Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Basic addition'

PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO
PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTITUIÇÕES COMUNITÁRIAS DE ENSINO PARTICULARES
A presente pesquisa visa analisar a prevenção da negligência contra crianças e adolescentes a partir da inserção das famílias no Centro de Referência de Assistência Social (CRAS), enquanto órgão executor da proteção social básica de acordo com a Política Nacional de Assistência Social. Sugere, assim, uma discussão sobre a proteção social básica e a prevenção, tanto no âmbito da família quanto no da responsabilidade do Estado, como forma de minimizar as ocorrências comumente designadas de negligência. Para viabilizar a análise das situações vivenciadas pelas famílias, procedeu-se um estudo qualitativo, utilizando a técnica de análise de documentos referentes às mães que estavam em descumprimento de condicionalidades, tendo seus benefícios do Programa Bolsa Família suspensos, devido a uma suposta negligência à saúde e à educação de seus filhos e foram acompanhadas por um CRAS do Município do Rio de Janeiro. Também foram utilizadas estatísticas pertinentes ao tema para projetar a discussão no âmbito nacional. As conclusões apontam para a necessidade de compreensão da totalidade das expressões da questão social que permeiam as situações da suposta negligência familiar. Além disso, sinalizam a responsabilidade do Estado através de ações intersetoriais, envolvendo políticas para além da assistência social que visem ao cuidado com os pais para garantia efetiva dos direitos de crianças e adolescentes.
The present study aims to analyze the prevention of neglect of children and adolescents from the insertion of families in the Reference Center for Social Assistance (CRAS) as an executor of basic social protection in accordance with the National Social Assistance Policy. It thus suggests a discussion on basic social protection and prevention, both within the family and State responsibility, as a way of minimizing the commonly designated occurrences of neglect. In order to make it possible to analyze the situations experienced by the families, a qualitative study was carried out using the document analysis technique for mothers who were in breach of conditionalities, and their benefits from the Bolsa Família Program were suspended because of a supposed negligence health and education of their children and were accompanied by a CRAS from the Municipality of Rio de Janeiro. Statistics relevant to the topic were also used to project the discussion at the national level. The conclusions point to the need to understand all the expressions of the social question that permeate the situations of supposed family neglect. In addition, they signal the State s responsibility through intersectoral actions involving policies other than social assistance aimed at caring for parents to guarantee the effective rights of children and adolescents.

O uso de procedimentos imaturos de contagem e a permanência de lentidão para recuperar fatos aditivos básicos da memória de longo prazo têm sido apontados pelas pesquisas como sendo habilidades pouco desenvolvidas nas crianças com dificuldades na matemática. Em vista disso, nesta pesquisa foi desenvolvida uma prática pedagógica em alunos do 4° ano do ensino fundamental com dificuldades de aprendizagem na matemática tendo como objetivo o aumento no uso de recuperação de fatos aditivos básicos. O estudo foi dividido em três etapas. Na primeira etapa, foi realizada uma avaliação com 7 4 alunos com idades entre 9 e ll anos de três escolas públicas de Porto Alegre. Para avaliar o desempenho aritmético foi utilizada a Prova de Aritmética de Capovilla, Montiel e Capovilla (2007). Para avaliar as estratégias e procedimentos de contagem e recuperação de fatos aditivos da memória, foram utilizadas duas tarefas adaptadas de Siegler e Shrager (1984) e Geary, Hamson e Hoard (2000). Após a avaliação, os resultados passaram por uma análise estatística, e os escores totais da Prova de Aritmética, além de avaliar o desempenho aritmético, serviram de base para separar os grupos em graves e moderadas dificuldades. Na segunda etapa, dos 74 alunos 19 foram selecionados para participar da intervenção pedagógica, sendo que 12 deles apresentaram graves dificuldades e 7 moderadas dificuldades em matemática. Durante o desenvolvimento da intervenção, foi utilizada uma combinação de ensino direto e ensino de estratégia de Swanson e Sachse-Lee (2000). As intervenções foram realizadas em grupos de 4 e 5 alunos, perfazendo um total de 12 encontros. Na terceira etapa, foi realizada avaliação utilizando os mesmos instrumentos da primeira etapa. Após a quantificação dos dados, os resultados revelaram que a diferença de pontuação entre o pré-teste e pós-teste foi estatisticamente significativa nos dois grupos de alunos. Os resultados indicaram que os alunos com graves e moderadas dificuldades na aprendizagem da matemática se beneficiaram com a prática pedagógica, pois, na resolução de fatos aditivos básicos, houve progressos do uso de estratégias e procedimentos de contagem para processos apoiados na memória. A combinação de abordagens de ensino direto e ensino de estratégias mostrou que é possível estimular a aprendizagem dos alunos indicando progressos no mesmo período escolar.
The use of immature counting procedures and the slow retrieval of basic addition facts of long-term memory has been suggested by research as being deficit developed abilities in children with difficulties in mathematics. Therefore, in this study a pedagogical practice was developed with 4th grade elementary school students who presented difficulties in mathematics learning aiming at enhancing the use of retrieval of basic addition facts. The study was divided into three phases. In the first phase, an evaluation was performed with 74 students aging from 9-11 years-old from three public schools in Porto Alegre. In order to evaluate their arithmetic performance, the Arithmetic Test by Capovilla, Montiel, & Capovilla (2007) was applied. To evaluate procedures and strategies counting and retrieval of addition facts from memory, two adapted tasks from Siegler & Shrager (1984) and Geary, Hamson & Hoard (2000) were used. After the evaluation, the results were statistically analyzed, and the total scores of the Arithmetic Test, besides being used to evaluate the arithmetic performance, were used as a base to divide the group into a severe anda moderate difficulties. In the second phase, 19 of the 74 students were selected to participate of the pedagogical intervention, with 12 presenting with severe difficulties and 7 with moderate difficulties in mathematics. During the intervention development process, a combination of direct teaching and strategy teaching by Swanson and SachseLee (2000) was used. Interventions were performed in groups of 4 and 5 students, with a total of 12 meetings. In the third phase, an evaluation was performed with the same tools used in the first phase. After data quantification, results revealed that the difference between the pre-test and post-test scores was statistically significative in the two groups of students. Results indicated that students with severe and moderate difficulties in mathematics learning would benefit from the pedagogical practice, because, while solving the basic addition facts, there was progress in using counting strategies and procedures to memory-based processes. A combination of direct teaching and strategy teaching approaches showed to be possible to stimulate learning while indicating progress during the same school term.

L'addition, l'une des opérations fondamentales de l'arithmétique, constitue une des premières opérations enseignées aux enfants. Parmi les diverses formes d’additions, celles impliquant deux opérandes à un chiffre, comme 5+3, sont omniprésentes dans la vie quotidienne et requièrent souvent des calculs mentaux rapides. A ce jour, les mécanismes cognitifs sous-jacents à la résolution de ces opérations restent mal compris. Deux grands modèles théoriques s’opposent. Les théories associationnistes (Ashcraft, 1982; Campbell & Graham, 1985; Logan, 1988; Siegler & Shrager, 1984) postulent que l'apprentissage conduit à une récupération en mémoire de la réponse. Au début de l'apprentissage, les enfants utilisent une procédure explicite de comptage (par exemple 6...7...8) qui crée une trace mnésique associant le problème à sa solution. Après de nombreuses répétitions, le résultat peut être récupéré directement en mémoire sans nécessiter de calcul. Plus récemment, une théorie propose que l'apprentissage conduit à l'automatisation du comptage pour les plus petites additions (Barrouillet & Thevenot, 2013; Uittenhove et al., 2016; Thevenot & Barrouillet, 2016). Même après une grande expérience, le résultat ne serait pas récupéré en mémoire, mais calculé grâce à une procédure ultra-rapide et inconsciente qui parcourrait la ligne numérique mentale. L'objectif de cette thèse est de contribuer à ce champ de recherche en explorant les mécanismes cognitifs employés grâce à une approche expérimentale et computationnelle. Le volet expérimental vise à déterminer comment les stratégies de comptage et de récupération opèrent durant l’apprentissage de la résolution des additions. Il s'agit également d'examiner si des facteurs comme la magnitude des opérandes et la structure des problèmes peuvent influencer ces stratégies. Le volet expérimental comprend deux études d’apprentissage basées sur des tâches similaires à celles de l’arithmétique alphabétique et menées avec des participants adultes. La première étude explore l'automatisation des additions en comparant deux conditions d'apprentissage, mémorisation et comptage, à l'aide d’additions construites sur une séquence artificielle et montre que le comptage est toujours utilisé par la majorité des participants tandis que d’autres mémorisent les plus grands problèmes. La seconde étude examine l'influence du matériel d'apprentissage, en comparant des additions construites à partir de séquences contiguës et non contiguës, et montre que la structure des séquences affecte également les stratégies utilisées par les participants. Le volet modélisation computationnelle a pour objectif d’expliquer et reproduire les évolutions stratégiques observées entre le comptage et la récupération en mémoire. Une première version du modèle, fondée uniquement sur l'accélération du comptage, ne suffit pas à expliquer pleinement les données expérimentales. Une nouvelle version du modèle, intégrant un mécanisme de compétition dynamique entre le comptage et la récupération en mémoire, a permis de simuler de manière plus précise la transition entre ces deux stratégies en fonction de la taille des problèmes et de leur structure, comme observé dans les expériences. Les résultats des deux approches montrent qu'aucune stratégie unique ne prévaut à la fin de l'apprentissage. Les résultats sont plus nuancés et révèlent que la taille des problèmes ainsi que la structure du matériel influencent le choix des stratégies. De plus, des différences inter-individuelles ont été observées, certains individus privilégiant la récupération en mémoire, tandis que d'autres continuent d'utiliser des procédures de comptage même après une pratique prolongée. Ces observations soulignent l'importance de proposer un modèle flexible pour comprendre les mécanismes d'automatisation des additions basiques
Addition, one of the fundamental operations in arithmetic, is among the first operations taught to children. Among the various forms of addition, those involving two single-digit operands, such as 5+3, are ubiquitous in daily life and often require fast mental calculations. To date, the cognitive mechanisms underlying the resolution of these operations remain poorly understood. Two major theoretical models are in opposition. Associationist theories (Ashcraft, 1982; Campbell & Graham, 1985; Logan, 1988; Siegler & Shrager, 1984) posit that learning leads to the retrieval of answers from memory. At the beginning of learning, children use an explicit counting procedure (e.g., 6...7...8) that creates a memory trace associating the problem with its solution. After numerous repetitions, the result can be retrieved directly from memory without requiring calculation. More recently, a theory proposes that learning leads to the automatization of counting for smaller additions (Barrouillet & Thevenot, 2013; Uittenhove et al., 2016; Thevenot & Barrouillet, 2016). Even after significant experience, the result is not retrieved from memory but is calculated using an ultra-fast and unconscious procedure that would scroll the mental number line. The objective of this thesis is to contribute to this field of research by exploring the cognitive mechanisms employed through both experimental and computational approaches. The experimental component aims to determine how counting and retrieval strategies operate during the learning of addition resolution. It also seeks to examine whether factors such as operand magnitude and problem structure can influence these strategies. The experimental component comprises two learning studies based on tasks similar to those of alphabet arithmetic and conducted with adults. The first study explores the automatization of additions by comparing two learning conditions, memorization and counting, using additions built from an artificial sequence, and shows that counting is still used by most participants, while others memorize larger problems. The second study examines the influence of learning material by comparing additions built from contiguous and non-contiguous sequences, demonstrating that the structure of the sequences also affects the strategies used by participants. The computational modeling component aims to explain and reproduce the strategic shifts observed between counting and memory retrieval. A first version of the model, based solely on counting acceleration, does not fully explain the experimental data. A new version of the model, incorporating a dynamic competition mechanism between counting and memory retrieval, more precisely simulates the transition between these two strategies depending on problem size and structure, as observed in the experiments. The results from the two approaches show that no single strategy prevails at the end of learning. The results are more nuanced, revealing that problem size and material structure influence the choice of strategies. Additionally, individual differences were observed, with some individuals favoring memory retrieval, while others continue to use counting procedures even after prolonged practice. These findings highlight the importance of proposing a flexible model to understand the mechanisms underlying the automatization of basic additions

Final Report to Pima County Department of Transportation and Flood Control District, June 1987.
Executive Summary: Three case study simulations of dry well drainage were performed using the saturated-unsaturated groundwater flow model UNSAT 2. Each case simulated injection of storm water runoff water into a dry well from two five-year, one-hour storm events, separated by a 24-hour lag period. The first case assumed subsurface conditions of a uniform gravelly sand material from land surface to the water table at 100 feet below land surface. The second case assumed the same gravelly sand, underlain by a uniform sandy-clay loam material beginning at 30 feet below land surface and extending to the water table. The third case assumed the same conditions as in Case 2, except for a sandy loam soil replacing the sandy-clay loam material. Simulated subsurface flow of injection water for the first case was primarily vertical. The cross-sectional radius of the 95% saturated portion of the drainage plume reached a maximum of about nine feet during stormwater injection. In the second and third cases, horizontal flow took place at the layer boundary between the gravelly sand and underlying fine material. As a result, the cross-sectional radius of the 95% saturated portion of the drainage plume reached a maximum of about 27 feet for Case 2, and about 21.5 feet for Case 3. Arrival times of injection water at the water table varied from between 0.25 and 0.75 hours (Case 1), and between 130 and 150 hours (Case 2). Attenuation of water-borne pollutants in the vadose zone is related to the degree of exposure of drainage water to soil particle surfaces. The specific surface area of soil particles to which drainage water was exposed was used as an indicator of the relative degree of attenuation that may take place among the three cases. The ratio of specific surface area of soil matrix exposed to the portion of the subsurface reaching a state of 80% saturation was approximately 1 : 16.2 : 5.6 (Case 1 : Case 2 : Case 3).

The biggest impact that school governing bodies (SGBs) could probably have on school governance is by the appointment of quality additional educators and non-educators at the school. The South African Schools Act (SASA) provides, in section 20, for a public school to establish and employ staff in such positions. The school, as juristic person, becomes the employer and not the SGB which only acts as the agent on behalf of the school. Through this qualitative study I aimed to explore the expectations of parent members of different school SGBs regarding the appointment of staff members that are additional to the post establishment in public schools. By making use of semi-structured interviews, document analysis and a literature review I wanted to contribute to a more profound understanding of parents’ expectations of their roles in SGBs and as to what they want to achieve through being involved in SGBs. Through this I hope to improve relationships between parent members, educator members of SGBs and the principal. I determined that all parent members of SGBs are directed by bona fide intentions in that they think that they can make the greatest contribution to the learning and teaching culture of the school through the appointment of additional staff in order to have a better learner to teacher ratio in the classroom and in so doing improve the quality of teaching and learning at the school. I also determined that the parents’ expectations do not differ from one type of school to another and that all parents, irrespective of race, gender, language or culture basically have the same expectations. I discovered that schools increasingly appoint retired staff in SGB posts in order to keep their expertise at the school. Schools also appoint student teachers in posts to assist teachers at the school. This is a huge advantage to education in that they are trained in their profession at no additional cost to the government. By taking the financial position and the curriculum requirements at the school into account parent members of SGBs see it their primary duty to make sufficient finances available to enable schools to appoint additional staff. This practice is perhaps the only way to ensure quality education to all learners. The lack of financial capabilities at most schools makes the correct use of this function unavailable to them.
Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
gm2014
Education Management and Policy Studies
unrestricted

Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucijos 48 straipsnyje įtvirtintos teisės gauti teisingą apmokėjimą už darbą valstybės tarnyboje realizavimą reguliuoja Lietuvos Respublikos valstybės tarnybos įstatymas. Kaip praktiškai veikia valstybės nustatyta karjeros valstybės tarnautojų darbo užmokesčio teisinio reguliavimo sistema, kokios iškyla problemos ir sunkumai, ką karjeros valstybės tarnautojai mano apie savo darbo užmokesti ir jo reguliavimą, ką reikėtų keisti yra analizuojama šiame magistro baigiamajame darbe Darbo užmokesčio karjeros valstybės tarnautojams teisinis reguliavimas. Darbą sudaro dvi dalys – teorinė ir praktinė. Teorinėje dalyje autorius išsamiai nagrinėja teisės aktų, reguliavusių valstybės tarnautojų darbo užmokestį raida Lietuvoje, pateikia požiūrį į valstybės tarnautojų darbo užmokesčio teisinio reguliavimo problemas Europos Sąjungos bei Ekonominio bendradarbiavimo ir plėtros organizacijos valstybėse, palygina kelių valstybių darbo užmokestį reguliuojančius teisės aktus su Lietuvos Respublikos valstybės tarnybos įstatymo pagrindinėmis darbo užmokestį reguliuojančiomis nuostatomis. Apžvelgiama karjeros valstybės tarnautojų pareiginės algos, priedų ir priemokų skyrimo tvarka bei nagrinėjamos jų darbo užmokesčio teisinio reguliavimo problemos ir pateikiamos išvados bei pasiūlymai. Darbo praktinėje dalyje pateikiama atlikto empirinio tyrimo atlikimo metodologija bei tyrimo metu nustatytų rezultatų apibendrinti duomenys. Siekta nustatyti darbo užmokesčio karjeros... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
In accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 48 of the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania realization of the rights to have proper pay of work at public service regulate Republic of Lithuania Law on Public Service. There is analysis of practical activity of the career of public servants remuneration legal regulation system, problems and difficulties, opinion of the career of public servants about the their remuneration and this law corrections in this Master’s paper “Legal regulation of career public servant remuneration”. Paper consists of two parts: theoretical and practical. Author of the paper analyses comprehensive law acts, development remuneration of public servants in Lithuania, opinion of public servant law regulation problems in European Union and economic cooperation and expansion organizations in other countries, compares several countries remuneration legal law acts with Lithuanian Republic Law on Public Service statues in theoretical part. Review remuneration of public servants basic salaries, bonuses and additional pays determination order and also investigates their remuneration law regulation problems and presents conclusions and offers. There are methodology of the fulfilled empirical analysis and also the ascertained sum up data in the practical part of the paper. Try to attain remuneration of public servants legal regulation practical relation with public servants needs, to investigate the view of the remuneration law regulation... [to full text]

This diploma thesis deals with plasma cladding and electron beam cladding. The theoretical part is divided into several chapters which is focused on description of these methods of cladding process. In the practical part the particular experiment of electron beam cladding (EBC) and plasma cladding (PC) is described. In the conclusion overall results were assessed, both methods were compared each other and possible exploitation in industry was described.

Доступ до роботи тільки на території бібліотеки ОНЕУ, для переходу натисніть на посилання нижче
У роботі розглядаються теоретико-методологічні основи комунікаційної політики на підприємствах готельного господарства. Проведено аналіз господарської діяльності та організаційної структури готелю «Дерібас», надано оцінку управління комунікаціями в конкурентному середовищі. Розроблено блок – схему управління комунікаціями в готелі «Дерібас». Запропоновано та економічно обґрунтовано впровадження заходів щодо формування управління комунікаціями на основі діджиталізації гостьового циклу. Розроблені пропозиції дозволяють забезпечити процес безконтактної реєстрації гостей в готелі.
The paper considers the theoretical and methodological foundations of communication policy in the hotel industry. The analysis of economic activity and organizational structure of Deribas hotel is carried out, the estimation of management of communications in the competitive environment is given. The block - the scheme of management of communications in hotel "Deribas" is developed. The introduction of measures for the formation of communications management on the basis of digitalization of the guest cycle is proposed and economically justified. The developed offers allow to provide process of contactless registration of visitors in hotel.

Мета роботи: аналіз використання трудових ресурсів та фонду оплати праці на підприємстві, вивчення трудових показників підприємства, закріплення і поглиблення знань, отриманих в процесі навчання, вирішення поставлених задач та логічне їх обґрунтування. Об’єктом роботи є: Державне підприємство «Сумське лісове господарство». Предметом роботи: теоретичні і прикладні аспекти ефективного формування і використання трудових ресурсів та фонду оплати праці. В першому розділі кваліфікаційній роботі- розкрито теоретичні основи обліку трудових ресурсів та фонду оплати праці. В другому розділі роботи - було розкрито організацію обліку використання трудових ресурсів та фонду оплати праці на Державному підприємстві «Сумське лісове господарство». Ми дали коротку характеристику підприємства, розглянули аналіз забезпеченості підприємства трудовими ресурсами, зробили оцінку використання фонду робочого часу, розкрили сутність продуктивності праці та зробили її аналіз, а також проаналізувати фонд оплати праці. В третьому розділі роботи – основні напрямки підвищення ефективності використання та вдосконалення обліку трудових ресурсів та фонду оплати праці на Державному підприємстві «Сумське лісове господарство».

Шоха, М. В. Розвиток зеленого туризму в Чернігівській області : дипломна рбота : 242 «Туризм» / М. В. Шоха ; керівник роботи О. О. Зеленська ; НУ "Чернігівська політехніка", кафедра туризму. – Чернігів, 2021. – 70 с.
Предметом дослідження є теоретико-методичні положення та практичні рекомендації щодо розвитку зеленого туризму. Об’єктом даного дослідження є процеси розвитку зеленого туризму в Україні. Мета кваліфікаційної роботи полягає у виявлені проблем та перспектив розвитку зеленого туризму в Україні загалом та на базі конкретної садиби. Завданнями кваліфікаційної роботи є: дослідити наукові підходи щодо визначення сутності та видів зеленого туризму; розглянути технологію зеленого туризму; визначити значення зеленого туризму для розвитку сільської території; здійснити загальний огляд садиб сільського зеленого туризму в Чернігівській області; комплексно охарактеризувати конкретну садибу; виявити проблеми та перспективи розвитку зеленого туризму в Україні загалом та на базі конкретної садиби. За результатами дослідження сформульовані пропозиції щодо шляхів подолання проблем розвитку зеленого туризму в Україні; окреслені перспективні напрямки розвитку садиби «Андріївські озера».
The subject of the study is the theoretical and methodological provisions and practical recommendations for the development of green tourism. The object of this study is the development of green tourism in Ukraine. The purpose of the qualification work is to identify problems and prospects for the development of green tourism in Ukraine in general and on the basis of a particular estate. The objectives of the qualification work are: to explore scientific approaches to defining the nature and types of green tourism; consider the technology of green tourism; determine the importance of green tourism for rural development; to carry out the general inspection of farmsteads of rural green tourism in the Chernihiv region; comprehensively describe a specific estate; identify problems and prospects for the development of green tourism in Ukraine in general and on the basis of a particular estate. According to the results of the research, proposals are formulated on ways to overcome the problems of green tourism development in Ukraine; perspective directions of development of the Andriyivsky Lakes estate are outlined..

Hårdgörning av trä syftar till att göra materialet hårdare. Detta går att åstadkomma genom komprimering, det komprimerade materialet tenderar dock att återgå mot sin ursprungsform då materialet utsätts för fukt om ingen låsning sker. Låsningen kan ske mekaniskt i en treskiktskonstruktion som motverkar träets fuktrörelser. Dessa skivor har dock visat sig vara instabila och tidigare försök har uppvisat deformationer i form av kupning. Denna undersökning syftar till att utreda förutsättningarna för att använda komprimerad asp samt att ta fram underlag för framtagning av en kommersiell produkt.

Praktiska tester har genomförts för att studera hårdhet, återfjädring och densitet hos det komprimerade virket. Vidare har treskiktsskivor tagits fram för att testa om det går att få en stabil konstruktion genom att variera tjockleken på spärrskiktet. Även skillnader i acklimatiseringstid och fuktkvotens inverkan för virkets återfjädring har studerats.

Resultaten visar på att aspens hårdhet efter komprimering blir i samma nivå som bok och ask, en låg fuktkkvot vid komprimering av materialet ger en låg återfjädring, komprimerat material har en längre acklimatiseringstid till jämviktsfuktkvot och materialet går att låsa tvärs fiberriktningen i en treskiktskonstruktion.

To make wood harder it can be densified. This can be achieved by compression, the compressed material tends to return to the original shape when it is exposed to moisture fluxations and if no form of fixation occurs. The fixation can be done mechanically in a three-layer panel construction which reduce movements in the timber. These panels have been found to be unstable and previous attempts have shown deformations in form of cupping. This study aims to evaluate the conditions for using compressed aspen wood, and to provide a basis for development of a commercial product.

Practical tests have been conducted to study hardness, springback and density of the compressed wood. In addition, three-layer panels have been developed to test whether it is possible to have a stable construction by varying the thickness of the buttom layer. Differences in acclimatisation time and the moisture contents effect on the springback has aslo been studied.

The results show that the hardness of aspen wood after compression is in equal levels with beech and ashes, a low moisture contet provides a low springback, compressed timber have a longer time for acclimatisation and it is possible to fixate the material in the direction across the grain in a three-layer panel construction.

La present tesi doctoral s’ha centrat en el repte d’aconseguir, mitjançant Fabricació Additiva (FA), models per a assaig quirúrgic, sota la premissa que els equips per fer-los haurien de ser accessibles a l’àmbit hospitalari. L’objectiu és facilitar l’extensió de l’ús dels prototips com a eina de preparació d’operacions quirúrgiques, transformant la pràctica mèdica actual de la mateixa manera que en el seu moment ho van fer tecnologies com les que van facilitar l’ús de radiografies. El motiu d’utilitzar FA, en lloc de tecnologies més tradicionals, és la seva capacitat de materialitzar de forma directa les dades digitals obtingudes de l’anatomia del pacient mitjançant sistemes d’escanejat tridimensional, fent possible l’obtenció de models personalitzats. Els resultats es centren en la generació de nou coneixement sobre com aconseguir equipaments d’impressió 3D multimaterials accessibles que permetin l’obtenció de models mimètics respecte als teixits vius. Per facilitar aquesta buscada extensió de la tecnologia, s’ha focalitzat en les tecnologies de codi obert com la Fabricació per Filament Fos (FFF) i similars basades en líquids catalitzables. La recerca s’alinea dins l’activitat de desenvolupament de la FA al CIM UPC, i en aquest àmbit concret amb la col·laboració amb l’Hospital Sant Joan de Déu de Barcelona (HSJD). El primer bloc de la tesi inclou la descripció de l’estat de l’art, detallant les tecnologies existents i la seva aplicació a l’entorn mèdic. S’han establert per primer cop unes bases de caracterització dels teixits vius -sobretot tous- per donar suport a la selecció de materials que els puguin mimetitzar en un procés de FA, a efectes de millorar l’experiència d’assaig dels cirurgians. El caràcter rígid dels materials majoritàriament usats en impressió 3D els fa poc útils per simular tumors i altres referències anatòmiques. De forma successiva, es tracten paràmetres com la densitat, la viscoelasticitat, la caracterització dels materials tous a la indústria, l’estudi del mòdul elàstic de teixits tous i vasos, la duresa d’aquests, i requeriments com l’esterilització dels models. El segon bloc comença explorant la impressió 3D mitjançant FFF. Es classifiquen les variants del procés des del punt de vista de la multimaterialitat, essencial per fer models d’assaig quirúrgic, diferenciant entre solucions multibroquet i de barreja al capçal. S’ha inclòs l’estudi de materials (filaments i líquids) que serien més útils per mimetitzar teixits tous. Es constata com en els líquids, en comparació amb els filaments, la complexitat del treball en processos de FA és més elevada, i es determinen formes d’imprimir materials molt tous. Per acabar, s’exposen sis casos reals de col·laboració amb l’HJSD, una selecció d’aquells en els que el doctorand ha intervingut en els darrers anys. L’origen es troba en la dificultat de l’abordatge d’operacions de resecció de tumors infantils com el neuroblastoma, i a la iniciativa del Dr. Lucas Krauel. Finalment, el Bloc 3 té per objecte explorar nombrosos conceptes (fins a 8), activitat completada al llarg dels darrers cinc anys amb el suport dels mitjans del CIM UPC i de l’activitat associada a treballs finals d’estudis d’estudiants de la UPC, arribant-se a materialitzar equipaments experimentals per validar-los. La recerca ampla i sistemàtica al respecte fa que s’estigui més a prop de disposar d’una solució d’impressió 3D multimaterial de sobretaula. Es determina que la millor via de progrés és la de disposar d’una pluralitat de capçals independents a fi de capacitar la impressora 3D per integrar diversos conceptes estudiats, materialitzant-se una possible solució. Cloent la tesi, es planteja com seria un equipament d’impressió 3D per a models d’assaig quirúrgic, a fi de servir de base per a futurs desenvolupaments.
La presente tesis doctoral se ha centrado en el reto de conseguir, mediante Fabricación Aditiva (FA), modelos para ensayo quirúrgico, bajo la premisa que los equipos para obtenerlos tendrían que ser accesibles al ámbito hospitalario. El objetivo es facilitar la extensión del uso de modelos como herramienta de preparación de operaciones quirúrgicas, transformando la práctica médica actual de la misma manera que, en su momento, lo hicieron tecnologías como las que facilitaron el uso de radiografías. El motivo de utilizar FA, en lugar de tecnologías más tradicionales, es su capacidad de materializar de forma directa los datos digitales obtenidos de la anatomía del paciente mediante sistemas de escaneado tridimensional, haciendo posible la obtención de modelos personalizados. Los resultados se centran en la generación de nuevo conocimiento para conseguir equipamientos de impresión 3D multimateriales accesibles que permitan la obtención de modelos miméticos respecto a los tejidos vivos. Para facilitar la buscada extensión de la tecnología, se ha focalizado en las tecnologías de código abierto como la Fabricación por Hilo Fundido (FFF) y similares basadas en líquidos catalizables. Esta investigación se alinea dentro de la actividad de desarrollo de la FA en el CIM UPC, y en este ámbito concreto con la colaboración con el Hospital Sant Joan de Déu de Barcelona (HSJD). El primer bloque de la tesis incluye la descripción del estado del arte, detallando las tecnologías existentes y su aplicación al entorno médico. Se han establecido por primera vez unas bases de caracterización de los tejidos vivos – principalmente blandos – para dar apoyo a la selección de materiales que los puedan mimetizar en un proceso de FA, a efectos de mejorar la experiencia de ensayo de los cirujanos. El carácter rígido de los materiales mayoritariamente usados en impresión 3D los hace poco útiles para simular tumores y otras referencias anatómicas. De forma sucesiva, se tratan parámetros como la densidad, la viscoelasticidad, la caracterización de materiales blandos en la industria, el estudio del módulo elástico de tejidos blandos y vasos, la dureza de los mismos, y requerimientos como la esterilización de los modelos. El segundo bloque empieza explorando la impresión 3D mediante FFF. Se clasifican las variantes del proceso desde el punto de vista de la multimaterialidad, esencial para hacer modelos de ensayo quirúrgico, diferenciando entre soluciones multiboquilla y de mezcla en el cabezal. Se ha incluido el estudio de materiales (filamentos y líquidos) que serían más útiles para mimetizar tejidos blandos. Se constata como en los líquidos, en comparación con los filamentos, la complejidad del trabajo en procesos de FA es más elevada, y se determinan formas de imprimir materiales muy blandos. Para acabar, se exponen seis casos reales de colaboración con el HJSD, una selección de aquellos en los que el doctorando ha intervenido en los últimos años. El origen se encuentra en la dificultad del abordaje de operaciones de resección de tumores infantiles como el neuroblastoma, y en la iniciativa del Dr. Lucas Krauel. Finalmente, el Bloque 3 desarrolla numerosos conceptos (hasta 8), actividad completada a lo largo de los últimos cinco años con el apoyo de los medios del CIM UPC y de la actividad asociada a trabajos finales de estudios de estudiantes de la UPC, llegándose a materializar equipamientos experimentales para validarlos. La investigación amplia y sistemática al respecto hace que se esté más cerca de disponer de una solución de impresión 3D multimaterial de sobremesa. Se determina que la mejor vía de progreso es la de disponer de una pluralidad de cabezales independientes, a fin de capacitar la impresora 3D para integrar diversos conceptos estudiados, materializándose una posible solución. Para cerrar la tesis, se plantea cómo sería un equipamiento de impresión 3D para modelos de ensayo quirúrgico, a fin de servir de base para futuros desarrollos.

碩士
國立嘉義大學
幼兒教育學系研究所
98
The present research involved gauging preschoolers’ understanding of a key arithmetic concept, the addition-subtraction inverse principle (e.g., 4 + 3 – 3 = 4), using the missing addend task adapted from the one designed by Gilmore (2006). Forty-eight 5- to 6-year-old Taiwanese children with gender and SES balanced from three public preschools participated in the study. Participants were clinically interviewed for the understanding of inversion and basic number competence with concrete stimuli manipulated. Results showed that six year olds outperformed their counterparts of 5 year olds, whereas no gender and SES effect was found. Children began to fully grasp the understanding of inversion around six year olds. Among four types of inverse problems, the missing outcome was the easiest while the missing start, the hardest. On top of that, participants’ mental RSS (Representational Set Size) was highly correlated to their understanding of inversion. Future study can be done to investigate how preschoolers at 7 year olds or older performed in our inversion tasks and when the comprehensive understanding of inversion is fully achieved.

Acetyltransferases and deacetylases catalyze the addition and removal, respectively, of acetyl groups to the epsilon-amino group of protein lysine residues. This modification can affect the function of a protein through several means, including the recruitment of specific binding partners called acetyl-lysine readers. Acetyltransferases, deacetylases, and acetyl-lysine readers have emerged as crucial regulators of biological processes and prominent targets for the treatment of human disease. This work describes a combination of structural, biochemical, biophysical, cell-biological, and organismal studies undertaken on a set of proteins that cumulatively include all steps of the acetylation process: the acetyltransferase MEC-17, the deacetylase SIRT1, and the acetyl-lysine reader DPF2. Tubulin acetylation by MEC-17 is associated with stable, long-lived microtubule structures. We determined the crystal structure of the catalytic domain of human MEC-17 in complex with the cofactor acetyl-CoA. The structure in combination with an extensive enzymatic analysis of MEC-17 mutants identified residues for cofactor and substrate recognition and activity. A large, evolutionarily conserved hydrophobic surface patch distal to the active site was shown to be necessary for catalysis, suggesting that specificity is achieved by interactions with the alpha-tubulin substrate that extend outside of the modified surface loop. Experiments in C. elegans showed that while MEC-17 is required for touch sensitivity, MEC-17 enzymatic activity is dispensible for this behavior. SIRT1 deacetylates a wide range of substrates, including p53, NF-kappaB, FOXO transcription factors, and PGC-1-alpha, with roles in cellular processes ranging from energy metabolism to cell survival. SIRT1 activity is uniquely controlled by a C-terminal regulatory segment (CTR). Here we present crystal structures of the catalytic domain of human SIRT1 in complex with the CTR in an apo form and in complex with a cofactor and a pseudo-substrate peptide. The catalytic domain adopts the canonical sirtuin fold. The CTR forms a beta-hairpin structure that complements the beta-sheet of the NAD^+-binding domain, covering an essentially invariant, hydrophobic surface. A comparison of the apo and cofactor bound structures revealed conformational changes throughout catalysis, including a rotation of a smaller subdomain with respect to the larger NAD^+-binding subdomain. A biochemical analysis identified key residues in the active site, an inhibitory role for the CTR, and distinct structural features of the CTR that mediate binding and inhibition of the SIRT1 catalytic domain. DPF2 represses myeloid differentiation in acute myelogenous leukemia. Finally, we solved the crystal structure of the tandem PHD domain of human DPF2. We showed that DPF2 preferentially binds H3 tail peptides acetylated at Lys14, and binds H4 tail peptides with no preference for acetylation state. Through a structural and mutational analysis we identify the molecular basis of histone recognition. We propose a model for the role of DPF2 in AML and identify the DPF2 tandem PHD finger domain as a promising novel target for anti-leukemia therapeutics.

碩士
國立中山大學
電機工程學系研究所
97
In this thesis, we propose a new class of learning models, namely the additive generalized radial basis function networks (AGRBFNs), for general nonlinear regression problems. This class of learning machines combines the generalized radial basis function networks (GRBFNs) commonly used in general machine learning problems and the additive models (AMs) frequently encountered in semiparametric regression problems. In statistical regression theory, AM is a good compromise between the linear model and the nonparametric model. In order for more general network structure hoping to address more general data sets, the AMs are embedded in the output layer of the GRBFNs to form the AGRBFNs. Simple weights updating rules based on incremental gradient descent will be derived. Several illustrative examples are provided to compare the performances for the classical GRBFNs and the proposed AGRBFNs. Simulation results show that upon proper selection of the hidden nodes and the bandwidth of the kernel smoother used in additive output layer, AGRBFNs can give better fits than the classical GRBFNs. Furthermore, for the given learning problem, AGRBFNs usually need fewer hidden nodes than those of GRBFNs for the same level of accuracy.

碩士
國立雲林科技大學
資訊工程研究所
93
In this thesis, we introduce a computer-assisted environment called Shape Designer V.2 for designers to learn shape grammars. This system is implemented with Prolog and Java. It utilizes Prolog’s powerful function in executing recursive rules, but it also makes use of Java to provide a user-friendly interface and excellent drawing functions. We provide basic grammar, additive grammar, ice-ray grammar, 3D basic grammar and some fractal examples in Shape Designer V.2. A learner can use commands to generate 2D and 3D designs.

Kupferbasierte Legierungen mit Formgedächtniseffekt (z.B. Cu-Al-Ni-Mn) sind vergleichsweise kostengünstige Vertreter im Bereich der Hochtemperatur-Formgedächtnislegierungen mit vielversprechenden Umwandlungseigenschaften. Üblicherweise werden diese über konventionelle schmelzmetallurgische Prozesse hergestellt und dann einer thermomechanischen Behandlung unterzogen. Für die vorliegende Arbeit wurden die Formgedächtnislegierungen Cu-11.85Al-3.2Ni-3Mn und Cu-11,35Al-3,2Ni-3Mn-0,5Zr (m-%) unter Nutzung des selektiven Laserschmelzens (Selective Laser Melting – SLM) verarbeitet und Bauteile, nach einer Optimierung der Prozessparameter, mit einer hohen relativen Dichte (ca. 99%) hergestellt. Anschließend wurde der Einfluss des Energieeintrags, eines zusätzlichen Umschmelzschrittes (Mehrfachbelichtung) und einer Substratheizung auf das Gefüge, das Umwandlungsverhalten, die mechanischen Eigenschaften und die Rückverformung (Zweiweg-Effekt, Pseudoelastizität) untersucht. Zum Vergleich wurden weitere Probenkörper mittels Rascherstarrung der Schmelze hergestellt. Besonders die Korngröße und die thermische Stabilisierung der unterschiedlichen Phasen wirken sich unmittelbar auf die Umwandlungstemperaturen sowie das Rückverformungsverhalten aus. Durch die Nutzung des selektiven Laserschmelzens ergeben sich neue Möglichkeiten bei der Herstellung von endkonturnahen sowie geometrisch komplexen Bauteilen mit Formgedächtniseffekt. Zudem können die Gefüge, und damit die Umwandlungseigenschaften des Materials, bereits während der Herstellung eingestellt werden.

We had previously shown that regularization principles lead to approximation schemes, as Radial Basis Functions, which are equivalent to networks with one layer of hidden units, called Regularization Networks. In this paper we show that regularization networks encompass a much broader range of approximation schemes, including many of the popular general additive models, Breiman's hinge functions and some forms of Projection Pursuit Regression. In the probabilistic interpretation of regularization, the different classes of basis functions correspond to different classes of prior probabilities on the approximating function spaces, and therefore to different types of smoothness assumptions. In the final part of the paper, we also show a relation between activation functions of the Gaussian and sigmoidal type.

碩士
國立中興大學
獸醫學系暨研究所
107
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive and irreversible diseases in dogs. It’s a long-term issue in the veterinary practice. Rehabilitation is one of the treatments for long-term management for OA patients including medical exercises, hydrotherapy, manual therapy, laser therapy, regenerative therapy, electric therapy and shockwave therapy. Significant positive effect of focus type shock wave was confirmed on bone fracture, tendinopathy and OA in canine patients but only few studies using radial type on OA with no promising results. The study was aimed to determine if any additional benefit of radial type of shockwave applied on OA patients under a control condition. Canine Brief Pain Inventory (CBPI) and Stance Analyzer were used for data evaluation. Data were collected on day 0 (baseline), 6-8 and 14-16, follow up 3 times. Positive effect was defined on the reduction of the 2 scores, Pain Interference score (PIS) and Pain Severity Score (PSS), in CBPI. In parallel, Stance Analyzer was used to measured weight distribution of each limbs presented as percent (%) in which normal distribution on a forelimb and hindlimb are 30 and 20. IBM® SPSS® Statistics Version 20 was used for Shapiro –Wilk and Wilcoxon test in ANOVA analysis. Eleven OA patients participated this study. Five dogs were excluded because of neurological deficits. Reduction of PSS ≥1 and PIS ≥2 were defined as positive effect and 50% (3/6) dogs were found positive effect on treatment. Weight distributions of left forelimb (LF), right forelimb (RF), left hindlimb (LH) and right hindlimb (RH) were 27.78±8.25, 33.78±6.79, 20.36±5.35 and 15.94±6.66 at day 0. Significant difference was revealed at day 0 between RF and LF so as in RH and LH (p ＜0.05). At day14-16, weight distributions of RF, LF, RH and LF were 29.28±5.26, 31.86±4.57, 20.14±4.95 and 19.81±6.42. No significant differences were found between RF and LF so as in RH and LH at day 14-16 (p>0.05). This study showed radial shockwave has an additional beneficial effect on OA patients. Differences of effectiveness between radial types and focus type shock wave are still needed for further study to clarify.

碩士
國立中興大學
機械工程學系所
107
Additive Manufacturing provides a solution to manufacture products efficiently with complex geometry. It also holds the advantage of reducing the use of the raw material. However, the defects generated during the process of products lead to the limit for its applications in industry, especially for metal additive manufacturing. Therefore, the real time monitoring of the defects plays an important role to improve the product quality with metal additive manufacturing and extend its applications. The analysis of the relationship between the signal features and targeted defect is the key step to develop the defect monitoring system in metal additive manufacturing. The experiments for the deposition of Inconel 718 on a 304 stainless steel by the metal directed energy deposition (DED) methods were conducted to study the relationship between the balling /bonding defects and the signals, including Acoustic Emission (AE) and audible sound signals. The results show that the size of the single point deposited metal is proportional to the energy of generated sound signal, but no relationship between the deposited size and AE signal could be obtained. In the analysis of the relationship between the bonding defect and the features of both signals, the decrease of the AE signal oscillation could be observed as the un-successful bonding occurs. The lower average energy could also be observed for the bonding defect appears. In the balling defect analysis, the clear increase of the sound signal energy could be observed as the balling defects appear. The sharp increase of the sound signal energy referring to the re-deposition of material following the balling defect is similar to the high energy sound signal obsered at the beginning of any new metal deposition on base material. On contrast, AE signal provides no significant features for identifying the balling defect in this study.

Кваліфікаційна робота магістра складається з трьох розділів. Об’єктом дослідження виступає процес функціонування готельного підприємства «Бристоль». В роботі розглядаються теоретичні основи поняття готельна послуга та її поділ на основні та додаткові, визначені підходи до оцінки надання послуг готельним підприємством. Проаналізовано організаційно – економічну характеристику готелю «Бристоль». Визначено рівень надання додаткових послуг готелю що розглядався. Надано характеристику зовнішньому конкурентному середовищу готелю «Бристоль». Запропоновано рекомендації щодо упровадження додаткових послуг і прогнозовано економічний ефект від впровадження запропонованих рекомендацій.
Master's qualification work consists of three sections. The object of the research is the process of operation of the hotel enterprise "Bristol". The paper considers the theoretical foundations of the concept of a hotel service and its division into basic and additional, defined approaches to the assessment of hotel services provision. The organizational and economic characteristics of Bristol Hotel are analyzed. The level of additional services that the hotel considered. Characteristics of the external competitive environment of the Bristol Hotel are given. Recommendations for the introduction of additional services are proposed and the economic effect from the implementation of the proposed recommendations is predicted.

Іванова В. С. Облік та аналіз розрахунків з оплати праці на ТОВ «Енергохім» : кваліфікаційна робота магістра спеціальності 071 «Облік і оподаткування» / наук. керівник О. М. Рибалко. Запоріжжя : ЗНУ, 2021. 109 с.
UA : Кваліфікаційна робота: 109 с., 3 розділи, 16 табл., 7 рис., 1 додаток, 64 джерела. Об’єкт дослідження: процес обліку розрахунків з оплати праці та аналіз витрат фонду оплати праці на ТОВ «Енергохім». Метою кваліфікаційної роботи є дослідження сутності методичних підходів до обліку і організації розрахунків із заробітної плати та проведені аналізу фонду оплати праці, ознайомлення із організацією документообігу розрахунків з оплати праці на підприємстві та з порядком облікового відображення виплат працівникам для надання практичних рекомендацій удосконалення цих процесів. Методи дослідження: структурно-логічний аналіз; метод економічного аналізу; метод групувань; різноманітні прийоми статистичних методів, зокрема порівняння; методи аналізу та синтезу, індукції та дедукції. Наукова новизна одержаних результатів полягає в обґрунтуванні теоретичних і методичних положень і розробці практичних рекомендацій щодо вдосконалення обліку і аналізу розрахунків з оплати праці для забезпечення інтересів користувачів у сучасних економічних умовах для ефективного управління фондом оплати праці. Основні результати, що відображають наукову новизну дослідження полягають у такому: удосконалено:  упровадження графіку документообігу розрахунків з оплати праці в облікову політику підприємства для систематизації організації обліку розрахунків з оплати праці;  систему внутрішньої звітності (розроблено форму внутрішнього звіту «Про виплати працівникам») для чіткого контролю обсягу витрат на оплату праці, співставлення і коригування їх залежно від фінансового стану підприємства у певний період часу;  методичні підходи до обліку виплат працівникам шляхом створення додаткових аналітичних номенклатур, що реалізовано в системі субрахунків, які сприятимуть зменшенню невідповідності даних обліку та звітності. набуло подальшого розвитку:  трактування поняття «заробітна плата», під яким пропонуємо розуміти грошову винагороду, яку роботодавець виплачує працівнику відповідно до трудового договору, яка є невід’ємною частиною витрат та головним мотиваційним важелем підприємства, яка включає в себе не лише оплату товару «робоча сила», але і витрати на соціальне забезпечення працівника, оплату його особливих можливостей та досягнень;  теоретичні засади послідовності аналізу виплат працівникам, що дає можливість надати реальну оцінку ефективності їх здійснення, доцільності витрат підприємства за рахунок збільшення вартості людського капіталу.
EN : Qualifying work contains 109 pp., 3 sections, 16 tab., 7 fig., 1 annex, 64 references. The object of research is the process of accounting for payroll and analysis of the costs of the payroll at Energochim LLC. The purpose of the qualification work is to study the essence of methodological approaches to accounting and organization of payroll and analysis of the payroll, acquaintance with the organization of paperwork for payroll at the enterprise and the procedure for accounting payments to employees to provide practical recommendations for improving these processes. Research methods: structural and logical analysis; method of economic analysis; grouping method; various methods of statistical methods, including comparison; methods of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction. The scientific novelty of the obtained results lies in the substantiation of theoretical and methodological provisions and the development of practical recommendations for improving the accounting and analysis of payroll to ensure the interests of users in modern economic conditions for effective management of the payroll. The main results that reflect the scientific novelty of the study are as follows: improved: – introduction of the schedule of document circulation of calculations on payment of work in the accounting policy of the enterprise for systematization of the organization of the account of calculations on payment of work; – internal reporting system (developed a form of internal report «On payments to employees») to clearly control the amount of labor costs, compare and adjust them depending on the financial condition of the enterprise in a certain period of time; – methodical approaches to the accounting of payments to employees by creating additional analytical nomenclatures, which are implemented in the system of sub-accounts, which will help reduce the inconsistency of accounting data and reporting. was further developed: – interpretation of the concept of «wages», which we propose to understand the monetary remuneration paid by the employer to the employee in accordance with the employment contract, which is an integral part of costs and the main motivational lever of the enterprise, which includes not only payment for goods «labor», but also the cost of social security of the employee, payment for his special opportunities and achievements; – theoretical principles of the sequence of analysis of payments to employees, which makes it possible to provide a realistic assessment of the effectiveness of their implementation, the feasibility of enterprise costs by increasing the cost of human capital.

This research study aims to evaluate how the trilingual policy (Kinyarwanda, French and English) is implemented in Kigali City’s nursery and primary schools in terms of facilitating learners’ cognitive academic language proficiency (CALP) development, in both the pre-2008 and post-2008 language policies. It is an exploratory-qualitative-interpretative research study, which analyses the language preference, the age of change-over and the multilingual models adopted and how they contribute to learners’ CALP development. It also analyses the implications of the post-2008 policy. The findings indicated that initial bilingualism, initial trilingualism, early total immersion and gradual transfer models were implemented in the pre-2008 policy; while the post-2008 policy implements early total immersion. The learners’ CALP in both the MT and the AL could be more developed in public schools under the pre-2008 policy due to exposure to Kinyarwanda instruction from the start but it may not be developed fully under the post-2008 policy, because English is used as MOI from the onset of education.
Linguistics
M.A. (Applied Linguistics)