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1
Smith, Stuart A. "The phanerozoic basin-fill history of the Roebuck Basin /." Title page, abstract and contents only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phs6615.pdf.
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English, Kara. "Burial history modelling and reservoir quality in exhumed basins : insights from the Illizi Basin, Algeria." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/burial-history-modelling-and-reservoir-quality-in-exhumed-basins-insights-from-the-illizi-basin-algeria(353e041a-1824-4233-bea5-5018e36485ea).html.
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This study presents an integrated evaluation of the burial and thermal history of an exhumed (uplifted and eroded) basin, and investigates the implications for the evolution of reservoir quality of the Ordovician sandstone in the Illizi Basin, Algeria. Complementary techniques including sonic compaction analysis, apatite fission track analysis, thermal maturity analysis, fluid inclusion microthermometry, and sandstone petrography are integrated to provide calibration for burial and thermal history models and diagenetic forward modelling, in order to predict variations in sandstone reservoir quality across the study area. The Illizi Basin has been structurally modified due to multiple exhumation events, including the uplift of the Hoggar Massif, which resulted in exhumation of the flanking sedimentary basins over a distance of 1,500 km from north to south. This study presents new apatite fission track data and analyses that constrain the onset of major exhumation in the Illizi Basin to the Eocene with exhumation magnitudes estimated to be 1-1.4 km in the study area. The study area contains a multi trillion cubic foot gas-condensate accumulation within a large four way dip closure. Hydrocarbon generation occurred during two main phases in the Carboniferous and the Mesozoic, but ceased during Cenozoic exhumation. Due to the Cenozoic tilting of the Illizi Basin in response to the uplift of the Hoggar Massif to the south, the present-day structural trap is interpreted to have formed after the main hydrocarbon generation phases. Therefore, alternative charging mechanisms of this post-peak burial trap are required and explored. In addition, new fluid inclusion data provides evidence of a significant fluid flow event within the Illizi basin, triggered by Cenozoic exhumation. Brines hosted present-day in the Ordovician sandstone in the study area are shown to be genetically linked to Triassic-Liassic evaporites deposited over 400 km to the north. Overpressure dissipation during exhumation is proposed to be a potential driving mechanism for the late stage remobilization of deep brines. A major pre-drill risk in many North African Paleozoic plays relates to sandstone reservoir quality, largely due to extensive quartz diagenesis. The Ordovician reservoir in the study area is characterised through petrography and core analysis, and the impact of burial and thermal history on the reservoir quality is investigated through diagenetic forward modelling. Results indicate that facies and variations in thermal history are a major control on preserving reservoir quality. This study demonstrates the importance of integrating the burial and thermal history, depositional facies and diagenetic history during predictive reservoir quality studies, particularly in exhumed basins where the burial and exhumation history may be complex, and present-day depth or geometry is not indicative of the past. Methodologies and implications from this study could be applied to exhumed basins in general.
3
Willis, M. G. "The tectonic history of the Lusitanian Basin of Portugal." Thesis, Open University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.328835.
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Sippel, Judith. "The paleostress history of the Central European basin system." Potsdam GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum, 2009. http://d-nb.info/996100245/34.
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Clarke, Margaret L. "Reconstituting the fur trade community of the Assiniboine basin, 1793 to 1812." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq23256.pdf.
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Adriasola, Muñoz Yvonne. "The thermal history of the Western Lower Saxony Basin, Germany." Aachen Mainz, 2006. http://d-nb.info/99793090X/34.
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Adriasola, Muñoz Yvonne. "The thermal history of the Western Lower Saxony Basin, Germany /." Aachen : Mainz, 2007. http://d-nb.info/987484036/04.
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Satterfield, Dorothy Ann. "Sedimentary history of a senonian foreland basin, Languedoc, southern France." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260757.
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Cuevas, Leree Juan Antonio. "Analysis of subsidence and thermal history in the Sabinas Basin, northeasern Mexico." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/558018.
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Allen, H. D. "Late Quaternary of the Kopais Basin, Greece : Sedimentary and environmental history." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.383701.
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Newman, Lareen A. "Environmental history of the Willunga Basin, 1830's to 1990's /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1994. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09arn553.pdf.
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Sippel, Judith [Verfasser]. "The paleostress history of the Central European basin system / Judith Sippel." Potsdam : GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum, 2009. http://d-nb.info/996100245/34.
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13
Zin, Ismail Che Mat. "Tertiary tectonics and sedimentation history of the Sarawak Basin, east Malaysia." Thesis, Durham University, 1996. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5198/.
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A seismic stratigraphic study of the regional lines for the offshore Sarawak area was undertaken with the aim of understanding the tectonics and sedimentation history of the hydrocarbon prolific Sarawak Basin. The aim here is to develop a workable stratigraphic scheme, a model of the sedimentation history of the basin, a model for Tertiary tectonics, and an analysis of the subsidence history of the basin. Six unconformities have been identified within the Tertiary sedimentary succession, based on seismic reflection and well data. Some unconformities coincide with eustatic sea-level falls; others are probably tectonic in origin. An alternative stratigraphic scheme for the Sarawak Basin was developed by subdividing the whole Tertiary succession into seven sequences. Palaeoenvironment maps of the basin document the interaction of tectonics and sedimentation commencing in late Oligocene times. Deposition started with a NW-SE coastline and a broad coastal plain, almost perpendicular to the present-day coastline (NE-SW) developed during late Miocene times. The maps illustrate the likely distribution of Sarawak Basin source and reservoir rocks which will help in effective planning for future exploration in the area. The Sarawak Basin formed as a result of NW-SE trending right lateral fault movement during late Oligocene to Pliocene times. This dextral movement was responsible for creating the NW-SE coastline and divided the offshore Sarawak area into two sub-basins. Deposition and preservation of coastal plain and shallow-marine sediments continued in the eastern area while the western area remained as a 'high' until late Miocene times and subsided during late Early to Middle Miocene. The dextral strike-slip movement which controlled the evolution of the Sarawak Basin is sub-parallel to a number of lineaments elsewhere in Sarawak. The timing of movement suggests a progressive younging in an eastward direction. Basin modelling suggests that the Sarawak Basin was characterised by rapid subsidence in the early stage of basin formation with a high stretching factor and episodic movements. This suggests that the basin did not form as a foreland basin nor as a typical rift basin, but indicates a strike-slip origin. Supplementary evidence for this is provided by the findings of the regional seismic stratigraphic study, which suggests that the whole onshore area of Sarawak and northern Borneo was subjected to strike-slip tectonism during Tertiary times. The driving force may have been initiated by the lateral movement between the Sundaland and South China Continental blocks, probably due to collision between Indian and Asian plates during the Middle Tertiary, continuing with the opening of the South China Sea during the Oligocene. The end result of tectonism in the region, however, is believed to be the combination of strike-slip movements and the counter-clockwise rotation of Borneo during the Oligo-Miocene. The superiority of the proposed strike-slip tectonic model over the present subduction model is the capability to explain most of the geological phenomena, including the absence of evidence for any subduction taking place in the area. The findings of this study should contribute towards a better understanding of the tectonics of the area which will be able to provide information on the development of structural traps for hydrocarbon plays that are believed to have formed by strike-slip tectonism.
14
Luyt, Julian Peter. "The tectono-sedimentary history of the coal-bearing Tshipise Karoo basin." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/63290.
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The Tshipise Basin is considered to be a fault bounded remnant of a larger Karoo aged basin
that was fragmented and preserved in the outline seen today by a number of ENE-WSW and
NW-SE trending basement faults. It consists of several long, narrow blocks in which the
Karoo strata dip, on average, at 12° to the NNW (354). These blocks are bounded to the
north by the basement faults that juxtapose the Karoo strata against the high-grade
metamorphic rocks of the Limpopo Mobile Belt. The orientation and form of these faults
were greatly controlled by the geometry of the metamorphic foliation of the underlying
basement rocks.
The pre-Karoo topography consisted of a number of ENE-WSW trending palaeo-valleys, with
drainage occurring towards the WSW. The southern-most Makhado valley contains a much
thicker accumulation of sediments compared to any of the blocks to the north and is
considered to have been the main depository of the Tshipise Basin. The sediment ratio maps
indicate that the N-S and NW-SE trending faults influenced the deposition of most of the
lower Karoo (Tshidzi, Madzaringwa and Fripp formations) and were areas of enhanced
subsidence.
The coarse-grained sandstone of the Fripp Formation marks the beginning of a major
tectonic event that resulted in active uplift in the SE of the basin. The thick accumulation of
this unit in the Makhado Block, suggest that the faults bounding the valleys underwent
movement during the pre-Fripp tectonic event. Palaeocurrent measurements in the eastern
and northern part of the basin as well as the Tuli Basin indicate a unimodal transport
direction towards the NW. However measurements in the central and western part of the
basin deviate towards the W and SW. The change in palaeocurrent direction, from NW in
the east to WSW in the west, is ascribed to the localised changes in basin relief from
differential movement of the individual blocks during the pre-Fripp tectonic event.
It is either during this Fripp event, or by the time of the Klopperfontein Formation that the
ENE-WSW trending faults separated the Tshipise and Tuli basins. The units above the
Madzaringwe Formation are all rift-related sediments while the Bosbokpoort Formation possibly contains a series of unconformity bounded sequences which relate to the
cannibalization of the underlying strata.
Sedimentation within the basin ceased with the onset of the Karoo Igneous Province; which
was a product of the splitting of Gondwana into the African and Antarctic continents.
Magmatism was initially focused around at the Mwenezi Triple Junction, which firstly led to
the outpouring of lava and the intrusion of the Okavango Dyke Swarm (ODS), the Save-
Limpopo Dyke Swarm (SLDS) and the Lebombo Monocline. It was during this event that the
vast array of dolerite sills were intruded into the Karoo sediments. The ENE-WSW trending
SLDS was the first to evolve as a result of stretching and thinning of the crust in a NW-SE
direction at ±182-174 Ma (NE-SW directed SHmax). This extension was roughly
perpendicular to the underlying basement structures and led to the reactivation of the ENEWSW
trending faults which down-faulted and rotated the Karoo strata to the north and
preserved them within half-grabens.
A second tectonic event, with a SHmax towards the NW/NNW-SE/SSE, led to some degree of
inversion of the structures and is likely related to a change in the motion of the African and
Antarctic continents after separation. This event probably initiated dextral transpression
and compression which led to the reactivation of the primary structures (normal faults)
created during the initial event to form relatively high-angled (40-60°) reverse faults across
the basin. The event also led to the formation of the subtle east-west trending lowamplitude
folds in the Karoo strata, preferentially localised along the ENE faults.
Drilling induced fractures and borehole breakout from the ATV logs indicates a neotectonic
SHmax parallel to the underlying WSW-ENE trending basement fabric. The large and small
scale structures existing in the Limpopo Mobile Belt played a significant role in the
development of the Tshipise Karoo Basin. These structures shaped the depository into which
the Karoo sequences were laid down, affected the sedimentation and ultimately controlled
the fragmentation of this basin along these faults into the preserved blocks seen today.Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Geology
MSc
Unrestricted
15
Lisk, Mark. "Fluid migration and hydrocarbon charge history of the vulcan sub-basin." Thesis, Curtin University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1932.
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A comprehensive examination of the hydrocarbon charge and formation water history of the central Vulcan Sub-basin, Timor Sea has been completed and a model developed to describe the evolution of the region’s petroleum systems. Reservoir horizons within the Mesozoic pre-, syn- and post-rift megasequences have been evaluated for their ability to host and retain oil and gas through a period of tectonic upheaval, associated with oblique plate collision in the Neogene. A coupled hydrocarbon-formation water model has been developed that describes two discrete formation water phases (W1 and W2) and three hydrocarbon phases (H1, H2, H3), with the timing of these events linked to important phases in the basin evolution.The Vulcan Sub-basin contains the components required to produce an effective petroleum system. The principal clastic reservoirs generally exhibit good porosity and permeability and are capped by effective, regionally extensive, seal rocks. A consistent paragenetic sequence can be recognised for Mesozoic reservoirs with early glauconite and pyrite phases preceding clay authigenesis. These early phases are in turn enclosed by quartz overgrowths that are subsequently enclosed by ankerite cement and in more deeply buried samples, filamentous illite. Source rocks are suitably located adjacent to these reservoirs, are organically rich and have experienced sufficient burial to promote thermal maturation and expulsion of generated hydrocarbons.The novel Grains with Oil Inclusions (GOI) fluid inclusion technique that allows the abundance of oil-filled fluid inclusions to be related to the maximum level of oil saturation experienced by a sandstone reservoir through time has been used to describe the charge history of a selection of wells from across the Vulcan Sub-basin. GOI data shows that the source rocks have been extremely productive, with three discernible hydrocarbon charge events recognised (H1, H2 and H3). An early gas charge (H1) appears to be widespread in the basin, but this may have been deleterious to regional prospectivity by reducing the volumetric capacity of traps that were well positioned to receive later oil charge.Stable isotope data from early formed clay and carbonate cements indicate connate waters extant during the first phase of hydrocarbon migration (H1) had mixed with meteoric water (W1) introduced into the reservoirs during periods of sub-aerial exposure associated with uplift related to rifting.A regionally extensive oil charge (H2), derived from Upper Jurassic mudstones, produced numerous, volumetrically significant, oil columns. GOI data shows that many of the current oil fields were once much larger and that many reservoirs that are now gas or water bearing also previously contained oil accumulations.Geochemical analysis of selected fluid inclusion oils (FIOs) show derivation from mixed marine and terrestrially derived source rocks of the Upper Jurassic Vulcan Formation. These oils form the first of two oil families that constitute the previously defined Jurassic Vulcan-Plover (!) petroleum system. In contrast the crude oils previously assigned to the second oil family and thought to have been derived from deltaic source rocks of the Middle Jurassic Plover Formation are not well represented in the FIOs. In addition a number of the FIOs are unlike either recognised oil family and show source rock characteristics that imply derivation from fully marine source rocks. These could represent either a previously unrecognised oil family or may reflect a true end member of the first family that has been mixed with the second family to produce an intermediate composition. The presence of the angiosperm marker Oleanane in some of the FIOs suggests a contribution from Cretaceous source rocks is also possible.The GOI data indicate high charge rates to structurally valid traps with at least one in three valid traps showing clear evidence of oil accumulation. Fluid inclusion palaeotemperature data, integrated with one dimensional (1D) basin models, produce a similar prediction of the charge timing with oil charge mostly from Eocene time. This agrees well with subsidence curves, which show a period of increased subsidence in the Paleocene that is likely to have promoted oil generation and expulsion into carrier beds used to facilitate oil migration into traps.Although an effective petroleum system can be demonstrated to have been present in the Tertiary, this has not been fully preserved due to events that post-dated hydrocarbon charge. The most significant of these has been the flexural bending of the lithospheric plate during oblique collision of the northwards moving Australian Plate with the eastwards moving S.E. Asian Plate. This collision produced a net extensional stress field throughout the Vulcan Sub-basin, resulting in widespread reactivation of deeper rift fault systems, and the formation of extensive arrays of shallow Miocene-Pliocene faults. Interaction between these fault populations has, in many cases, increased net-vertical structural permeability and led to breaching of hydrocarbon traps and the attendant leakage of oil and gas.Another major fluid-flow event that was controlled by the increase in structural permeability due to plate collision can also linked to the loss of hydrocarbons due to fault breach. A regionally extensive fluid-flow event, involving vertical, cross formation, migration of highly saline brine (W2) is indicated by fluid inclusion palaeo-salinity data. These palaeo-pore waters, with maximum salinities above 200,000 ppm NaCl equivalent, record the migration of high-salinity brines through Mesozoic and Tertiary sandstones. Fault controlled injection of brine from bedded salt at depths of up to 10 km is most likely the main source of this brine. Alternative salt sources in the drilled section are salt diapirs, but these are spatially restricted and their dissolution cannot reconcile the observed widespread distribution of these highly saline palaeo-fluids.In samples taken from intact hydrocarbon columns the absence of hyper-saline fluid inclusions suggests brine flow occurred after initial hydrocarbon charge. Further, high salinities seen in samples from recognised residual oil zones suggests that trap breach facilitated the ingress of high-salinity brines. Numerical simulations, utilised to test this hypothesis, produce outcomes that broadly match the observed distribution of samples with high salinity fluid inclusions.Brine flow from more deeply buried Palaeozoic strata also imparts a convective overprint on the conductive thermal background. Although not represented by the current geothermal conditions, thermal maturity data recording accumulated thermal stress, indicates localised heating of sediments immediately adjacent to faults bounding breached oil columns. The use of such anomalous maturity data when modelling hydrocarbon generation could lead to spurious conclusions if the restricted spatial extent of these convective effects is not considered.Aside from Neogene fault reactivation at least four additional processes have modified the preservation potential of the Jurassic Vulcan-Plover (!) petroleum system since the initial hydrocarbon charge. Although generally second order effects on a regional scale, these can be extremely important at the local scale. The first involves passive leak zones formed by reactivation of long-lived fault intersections that appear to control the trap capacity of the Skua oil field and likely play an important role more widely. Subsequent structural tilting during the Late Tertiary altered the spill-points of some hydrocarbon traps resulting in further redistribution of hydrocarbons. Demonstrable evidence of modification to spill-points after initial oil charge is recorded in the Skua Field where the original OWC is inclined, and can be explained by the establishment of north-westerly tilting.The third process to affect the system was a late stage gas charge (H3) that displaced oil from many of the traps that today contain gas. Considerable potential for downdip or displaced oil legs in the Swan and Oliver fields respectively is inferred.The final process to modify the petroleum system involved a significant increase in the magnitude of the horizontal stress component within the regional stress field, imparted by the jamming of the Banda Arc subduction zone by buoyant Australian Continental crust. The resultant reduction in observed extensional faulting likely led to an improvement in trap integrity such that heavily reactivated traps with access to charge could be successfully refilled.Data acquired by this study provides a base map of the charge history in the Vulcan Sub-basin with which to test the applicability of models proposed to predict the retention of hydrocarbons in yet to be drilled traps. These data already have been used to test models that utilise a variety of seepage detection methodologies including airborne and satellite based direct detection as well as indirect methods such as hydrocarbon related diagenesis. In the future, rigorous integration of these data into numerical models of fault reactivation that describe the complex interplay between stress, fluid-flow and regional tectonics will contribute to a better understand the mechanisms controlling fault breach in this region and in sedimentary basins elsewhere.
16
Hasan, Abed M. T. "The geomorphological history of the Gebel Al Akhdar valleys, North-eastern Libya." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243772.
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Ramphaka, Lerato Priscilla. "Integrating 3D basin modelling concept to determine source rock maturation in the F-O Gas Field, Bredasdorp Basin (offshore South Africa)." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5340.
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>Magister Scientiae - MScThe burial history, thermal maturity and petroleum generation history of the F-O Gas Field, Bredasdorp Basin have been studied using 3D basin and petroleum systems modelling approach. The investigated sedimentary basin for this study evolved around mid-late Jurassic to early Cretaceous times when Southern Africa rifted from South America. The F-O field is located 40 km SE of the F-A platform which supplies gas and condensate to the PetroSA ‘Gas to Liquid’ plant located in Mossel Bay. As data integration is an integral part of the applied modelling concept, 2D seismic profile and well data (i.e. logs and reports from four drilled wells) were integrated into a 3D structural model of the basin. Four source rock intervals (three from the Early Cretaceous stages namely; Hauterivian, Barremian, Aptian and one from the Late Cretaceous Turonian stage) were incorporated into the 3D model for evaluating source rock maturation and petroleum generation potential of the F-O Gas Field. Additionally, measured present-day temperature, vitrinite reflectance, source potential data, basin burial and thermal history and timing of source rock maturation, petroleum generation and expulsion were forwardly simulated using a 3D basin modelling technique. At present-day, Turonian source rock is mainly in early oil (0.55-0.7% VRo) window, while the Aptian and Barremian source rocks are in the main oil (0.7-1.0% VRo) window, and the Hauterivian source rock is mainly in the main oil (0.7-1.0% VRo) to late oil (1.0-1.3% VRo) window. In the entire four source rock intervals the northern domain of the modelled area show low transformation, indicated by low maturity values that are attributable to less overburden thickness. Petroleum generation begins in later part of Early Cretaceous, corresponding to high heat flow and rapid subsidence/ sedimentation rates. The Barremian and Aptian source rocks are the main petroleum generators, and both shows very high expulsion efficiencies. The modelling results however indicate that the younger Aptian source rock could be regarded as the best source rock out of the four modelled source rocks in the F-O field due to its quantity (i.e. highest TOC of 3%), quality (Type II with HI values of 400) and highest remaining potential. At present-day, ~1209 Mtons of hydrocarbons were cumulatively generated and peak generation occurred at ~43 Ma with over 581 Mtons generated. Finally, the results of this study can directly be applied for play to prospect risk analysis of the F-O gas field.
18
Smyth, Helen. "Eocene to Miocene basin history and volcanic activity in East Java, Indonesia." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.417139.
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Machado, Vladimir Alberto Gouveia. "Sand provenance, diagenesis and hydrocarbon charge history of the Kwanza Basin, Angola." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2007. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=225701.
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Sand provenance in the Kwanza Basin, Angola, is assessed using conventional and varietal heavy mineral analysis. There are contrasting heavy mineral signatures in the north and south of the basin separated by a hybrid zone. These contrasts are attributed to different hinterland geology. Heavy mineralogy, sand body distribution and prominent structures allowed the subdivision of the Kwanza Basin into five depositional domains. Heavy mineral indices filter important provenance signatures in space and time in addition to providlng tectonic and geomorphologic information. Quantitative and qualitative thermal and composition information was obtained from fluid inclusions using UV fluorescence and microthermometry. There were at least two pulses of hydrocarbon generation and migration from source rocks in the basin based on homogenization temperatures of 52-129°C, geochemical characterization of oil shows from proprietary data, and Genesis basin modelling: 1) during Albian time, rift-related high heat flow triggered the first pulse, and 2) high rates of sedimentation led to a burial-induced pulse during the Neogene-Quaternary. There are three main controls on diagenesis: stratigraphy and facies; thermal history; and provenance. Significant authigenic minerals (illite, smectite, dolomite, quartz and feldspar) were only noted in Cenomanian or older rocks. Apatite fission track analysis (AFTA) yields a record of the temperature regime experienced by the basin and basement through the pre-rift, syn-rift and post-rift stages. There were three main tectono-thermal events in the basin: 1) pre-rift and early syn-rift cooling; 2) a post-rift period of tectonic quiescence (Cretaceous to early Tertiary); interrupted by 3) a rapid cooling (denudation) due to epeirogenic uplift of the Inner Kwanza Basin and hinterland at ca. 23 Ma. Miocene denudation of the Inner Kwanza Basin and the hinterland is mirrored by a burial-related temperature increase in the Outer Kwanza Basin. This source to sink correlation indicates a period of bypassed sedimentation into the Outer Kwanza Basin and possibly onto the abyssal plain of Angola. Keywords: Kwanza Basin, diagenesis, provenance, heavy minerals, fluid inclusion, microthermometry, AFTA, basin modelling, hydrocarbon charge.
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Gillies, Douglas. "Diagenetic history of the Waulsortian carbonate buildups, (Dinantian), Craven Basin, NW England." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/13904.
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Gemperle, Christine K. "Kokanee Fry Recruitment and Early Life History in the Lake Tahoe Basin." DigitalCommons@USU, 1998. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6686.
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Lake Tahoe kokanee salmon have experienced decreasing mean adult size and fluctuating populations since 1970. We proposed to determine whether fish production was limited by spawning and incubation processes in Taylor Creek , or by growth constraints , or by mortality in the lake by studying egg-to-fry survival rates and early life history . Estimated egg-to-fry survival was 15. 9% for the 1994 brood year and 1.5% for the 1995 brood year. Egg-to-adult survival was 3.5% for the 1991 brood year and 5.9% for the 1992 brood year. Of the 35 possible survival scenarios, egg-to-fry survival was 7.5-20% and fry-to-adult survival (inlake phase) was 20-60%. The differing egg-to-fry survival rates corresponded to different stream temperature regimes during critical incubation periods.
During and after the outmigration, fry inhabited the littoral zone, pelagic zone, and an estuarine environment created by a flooded meadow. Chironomids were the dominant prey in both 1995 and 1996 for fry in the littoral regions. Fry declined in the littoral zone approximately 30 days after peak outmigration during both 1995 and 1996. Juveniles and adults in the lake inhabited the upper 10 m of the water column and consumed primarily copepods for most of their limnetic life.
Otolith analysis revealed that five year classes were present with the fifth year class representing 15.0% (1995) to 7.6% (1996) of the spawning population. Despite Lake Tahoe's low productivity, kokanee achieved greater size at age-4 than many other populations. Low densities (14.5 fish/hectare) and warmer winter temperatures may enable kokanee to reach greater size. Kokanee production may be limited by warm stream temperatures during spawning and early incubation in some years. Egg-to-fry survival is the most limiting factor. Enhancement of the kokanee population should focus on this phase of life history. Kokanee are not native to the Lake Tahoe Basin, which is considerably south of their historic range. Kokanee may be limited by inadequate adaptation to California's mild climate.
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Brewster, Melvin G. 1960. "Numu views of Numu cultures and history : cultural stewardship issues and a Punown view of Gosiute and Shoshone archaeology in the northeast Great Basin." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/9452.
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xvi, 187 p. : ill., maps. A print copy of this title is available through the UO Libraries under the call number: KNIGHT E99.N97 B74 2003The culture history of the northeastern Great Basin, as currently written by the archaeological profession, is silent as to the view of Gosiute and Shoshone natives about their own ancestors. The goal of this dissertation is the infusion of Punown (interrelated Numic speaking peoples) epistemology into mainstream anthropological interpretation, as provided through North American Desert West prehistory. The hypothesized Numic expansion into the Northeast Great Basin, according to which the Punown natives now resident throughout the region are very recent immigrants, is problematic on several grounds. In the dissertation I show that late population movement into this region by Numic ancestors has not been demonstrated. After a hundred years of research no consensus yet exists as to the origins of the Northern Uto-Aztecan speaking Numic peoples (Punown). In spite of that, and in spite of the fact that it takes no account of the natives' own view of their origins, the Numic Expansion Hypothesis is being used in a way by some archaeologists and cultural resource managers that denies to the Punown their cultural heritage. The archaeological record of the region, extending back into deep time, is rich in the similarities it shows with the native Punown cultures of the contact-historic period. The epistemology and spiritual beliefs of the Punown also assert their cultural continuity with the ancient traditions documented in that archaeological recoret;It is not acceptable that a scientific hypothesis impedes native people's role in the care and stewardship of sites and places throughout the region that their own spiritual traditions tell them they are responsible for. The mainstream anthropological concept of science and the epistemology of the Punown are opposed diametrically. Punown view the world and its people as interconnected through the Sacred Earth Matrix, while anthropologists see the human world as bifurcated from nature. Punown understand archaeology and relatedness spiritually, while archaeologists see dead objects in an "objectified" way. Conformity to the existing paradigm, with its persistent building and rebuilding of earlier untenable Euroamerican views of Numic origins, makes the Punown outsiders to the region in which they live. This goes on even though many scholars, reviewing the case for a Numic Expansion, find it seriously lacking. Infusion of Punown epistemology into current archaeological practice offers a basis for pooling Punown and mainstream anthropological approaches to the prehistory of the Desert West. A mutually enhancing research partnership based on beneficial objectives is advocated; this will go far to repair a strained relationship that now exists between Punown and archaeological researchers, and result in a fuller and richer history for all to contemplate.
Committee in Charge: Dr. C. Melvin Aikens, Chair; Dr. Jon Erlandson; Dr. Lawrence Sugiyama; Dr. Scott DeLancey
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Tozer, Brook. "Crustal structure, gravity anomalies and subsidence history of the Parnaíba cratonic basin, Northeast Brazil." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:90ce8bb0-e55d-4b3c-87e1-aab60084ef42.
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Cratonic basins cover more than 10% of Earth's continental surface area, yet their origin remains enigmatic. In this thesis a suite of new and legacy geophysical and geological data are integrated to constrain the origin of the Parnaíba basin, a cratonic basin in Northeast Brazil. These data include a 1400 km long, deep (20 s two-way travel time) seismic reflection profile, five +/- 110 km offset wide-angle split-spread receiver gathers, gravity anomaly, and well data. In the centre of the basin, the depth to pre-Paleozoic basement is ~ 3.3 km, a zone of midcrustal reflectivity (MCR) can be traced laterally for ~ 250 km at depths between 17-25 km and Moho depth is ~ 42 +/- 2 km. Gravity and P-wave modelling suggests that the MCR represents the upper surface of a high density (2985 kg m3) and Vp (6.7 - 7.0 km s-1) lower crustal body, likely of magmatic origin. Backstripping of well data shows a concave up decreasing tectonic subsidence, similar in form to that commonly observed in rift-type basins. It is shown, however, that the seismic and gravity data are inconsistent with an extensional origin. It is shown that an intrusive body in the lower crust that has loaded and flexed the surface of the crust, combined with sediment loading, provides a satisfactory fit to the observed gravity anomaly, sediment thickness and basin shape. A buried load model is also consistent with seismic data, which suggest that the Moho is as deep or deeper beneath the basin centre than its flanks and accounts for at least part of the tectonic subsidence through a viscoelastic stress relaxation that occurs in the lithosphere following load emplacement. Comparative analysis of the Michigan and Congo basins shows gravity data from these basins is also consistent with a lower crustal mass excess, while subsidence analysis shows viscoelastic stress relaxation may also contribute to their early subsidence histories. However, unlike Parnaíba, both of these basins appear to have been subjected to secondary tectonic processes that obscure the primary 'cratonic basin' subsidence signals. Parnaíba basin, therefore, offers an excellent record for the investigation of cratonic basin formation.
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Swindell, Bryan Cameron. "Tree-ring reconstructed streamflow and drought history for the Bighorn River Basin, Wyoming." Thesis, Montana State University, 2011. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2011/swindell/SwindellB1211.pdf.
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Predictions made by climate models suggest that in the coming decades the western United States will experience warmer temperatures, as well as changes in streamflow patterns. To better understand how climatic variability affects water resources and to critique current water-supply assumptions, water-resource management can benefit from proxy-based paleoclimatic information. Instrumental records of precipitation, streamflow, and snowpack are typically less than 100 years long and usually only capture a subset of the full range of hydrologic variability possible in a given watershed. This study presents water-year streamflow reconstructions for six gages in the Bighorn River Basin in Wyoming and Montana. The reconstructions are based on tree-ring data from various locations in the Northern Rocky Mountain region. The streamflow reconstructions are between 500 and 800 years long. Calibration models between the tree-ring data and the gage record explain up to 60% of the variation in gaged streamflow. Analysis of the reconstructions indicates that the 20th century was relatively wet compared with previous centuries, and recent droughts were matched or exceeded (in duration and magnitude) many times during the last 800 years. Pre-instrumental droughts also show strong spatial coherence across the entire Bighorn River watershed. These reconstructions can be used to develop more-robust water-management plans that take into account a broader range of conditions than those presented by gage records alone.
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Dwane, Zandile. "Burial history and source rocks characteristics of the montney formation, Alberta basin, Canada." University of the Western Cape, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5732.
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Magister Scientiae - MSc (Earth Science)More than 300 samples from the Montney Formations in the Alberta basin, offshore, Canada have been analysed with locations in various parts of the Alberta basin. These samples were mainly analyzed from two wells (well M28 & M22) to assess the organic quality, quantity as well as thermal maturation by Tmax versus PI (Production Index) from Rock-Eval Pyrolysis and Vitrinite Reflectance data. Two well locations (301 & 306) have been chosen for calibrating burial history and thermal maturation models in the Alberta basin because of their measured bottom hole temperature data which was assumed to be taken from the nearby well. These well locations also have measured Vitrinite Reflectance data which was taken directly from coal-bearing Mannville Group. The Triassic Montney Formation silty shale and shale, was deposited within an anoxic depositional environments and shows a wide variability of organic oil and gas prone Type II, II-III and III source rocks. M22 samples display excellent organic matter quantity (TOC up to 5.80%), and Type II and Type III kerogens, which are favourable for hydrocarbon generation. The high TOC values generally indicate that the condition during the deposition of sediments was favourable for organic matter production and preservation. The genetic potential (GP) and hydrogen Index (HI) is above the minimum values required for a potential source rock, suggesting that the sediments have gas and oil generating potential. However, in M22, only few samples met the requirements for the organic matter quantity, quality, and thermal maturity in order to be called source rocks. This could be because the samples from M28 were collected from outcrops which are easily affected by weathering. This significantly changed the TOC values and affected thermal maturation and Rock-eval Pyrolysis parameters.
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Butler, Sarah Marie. "Forest Disturbance History and Stand Dynamics of the Coweeta Basin, Western North Carolina." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2006. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/ButlerSM2006.pdf.
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Tabibian, Mahmoud. "Natural gas stability and thermal history of the Arbuckle Reservoir, Western Arkoma Basin /." Access abstract and link to full text, 1993. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.library.utulsa.edu/dissertations/fullcit/9318178.
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Joy, Aidan Michael. "An analysis of the post-rift subsidence history of the North Sea Basin." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.261244.
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Spathopoulos, Phoebus. "The geological structure and history of the Gambia Basin and Senegal Continental Margin." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284802.
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This thesis presents the results of an investigation of the structure and evolution of the Senegal continental margin and the adjacent Gambia Basin, based on seismic, gravity, magnetic, bathymetric and borehole data. It establishes the relation between the structure of this region and the overall geological and tectonic history of the Eastern Atlantic Ocean. The study begins with a presentation of the general geological features of the area and a review of previous work close to the West African continental margin. New bathymetric information from the area between 2°-18°N and 7°-45°W is then presented, which provides a detailed picture of the seafloor relief, its structural grain and an indication of the depositional patterns. Long single-channel seismic reflection profiles running from the continental shelf through the Gambia Basin have been tied to deep-sea drill sites to establish a seismic stratigraphy. The extent of the main reflectors and the structural characteristics of inactive ocean fracture zones have been determined from approximately 3500 km of reflection profiles. Analysis of the basement depth reveals the presence of large depth anomalies in the region, which have been related to the uplift of the nearby Cape Verde Rise. The position of an important tectonic boundary between rough and smooth basement in the study area has been defined as lying between magnetic anomalies M21 and M16 (150-142 Ma). Seismic refraction lines shot in the Gambia Basin and in the region immediately to the south reveal an anomalous oceanic structure, associated with the formation of fracture zones under the sediments of the basin. Crust as thin as 1.4 km, without an oceanic Layer 3 has been found near 1l°N, 23°30'W. In view of the presence of several closely-spaced fracture zones, the crustal structure of much of the Gambia Basin is probably not of normal oceanic type. Possible mechanisms responsible for the anomalous accretion of ocean crust are discussed. Crustal structure has also been inferred from new free-air gravity anomaly measurements between 3°-1.8°N and 7°-26°W and from the Bouguer anomalies on land. Two-dimensional crustal models based on gravity anomalies and constrained by refraction and other data have been derived for several traverses across the West African continental margin and the Gambia Basin. These models demonstrate important differences in crustal thickness and lateral variations in the density of the crustal and mantle rocks across the area. The models indicate that neither the transitional crust under the Senegal Basin and the adjacent shelf and slope, nor the fracture zones under the Gambia Basin are isostatically compensated at the level of the Noho. Furthermore, a large part of the Senegal continental margin and the Senegal Basin is shown to be underlain by transitional, stretched continental crust on which a thick sedimentary cover has accumulated. The subsidence history and the structural models indicate that the Cenozoic sediments are not isostatically balanced by the mechanism of local Airy compensation. These studies reveal that the structure of the Senegal margin and the Gambia Basin exhibits important differences from that of adjacent areas to the north and south, contrasts which appear to be related to the early opening history of the equatorial Atlantic.
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Jennings, Jonathan Simon. "Fracture kinematics, cementation and burial history of a structurally polyphase sedimentary basin, Tunisia." Thesis, Kingston University, 2001. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/20680/.
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Basin analysis of over 1000km of 2-D seismic profiles and thirteen exploration wells from the North and South Kairouan Permits in the foreland region of the Tunisian Atlas has led to the identification of a number of late Mesozoic to recent basin systems. The generation of these basin systems resulted in the development of fractures and emplacement of diagenetic fluids and hydrocarbons in the early Campanian to early Maastrichtian (83.5-70Ma) chalks of the Abiod Formation. Recognition of the basin-forming events has been based on the identification of regional unconformities, subsurface thickness variations of mid-Cretaceous to recent strata, and changes in the location and size of depocentres. The basin systems correspond to: (1) early Albian to early Campanian (110-83.5Ma) extension related to convergence across Tethys during the opening of the North Atlantic; (2) early Campanian to late Langhian (83.5-l5Ma) basin inversion and salt diapirism related to the convergence between Africa and Europe; (3) late Langhian to late Tortonian (15-7Ma) basin inversion, salt diapirism and foreland basin sedimentation associated with the southeastwards propagation of the Atlas Mountains thrust-system through the Mejerda Zone, Intermediate Atlas and into the North-South Axis; (4) late Tortonian to Late Pliocene (7-1.8Ma) extension related to the opening of the Strait of Sicily and foreland basin sedimentation from the North-South Axis; (5) Late Pliocene to recent (1.8- 0Ma) basin inversion related to the final stages of deformation along the North-South Axis. Hydrocarbons in the North and South Kairouan Permits are produced from open and partially open fractures in the upper Abiod Formation. Petrographic analysis has allowed the identification of ferroan calcite, ferroan dolomite and barite cements in fractures of the upper Abiod Formation which were emplaced in that order. The integration of burial history modelling and fluid inclusion analysis suggests that the pressure-corrected homogenisation temperatures (trapping temperatures) for the ferroan calcites are 59-660°C and for the ferroan dolomites are 78-93°C. Even though the polyphase fracturing events range from the late Mesozoic to recent, the integration of burial history modelling, petrographic, Formation MicroScanner/MicroImager and fluid inclusion analysis have constrained the timing of reservoir charging by diagenetic fluids to the: (1) late Langhian (15Ma) for the ferroan calcite cements; (2) Late Pliocene to recent (l.8-0Ma) for the ferroan dolomite and barite cements. Stable carbon and oxygen isotope analysis on samples of the fracture fills, in conjunction with fluid inclusion trapping temperatures, suggests that the [delta][sup]180 and [delta][sup]13C ratios of the fluids responsible for the recipitation of calcite cements ([delta][sup]18O[sub]H2O = +3.70% to +3.80% V-SMOW, [delta][sup]13C[sub]HCO3 = +0.02% to +0.08% V-PBD) were connate waters derived from marine carbonates. Dolomite cements ([delta][sup]18O[sub]H2O = -3.00% to +0.30% V-SMOW, [delta][sup]13C[sub]HCO3 = -2.53% to -1.16% V-PDB) were precipitated from meteoric waters with an input of soil-derived organic carbon. The meteoric waters were probably derived from an area of recharge that was located to the northwest of the study area towards the thrust-front of the Atlas Mountains, during the development of the North-South Axis. Burial history modelling indicates that hydrocarbons would have reached mid-maturity in source rocks beneath the Abiod Formation (Mouelha Member, 110-99Ma; Bahloul Horizon, 95-93.5Ma), from the Late Pliocene onwards (<1.8Ma). Petroleum was probably transported into the fractured upper Abiod Formation coeval with the fluids responsible for the precipitation of the ferroan dolomite cements and/or for the precipitation of the barite cements during the final stages of basin inversion (1.8-0Ma).
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Britton, Layne. "Depositional history of a low sulfur coal in a typically high sulfur basin /." Available to subscribers only, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1796356181&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Wilson, Doyle Coley. "Post-middle Miocene Geologic History of the Tualatin Basin, Oregon with Hydrogeologic Implications." PDXScholar, 1997. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4711.
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The geologic history and sedimentary till of the Tualatin Basin after Columbia River Basalt Group (CRBG) emplacement is assessed and related to groundwater characteristics. The 334 m deep HBD-1 core from the Hillsboro Airport, provides the primary information for sediment characterization and is supported by over 2400 well logs and cores, and four seismic lines. The sedimentary section above the 26 m thick paleosol on the CRBG in HBD-I is divided into two main groups: a 25 m thick section of Missoula flood sediments called the Willamette Silt overlies a 263 m thick finegrained sequence of fluvial Neogene sediments.
Pollen, diatom and paleomagnetic data support dividing the Neogene sediments into a 230 m thick Pleistocene package and an underlying, 75 m thick Pliocene to upper Miocene unit. Heavy mineral and INAA chemical analyses indicate that the Neogene sediments were primarily derived from local highlands surrounding the Tualatin Valley.
The structure of the top CRBG in the Tualatin Basin exhibits two provinces, a larger northern subbasin with few faults cutting the Neogene sediments above the CRBG and a smaller, more complexly faulted, subbasin south and east of the Beaverton Fault. Neogene sedimentation rates increased ten fold from the late Miocene-Pliocene to the Pleistocene, concomitant with increased basin subsidence. Comparison of Neogene basin evolution among Willamette Valley depositional centers reveals similarities among gravity and seismic reflection characters and subsidence timing between the Tualatin Basin and the northern Willamette Basin and out of phase with the Portland Basin.
The Tualatin River CRBG nickpoint near the river's mouth has remained essentially unchanged since the Missoula floods filled the basin 12,700 years ago. This has kept the river from cutting back into the valley resulting in the low gradient evident today.
Elevated orthophosphate levels in the upper 140 m of the Neogene sediment section indicate that the sediments are a natural source of phosphorus supplied to groundwater. Groundwater conditions in the lower Neogene sediments promote stabilization of phosphorus as vivianite. The unconfined Willamette Silt aquifer and the underlying confined Neogene aquifers are distinct, separate hydrogeologic units and usually yield less than 40 1pm.
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Mogren, Eric Thomas. "Governance in the United States Columbia River Basin: An Historical Analysis." PDXScholar, 2011. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/48.
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Political and institutional leaders in the Pacific Northwest have struggled over how best to manage Columbia River Basin development and the implications of that development since the early 1900s. Their efforts present a seeming paradox: whereas prominent political and institutional leaders believed some form of regional governance system was necessary, those same leaders refused to establish systems with the decision-making authority necessary to resolve the issues that led them to create the systems in the first place. This study examines the historical record at the institutional level to determine why. This study found twenty-six governance systems proposed since 1933 of which eleven were enacted. Prior to then, a private market oriented system dominated, assisted by supportive federal agencies with jurisdictional authority over individual resource domains. Since 1934, the Basin has experienced an unbroken succession of one governance system or another, at times with multiple systems operating in parallel. This study categorized each system under one of four governance models, distinguished by the locus of decision-making. Transitions from one system to another came about through evolutionary processes or the emergence of circumstances that allowed for dramatic shifts between models. Evolutionary change within models resulted in collapse due to internal structural weaknesses or shifts to improved systems through mutual agreement. Dramatic change between models occurred when a "critical situation" appeared that called existing governance systems into question and allowed new systems to rise in their place. Four such critical situations occurred between 1929 and 1999. These were the onset of the Depression, the end of World War II, the hydro-thermal crisis of the mid 1970s, and the first ESA listings of salmon in 1991. This study concluded that the conflicting interests of powerful institutions only partially explain the Basin's governance paradox. Differing worldviews and senses of institutional culture, identity, and values aggravated the conflict over competing interests by shaping the perspectives each party held over the goals and motivations of the others. This study recommends further research to determine how institutional values translate into individual level decision-making. It offers a theoretical framework under which such research might proceed.
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Pugh, Jeremy Mark. "The late Quaternary environmental history of the Lake Heron basin, Mid Canterbury, New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geological Sciences, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1766.
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The Lake Heron basin is an intermontane basin located approximately 30 kms west of Mount Hutt. Sediments within the basin are derived from a glacier that passed through the Lake Stream Valley from the upper Rakaia Valley. The lack of major drainage in the south part of the basin has increased the preservation potential of glacial phenomena. The area provides opportunities for detailed glacial geomorphology, sedimentology and micropaleontogical work, from which a very high-resolution study on climate change spanning the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) through to the present was able to be reconstructed. The geomorphology reveals a complex glacial history spanning multiple glaciations. The Pyramid and Dogs Hill Advance are undated but possibly relate to the Waimaungan and Waimean glaciations. The Emily Formation (EM), previously thought to be MIS 4 (Mabin, 1984), was dated using Be10 to c. 25 ka B.P. The EM was largest advance of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Ice during the LGM was at least 150m thicker than previously thought, as indicated by relatively young ages of high elevation moraines. Numerous moraine ridges and kame terraces show a continuous recession from LGM limits, and, supported by decreasing Be10 ages for other LGM moraines, it seems ice retreat was punctuated by minor glacial readvances and still-stands. These may be associated with decadal-scale climate variations, such as the PDO or early ENSO-like systems. There are relatively little sedimentological exposures in the area other than those on the shores of Lake Heron. The sediment at this location demonstrates the nature of glacial and paraglacial sedimentation during the later stages of ice retreat. They show that ice fronts oscillated across several hundred metres before retreating into Lake Heron proper. Vegetation change at Staces Tarn (1200m asl) indicates climate amelioration in the early Holocene. The late glacial vegetation cover of herb and small shrubs was replaced by a low, montane forest about 7,000 yrs B.P, approximately at the time of the regional thermal maxima. From 7,000 and 1,400 yrs B.P, temperatures slowly declined, and grasses slowly moved back onto the site, although the montane forest was still the dominant vegetation. Fires were frequent in the area extending back at least 6,000 years B.P. The largest fire, about 5,300 yrs B.P, caused major forest disruption. But full recovered occurred within about 500 years. Beech forest appears at the site about 3,300 yrs B.P and becomes the dominant forest cover about 1,400 yrs B.P. Cooler, cloudier winters and disturbance by fire promoted the expansion of beech forest at the expense of the previous low, montane forest. Both the increased frequency of fire events and late Holocene beech spread may be linked to ENSO-related variations in rainfall. The youngest zone is characterised by both a dramatic decline in beech forest and an increase in grasses, possibly representing human activity in the area.
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Batterson, Martin Jonathan. "Quaternary history, palaeo-geography and sedimentology of the Humber River basin and adjacent areas." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0006/NQ42472.pdf.
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Riches, Peter Frank. "The palaeoenvironmental and neotectonic history of the Early Pleistocene Crag basin in East Anglia." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2012. http://repository.royalholloway.ac.uk/items/eb59ceaa-948a-01c8-30e1-4c06a764447a/8/.
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A palaeoenvironmental history and correlation of the deep Crag sequence in East Anglia is presented in terms of processes rather than purely biostratigraphic concepts. A critical review of the historic correlations and palaeoenvironmental interpretations of the Crag demonstrates that the biostratigraphical interpretations include weak assumptions that led to a poorly defined and unreliable paradigm. The base of the Crag surface was mapped and revealed NE-SW trending ridges and troughs, formed largely by Pre-Crag fluvial erosion, that cross an easterly dipping surface bounded to the north by the uplift associated with the Dowsing-Hewett Fault Zone and to the south by the Ipswich-Felixstowe high. The lithologies and sedimentology of key sites at the margin of the basin around Norwich are described and combined with a comprehensive review of borehole data, across the basin, including gamma-ray logs, to propose a new lithostratigraphical model of the Crag basin. Three lithostratigraphic units, separated by silty clay marker beds, have been defined and the upper marker bed equates with the Chillesford Clay Member. The heavy mineral assemblages indicate the sediments were derived predominantly from the east and were deposited in shallow coastal to inter-tidal environments on the southern North Sea basin margin. The Crag sediments progressively onlapped the margins of the basin and infilled an accommodation space that increased eastwards as the basin subsided. The top of the Crag sequence is a polygenetic erosional surface beneath the Westleton Beds, or the Wroxham Crag, or fluvial sands and gravels, or glaciofluvial and glacial deposits. A distinctive quartzose gravel in the Norwich area has been interpreted as evidence for an early, eastward flowing River Bytham to the north of its later route through Suffolk. Syndepositional subsidence also occurred in the southwest (Stradbroke Trough) area and differential movement of basement blocks occurred during the Early and Middle Pleistocene, particularly on the NE-SW Framlingham Chalk ridge across East Suffolk. The base of the Crag has also been tilted by much later regional uplift in the west and southwest.
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Kiconco, Lyoidah. "The Semliki Basin, Uganda : its sedimentation history and stratigraphy in relation to petroleum accumulation." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/8656.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 140-147).The Semliki Basin is covered by sediments that represent the Middle Miocene to Recent, which are described from outcrop and well data, underlain by possible Jurassic or Permo-Triassic to Early Tertiary sediments, which rest unconformably on Basement, described from seismic data. Thin-section analysis of selected samples, collected from the field, has shown that sandstones from the Semliki Basin are predominantly composed of quartz, potassium feldspars and plagioclase feldspars with subordinate clay minerals. Accessory minerals, such as micas (biotite and muscovite), heavy minerals, garnet and epidote, are present in minor amounts. This mineralogy indicates that the sediments have a granitic and gneissose origin, related to continental-block provenances. The X-ray diffraction scans of bulk samples reveal that the mudrocks/claystones are dominated by clay minerals with subordinate quartz, feldspars and calcite. The clay minerals include illite, illite-smectite, kaolinite, montmorillonite, illite-monnnorillonite, and mica with mixed layer illite-smectite and illite layers dominating. The clay minerals in the sediments were interpreted to be as a result of weathering of feldspars and volcaniclastic sediments. Authigenic minerals such as anatase and jarosite and secondary precipitates such as calcite and gypsum have also been interpreted as oxidation products of sulphides in the sediments. The study has allowed a better understanding of the stratigraphic relationship of the different rock units that are exposed on outcrop, those encountered in the wells, plus a section interpreted from seismic data. In general, the depositional environment of the sediments in the Semliki Basin is fluvial-lacustrine/deltaic showing significant variations in gamma-ray character, which reflect the water-level changes and river interactions through the depositional period and the influence of rifting tectonics on sediment deposition through time and space. The sediments in the Semliki Basin represent a petroleum play for hydrocarbon accumulations, in which the necessary elements of a valid petroleum system were identified. These include excellent or good potential for reservoirs and top seals as well as circumstantial evidence of regionally mature source rocks, possible seals, traps and hydrocarbon-migration pathways.
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Downey, Nathan John Avouac Jean-Philippe Stock J. M. Gurnis Michael Clayton Robert W. "Tectonic history of the Osbourn spreading center and dynamic subsidence of the Congo basin /." Diss., Pasadena, Calif. : California Institute of Technology, 2009. http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-08282008-093820.
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Blinnikov, Mikhail S. "Late-Pleistocene history of the Columbia Basin grassland based on phytolith records in loess /." view abstract or download file of text, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p9948017.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 1999.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 202-211). Also available for download from the Internet; free to University of Oregon users. Address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p9948017.
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Batterson, Martin J. "Quaternary history, palaeo-geography and sedimentology of the Humber River basin and adjacent areas /." Internet access available to MUN users only, 1998. http://collections.mun.ca/u?/theses,57121.
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Murphy, Michael J. "Geophysical investigation of the tectonic and volcanic history of the Nauru Basin, Western Pacific /." Electronic version, 2004. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2004/murphym/michaelmurphy.html.
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Steinmann, Michael. "The Cuenca basin of southern Ecuador : tectono-sedimentary history and the Tertiary Andean evolution /." Zurich : Swiss federal institute of technology, 1997. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=12297.
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James, Jonathan Scott. "Exploration, monetization, disillusion: a history of upstream oil development in the onshore Algoa basin." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/3870.
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The onshore Algoa basin has, since the mid-1960s, been an area of interest for oil and gas exploration. Despite the general lack of knowledge and publicly available information on the topic, a large amount of geological and geophysical data has been collected on the region owing to the oil and gas exploration. The intended aim of this thesis is to compile and construct a historical narrative of the oil and gas exploration that took place within the onshore Algoa basin, and to then contextualize that localized narrative within the greater macro-narrative of the global oil and gas industry. This thesis is primarily concerned with the time period beginning in the early 1960s up to mid-2014, however reference is also made to events pre-1960. For the purposes of compartmentalizing the various areas of research covered, the thesis has been divided into three broad areas of interest: the geology of the onshore Algoa basin, the global oil market and its impact on exploration therein, and the attempts to monetize the leases that came to be purchased post-exploration. The narrative on the geology of the onshore Algoa basin is aimed at providing a summarized account of the most important details pertaining to the search for petroleum systems in simplified, yet accurate, language. The aspects of the geology which command the most attention are those which are necessary in functioning petroleum systems such as suitable permeabilities, porosities, reservoir rocks, trapping mechanisms and cap rocks. The global oil and gas market is also used to contextualize the search for oil and gas within the onshore Algoa basin and is explained against the backdrop of the global oil trade and the sanctions imposed on the apartheid state. Furthermore, the analysis of the attempts to monetize leases within the onshore Algoa basin will provide a financial reference point to the shortcomings of the exploration and monetization efforts. The purpose of this thesis is to construct a historical narrative of the onshore Algoa basin which not only gives an accurate portrayal of the exploration efforts that have taken place thus far, but to also provide a enough detail of those exploration efforts to indicate the future of the onshore Algoa basin as an exploration play.
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White, Helena Elizabeth. "Establishing the chronostratigraphy and Miocene-Pliocene palaeoenvironmental history of the Fazzan Basin, Libyan Sahara." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/39907.
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The vastness of the Sahara Desert makes it a key region for the study of global climate change. Large and important gaps remain, however, in our understanding of the palaeoenvironmental history of the Sahara due to limited terrestrial evidence. The Fazzan Basin, south-west Libya, is one of a few regions to document North Africa’s palaeohydrological history in the form of lake shorelines and sedimentary deposits. The most extensive of these belongs to the Al Mahruqah Formation, recently upgraded to Group status, which is believed to have been deposited by Lake Megafazzan. Previous dating using OSL/U-series has revealed the deposits to be of Quaternary age. However, the origin and age of the deposits are still subject to ongoing debate with the chronological and palaeoenvironmental framework of Miocene-Pliocene units severely lacking. In order to develop and extend the knowledge of the basin during the Neogene, geochemical and sedimentological analyses have been conducted on deposits from six stratigraphic sections from across the northern Fazzan Basin. Palaeomagnetic dating, which is able to date beyond the range of previous dating techniques, has also been completed. This research provides what is believed to be the only low resolution, long-term palaeoenvironmental record of the central Sahara. Magnetostratigraphic and geochemical assessments question the previously proposed ages of the Al Mahruqah Group revealing that several humid intervals leading to several phases of lake development not only occurred in the Quaternary, but throughout the Miocene and early Pliocene. It is therefore proposed that the main drainage networks of the Fazzan basin were established in the early Miocene and hence ideas originally thought about the geomorphological history of the basin need to be redeveloped. It is hoped this research will not only help to fill the palaeoclimatic void of this important region but also potentially contribute to the understanding of the wider Saharan palaeoclimate.
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Asmussen, Pascal. "Insights from the Devonian Adavale Basin on the tectonic history of the Thomson Orogen." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2020. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/200906/1/Pascal_Asmussen_Thesis.pdf.
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This research aims to advance our understanding of the expansion of the Australian continent during the Palaeozoic. Geological remnants of specific sedimentary basins in southwest Queensland and north-western NSW were used as focus sites. A novel multi-method approach used sediment compositional information and Uranium-Lead mineral dating in combination with novel statistical methods to constrain the relative timing, sediment pathways and connectivity of these basins. The research showed that although a major period of stabilisation of the Australian continent had occurred by the beginning of the Devonian, approximately 400 million years ago, the new sedimentary basins were not yet directly connected.
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Elliott, Emily Maureen. "Organic nitrogen isotope stratigraphy, palynology, and sediment history of freshwater wetlands in the Chesapeake Bay basin comparison with land use history /." Available to US Hopkins community, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/dlnow/3080655.
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Collins, Michael L. "Norfolk and North Sea Southern Basin natural gas 1966-1995 : a study in political economy." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389372.
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Ziegler, Karen. "Diagenetic and geochemical history of the Rotliegend of the southern North Sea (UK sector) : a comparative study." Thesis, University of Reading, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.321269.
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Volkmann, Abigail J. "River Basin Management and Restoration in Germany and the United States: Two Case Studies." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/165.
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The uses and management of water resources play an important role in the development of a culture and the health of its environment and population. Humans throughout history have consistently exploited rivers, which degrades water quality and leads to water scarcity. This thesis is an examination of two river restoration projects, one on the Oder River in Germany and the other on the Klamath River in the United States, that represent each country's efforts to reverse river exploitation. These cases in Germany and the United States demonstrate the importance of achieving a better understanding of the political instruments and strategies for mitigating environmental issues on a global scale.
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Mazel, Aron D. "People making history : the last ten thousand years of hunter-gatherer communities in the Thukela Basin." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/21814.
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Bibliography: pages 322-353.The primary aim of this thesis is to document and explain the 10 000 BP AD 1800 history of the Thukela Basin hunter-gatherers. The primary information for this study comes from my excavation, between 1981 and 1984, of eight rock shelters in the upper Thukela catchment. My aims and theoretical orientation have altered substantially since the project's ,inception. They have changed from being concerned primarily with ecological phenomena to the reconstruction of a regional social history. As part of this redefinition I have developed a critique of South African Later Stone Age (LSA) studies from the early 1960s, arguing that the predominant, ecological, approaches of this period are inadequate in dealing with past human societies. My reasons for adopting a socially orientated historical approach concern the social relevance of archaeology, and the need to generate the best possible insights into past societies. I submit that historical materialism offers a very valuable framework for social historical analysis. The theoretical propositions germane to this study are presented. I then concentrate specifically on Thukela Basirr hunter-gatherer history. The periods dating to before and after 2000 BP are dealt with separately because of the arrival of farmers in the Thukela Basin around AD 500.