novel mechanistic targets are discussed.
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49

Churchill, Larry R. Ethics for Everyone. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190080891.001.0001.

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This book argues that an ethical life is more about mastering basic skills than applying theories. It describes the basic skills as follows: interrogating our moral prehistories; taming moral vanity and recognizing others; giving up the comforts of moral certainty; learning from our feelings; thinking slowly; expanding the reach of our empathy; claiming our own moral authority; linking goodness with happiness; and story-making at intersecting life trajectories. Nineteen exercises for better understanding and using these skills are provided. Five common pitfalls of ethical thinking are defined and explored. These are the trap of either/or thinking; expecting too much from moral theory; the desire for a unifying definition of ethics; restricting what experiences have more weight; and treating mysteries as moral problems. Concepts fundamental to ethics are emphasized in terms of their practical use. Among these are some that are typically neglected in ethics texts, such as forgiveness, love, spirituality, hope, and death. The use of the skills and concepts is illustrated for matters that extend beyond-the-lifespan, notably for the ethical problems of global warming. In the final chapter, 12 cases are provided, along with a section describing how to critically interrogate cases for bias. Throughout the book there is an emphasis on the way changes over the lifespan require rethinking ethical values.
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50

Morris, Christopher W. The State. Edited by George Klosko. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199238804.003.0031.

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It is often said that the subject matter of political philosophy is the nature and justification of the state. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel thinks that political science is “nothing other than an attempt to comprehend and portray the state as an inherently rational entity.” John Rawls famously understands “the primary subject of justice [to be] the basic structure of society,” restricting his attentions to a society “conceived for the time being as a closed system isolated from other societies,” and assuming that “the boundaries of these schemes are given by the notion of a self-contained national community.” Contemporary political philosophers often follow suit, disagreeing about what states should do, and simply assuming that they are the proper agents of justice or reform. The history of philosophy and the development of political concepts seem to be central to understanding the state. The influence of Roman law and republican government, and the rediscovery of Aristotle in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, are obvious important influences. The modern state emerged first in Western Europe in early modern times.
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