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1
Price, Katie. "Effects of watershed topography, soils, land use, and climate on baseflow hydrology in humid regions: A review." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 35, no. 4 (May 10, 2011): 465–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133311402714.
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Baseflow is the portion of streamflow that is sustained between precipitation events, fed to stream channels by delayed (usually subsurface) pathways. Understanding baseflow processes is critical to issues of water quality, supply, and habitat. This review synthesizes the body of global literature investigating relationships between baseflow and watershed characteristics of geomorphology, soil, and land use, as well as the potential effects of climate change, with an emphasis on humid, tropical and temperate (non-snowpackdominated) regions. Such factors are key controls on baseflow through their influence on infiltration, rates of water removal from the catchment, and subsurface storage properties. The literature shows that there is much that remains to be resolved in gaining a solid understanding of the influence of watershed characteristics on baseflow. While it is clear that watershed geomorphology influences baseflow, there is no consensus on which geomorphic parameters are most closely linked to subsurface storage and baseflow. Many studies associate higher watershed forest cover with lower baseflows, attributed to high evapotranspiration rates of forests, while other studies indicate increased baseflow with higher watershed forest cover due to higher infiltration and recharge of subsurface storage. The demonstrated effects of agriculture and urbanization are also inconsistent, due to varied additions of imported water and extremely variable background conditions. This review underscores the need for more research that addresses multiple aspects of the watershed system in explaining baseflows, and for methodological consistency to allow for more fruitful comparisons across case studies. These needs are of immediate demand, given scientific and management emphasis on environmental flows required for maintenance of key ecosystem services.
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Chen, Hao, and Ramesh Teegavarapu. "Comparative Analysis of Four Baseflow Separation Methods in the South Atlantic-Gulf Region of the U.S." Water 12, no. 1 (December 30, 2019): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12010120.
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Baseflow estimation and evaluation are two critical and essential tasks for water quality and quantity, drought management, water supply, and groundwater protection. Observed baseflows are rarely available and are limited to focused pilot studies. In this study, an exhaustive evaluation of four different baseflow separation methods (HYSEP, WHAT, BFLOW, and PART) using surrogates of observed baseflows estimated with the conductivity mass balance (CMB) method is carried out using data from several streamflow gauging sites from the South Atlantic-Gulf (SAG) region comprised of nine states in the Southeastern U.S. Daily discharge data from 75 streamflow gauging sites for the period 1970–2013, located in the least anthropogenically affected basins in the SAG region were used to estimate the baseflow index (BFI), which quantifies the contribution of baseflow from streamflows. The focus of this study is to compare the four different baseflow separation methods and calibrate and validate these methods using CMB method based estimates of baseflows to evaluate the variation of BFI values derived from these methods. Results from the study suggest that the PART and HYSEP methods provide the highest and lowest average BFI values of 0.62 and 0.52, respectively. Similarities in BFI values estimated from these methods are noted based on a strong correlation between WHAT and BFLOW. The highest BFI values were found in April in the eastern, western, and central parts of the SAG region, and the highest contribution of baseflow to the streamflow was noted in October in the southern region. However, the lowest BFI values were noted in the month of September in all regions of SAG. The calibrated WHAT method using data from the CMB method provides the highest correlation as noted by the coefficient of determination. This study documents an exhaustive and comprehensive evaluation of baseflow separation methods in the SAG region, and results from this work can aid in the selection of the best method based on different metrics reported in this study. The use of the best method can aid in the short and long term management of low flows at a regional level that supports a sustainable aquatic environment and mitigates the effects of droughts effectively.
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Zhang, Junlong, Panpan Zhao, Yongqiang Zhang, Lei Cheng, Jinxi Song, Guobin Fu, Yetang Wang, et al. "Long-Term Baseflow Responses to Projected Climate Change in the Weihe River Basin, Loess Plateau, China." Remote Sensing 14, no. 20 (October 12, 2022): 5097. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14205097.
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Climate change is a significant force influencing catchment hydrological processes, such as baseflow, i.e., the contribution of delayed pathways to streamflow in drought periods and is associated with catchment drought propagation. The Weihe River Basin is a typical arid and semi-arid catchment on the Loess Plateau in northwest China. Baseflow plays a fundamental role in the provision of water and environmental functions at the catchment scale. However, the baseflow variability in the projected climate change is not well understood. In this study, forcing meteorological data were derived from two climate scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) of three representative general circulation models (CSIRO-Mk3-6-0, MIROC5, and FGOALSg2) in CMIP5 and then were used as inputs in the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) hydrological model to simulate future streamflow. Finally, a well-revised baseflow separation method was implemented to estimate the baseflow to investigate long-term (historical (1960–2012) and future (2010–2054) periods) baseflow variability patterns. We found (1) that baseflow showed a decreasing trend in some simulations of future climatic conditions but not in all scenarios (p < 0.05), (2) that the contribution of baseflow to streamflow (i.e., baseflow index) amounted to approximately 45%, with a slightly increasing trend (p ≤ 0.001), and (3) an increased frequency of severe hydrological drought events in the future (2041–2053) due to baseflows much lower than current annual averages. This study benefits the scientific management of water resources in regional development and provides references for the semi-arid or water-limited catchments.
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Rudra, Ramesh, Imran Ahmed, Alamgir Khan, Kamal Singh, Pradeep Goel, Mohammad Khayer, and Trevor Dickenson. "Use of baseflow indices to delineate baseflow dominated and rapid response flow dominated watersheds." Canadian Biosystems Engineering 57, no. 1 (July 30, 2015): 1.1–1.11. http://dx.doi.org/10.7451/cbe.2015.57.1.1.
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Lee, Hanyong, Hyun-Seok Choi, Min-Suh Chae, and Youn-Shik Park. "A Study to Suggest Monthly Baseflow Estimation Approach for the Long-Term Hydrologic Impact Analysis Models: A Case Study in South Korea." Water 13, no. 15 (July 27, 2021): 2043. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13152043.
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Changes in both land use and rainfall patterns can lead to changes in the hydrologic behavior of the watershed. The long-term hydrologic impact analysis (L-THIA) model has been used to predict such changes and analyze the changes in mitigation scenarios. The model is simple as only a small amount of input data are required, but it can predict only the direct runoff and cannot determine the streamflow. This study, therefore, aimed to propose a method for predicting the monthly baseflow while maintaining the simplicity of the model. The monthly baseflows for 20 watersheds in South Korea were estimated under different land use conditions. Calibration of the monthly baseflow prediction method produced values for R2 and the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) within the ranges of 0.600–0.817 and 0.504–0.677, respectively; during validation, these values were in the ranges of 0.618–0.786 and 0.567–0.727, respectively. This indicates that the proposed method can reliably predict the monthly baseflow while maintaining the simplicity of the L-THIA model. The proposed model is expected to be applicable to all the various forms of the model.
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Liu, Liu, Ye, Sheng, You, Xiong, and Lai. "Application of a Digital Filter Method to Separate Baseflow in the Small Watershed of Pengchongjian in Southern China." Forests 10, no. 12 (November 22, 2019): 1065. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10121065.
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Baseflow plays a crucial role in maintaining the stability of streamflows, especially in watersheds. To reveal the evolution of baseflow in watersheds in southern China, this study investigated the variation in baseflow across the small watershed of Pengchongjian in Jiangxi Province. A digital filter method was applied to separate baseflow from local daily streamflow records for 1983–2014 using different values of filtering parameter (β) and filtering times (T). The separation results were validated by the baseflow index (BFI) method to determine the optimal parameters. When β = 0.90 and T = 2, the baseflow separation results conformed to the actual field situation in the watershed. The average monthly baseflow increased at first and then decreased, being unevenly distribution within a year, whereas average monthly BFI followed the opposite trend. On the seasonal scale, baseflow was ranked as spring > summer > winter > autumn, and the BFI as winter > spring > autumn > summer. Both the annual baseflow and BFI decreased at a rate of 2.30 mm/year and 0.0005/year, respectively. When considered on the annual scale, the BFI was lower in the wet years and higher in the dry years compared with normal years, averaging 0.22 in the watershed for the 1983–2014 period. This study obtained key optimal parameters for baseflow separation and revealed baseflow variation in the Pengchongjian watershed. These results provide a useful reference for studying the patterns of baseflow evolution in watersheds in southern China.
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Liu, D., J. Chang, F. Tian, Q. Huang, and X. Meng. "Analysis of baseflow index based hydrological model in Upper Wei River basin on the Loess Plateau in China." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 368 (May 7, 2015): 403–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-368-403-2015.
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Abstract. The baseflow is the drainage from the groundwater and soil water to the streamflow. As one important source of the streamflow, the baseflow could be the main source of the streamflow in the dry season. The Wei River, located in the semi-arid region of the Loess Plateau which is overlain by deep and loose soil, is the largest tributary of the Yellow River. According to former research, most of the streamflow in the dry season in the headwater of the Yellow River is baseflow. For the whole Yellow River basin, the baseflow is an important component of the streamflow, and accounts for about 44% of the annual runoff. Physically-based distributed hydrological models can simulate the runoff components separately, and are important tools to analyse the runoff components. Given the importance of the baseflow in the dry season for drought relief to support the ecological water requirement and irrigation, especially in the Wei River, the baseflow is analysed in this study. To investigate the baseflow in the Upper Wei River basin, a semi-distributed hydrological model based on a Representative Elementary Watershed approach (THREW) is employed to investigate the runoff generation process. To compare the results, an automatic baseflow separation method proposed by Arnold is used to separate the baseflow from the daily streamflow at Beidao hydrological station in Upper Wei River basin from 2001 to 2004. Based on the hydrological modelling and the Arnold separation method, the average annual baseflow index, i.e. the ratio of baseflow to the total runoff, is estimated as in the range of 0.30–0.36. The average intra-annual monthly baseflow index represents the seasonality of the baseflow due to the seasonality of the precipitation and evapotranspiration, and is also analysed.
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Zhao, Guizhang, Lingying Kong, Yunliang Li, Yuanzhi Xu, and Zhiping Li. "Investigating Historical Baseflow Characteristics and Variations in the Upper Yellow River Basin, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 15 (July 28, 2022): 9267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159267.
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The baseflow of the Yellow River is vital and important for water resource management and for understanding the hydrological cycle and ecohydrology setting in this arid and semi-arid basin. This study uses a Lyne and Hollick digital filtering technique to investigate the behaviors of the baseflow and the baseflow index in the upper reaches of the Yellow River Basin (China). The observed streamflow discharges along the river were used to analyze the baseflow trend, persistence, and periodic characteristics during the period of 1950–2000. The results show that the average baseflow and BFI in the upper reaches of the Yellow River exhibit a decreasing trend and will continue to decline in the future. Generally, the annual average baseflow and BFI for the most upstream areas of the Yellow River show little difference, while the baseflow and BFI exhibit significant differences for the downstream areas. The filtered annual baseflow varied between 128 × 108 m3/year and 193 × 108 m3/year for the Yellow River. The BFI ranged from 0.54 to 0.65, with an average of 0.60. This indicates that on average, 60% of the long-term streamflow is likely controlled by groundwater discharge and shallow subsurface flow. Statistics show that two periodic variations were observed in the baseflow evolution process. The results indicate that on average, the first and second main cycles of baseflow behaviors occur at 28 years and 12–17 years, respectively. Correspondingly, the estimation indicates that the abrupt change points tend to appear in the 1960s, the 1980s, and the 1990s. An improved understanding of baseflow behaviors can help guide future strategies to manage the river regime, its water resources, and water quality.
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Zhang, Yinqin, Laurent Ahiablame, Bernard Engel, and Junmin Liu. "Regression Modeling of Baseflow and Baseflow Index for Michigan USA." Water 5, no. 4 (November 18, 2013): 1797–815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w5041797.
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Wei, Chong, Xiaohua Dong, Yaoming Ma, Wenyi Zhao, Dan Yu, Muhammad Tayyab, and Huijuan Bo. "Impacts of Land Use Types, Soil Properties, and Topography on Baseflow Recharge and Prediction in an Agricultural Watershed." Land 12, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12010109.
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Baseflow is an essential component of runoff, which is the dominant water resource for the dry season. To better manage water resources, it is vital to investigate the links between the multiple influencing factors and the baseflow for better prediction in light of global changes. Previous studies have seldom separated these influencing factors in the analysis, making it difficult to determine their effect on the baseflow. In this study, based on the analysis datasets generated by the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model, the control single variables, correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression (MRL) methods were firstly combined to analyze the influences of the chosen factors (land use, topography, and soil type) on the baseflow. The findings revealed that the ability of precipitation to replenish the baseflow was better in areas with a higher slope. The ability of precipitation to recharge the baseflow for different land uses was ranked as “forest land > grass land > agricultural land > urban land”; land use factors should be added to the baseflow prediction equation. The hydrological group is the main property of soil affecting the baseflow recharge. A regression model established using publicly acquired remote sensing data had a good performance (R2 = 0.84) on baseflow prediction on an annual scale. As a result of this information, relevant government officials and environmentalists may better manage water supplies in drought years. In addition, this regression model frame has the potential to be used for a baseflow inquiry inside an ungauged zone for a better ecological assessment.
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Kissel, Michael, and Britta Schmalz. "Comparison of Baseflow Separation Methods in the German Low Mountain Range." Water 12, no. 6 (June 18, 2020): 1740. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12061740.
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The last several years in southern Germany brought below average precipitation and high temperatures, leading to considerable challenges in water resource management. Deriving a plausible baseflow estimate is important as it affects aspects of integrated water resource management such as water usage and low flow predictions. The aim of this study is to estimate baseflow in a representative catchment in the German low mountain range and identify suitable baseflow estimation methods for this region. Several different baseflow separation methods, including digital filters, a mass balance filter (MBF) and non-continuous estimation methods were applied and compared to estimate baseflow. Using electric conductivity (EC) for the MBF, June to September and November to May were found to be suitable to estimate the EC of the baseflow and runoff component, respectively. Both weekly and continuous EC monitoring can derive similar EC value component estimates. However, EC estimation of the runoff component requires more careful consideration. The baseflow index (BFI) is estimated to be in the range of 0.4 to 0.5. The Chapman and Maxwell filter, Kille method and the Q90/Q50 ratio are recommended for baseflow estimation in the German low mountain range as they give similar results to the MBF. The Eckhardt filter requires further calibration before application.
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Eckhardt, K. "Technical Note: Analytical sensitivity analysis of a two parameter recursive digital baseflow separation filter." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 2 (February 13, 2012): 451–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-451-2012.
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Abstract. A sensitivity analysis for a well-established baseflow separation technique, a two parameter recursive digital filter, is presented. The sensitivity of the calculated baseflow index to errors or uncertainties of the two filter parameters and of the initial baseflow value is analytically ascertained. It is found that the influence of the initial baseflow value is negligible for long time series. The propagation of errors or uncertainties of the two filter parameters into the baseflow index is expressed by a dimensionless sensitivity index, the ratio between the relative error of the baseflow index and the relative error of the respective parameter. Representative index values are derived by application of the resulting equations to 65 North American catchments. In the mean the parameter a, the recession constant, has a stronger influence on the calculated baseflow index than the second filter parameter BFImax. This is favourable in that a can be determined by a recession analysis and therefore should be less uncertain. Whether this finding also applies for a specific catchment can easily be checked by means of the derived equations.
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Yang, Qiannan, Zhanbin Li, Yong Han, and Haidong Gao. "Responses of Baseflow to Ecological Construction and Climate Change in Different Geomorphological Types in The Middle Yellow River, China." Water 12, no. 1 (January 20, 2020): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12010304.
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Baseflow is a critical component of streamflow in arid areas. Determining variations in baseflow and the factors affecting it have positive roles for water resource utilization in arid watersheds. Two watersheds, the Hailiutu River watershed (HLTR) and the Dali River watershed (DLR), located in two different geomorphological regions of the middle Yellow River, were selected for this study. By using the Eckhardt segment method (fourth digital filtering method, DF4), baseflow was separated from streamflow based on its daily data. Mann-Kendall trend test analysis (M-K trend test) was used to test the trends in baseflow change at different times. Complex Morlet wavelet analysis was used to judge baseflow periodicity. Heuristic segmentation and sequential cluster analysis were used to identify the potential change points in the baseflow series for the two regions together with Pearson correlation coefficient. The results showed: (1) the annual baseflow of the HLTR and the DLR showed significantly decreasing trends (P < 0.01), more significantly for the HLTR (0.33 × 108 m3) than the DLR (0.20 × 108 m3). The annual base flow index (BFI, baseflow/total streamflow) in the wind-sand region (0.75) was larger than for the loess region (0.55), and the BFI in the wind-sand region was more stable in different periods. (2) The annual baseflow of the HLTR and the DLR both exhibited a complete main cycle of 42 years and 38 years, respectively. The change points of the annual baseflow in the HLTR were 1967 and 1986, and 1971 and 1996 in the DLR. (3) There was no significant change in annual precipitation in the two watersheds, while annual reference evapotranspiration (ET0) in the DLR showed a significant increasing trend (P < 0.01). The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) on the DLR (0.40) was higher than on the HLTR (0.26). (4) Baseflow in the wind-sand region, where vegetation improvement was the only ecological activity, decreased faster than in the loess region where there had been numerous ecological measures such as vegetation improvement, check dams and terraces. This implied that comprehensive measures such as these were helpful in slowing the rate at which the baseflow decreases. Therefore, the effect of ecological construction should be considered in future baseflow studies in other geomorphological types within the Middle Yellow River Basin.
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Chen, Shuai, and Xiaohong Ruan. "Annual nitrate load patterns in an agricultural watershed in consecutive dry years." Hydrology Research 52, no. 4 (June 18, 2021): 847–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2021.135.
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Abstract Nitrate (NO3-N) load characteristics in consecutive dry years in the Huai River Basin (HRB), China, were examined using streamflow and NO3-N concentration data. The data set spanned 12 years including three consecutive dry years. Baseflow separation, load estimation, and nonparametric linear regression were applied to separate point source (PS), baseflow, and surface runoff NO3-N loads from the total load. The mean annual nonpoint source (NPS) load was 2.84 kg·ha−1·yr−1, accounting for 90.8% of the total load. Baseflow contributed approximately one-fourth of the natural runoff and half of the NPS load. The baseflow nitrate index (i.e., the ratio of baseflow NO3-N load to total NPS NO3-N load) was 25.4% higher in consecutive dry years than in individual dry years. This study demonstrated that baseflow is the preferential hydrological pathway for NO3-N transport in the HRB and that baseflow delivers a higher NO3-N percentage to streams under long-term drought than under short-term drought. This study highlights the alarming evidence that continuous drought caused by climate change may lead to a higher rate of nitrogen loss in agricultural watersheds.
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Shao, Guangwen, Danrong Zhang, Yiqing Guan, Mohammad Anwar Sadat, and Feng Huang. "Application of Different Separation Methods to Investigate the Baseflow Characteristics of a Semi-Arid Sandy Area, Northwestern China." Water 12, no. 2 (February 6, 2020): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12020434.
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The Hailiutu River basin is a typical area of semi-arid sandy land with relatively flat topography, the surface of which is covered by undulating dunes and the development of the river system is not obvious. The dominant hydrological cycle is precipitation infiltration through dunes to aquifers followed by discharge to rivers. Therefore, the baseflow is an important component of the streamflow in this basin, but few studies for the baseflow characteristics have been conducted. The isotope tracer technique was applied to investigate the contributions of groundwater, soil water, and surface water to streamflow during the flood period. The results showed that the contributions of these components to streamflow were approximately 70%, 27%, and 3% respectively. Several automatic baseflow separation methods including filtering and recursive digital filtering (RDF) techniques were adopted to separate the baseflow from the streamflow and the adaptabilities of these methods were evaluated. All the filtering methods including Hydrograph Separation Program (HYSEP) and UK Institute of Hydrology’s method (UKIH) clearly underestimated the baseflow when compared with the standard baseflow results which were provided by the previous study using the tracer-based method in this basin, while the recursive digital filtering with Eckhardt filter technique (RDF-E) produced better performance. In the nonprecipitation period, the RDF-E method misidentified quick flow values which caused deviations between the separated baseflow and the above standard value. Hence, we proposed a modified automatic baseflow separation method called RDF-M by introducing the precipitation information into RDF-E. In comparison with the above standard, the RDF-M method provided similar baseflow results which were consistent with the actual situation of the Hailiutu River basin.
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Abdi, Dawit Midagsa. "Performance Analysis of Baseflow Separation Methods: The Case of Rift Valley Lakes Basin, Ethiopia." Indonesian Journal of Earth Sciences 2, no. 2 (December 26, 2022): 145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.52562/injoes.v2i2.451.
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Adopting the appropriate method to separate baseflow from stream flow is desirable for future low flow prediction, planning, management of water resources, and nourishing the environment as well. Thus, comparing the baseflow separation method is inevitable unfortunately not studied within the basin. Therefore, in this study, seven recursive digital filters (RDF) and two digital graphical (DGM) methods were compared in rift valley lakes basins. All the methods were calibrated manually with the help of BFI 3.0 tool; the performance of each method was checked by R2 and RMSE, taking the separation with maximum R2 and minimum RMSE were taken as appropriate separation method and (Baseflow Index) BFI was calculated by using the baseflow from the suitable method for each catchment. The outcomes of baseflow separation indicate that two methods (exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) and Lynie-Holick) performed better than the other seven methods; unlikely, local minimum and one parameter methods perform less by both R2 and RMSE. Therefore, these comparisons could possibly elucidate the baseflow prediction in the majority of catchments. Subsequently, existing and forthcoming water resource improvement attempts may employ this estimation approach for low flow forecasting, baseflow trend analysis, as well as planning and designing water resources projects.
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Siwek, Janusz, Karolina Mostowik, Soňa Liova, Bartłomiej Rzonca, and Patryk Wacławczyk. "Baseflow Trends for Midsize Carpathian Catchments in Poland and Slovakia in 1970–2019." Water 15, no. 1 (December 28, 2022): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15010109.
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Global warming affects, among many other things, groundwater recharge conditions. Over recent decades, this phenomenon in the Carpathians has been emphasized by the changing role of snowmelt recharge in winter and spring. The aim of the study was to assess baseflow trends in 20 medium-sized Carpathian catchments in Poland and Slovakia. The baseflow was calculated using Eckhardt’s digital filter. The trend analysis was performed using the non-parametric method separately for the series representing the baseflow throughout the whole year, and separately for seasons. The most evident changes were noted for the low baseflow in the summer and autumn, especially in foothill catchments. Statistically significant decreases in the low daily baseflow were expressed as a relative change, and ranged from −9% to −66% per 10 years for the summer, and from −12% to −82% per 10 years for the autumn. In winter and spring, trends in the low baseflow were not significant, except in high mountain catchments where 14% of increases in the low baseflow were noted in the winter and spring. The results indicate the changing role of snowmelt recharge in the Carpathians and the increasing problem of groundwater depletion in the summer and autumn, mainly in foothill areas.
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Kim, G., H. Lee, Y. Lim, M. Jung, and D. Kong. "Baseflow contribution to nitrates in an urban stream in Daejeon, Korea." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 12 (June 1, 2010): 3216–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.245.
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It is a well-known fact that baseflow discharge of rainfall runoff significantly impacts the quality of surface water. In this paper, the impact of nitrates discharged as baseflow on stream water quality were studied using PULSE, a hydrograph separation software developed by USGS, to calculate the monthly baseflow discharge. We took water quality and flow rate data from a monitoring station site (code: Ghapcehon2) in Daejeon city and acquired 2005 groundwater quality data in the watershed from government agencies. Agricultural and forestry land use are dominant in the area. The baseflow contributes 85%–95% of stream flows during the spring and fall, 25%–38% during the summer and winter. The monthly nitrate loading discharged as baseflow for Ghapcheon2 was estimated by using monitored nitrate concentrations of groundwater in the watershed. Nitrate loading induced by baseflow at Ghapcheon2 was estimated as 5.4 tons of NO3−-N/km2, which is about 60% of nitrate loading of surface water, or 9.2 tons of NO3−-N/km2. This study shows that groundwater quality monitoring is important for proper management of surface water quality.
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Orehova, Tatiana, and Peter Gerginov. "Groundwater recharge and baseflow as products of climate: example of Southeast Bulgaria." Geologica Balcanica 42, no. 1-3 (December 2013): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.52321/geolbalc.42.1-3.67.
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The study area is located in Southeast Bulgaria. The main factors affecting climate in Burgas lowland are the proximity to the Black Sea and to mountains. The aim of the study is to quantify the long-term value of the baseflow and other water balance elements. The methods include Turc-Radiation equation, equation relating baseflow coefficient with the aridity index, regression set for Conterminous USA based on climatic parameters, etc. All water balance elements are estimated as reasonable, as compared with available data from previous studies. Therefore, the methods applied are recognized as suitable for the study area. The results show that the baseflow varies from 20 to 70 mm per year, and the baseflow coefficient ranges from 5 to 10 percent in respect to the proximity to the Black Sea coast. Possible impact of the climate change on the groundwater recharge and baseflow is evaluated based on the climate scenario for the period between 2040 and 2070. The expected decrease of baseflow as a result of the increased aridity is up to 50% in comparison to the baseline state.
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Xu, Wei, Tim Fletcher, Hugh Duncan, David Bergmann, Jeddah Breman, and Matthew Burns. "Improving the Multi-Objective Performance of Rainwater Harvesting Systems Using Real-Time Control Technology." Water 10, no. 2 (February 2, 2018): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10020147.
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Many studies have identified the potential of rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems to simultaneously augment potable water supply and reduce delivery of uncontrolled stormwater flows to downstream drainage networks. Potentially, such systems could also play a role in the controlled delivery of water to urban streams in ways which mimic baseflows. The performance of RWH systems to achieve these three objectives could be enhanced using Real-Time Control (RTC) technology to receive rainfall forecasts and initiate pre-storm release in real time, although few studies have explored such potential. We used continuous simulation to model the ability of a range of allotment-scale RWH systems to simultaneously deliver: (i) water supply; (ii) stormwater retention; and (iii) baseflow restoration. We compared the performance of RWH systems with RTC technology to conventional RWH systems and also systems designed with a passive baseflow release, rather than the active (RTC) configuration. We found that RWH systems employing RTC technology were generally superior in simultaneously achieving water supply, stormwater retention and baseflow restoration benefits compared with the other types of system tested. The active operation provided by RTC allows the system to perform optimally across a wider range of climatic conditions, but needs to be carefully designed. We conclude that the active release mechanism employing RTC technology exhibits great promise; its ability to provide centralised control and failure detection also opens the possibility of delivering a more reliable rainwater harvesting system, which can be readily adapted to varying climate over both the short and long term.
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van Dijk, A. I. J. M. "Characteristics and drivers of baseflow response in 183 Australian catchments." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 6, no. 5 (September 14, 2009): 5811–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-6-5811-2009.
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Abstract. Daily streamflow data for 183 Australian catchments were used to assess the characteristics and main drivers of baseflow and quick flow behaviour, and to find an appropriate balance between simplicity and explanatory performance in modelling. Baseflow separation was performed following the Wittenberg algorithm. A linear reservoir model (one parameter) produced baseflow estimates as good as those obtained using a non-linear reservoir (two parameters) and was therefore considered the more appropriate. The transition from storm flow dominated to baseflow dominated streamflow generally occurred 7 to 10 d after the storm event. The catchments investigated had baseflow half-times of about 12 d, with 80% of stations having half-times between 7 and 34 d. The shortest half-times occurred in the driest catchments and were attributed to intermittent occurrence of fast-draining (possibly perched) groundwater. Median baseflow index (BFI) was 0.45 with considerable variation between stations. Catchment humidity explained 27% of the variation in derived baseflow recession coefficients. Another 53% of variance in recession coefficients as well as in BFI showed spatial correlation lengths of 200 to 300 km, corresponding to terrain factors rather than climate or land use. The remaining 16 to 20% of variance remained unexplained. Most (84%) of the variation between stations in average baseflow could be explained by monthly precipitation in excess of potential evapotranspiration. Most (70%) of the variation in average quick flow could be explained by average rainfall. Another 20% of variation was spatially correlated over spatial scales of 400 km, possibly reflecting a combination of terrain and climate factors; the remaining 10 to 16% remained unexplained.
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Stewart, M. K. "New baseflow separation and recession analysis approaches for streamflow." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 11, no. 6 (June 27, 2014): 7089–131. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-11-7089-2014.
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Abstract. Understanding and modelling the relationship between rainfall and runoff has been a driving force in hydrology for many years. Baseflow separation and recession analysis have been two of the main tools for understanding runoff generation in catchments, but there are many different methods for each and no consensus on how best to apply them. A new baseflow separation method is presented, which is justified by being based generally on the more objective tracer separation methods and by being optimised by fitting to the recession hydrograph. Using this baseflow separation method, the thesis is advanced that recession analysis should be applied to the separated components (quickflow and baseflow), because of their very different origins and characteristics, rather than to the streamflow itself because analysing the latter alone gives misleading results. Applying baseflow separation before recession analysis sheds new light on water storage in catchments and may resolve some current problems with recession analysis. It may also have implications for rainfall–runoff modelling. Among other things it shows that both quickflow and baseflow reservoirs have non-linear (quadratic) characteristics in the studied catchment (Glendhu, New Zealand).
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Tung, Ching-pin, Nien-ming Hong, Chu-hui Chen, and Yih-chi Tan. "Regional daily baseflow prediction." Hydrological Processes 18, no. 11 (July 23, 2004): 2147–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.1464.
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Balcerak, Ernie. "Globally mapping baseflow characteristics." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 94, no. 51 (December 17, 2013): 504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013eo510010.
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Stewart, M. K. "Promising new baseflow separation and recession analysis methods applied to streamflow at Glendhu Catchment, New Zealand." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 19, no. 6 (June 2, 2015): 2587–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2587-2015.
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Abstract. Understanding and modelling the relationship between rainfall and runoff has been a driving force in hydrology for many years. Baseflow separation and recession analysis have been two of the main tools for understanding runoff generation in catchments, but there are many different methods for each. The new baseflow separation method presented here (the bump and rise method or BRM) aims to accurately simulate the shape of tracer-determined baseflow or pre-event water. Application of the method by calibrating its parameters, using (a) tracer data or (b) an optimising method, is demonstrated for the Glendhu Catchment, New Zealand. The calibrated BRM algorithm is then applied to the Glendhu streamflow record. The new recession approach advances the thesis that recession analysis of streamflow alone gives misleading information on catchment storage reservoirs because streamflow is a varying mixture of components of very different origins and characteristics (at the simplest level, quickflow and baseflow as identified by the BRM method). Recession analyses of quickflow, baseflow and streamflow show that the steep power-law slopes often observed for streamflow at intermediate flows are artefacts due to mixing and are not representative of catchment reservoirs. Applying baseflow separation before recession analysis could therefore shed new light on water storage reservoirs in catchments and possibly resolve some current problems with recession analysis. Among other things it shows that both quickflow and baseflow reservoirs in the studied catchment have (non-linear) quadratic characteristics.
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Xie, Wenyi, Xiankui Zeng, Dongwei Gui, Jichun Wu, and Dong Wang. "Modeling the Snowmelt Runoff Process of the Tizinafu River Basin, Northwest China, with GLDAS Data and Bayesian Uncertainty Analysis." Journal of Hydrometeorology 22, no. 1 (January 2021): 169–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-20-0162.1.
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AbstractThe climate of the Tizinafu River basin is characterized by low temperature and sparse precipitation, and snow and glacier melt serve as the main water resource in this area. Modeling the snowmelt runoff process has great significance for local ecosystems and residents. The total streamflow of the Tizinafu River basin was divided into surface streamflow and baseflow. The surface streamflow was estimated using the routing model (RM) with Noah runoff data from Global Land Data Assimilation (GLDAS), and the parameter uncertainty of the RM was quantified through Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation. Additionally, the 10 commonly used baseflow separation methods of four categories [digital filter, hydrograph separation program (HYSEP), baseflow index, and Kalinlin methods] were used to generate the baseflow and were then evaluated by their performance in total streamflow simulation. The results demonstrated that the RM driven by GLDAS runoff data could reproduce the runoff process of the Tizinafu River basin. RM-Hl (local minimum HYSEP method) achieved the best performance in the total streamflow simulation, with Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) coefficients of 0.82 and 0.93, relative errors of −0.40% and 10.50%, and observation inclusion ratios C of 62.07% and 68.52% for the calibration and verification periods, respectively. The local minimum HYSEP method was most suitable for describing the baseflow of the Tizinafu River basin among the 10 baseflow separation methods. However, digital filter methods exhibited weak performance in baseflow separation.
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Sudradjat, Arief, Burhanudin Muhamad, and Fajar Nurohman. "Contrasting Climate Induced Variability of the Upper Citarum River Baseflow and Eventflow during Early 20th Century and Recent Decades." E3S Web of Conferences 148 (2020): 03001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202014803001.
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Recorded daily flow data of the upper Citarum River from 24 October 1918 through 23 October 1935 and from 24 October 1976 through 23 October 2015 from the Nanjung Station, located near the river’s outlet, is investigated for its baseflow and eventflow variabilities. Statistical analysis detects no trend in daily flow and baseflow during the study periods. However, baseflow variability during the latter period is higher than during the former period and is found to be related with the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. By applying a novel approach of analysing decadal values of separated eventflow, an increasing value of the upper Citarum River basin runoff coefficient from 34 % to 41 % (up to a 20 % increase from the initial value) during a period between 1980 and 2009 (especially after 1990) is overlapping with massive land use and land cover changes during the period. Analysis on rainfall–baseflow variability shows that, after 1990, computed baseflow variability is increasingly more sensitive to rainfall variability.
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Hagedorn, Benjamin, and Christina Meadows. "Trend Analyses of Baseflow and BFI for Undisturbed Watersheds in Michigan—Constraints from Multi-Objective Optimization." Water 13, no. 4 (February 23, 2021): 564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13040564.
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Documenting how ground- and surface water systems respond to climate change is crucial to understanding water resources, particularly in the U.S. Great Lakes region, where drastic temperature and precipitation changes are observed. This study presents baseflow and baseflow index (BFI) trend analyses for 10 undisturbed watersheds in Michigan using (1) multi-objective optimization (MOO) and (2) modified Mann–Kendall (MK) tests corrected for short-term autocorrelation (STA). Results indicate a variability in mean baseflow (0.09–8.70 m3/s) and BFI (67.9–89.7%) that complicates regional-scale extrapolations of groundwater recharge. Long-term (>60 years) MK trend tests indicate a significant control of total precipitation (P) and snow- to rainfall transitions on baseflow and BFI. In the Lower Peninsula Rifle River watershed, increasing P and a transition from snow- to rainfall has increased baseflow at a lower rate than streamflow; an overall pattern that may contribute to documented flood frequency increases. In the Upper Peninsula Ford River watershed, decreasing P and a transition from rain- to snowfall had no significant effects on baseflow and BFI. Our results highlight the value of an objectively constrained BFI parameter for shorter-term (<50 years) hydrologic trend analysis because of a lower STA susceptibility.
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Yusuf, Adenan, Dyah Indriana Kusumastuti, and Endro Prasetyo Wahono. "Pengaruh Tutupan Lahan terhadap Base Flow Index DAS Way Seputih Provinsi Lampung." Siklus : Jurnal Teknik Sipil 7, no. 2 (September 21, 2021): 146–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31849/siklus.v7i2.7323.
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Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis nilai Base Flow Index (BFI) dan debit baseflow DAS Way Seputih; menganalisis nilai Curve Number (CN) composite DAS Way Seputih tahun 2005, 2009, dan 2011; serta menganalisis pengaruh perubahan tutupan lahan terhadap baseflow DAS Way Seputih. Penentuan baseflow tahun 1973-2006 menggunakan Metode RDF (Recursive Digital Filter) terbaik berdasarkan uji kinerja, yaitu Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), R2, dan grafik FDC (Flow Duration Curv) di antara metode Lyne&Hollick, EWMA, Chapman Algorithm, dan Nathan and McMahon. Kemudian Metode RDF terbaik ini dibandingkan dengan Model SCS-CN (Soil Conservation Sevice Curv Number) untuk menentukan baseflow dan BFI tahun 2005, 2009, dan 2011 berdasarkan uji kinerja. BFI DAS Way Seputih tahun 2005, 2009, dan 2011 berturut-turut adalah 0,8178; 0,54225; dan 0,649502. Untuk nilai CN I composite, CN II composite, dan CN III composite tahun 2005 berturut-turut adalah 63,9191; 79,8869; dan 80,1315. Nilai CN I composite, CN II composite, dan CN III composite tahun 2009 berturut-turut adalah 42,7834; 60,8427; dan 83,6676. Sedangkan Nilai CN I composite, CN II composite, dan CN III composite tahun 2011 berturut-turut adalah 66,4066; 81,9460; dan 94,5943. Nilai BFI dipengaruhi oleh debit baseflow dan debit sungai. Debit sungai dipengaruhi oleh curah hujan, sedangkan debit baseflow dipengaruhi oleh perubahan luas tiap jenis tutupan lahan.
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Bayou, Wondmyibza Tsegaye, Stefan Wohnlich, Mebruk Mohammed, and Tenalem Ayenew. "Application of Hydrograph Analysis Techniques for Estimating Groundwater Contribution in the Sor and Gebba Streams of the Baro-Akobo River Basin, Southwestern Ethiopia." Water 13, no. 15 (July 21, 2021): 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13152006.
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The Sor and Gebba watershed has undergone several natural and anthropogenic changes, as evidenced by the physical alterations and artificial mismanagement of water resources in the watershed. These situations alter the underground storage aquifer contribution to the streams. Thus, understanding baseflow of the watershed enables us to identify the groundwater system potential and dynamicity. The main objective of this research is to estimate baseflow using several hydrograph analysis techniques as there was neither an organized groundwater resources research carried out at the watershed level nor studies on various methods on estimation of baseflow contribution to these streams. Hence, this research involves estimating baseflow from daily streamflow data using the manual hydrograph analysis technique, Flow Duration Curve (FDC), timeplot, Web-based Hydrograph Analysis Tool (WHAT), the US Geological Survey Groundwater Toolbox (USGS GW Toolbox), and the Baseflow index program (BFI+). The analysis result shows that most automated filtering techniques used with presumed parameters have estimated above-average baseflow compared to the FDC and the manual hydrograph analysis techniques. Moreover, FDC and manual hydrograph analysis resulted in a below-average value of underground storage aquifer contribution to streamflow. The BFI values are proportional for the Sor and Gebba streams and estimated about 33% for the entire watershed.
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Liu, Qiang, Xiaojing Ma, Sirui Yan, Liqiao Liang, Jihua Pan, and Junlong Zhang. "Lag in Hydrologic Recovery Following Extreme Meteorological Drought Events: Implications for Ecological Water Requirements." Water 12, no. 3 (March 16, 2020): 837. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12030837.
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Hydrological regimes, being strongly impacted by climate change, play a vital role in maintaining the integrity of aquatic river habitats. We investigated lag in hydrologic recovery following extreme meteorological drought events, and we also discussed its implications in the assessment of ecological environment flow. We used monthly anomalies of three specific hydrometeorological variables (precipitation, streamflow, and baseflow) to identify drought, while we used the Chapman–Maxwell method (the CM filter) with recession constant calculated from Automatic Baseflow Identification Technique (ABIT) to separate baseflow. Results showed that: (i) Compared to the default recession parameter (α = 0.925), the CM filter with the ABIT estimate (α = 0.984) separated baseflow more accurately. (ii) Hydrological drought, resulting from meteorological drought, reflected the duration and intensity of meteorological drought; namely, longer meteorological drought periods resulted in longer hydrological drought periods. Interestingly, the time lag in streamflow and baseflow indicated that aquatic ecosystem habitat recovery also lagged behind meteorological drought. (iii) Assessing environmental flow by quantifying drought provided greater detail on hydrological regimes compared to abrupt changes, such as the increased hydrological periods and the different environment flows obtained. Taken together, our results indicated that the hydrological response in streamflow and baseflow (e.g., the time lag and the precipitation recovery rate (Pr)) played a vital role in the assessment of environmental flow.
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Luo, Y., J. Arnold, P. Allen, and X. Chen. "Baseflow simulation of SWAT model in an inland river basin in Tianshan Mountains, Northwest China." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 8, no. 6 (November 26, 2011): 10397–424. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-8-10397-2011.
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Abstract. Baseflow is an important component in hydrological modeling. Complex streamflow recession process complicates the baseflow simulation. In order to simulate the snow and/or glacier melt dominated streamflow receding quickly during high-flow period but very slowly during the low-flow period in rivers in arid and cold Northwest China, the current one-reservoir baseflow approach in SWAT (Soil Water Assessment Tool) model was extended by adding a slow reacting reservoir and applied to the Manas River basin in Tianshan Mountains. Meanwhile, a digital filter program was employed to separate baseflow from streamflow records for comparisons. Results indicated that the two-reservoir method yielded much better results than the one-reservoir one in reproducing streamflow processes, and the low-flow estimation was improved markedly. Nash-Sutcliff efficiency values at the calibration and validation stages are 0.68 and 0.62 for the one-reservoir case, and 0.76 and 0.69 for the two-reservoir case, respectively. The filter-based method estimated the baseflow index as 0.60, while the model-based as o.45. The filter-based baseflow responds almost immediately to surface runoff occurrence at onset of rising limb, while the model-based with a delay. In consideration of watershed surface storage retention and soil freezing/thawing effects on infiltration and recharge during initial snowmelt season, a delay response is considered to be more reasonable. However, a more detailed description of freezing/thawing processes should be included in soil modules so as to determine recharge to aquifer during these processes, and thus an accurate onset point of rising limb of the simulated baseflow.
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Cartwright, Ian. "Implications of variations in stream specific conductivity for estimating baseflow using chemical mass balance and calibrated hydrograph techniques." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 26, no. 1 (January 14, 2022): 183–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-183-2022.
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Abstract. Baseflow to rivers comprises regional groundwater and lower-salinity intermediate water stores such as interflow, soil water, and bank return flows. Chemical mass balance (CMB) calculations based on the specific conductivity (SC) of rivers potentially estimate the groundwater contribution to baseflow. This study discusses the application of the CMB approach in rivers from south-eastern Australia and assesses the feasibility of calibrating recursive digital filters (RDFs) and sliding minima (SM) techniques based on streamflow data to estimate groundwater inflows. The common strategy of assigning the SC of groundwater inflows based on the highest annual river SC may not always be valid due to the persistent presence of lower-salinity intermediate waters. Rather, using the river SC from low-flow periods during drought years may be more realistic. If that is the case, the estimated groundwater inflows may be lower than expected, which has implications for assessing contaminant transport and the impacts of near-river groundwater extraction. Probably due to long-term variations in the proportion of groundwater in baseflow, the RDF and SM techniques cannot generally be calibrated using the CMB results to estimate annual baseflow proportions. Thus, it is not possible to extend the estimates of groundwater inflows using those methods, although in some catchments reasonable estimates of groundwater inflows can be made from annual streamflows. Short-term variations in the composition of baseflow also lead to baseflow estimates made using the CMB method being far more irregular than expected. This study illustrates that estimating baseflow, especially groundwater inflows, is not straightforward.
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Hubbart, Jason A., and Chris Zell. "Considering Streamflow Trend Analyses Uncertainty in Urbanizing Watersheds: A Baseflow Case Study in the Central United States." Earth Interactions 17, no. 5 (August 1, 2013): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2012ei000481.1.
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Abstract Assuming pro rata reductions in baseflow resulting from urban development may not be valid in all urbanizing watersheds. Anthropogenic offsets or compensatory contributions to baseflow (e.g., net exfiltration from sewer lines, wastewater effluents, and lawn irrigation) may mask or confound fundamental changes in hydrologic pathways. These offsets illustrate the complexities of urban flow processes and the need for improved understanding to mitigate urban development impacts. The authors used two dissimilar automated baseflow separation algorithms and Monte Carlo techniques to evaluate urban baseflow and estimation uncertainty using data from a representative urban watershed in the central United States. Three uncertainties affecting trend determinations were assessed, including algorithm structure, precipitation–runoff relationships, and baseflow algorithm parameterization. Results indicate that, despite ongoing population growth and development, annual streamflow metrics in the authors' representative watershed have not significantly increased or decreased (p > 0.05) from 1967 to 2010. However, several streamflow metrics featured shallow insignificant (p > 0.05) slopes in the direction hypothesized for an urbanizing (less pervious) watershed, including a downward slope for baseflow index (BFI) and increases in runoff volume coefficient. Median annual baseflow estimations differed by 29% between techniques (85.3 versus 118.9 mm yr−1). In the absence of direct tracer measurements, uncertainties associated with precipitation–runoff relationships, algorithm structure, and parameterization should be included in analyses evaluating alterations from baseline hydrologic conditions in urban watersheds. To advance application of separation algorithms for urban watersheds and support regulatory reductions in runoff volume, future work should include calibration of model parameters to available hydrogeologic and tracer data.
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Aboelnour, Mohamed, Margaret W. Gitau, and Bernard A. Engel. "Hydrologic Response in an Urban Watershed as Affected by Climate and Land-Use Change." Water 11, no. 8 (August 2, 2019): 1603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11081603.
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The change in both streamflow and baseflow in urban catchments has received significant attention in recent decades as a result of their drastic variability. In this research, effects of climate variation and dynamics of land use are measured separately and in combination with streamflow and baseflow in the Little Eagle Creek (LEC) watershed (Indianapolis, Indiana). These effects are examined using land-use maps, statistical tests, and hydrological modeling. Transition matrix analysis was used to investigate the change in land use between 1992 and 2011. Temporal trends and changes in meteorological data were evaluated from 1980–2017 using the Mann–Kendall test. Changes in streamflow and baseflow were assessed using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) hydrological model using multiple scenarios that varied in land use and climate change. Evaluation of the model outputs showed streamflow and baseflow in LEC are well represented using SWAT. During 1992–2011, roughly 30% of the watershed experienced change, typically cultivated agricultural areas became urbanized. Baseflow is significantly affected by the observed urbanization; however, the combination of land and climate variability has a larger effect on the baseflow in LEC. Generally, the variability in the baseflow and streamflow appears to be heavily driven by the response to climate change in comparison to variability due to altered land use. The results reported herein expand the current understanding of variation in hydrological components, and provide useful information for management planning regarding water resources, as well as water and soil conservation in urban watersheds in Indiana and beyond.
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Lucas, Murilo Cesar, Natalya Kublik, Dulce B. B. Rodrigues, Antonio A. Meira Neto, André Almagro, Davi de C. D. Melo, Samuel C. Zipper, and Paulo Tarso Sanches Oliveira. "Significant Baseflow Reduction in the Sao Francisco River Basin." Water 13, no. 1 (December 22, 2020): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13010002.
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Water scarcity is a key challenge to global development. In Brazil, the Sao Francisco River Basin (SFB) has experienced water scarcity problems because of decreasing streamflow and increasing demands from multiple sectors. However, the drivers of decreased streamflow, particularly the potential role of the surface-groundwater interaction, have not yet been investigated. Here, we assess long-term trends in the streamflow and baseflow of the SFB during 1980–2015 and constrain the most likely drivers of observed decreases through a trend analysis of precipitation (P), evapotranspiration (ET), and terrestrial water storage change (TWS). We found that, on average, over 86% of the observed decrease in streamflow can be attributed to a significant decreasing baseflow trend along the SFR, with a spatial agreement between the decreased baseflow, increased ET, and irrigated agricultural land in the Middle SFB. We also noted a decreasing trend in TWS across the SFB exceeding –20 mm year−1. Overall, our findings indicate that decreasing groundwater contributions (i.e., baseflow) are providing the observed reduction in the total SFR flow. A lack of significant P trends and the strong TWS depletion indicate that a P variability only has likely not caused the observed baseflow reduction, in mainly the Middle and Sub-middle SFB. Therefore, groundwater and surface withdrawals may likely be a driver of baseflow reduction in some regions of the SFB.
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Luo, Y., J. Arnold, P. Allen, and X. Chen. "Baseflow simulation using SWAT model in an inland river basin in Tianshan Mountains, Northwest China." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 4 (April 27, 2012): 1259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-1259-2012.
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Abstract. Baseflow is an important component in hydrological modeling. The complex streamflow recession process complicates the baseflow simulation. In order to simulate the snow and/or glacier melt dominated streamflow receding quickly during the high-flow period but very slowly during the low-flow period in rivers in arid and cold northwest China, the current one-reservoir baseflow approach in SWAT (Soil Water Assessment Tool) model was extended by adding a slow- reacting reservoir and applying it to the Manas River basin in the Tianshan Mountains. Meanwhile, a digital filter program was employed to separate baseflow from streamflow records for comparisons. Results indicated that the two-reservoir method yielded much better results than the one-reservoir one in reproducing streamflow processes, and the low-flow estimation was improved markedly. Nash-Sutcliff efficiency values at the calibration and validation stages are 0.68 and 0.62 for the one-reservoir case, and 0.76 and 0.69 for the two-reservoir case. The filter-based method estimated the baseflow index as 0.60, while the model-based as 0.45. The filter-based baseflow responded almost immediately to surface runoff occurrence at onset of rising limb, while the model-based responded with a delay. In consideration of watershed surface storage retention and soil freezing/thawing effects on infiltration and recharge during initial snowmelt season, a delay response is considered to be more reasonable. However, a more detailed description of freezing/thawing processes should be included in soil modules so as to determine recharge to aquifer during these processes, and thus an accurate onset point of rising limb of the simulated baseflow.
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Yang, Weifei, Changlai Xiao, Zhihao Zhang, and Xiujuan Liang. "Can the two-parameter recursive digital filter baseflow separation method really be calibrated by the conductivity mass balance method?" Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 25, no. 4 (April 6, 2021): 1747–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1747-2021.
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Abstract. The two-parameter recursive digital filter method (Eckhardt) and the conductivity mass balance (CMB) method are two widely used baseflow separation methods favored by hydrologists. Some divergences in the application of these two methods have emerged in recent years. Some scholars believe that deviation of baseflow separation results of the two methods is due to uncertainty of the parameters of the Eckhardt method and that the Eckhardt method should be corrected by reference to the CMB method. However, other scholars attribute the deviation to the fact that they contain different transient water components. This study aimed to resolve this disagreement by analyzing the effectiveness of the CMB method for correcting the Eckhardt method through application of the methods to 26 basins in the United States by comparison of the biases between the generated daily baseflow series. The results showed that the approach of calibrating the Eckhardt method against the CMB method provides a “false” calibration of total baseflow by offsetting the inherent biases in the baseflow sequences generated by the two methods. The baseflow sequence generated by the Eckhardt method usually includes slow interflow and bank storage return flow, whereas that of the CMB method usually includes high-conductivity water flushed from swamps and depressions by rainfall, but not low-conductivity interflow and bank storage return flow. This difference results in obvious peak misalignment and periodic deviation between the baseflow sequences obtained by the two methods, thereby preventing calibration. However, multi-component separation of streamflow can be achieved through comparison. Future research should recognize the deviations between the separation results obtained by the different methods, identify the reasons for these differences, and explore the hydrological information contained therein.
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van Dijk, A. I. J. M. "Climate and terrain factors explaining streamflow response and recession in Australian catchments." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 14, no. 1 (January 27, 2010): 159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-159-2010.
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Abstract. Daily streamflow data were analysed to assess which climate and terrain factors best explain streamflow response in 183 Australian catchments. Assessed descriptors of catchment response included the parameters of fitted baseflow models, and baseflow index (BFI), average quick flow and average baseflow derived by baseflow separation. The variation in response between catchments was compared with indicators of catchment climate, morphology, geology, soils and land use. Spatial coherence in the residual unexplained variation was investigated using semi-variogram techniques. A linear reservoir model (one parameter; recession coefficient) produced baseflow estimates as good as those obtained using a non-linear reservoir (two parameters) and for practical purposes was therefore considered an appropriate balance between simplicity and explanatory performance. About a third (27–34%) of the spatial variation in recession coefficients and BFI was explained by catchment climate indicators, with another 53% of variation being spatially correlated over distances of 100–150 km, probably indicative of substrate characteristics not captured by the available soil and geology data. The shortest recession half-times occurred in the driest catchments and were attributed to intermittent occurrence of fast-draining (possibly perched) groundwater. Most (70–84%) of the variation in average baseflow and quick flow was explained by rainfall and climate characteristics; another 20% of variation was spatially correlated over distances of 300–700 km, possibly reflecting a combination of terrain and climate factors. It is concluded that catchment streamflow response can be predicted quite well on the basis of catchment climate alone. The prediction of baseflow recession response should be improved further if relevant substrate properties were identified and measured.
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Cartwright, I., B. Gilfedder, and H. Hofmann. "Contrasts between estimates of baseflow help discern multiple sources of water contributing to rivers." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 1 (January 3, 2014): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-15-2014.
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Abstract. This study compares baseflow estimates using chemical mass balance, local minimum methods, and recursive digital filters in the upper reaches of the Barwon River, southeast Australia. During the early stages of high-discharge events, the chemical mass balance overestimates groundwater inflows, probably due to flushing of saline water from wetlands and marshes, soils, or the unsaturated zone. Overall, however, estimates of baseflow from the local minimum and recursive digital filters are higher than those based on chemical mass balance using Cl calculated from continuous electrical conductivity measurements. Between 2001 and 2011, the baseflow contribution to the upper Barwon River calculated using chemical mass balance is between 12 and 25% of the annual discharge with a net baseflow contribution of 16% of total discharge. Recursive digital filters predict higher baseflow contributions of 19 to 52% of discharge annually with a net baseflow contribution between 2001 and 2011 of 35% of total discharge. These estimates are similar to those from the local minimum method (16 to 45% of annual discharge and 26% of total discharge). These differences most probably reflect how the different techniques characterise baseflow. The local minimum and recursive digital filters probably aggregate much of the water from delayed sources as baseflow. However, as many delayed transient water stores (such as bank return flow, floodplain storage, or interflow) are likely to be geochemically similar to surface runoff, chemical mass balance calculations aggregate them with the surface runoff component. The difference between the estimates is greatest following periods of high discharge in winter, implying that these transient stores of water feed the river for several weeks to months at that time. Cl vs. discharge variations during individual flow events also demonstrate that inflows of high-salinity older water occurs on the rising limbs of hydrographs followed by inflows of low-salinity water from the transient stores as discharge falls. The joint use of complementary techniques allows a better understanding of the different components of water that contribute to river flow, which is important for the management and protection of water resources.
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Lee, Seung Chan, Hui Yeon Kim, Hyo Jeong Kim, Jeong Ho Han, Seong Joon Kim, Jonggun Kim, and Kyoung Jae Lim. "Analysis of Baseflow Contribution based on Time-scales Using Various Baseflow Separation Methods." Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers 59, no. 2 (March 31, 2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5389/ksae.2017.59.2.001.
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Cartwright, I., B. Gilfedder, and H. Hofmann. "Contrasts between chemical and physical estimates of baseflow help discern multiple sources of water contributing to rivers." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 5 (May 14, 2013): 5943–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-5943-2013.
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Abstract. This study compares geochemical and physical methods of estimating baseflow in the upper reaches of the Barwon River, southeast Australia. Estimates of baseflow from physical techniques such as local minima and recursive digital filters are higher than those based on chemical mass balance using continuous electrical conductivity (EC). Between 2001 and 2011 the baseflow flux calculated using chemical mass balance is between 1.8 × 103 and 1.5 × 104 ML yr−1 (15 to 25% of the total discharge in any one year) whereas recursive digital filters yield baseflow fluxes of 3.6 × 103 to 3.8 × 104 ML yr−1 (19 to 52% of discharge) and the local minimum method yields baseflow fluxes of 3.2 × 103 to 2.5 × 104 ML yr−1 (13 to 44% of discharge). These differences most probably reflect how the different techniques characterise baseflow. Physical methods probably aggregate much of the water from delayed sources as baseflow. However, as many delayed transient water stores (such as bank return flow or floodplain storage) are likely to be geochemically similar to surface runoff, chemical mass balance calculations aggregate them with the surface runoff component. The mismatch between geochemical and physical estimates is greatest following periods of high discharge in winter, implying that these transient stores of water feed the river for several weeks to months. Consistent with these interpretations, modelling of bank storage indicates that bank return flows provide water to the river for several weeks after flood events. EC vs. discharge variations during individual flow events also imply that an inflow of low EC water stored within the banks or on the floodplain occurs as discharge falls. The joint use of physical and geochemical techniques allows a better understanding of the different components of water that contribute to river flow, which is important for the management and protection of water resources.
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Nainar, Anand, Rory P. D. Walsh, Kawi Bidin, Nobuaki Tanaka, Kogila Vani Annammala, Umeswaran Letchumanan, Robert M. Ewers, and Glen Reynolds. "Baseflow Persistence and Magnitude in Oil Palm, Logged and Primary Tropical Rainforest Catchments in Malaysian Borneo: Implications for Water Management under Climate Change." Water 14, no. 22 (November 21, 2022): 3791. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14223791.
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While timber harvesting has plateaued, repeat-logging and conversion into plantations (especially oil palm) are still active in the tropics. The associated hydrological impacts especially pertaining to enhanced runoff, flood, and erosion have been well-studied, but little attention has been given to water resource availability in the humid tropics. In the light of the increasing climate extremes, this paper compared baseflow values and baseflow recession constants (K) between headwater catchments of five differing land-uses in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo, namely primary forest (PF), old growth/virgin jungle reserve (VJR), twice-logged forest with 22 years regeneration (LF2), multiple-logged forest with 8 years regeneration (LF3), and oil palm plantation (OP). Hydrological and meteorological sensors and dataloggers were established in each catchment. Daily discharge was used for computing K via four estimation methods. Catchment ranks in terms of decreasing K were VJR (0.97841), LF3 (0.96692), LF2 (0.90347), PF (0.83886), and OP (0.86756). Catchment ranks in terms of decreasing annual baseflow were PF (1877 mm), LF3 (1265 mm), LF2 (812 mm), VJR (753 mm), and OP (367 mm), corresponding to 68%, 55%, 51%, 42%, and 38% of annual streamflow, respectively. Despite the low K, PF had the highest baseflow magnitude. OP had the fastest baseflow recession and lowest baseflow magnitude. Baseflow persistence decreased with increasing degree of disturbance. K showed strong association to catchment stem density instead of basal area. For dynamic catchments in this study, the Kb3 estimator is recommended based on its lowest combination of coefficient of variation (CoV) and root mean squared error (RMSE) of prediction. For wetter catchments with even shorter recession events, the Kb4 estimator may be considered. Regarding climate change, logging and oil palm agriculture should only be conducted after considering water resource availability. Forests (even degraded ones) should be conserved as much as possible in the headwaters for sustainable water resource.
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Campbell, Éowyn M. S., and M. Cathryn Ryan. "Nested Recharge Systems in Mountain Block Hydrology: High-Elevation Snowpack Generates Low-Elevation Overwinter Baseflow in a Rocky Mountain River." Water 13, no. 16 (August 18, 2021): 2249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13162249.
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The majority of each year′s overwinter baseflow (i.e., winter streamflow) in a third-order eastern slopes tributary is generated from annual melting of high-elevation snowpack which is transmitted through carbonate and siliciclastic aquifers. The Little Elbow River and its tributaries drain a bedrock system formed by repeated thrust faults that express as the same siliciclastic and carbonate aquifers in repeating outcrops. Longitudinal sampling over an 18 km reach was conducted at the beginning of the overwinter baseflow season to assess streamflow provenance. Baseflow contributions from each of the two primary aquifer types were apportioned using sulfate, δ34SSO4, and silica concentrations, while δ18OH2O composition was used to evaluate relative temperature and/or elevation of the original precipitation. Baseflow in the upper reaches of the Little Elbow was generated from lower-elevation and/or warmer precipitation primarily stored in siliciclastic units. Counterintuitively, baseflow generated in the lower-elevation reaches originated from higher-elevation and/or colder precipitation stored in carbonate units. These findings illustrate the role of nested flow systems in mountain block recharge: higher-elevation snowmelt infiltrates through fracture systems in the cliff-forming—often higher-elevation—carbonates, moving to the lower-elevation valley through intermediate flow systems, while winter baseflow in local flow systems in the siliciclastic valleys reflects more influence from warmer precipitation. The relatively fast climatic warming of higher elevations may alter snowmelt timing, leaving winter water supply vulnerable to climatic change.
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Lin, Kairong, Yanqing Lian, and Yanhu He. "Effect of Baseflow Separation on Uncertainty of Hydrological Modeling in the Xinanjiang Model." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/985054.
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Based on the idea of inputting more available useful information for evaluation to gain less uncertainty, this study focuses on how well the uncertainty can be reduced by considering the baseflow estimation information obtained from the smoothed minima method (SMM). The Xinanjiang model and the generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE) method with the shuffled complex evolution Metropolis (SCEM-UA) sampling algorithm were used for hydrological modeling and uncertainty analysis, respectively. The Jiangkou basin, located in the upper of the Hanjiang River, was selected as case study. It was found that the number and standard deviation of behavioral parameter sets both decreased when the threshold value for the baseflow efficiency index increased, and the high Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficients correspond well with the high baseflow efficiency coefficients. The results also showed that uncertainty interval width decreased significantly, while containing ratio did not decrease by much and the simulated runoff with the behavioral parameter sets can fit better to the observed runoff, when threshold for the baseflow efficiency index was taken into consideration. These implied that using the baseflow estimation information can reduce the uncertainty in hydrological modeling to some degree and gain more reasonable prediction bounds.
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Eckhardt, K. "Technical Note: Analytical sensitivity analysis of a two parameter recursive digital baseflow separation filter." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 8, no. 5 (October 25, 2011): 9469–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-8-9469-2011.
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Abstract. A sensitivity analysis for a well established baseflow separation technique, a two parameter recursive digital filter, is presented. The propagation of errors or uncertainties of the two filter parameters into the calculated baseflow index is analytically ascertained. Representative sensitivity indices (defined as the ratio between the relative error of the baseflow index and the relative error of the respective parameter) are derived by application of the resulting equations to a great number of catchments. It is found that in the mean the parameter a, the recession constant, has a stronger influence on the calculated baseflow index than the second filter parameter BFImax. This is favourable in that a can be determined by a recession analysis and therefore should be less uncertain. Whether this finding also applies for a specific catchment can easily be checked by means of the derived equations.
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Naufal, Muhammad, Margaretha Widyastuti, Ahmad Cahyadi, Fajri Ramadhan, Indra Agus Riyanto, Khansa Sitostratufana Arsy An nisa, Tjahyo Nugroho Adji, and Eko Haryono. "Temporal Variations of Baseflow Contribution to Epikarst spring Discharge in Gunungsewu Karst Area, Indonesia." E3S Web of Conferences 125 (2019): 01014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912501014.
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Flow moving slowly (infiltration), and known as steady flow or baseflow is the only supplier of water in underground flows in the form of karst fields during the dry season. Certainly, the character contribution of this flow plays a major role in supporting the supplier of clean water. Understanding related to the character of baseflow in detail has a very high urgency to be studied. This Research aims to do a temporal analysis of baseflow contributions on epikarst water springs in Gunungsewu Karst Area, Indonesia. The research takes place in Guntur Springs that occupy the hydrogeological subsystem. Data used in this Research includes flow data from Guntur Springs for one year. The method used in this Research is automated base flow separation by digital filtering. Results of the analysis show that baseflow contribution in Guntur Springs are between 79.57% and 93.96%.
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Walker, Glen. "A Potential Approach of Reporting Risk to Baseflow from Increased Groundwater Extraction in the Murray-Darling Basin, South-Eastern Australia." Water 14, no. 13 (July 2, 2022): 2118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14132118.
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An approach of reporting long-term trends in groundwater extraction and baseflow impacts in the Murray-Darling Basin (MDB) in south-eastern Australia was developed and tested. The principal aim of the framework was to provide early warning of any potential adverse impacts from groundwater extraction on environmental releases of surface water for baseflow, support adaptive management of these impacts, and highlight those areas which may benefit from conjunctive water management. The analysis showed that there is no current decadal trend in the annual aggregate groundwater extraction volumes or stream impact across the non-Victorian MDB, with much of the interannual variability being related to rainfall. Despite this, increasing volumes of environmental releases of water for baseflows in some river valleys are being required to replace the stream depletion caused by historical patterns of groundwater extraction established before 2003. Two valleys were identified for which there may be insufficient surface water storage to release water to substitute stream losses to groundwater and still support ecosystems during dry periods. The increasing trend in extraction since 2003 in one of the units has significantly increased the risk in that valley. The reporting framework was shown to be effective for alluvial groundwater systems connected to regulated rivers.
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Yan, Tiezhu, Jianwen Bai, Amelia LEE ZHI YI, and Zhenyao Shen. "SWAT-Simulated Streamflow Responses to Climate Variability and Human Activities in the Miyun Reservoir Basin by Considering Streamflow Components." Sustainability 10, no. 4 (March 23, 2018): 941. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10040941.
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The streamflow into Miyun Reservoir, the only surface drinking water source for Beijing City, has declined dramatically over the past five decades. Thus, the impacts of climate variability and human activities (direct and indirect human activities) on streamflow and its components (baseflow and quickflow) needs to be quantitatively estimated for the sustainability of regional water resources management. Based on a heuristic segmentation algorithm, the chosen study period (1969–2012) was segmented into three subseries: a baseline period (1969–1979) and two impact periods I (1980–1998) and II (1999–2012). The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was adopted to investigate the attributions for streamflow change. Our results indicated that the baseflow accounted for almost 63.5% of the annual streamflow based on baseflow separation. The contributions of climate variability and human activities to streamflow decrease varied with different stages. During impact period I, human activities was accountable for 54.3% of the streamflow decrease. In impact period II, climate variability was responsible for 64.9%, and about 8.3 mm of baseflow was extracted from the stream on average based on the comparison of the observed streamflow and simulated baseflow. The results in this study could provide necessary information for water resources management in the watershed.
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Tram, Vo Ngoc Quynh, Nguyen Duy Liem, and Nguyen Kim Loi. "Simulating surface flow and baseflow in Poko catchment, Kon Tum province, Vietnam." Journal of Water and Climate Change 10, no. 3 (May 14, 2018): 494–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2018.185.
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Abstract Estimating the volume of water resources has important significance in assessing water availability in a basin, particularly in mountainous areas. The Poko catchment, a sub-basin of Se San river basin, is located in the Central Highland of Vietnam with an area of about 3,210 km2. This study focused on evaluating the performance of SWAT model and baseflow filtering algorithm in simulating surface flow and baseflow in Poko catchment. The model was calibrated and validated for the period 1996–2004 and 2005–2013, respectively, using the observed water discharge data at Dak Mot stream gauge. Statistical measures including R2 (coefficient of determination), NSI (Nash–Sutcliffe index), and PBIAS (percent bias) indicated good performance of the model in simulating water discharge on monthly time step during the calibration and validation period. Using baseflow filtering algorithm with filter parameter (0.925), surface flow and baseflow were separated from water discharge. The results demonstrated good performance in capturing the patterns of surface flow and baseflow, which confirmed the appropriateness of the model for future scenario simulation. These findings provide useful information for water resources planning in Poko catchment, in particular, and other basins, which have a hydro-meteorological response similar to this catchment, in general.