Relevant bibliographies by topics / Baseball injuries

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Baseball injuries'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Baseball injuries"

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Ciccotti, Michael G., Keisha M. Pollack, Michael C. Ciccotti, John D’Angelo, Christopher S. Ahmad, David Altchek, James Andrews, and Frank C. Curriero. "Elbow Injuries in Professional Baseball: Epidemiological Findings From the Major League Baseball Injury Surveillance System." American Journal of Sports Medicine 45, no. 10 (June 2, 2017): 2319–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546517706964.

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Background: Elbow injuries cause significant disability for the throwing athlete. Scant data are available on the distribution and characteristics of these injuries in elite baseball players. No study exists that focuses solely on the epidemiological characteristics of elbow injuries in professional baseball players using a comprehensive injury surveillance system. Hypothesis: Professional baseball players have a high occurrence of elbow injuries influenced by factors including length of time playing, time period within the annual baseball season, and specific position played. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiological study. Methods: Data on elbow injuries occurring during the 2011-2014 seasons were collected from Major League Baseball’s Health Injury and Tracking System, a comprehensive injury surveillance system. Each specific type of elbow injury was evaluated with respect to overall injury rate, years as a professional player, mechanism of injury, treatment, average time lost, and return to play. Results: During the study period, 3185 elbow injuries (n = 430 Major League; n = 2755 Minor League) occurred. The mean number of days missed and percentage requiring surgery were similar between Major and Minor League players. Overall, 20.0% (650/3185) of the injuries required surgical treatment. Pitchers were the most likely to incur an elbow injury (40.0% of injured athletes were pitchers), were the most likely to require surgery (34.2% of injured pitchers required surgery), and had the greatest mean number of days missed when treated nonsurgically (33.2 days). Medial injuries composed 42.1% (1342/3185) of all elbow injuries. Of all elbow surgeries performed during the study period, the highest percentage involved ligaments (372/650; 57.2%). Conclusion: Elbow injuries are a considerable source of disability in professional baseball players. Pitchers are most likely to incur these injuries, are most likely to require surgery, and have the highest mean number of days missed when treated nonsurgically. The most common injuries involve the medial elbow, with ligament injuries most often requiring surgery. This study represents the only investigation to date using a comprehensive injury surveillance system to examine elbow injuries in professional baseball players. It provides a basis for injury prevention and treatment recommendations, establishes the most thorough framework for determining elbow injury risk, and focuses continued research on elbow injury prevention in the elite baseball player.
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Farooqi, Ali S., Alexander Lee, Eric Abreu, Divya Talwar, and Kathleen J. Maguire. "Epidemiology of Pediatric Baseball and Softball Player Injuries." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 232596712110525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23259671211052585.

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Background: Baseball and softball are popular sports in the United States and are responsible for a large number of youth sports injuries each year. Purpose: To investigate recent differences in youth baseball and softball injuries evaluated in nationwide emergency departments. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) database was examined for softball and baseball injuries in pediatric patients (age, 7-21 years) from 2010 through 2019. Patients were classified as children (age, 7-13 years), adolescents (age, 14-18 years), or young adults (age, 19-21 years). Case narratives were used to categorize injuries as contact injuries (hit by bat or ball), field injuries (sliding into base, collision with another player, catching, or running), throwing injuries, or other. Results: An unweighted total of 24,717 baseball injuries and 13,162 softball injuries were recorded. A nationwide estimate of 861,456 baseball injuries and 511,117 softball injuries were sustained during the studied time period, with estimated respective injury rates of 86,146 and 51,112 per year. Injured softball players were most commonly adolescent (47%) and female (92%), while injured baseball players were most commonly children (54%) and male (90%). There was a greater proportion of baseball-related injuries involving the head/neck (41%) as compared with softball-related injuries (30%) ( P < .01). Conversely, a greater proportion of softball-related injuries involved the lower extremity (32%) as compared with baseball-related injuries (19%) ( P < .01). When comparing diagnosis, softball injuries were more often sprains/strains (28%) than baseball injuries (18%) ( P < .01). When comparing mechanisms of injury, baseball athletes were more likely to be evaluated with contact injuries than were softball athletes (49% vs 40%, P < .01). Conclusion: Youth baseball athletes were more likely to be injured through contact mechanisms and had a higher proportion of injuries related to the head/neck/face, whereas softball injuries more frequently involved the lower extremity and resulted in a sprain/strain. League guidelines should focus on reducing contact injuries within youth baseball, and injury-prevention programs should focus on reducing lower extremity injuries in youth softball.
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Trofa, David P., Kyle K. Obana, Hasani W. Swindell, Brian Shiu, Manish S. Noticewala, Charles A. Popkin, and Christopher S. Ahmad. "Increasing Burden of Youth Baseball Elbow Injuries in US Emergency Departments." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 7, no. 5 (May 1, 2019): 232596711984563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967119845636.

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Background: Youth athletes are starting sports earlier and training harder. Intense, year-round demands are encouraging early sports specialization under the perception that it will improve the odds of future elite performance. Unfortunately, there is growing evidence that early specialization is associated with increased risk of injury and burnout. This is especially true of pediatric and adolescent baseball players. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this investigation was to analyze national injury trends of youth baseball players. We hypothesized that while the total number of baseball injuries diagnosed over the past decade would decrease, there would be an increase in adolescent elbow injuries seen nationally. A further hypothesis was that this trend would be significantly greater than other injuries to the upper extremity and major joints. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: Injury data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System, a United States Consumer Product Safety Commission database, were analyzed between January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2016, for baseball players aged ≤18 years. Data were collected on the location of injury, diagnosis, and mechanism of injury. Results: Between 2006 and 2016, an estimated 665,133 baseball injuries occurred nationally. The mean age of the injured players was 11.5 years. The most common injuries diagnosed included contusions (26.8%), fractures (23.6%), and strains and sprains (18.7%). Among major joints, the ankle (25.6%) was most commonly injured, followed by the knee (21.3%), wrist (19.2%), elbow (17.7%), and shoulder (16.2%). The incidence of the ankle, knee, wrist, and shoulder injuries decreased over time, while only the incidence of elbow injuries increased. A linear regression analysis demonstrated that the increasing incidence of elbow injuries was statistically significant against the decreasing trend for all baseball injury diagnoses, as well as ankle, knee, wrist, hand, and finger injuries ( P < .05). Additionally, the only elbow injury mechanism that increased substantially over time was throwing. Conclusion: The current investigation found that while the incidence of baseball injuries sustained by youth players is decreasing, elbow pathology is becoming more prevalent and is more commonly being caused by throwing. Given that the majority of elbow injuries among adolescent baseball players are overuse injuries, these findings underscore the importance of developing strategies to continue to ensure the safety of these youth athletes.
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Hamano, Noritaka, Hitoshi Shitara, Tsuyoshi Tajika, Takuro Kuboi, Tsuyoshi Ichinose, Tsuyoshi Sasaki, Takanori Kitagawa, et al. "Relationship Between Upper Limb Injuries and Hip Range of Motion in Elementary and Junior High School Baseball Players." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 232596712097091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120970916.

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Background: Shoulder and elbow injuries are major problems in baseball players. Tightness of the upper extremities has been reported as a risk factor for shoulder and elbow injuries in elementary and junior high school baseball players. However, few studies have been conducted on the relationship between decreased hip range of motion (ROM) and shoulder and elbow injuries. Purpose/Hypothesis: This study aimed to prospectively examine the relationship between hip ROM and throwing-related shoulder and elbow injuries in elementary and junior high school baseball players. The hypothesis was that players with unrestricted ROM in the hip would have a reduced risk of upper extremity injuries. Methods: The study included 263 baseball players (mean ± SD age, 10.5 ± 1.3 years; range, 7-14 years). The following physical parameters were assessed: (1) hip flexion ROM measured in the supine position and (2) hip internal and external rotation in the prone position. After the season, players completed questionnaires regarding shoulder and/or elbow injuries. For comparison, the players were classified as injured (not able to play for ≥8 days because of shoulder and/or elbow problems) or noninjured. Results: During the season, 52 players had shoulder and/or elbow injuries. When the injured and noninjured groups were compared, hip flexion on the dominant side (121.5° ± 12.0° vs 126.7° ± 9.8°, respectively; P < .01), hip flexion on the nondominant side (119.6° ± 11.7° vs 126.0° ± 9.9°, respectively; P < .01), and internal rotation on the dominant side (52.5° ± 11.3° vs 56.8° ± 10.8°, respectively; P = .01) were significantly reduced in the injured group. Conclusion: We identified preseason decreases in flexion bilaterally and internal rotation on the dominant side as risk factors for shoulder and elbow injuries in elementary and junior high school baseball players. Further studies are required to prevent disabilities in elementary and junior high school baseball players through development of prevention and intervention programs.
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Moats, William E. "Injuries in Baseball." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 30, no. 10 (October 1998): 1558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199810000-00016.

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Cassaza, Brian A., and Kirsten Rossner. "Baseball/Lacrosse Injuries." Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America 10, no. 1 (February 1999): 141–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1047-9651(18)30220-1.

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Ray, Tracy R. "Youth Baseball Injuries." Current Sports Medicine Reports 9, no. 5 (September 2010): 294–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/jsr.0b013e3181f27403.

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Laurence, Michael. "Injuries in baseball." Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British volume 80-B, no. 6 (November 1998): 1085–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/0301-620x.80b6.0801085c.

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Hultman, Kristi, Patrick F. Szukics, Adrienne Grzenda, Frank C. Curriero, and Steven B. Cohen. "Gastrocnemius Injuries in Professional Baseball Players: An Epidemiological Study." American Journal of Sports Medicine 48, no. 10 (July 21, 2020): 2489–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546520938759.

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Background: Gastrocnemius injuries are a common lower extremity injury in elite baseball players. There are no current epidemiological studies focused on gastrocnemius injuries in professional baseball players that provide information on the timing, distribution, and characteristics of such injuries. Hypothesis: Gastrocnemius injury in professional baseball players is a common injury that is influenced by factors such as age, player position, and time of season. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiological study. Methods: Based on Major League Baseball’s (MLB’s) Health and Injury Tracking System (HITS) database, gastrocnemius injuries that caused time out of play for MLB and Minor League Baseball (MiLB) players during the 2011-2016 seasons were identified. Player characteristics, including age, level of play, and position at time of injury, were collected. Injury-specific factors analyzed included date of injury, time of season, days missed, and activity leading to injury. Results: A total of 402 gastrocnemius injuries (n = 145, MLB; n = 257, MiLB) occurred during the 2011-2016 seasons. MLB players were significantly older at the time of injury (30.1 years, MLB; 23.9 years, MiLB; P < .001). Base running (36.1%) was the most common activity causing the injury, followed by fielding (23.6%), with 50.3% of base-running injuries sustained on the way to first base. In MLB players, gastrocnemius injuries were most common in infielders (48.3%), followed by pitchers (27.6%) and then outfielders (17.9%), while for MiLB players the injuries were more evenly distributed (33.5%, 28.8%, and 30.7%, respectively). The frequency of injuries in MLB players dropped off after the start of the regular season, whereas MiLB players had a consistent injury rate throughout the year. Conclusion: Gastrocnemius injuries are a common cause of lower extremity injury in professional baseball players, resulting in significant time out of play. Base running, particularly to first base, was the most common activity during injury. Outfielders had the fewest injuries; however, they required the longest time to recover. This study provides the first investigation to date with the HITS database to examine the characteristics and distribution of gastrocnemius injuries in professional baseball players, offering insight into risk factors, injury prevention, and recovery expectations.
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Chalmers, Peter, Rocco Bassora, Chris Inzerillo, Andrew Beharrie, Anthony Romeo, and Brandon Erickson. "Training with Lighter Baseballs Increases Velocity Without Increasing Injury Risk." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 7_suppl6 (July 1, 2020): 2325967120S0034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120s00341.

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Objectives: Pitch velocity has become an increasingly popular metric by which pitchers are graded and compared. Training programs that utilize weighted balls have been effective in increasing velocity but at the cost of increased injury risk. The purpose of this study was to determine if a baseball pitcher-training program utilizing lighter baseballs could increase fastball velocity without increasing injury risk. The author’s hypothesized that the training program with lighter baseballs would increase fastball velocity without causing injuries during the training program to the participants Methods: All baseball pitchers who participated in a 15-week pitching mechanic and velocity training program were included. Training program was broken down into three phases, and each participant went through the same program. Lighter balls (4oz and 3oz) and standard baseballs (5oz) were utilized as part of the training program. Weighted (heavier) balls were not used. Velocity was measured at four time points throughout the program. Injury rates for all players were recorded throughout the entire program. Results: 48 male pitchers aged 10-17 (average age: 14.7 +/- 1.8) years started the program and 44 had complete data and were included in the analysis. No pitcher sustained a baseball-related injury while participating in the training program (one player broke his ankle playing basketball, one player moved, one did not have baseline velocity data, and one experienced biceps soreness after participating in back to back showcases against recommendations). Fastball velocity increased by an average of 4.8mph (95% confidence intervals 4.1 - 5.5mph). Overall 43/44 players (98%) had an increase in fastball velocity over the course of the program. Conclusions: A 15-week baseball pitcher-training program with lighter baseballs significantly improved pitching velocity without significantly increasing injuries. Lighter baseballs should be considered instead of weighted baseballs when attempting to increase a pitcher’s velocity.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Baseball injuries"

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Nicholls, Rochelle Louise. "Mathematical modelling of bat-ball impact in baseball." University of Western Australia. School of Human Movement and Exercise Science, 2003. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2004.0016.

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[Formulae and special characters can only be approximated here. Please see the pdf version of the abstract for an accurate reproduction.] Ball-impact injuries in baseball, while relatively rare, have the potential to be catastrophic. These injuries are primarily attributed to impact by the ball after it has been hit, pitched or thrown. As the closest infielder to the hitter, the pitcher is at greatest risk of being struck by the batted ball. This thesis investigated the influence of bat and ball design on ball exit velocity (BEV) and the potential for impact injury to pitchers. Finite element analysis (FEA) was used to quantify the dynamics of bat-ball impact for bats of various moment of inertia and baseballs with different mechanical properties. The analysis was conducted using ANSYS/LSDYNA explicit dynamics software. To replicate a typical bat-ball impact in the field, the model required input of bat linear and angular velocity and orientation in three-dimensional (3-D) space, at the instant prior to impact. This data was obtained from 3-D kinematic analysis using two high-speed video cameras operating at 200 Hz. Seventeen high-performance batters used a wood bat and a metal bat of equal length and mass to hit baseballs thrown by a pitcher. Hitters developed significantly higher resultant linear velocity for both the proximal (38.3 ± 1.8 ms-1;) and distal (8.1 ± 1.8 ms-1) ends of the metal bat (compared with 36.4 ± 1.7 ms-1 and 6.9 ± 2.1 ms-1 respectively for the wood bat). They also achieved a significantly more “square” bat position just prior to impact with the ball (264.3 ± 9.1 deg compared with 251.5 ± 10.4 deg). These factors are important in transferring momentum to the batted ball. Mathematical description of the large-deformation material behaviour of the baseball was also required for this analysis. Previous research is limited to compression tests to 10 % of ball diameter, despite conjecture that during impact with the bat, the ball might deform to 50 % of its original diameter. Uniaxial quasi-static compression tests on seven models of baseballs investigated baseball behaviour during deformation to 50 % of ball diameter. The resulting force-displacement relationship was highly non-linear. Hence FEA was used to derive and verify a relationship to describe the time-dependent and elastic behaviour of the ball during the 1 ms period typical of bat-ball impact. The results of the bat-ball impact analysis indicated that for hits made at the point of maximum momentum transfer on the bat, the metal bat produced greater BEV than the wood bat (61.5 ms-1 and 50.9 ms-1 respectively). The higher BEV from the metal bat was attributed to greater pre-impact bat linear velocity, and bat orientation during impact. The more perpendicular horizontal orientation of the metal bat at the instant of impact resulted in a greater proportion of resultant BEV being directed in the global x-direction (toward the pitcher), compared with the wood bat. This indicates increasing bat moment of inertia (the relative mass of the bat barrel) may be a potential control strategy for BEV. BEV was also reduced for impacts using a baseball with values for instantaneous shear and relaxed modulii approximately 33 % less (9.9 % reduction in BEV for metal bat, 9.7 % for the wood bat).
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MUNGIN, KELLI J. "CONDITIONING OF COLLEGIATE BASEBALL PITCHERS TO REDUCE SHOULDER AND ELBOW INJURIES." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1151516348.

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Smrzley, Erica L. "The development of a screening tool for the prevention of shoulder injuries in baseball pitchers." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2007. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5058.

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Whiteley, Rodney John. "Humeral torsion and throwing." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2009. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/28206.

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This thesis is concerned with the act of throwing, and particularly with a variation of a skeletal feature — humeral retrotorsion — which has been shown to be associated with high level throwing. In the introductory chapters 1 to 3, the importance of throwing is established, followed by a description of humeral torsion, and an account of the development of humeral torsion. It is noted that there is a lack of consistency in the description and measurement of humeral torsion, along with some technical and practical difficulties in the currentlyemployed methods of its quantification. In the chapter 4 the rationale for an alternate method of measuring humeral torsion using the relation between the bicipital groove and the orientation of the humeral head is proposed. In the first of a series of experiments, the inter-rater reliability of two methods of measuring humeral torsion both of which involve standardising the position of the deepest portion of the bicipital groove and measuring the inclination of the ulna are explored. In the first method direct palpation of the bicipital groove is employed, and this is compared to ultrasound-assisted visualisation. Excellent inter-rater reliability is demonstrated for the ultrasound-assisted method in the dominant and non-dominant arms of 16 non-athletic adult subjects (ICC2_1=0.98, and 0.94) while the reliability of the palpation method was seen to be poor (ICC2,1=0.51 and 0.49). For the remainder of the experiments, the ultrasound-assisted method of visualisation was employed to measure humeral torsion. The next experiment investigated the side-to-side difference in humeral torsion in a group of throwing athletes (85 adult males, 16 adult females, 35 adolescent males, and 37 adolescent females), swimmers (l9 adolescent females, and 10 adolescent males), and 16 non-athletic adults. Greater dominant arm retrotorsion (11.90 :I: 105°) was displayed in the arms of the throwers irrespective of age or gender. The swimmers showed a lesser inclination toward increased dominant arm retrotorsion (6.4° d: 9.9°), and the non-athletic adults showed no detectable sidedness effect (13° :|: 89°). A wide range of between-subject variation was displayed in this data, with values for the throwing athletes varying from a maximum of 38° greater dominant arm retrotorsion to 18° greater dominant arm antetorsion. In the following experiment, the relation between humeral torsion and obtained proprioception was examined in 16 high-level adolescent male baseball players. In the non-dominant arm, a strong (F088) and significant (p<0.001) relationship was established with increasing retrotorsion being correlated with better proprioceptive acuity. In the non-dominant arm the relationship was weaker (0.41) and did not reach significance (p=0.120). It is hypothesised that the described relation for the non-dominant arm is suggestive of an underlying physiological effect that is masked by prodromal injury to the proprioceptive systems in the dominant arm.
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Lust, Kathleen R. "The effects of a six week open kinetic chain/closed kinetic chain and open kinetic chain/closed kinetic chain/core stability strengthening program in baseball." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2007. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5173.

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Shu-Miau, Weng, and 翁叔淼. "Scenario Analysis of Sports Injuries in Baseball." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/19652611858588264206.

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碩士
亞洲大學
經營管理學系碩士在職專班
98
The purpose of this study is to discuss sports injuries in baseball by scenario analysis. Through a questionnaire survey, we found the factor sports injuries and lack of safety management on the baseball. According to the scenario analysis to identify injuries reason, and improve the baseball player sports injury prevention. The research subjects are the elementary school which has baseball team in Taichung. This student interviews 289 contact baseball players. The research finds: a positive correlation effect is found between unsafe environment, unsafe movement, lack of management and sports injuries. The result suggests that schools should maintain safety facilities equipment and shorten the time for repair. Injuries prevention will help to prevent or decrease the occurrence of the sports injuries. When injury occur, is important to make the correct and appropriate treatment. It not only can reduce the extent of injury and to avoid severe secondary damage, but shorten the recovery time.
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Shih, Ching-Lin, and 史磬霖. "Does muscle strength relate to baseball throwing injuries ?" Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/17177062725289777984.

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碩士
長庚大學
復健科學研究所
93
Abstract： Background and Purpose：The act of baseball throwing demands the athletes maximally accelerate and decelerate the arm over a short period of time, repetitively. As a consequence, the throwing arm is more at risk for soft tissue injuries than other parts of the body. Researchers have argued that insufficient or imbalanced leg muscle strength can affect the normal force transmission within the body via subsequent compensative mechanism. However, little evidence is available to further confirm these speculations. To substantiate the potential relationship between baseball injuries and altered kinetic chain, this study attempt to investigate the difference in muscle strength of the major throwing-related muscles between elite collegiate baseball players with upper extremity injuries and their healthy counterparts. Methods：Thirty-six elite collegiate baseball players in one formally organized team in Taiwan were recruited, based on a complete evaluation by a sports medicine physician in accordance with the medical and physical examination forms from International Federation of Sports Medicine. Isokinetic muscle strength was measured by a CYBEX NORM™ system from a single visit. Players were classified into 3 groups for comparison after the tests: with U/E injury, healthy, and excluded, according to physician’s evaluation. Results：No significant differences exist in age、body height、body weight、playing years and all key range of motion between groups. We found significant differences in peak torque and average power of some throwing related muscles in both upper and lower extremities, between the U/E injury group (N=10) and healthy group(N=17)(p<.05). No specific difference pattern across the upper and lower extremities was found. Discussion and Conclusion：This study verified the difference in muscle strength of the major throwing-related muscles between the elite collegiate baseball players with upper extremity throwing injuries and their healthy counterparts. However, there seems not any specific strength difference pattern across upper and lower extremities existed. Relevance：This research supported the existence of certain relationship between throwing injury and muscular strength. Futher studies are required to investigate the details of this relationship. Suchlike knowledge is essential for medical and coaching personnel working to thoroughly understand the mechanics of throwing sports to optimally prevent and rehabilitate related injuries.
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Hills, Julia. "Hip range of motion asymmetries in baseball hitters." 2005. http://www.oregonpdf.org.

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Tsai, Sheng-Han, and 蔡昇翰. "The Physical Attributes and Predictors for Shoulder and Elbow Injuries in Junior Baseball Pitchers." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/54312530668783832538.

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碩士
國立陽明大學
物理治療暨輔助科技學系
101
Background Baseball is one of the most popular sports in Taiwan, and it is divided into several levels according to the age of the players. It was estimated that 99% of the high school players in Taiwan experienced injuries during their past baseball training or games, and the upper extremities were the most common injured sites. Injuries influenced the players’ performances and increased the days of time-loss. Understanding of the predictors of the baseball shoulder and elbow pain will provide important information for pain management and prevention. For Taiwanese junior baseball pitchers, no studies can be found to investigate the predictors associated with their shoulder and elbow pain. Purposes of the study To determine the predictors of the shoulder or elbow pain of junior baseball pitchers in Taiwan. Methods Pitchers in two junior baseball teams in New Taipei City, Taiwan were recruited. Basic data and the results of physical attributes including injury history, muscle mass of each body segment, range of motion of the shoulder and elbow joints, and muscle strength of the shoulder and elbow, as well as functional movement screening of all pitchers were collected at the beginning of study. All pitchers were observed and recorded for their non-traumatic injuries for one year. During that period, pitching counts of all pitchers were also recorded. Then pitchers with and without pain were grouped for comparison. Statistic analysis Descriptive statistics were used to show the demographic data and the annual incidence rates of the shoulder and elbow pain. For univariate analyses, independent t tests were used to compare the differences of continuous variables between the injured and non-injured groups. Chi-square tests were used for comparison of the categorical variables between the groups with and without pain. P-value was set at 0.1 first to find potential predictors. Cut point of each continuous variable was defined by its maximal positive likelihood ratio calculating by its receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC). A multiple logistic regression analysis was then used to identify significant predictors for shoulder and elbow pain of junior baseball pitchers. Results Forty-nine junior baseball pitchers (mean age = 14.4±0.79) participated in this study. Incidence of shoulder or elbow pain was 28.6%, including 10.2% of shoulder pain, 18.4% of elbow pain, 0% of shoulder and elbow pain. Percentage of pitchers without pain was 71.4%. Fourteen pitchers were classified into the pain group (mean age = 14.8±0.73), and 35 pitchers were classified into the non-pain group (mean age = 14.2±0.75). Results of univariate analyses showed that pitchers in the pain group were older, with higher body mass index, less difference between bilateral elbow valgus angles, less total passive range of motion (PROM) of shoulder horizontal adduction and abduction, less total PROM of elbow flexion and extension, heavier normalized muscle mass of dominant upper arm, higher percentage of dominant upper arm muscle mass compared to their trunk, were not able to throw forkballs, less game being a dual player of pitcher and catcher. Results of the multiple logistic regression show that older age (>15.05 years), higher percentage of dominant upper arm muscle mass compared to their trunk, higher body mass index (>21.435) were significant predictors for shoulder and elbow pain. Odds ratio and its 95% confidence interval (CI) of each significant factor was 17.371 (95% CI: 1.34-225.95), 35.627 (95% CI: 2.03-625.03), and 18.619 (95% CI: 1.40-248.51), respectively. R square of this regression model was 0.632. Discussion and Conclusion Junior baseball pitchers whose age were older than 15 years tended to develop shoulder or elbow pain easier than those aged younger. This may be related to more cumulative stresses to these adolescents' dominant upper extremities resulting from repetitive high intensity throwing movements over several training years. Junior pitchers who had higher percentage of muscle mass in their upper arm relative to their trunk showed a higher risk of developing shoulder or elbow pain. This phenomenon may be related to a pitching style emphasizing more use of the upper arm instead of balancing use of their shoulder girdle and upper body muscles. Junior pitchers with higher body mass index (BMI) demonstrated increased risk of shoulder or elbow pain. This can be explained by the concept of higher force loading from heavier arm on adolescent pitchers’ immature bone during the acceleration pitching motion. To our knowledge, this study is the first prospective study of investigating the predictors for junior baseball pitchers' shoulder/elbow pain in Taiwan. Our results implies that junior pitchers whose age are older than 15, who have higher percentage of muscle mass in their upper arm relative to their trunk, and have BMI over 21.4 may have increased risk of suffering non-traumatic shoulder or elbow pain.
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"The development of a screening tool for the prevention of shoulder injuries in baseball pitchers." WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY, 2008. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1451609.

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Books on the topic "Baseball injuries"

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Dines, Joshua S. Sports medicine of baseball. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2012.

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Lourie, Gary M., ed. Hand and Wrist Injuries in Baseball. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81659-9.

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Kegerreis, Sam. Throwing injuries. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1990.

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Kegerreis, Sam. Throwing injuries. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1990.

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The baseball player's guide to sports medicine. Champaign, Ill: Leisure Press, 1987.

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International Symposium on Safety in Baseball/Softball (1995 Atlanta, Ga.). International Symposium on Safety in Baseball/Softball. Edited by Hoerner Earl F, Cosgrove Francis A. 1938-, and American Society for Testing and Materials. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM, 1997.

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David, Weeks, ed. Death at the ballpark: A comprehensive study of game-related fatalities of players, other personnel and spectators in amateur and professional baseball, 1862-2007. Jefferson, N.C: McFarland & Company, 2008.

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Linkugel, Wil A. They tasted glory: Among the missing at the Baseball Hall of Fame. Jefferson, N.C: McFarland & Co., 1998.

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Matsui, Hideki. Fudōshin. Tōkyō: Shinchōsha, 2007.

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Bertram, Zarins, Andrews James R. 1942-, Carson William G. 1952-, and United States Olympic Committee. Sports Medicine Council., eds. Injuries to the throwing arm: Based on the proceedings of the national conferences. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Baseball injuries"

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Lyman,, Stephen, and Glenn S. Fleisig. "Baseball Injuries." In Epidemiology of Pediatric Sports Injuries, 9–30. Basel: KARGER, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000085340.

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Miller, Adam, Garrett Schwarzman, and Mark R. Hutchinson. "Baseball, Softball, Cricket." In Specific Sports-Related Injuries, 19–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66321-6_2.

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Anderson, Mark W., and Gabe Palmer. "Imaging of Baseball Injuries." In Imaging in Sports-Specific Musculoskeletal Injuries, 307–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14307-1_12.

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Sun, Michael, and Steven S. Shin. "Scapholunate Ligament Injuries in Baseball." In Hand and Wrist Injuries in Baseball, 105–13. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81659-9_9.

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O’Donnell, Jeffrey A., and Marc Richard. "Distal Radius Fractures in Baseball." In Hand and Wrist Injuries in Baseball, 3–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81659-9_1.

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Qin, Mia M., Chirag M. Shah, Thomas A. Wiedrich, Joseph T. Labrum, and Douglas R. Weikert. "Thumb Basilar Joint Injuries." In Hand and Wrist Injuries in Baseball, 87–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81659-9_7.

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Peljovich, Allan E. "Baseball Injuries in Children and Adolescents." In Hand and Wrist Injuries in Baseball, 231–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81659-9_18.

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Papadopoulos, Dimitrios V., Loukia K. Papatheodorou, and Dean G. Sotereanos. "Nerve Injuries of the Wrist." In Hand and Wrist Injuries in Baseball, 205–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81659-9_16.

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Carlan, Douglas. "Distal Tip Injuries and Blisters." In Hand and Wrist Injuries in Baseball, 99–102. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81659-9_8.

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Cibulas, George A., and Melvin P. Rosenwasser. "Carpometacarpal (CMC) Injuries Digits 2–5." In Hand and Wrist Injuries in Baseball, 63–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81659-9_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Baseball injuries"

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Zheng, Nigel, Hongsheng Wang, and Koco Eaton. "Shoulder Rotational Laxity is Related to Joint Loading During Throwing." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53494.

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Throwing arm injuries are common and often related to shoulder rotational laxity. Both shoulder external and internal rotational laxity are often checked in a physical assessment. The shoulder external rotation of the throwing arm during physical assessment is reported to be about 10 degree greater than the non-throwing arm [1]. Throwing arm injuries often occur during throwing activities. High forces and torques were generated during throwing activity. Extremely high shoulder external rotation (about 180°) and high internal rotation velocity (over 7000°/s) during baseball pitching are reported [2].
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Cook, Harold A., Sam Akhavan, Patrick J. DeMeo, and Mark Carl Miller. "Finite Element Analysis of the Ulnar Tunnel in Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction." In ASME 2010 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2010-19040.

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The ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) of the elbow originates on the medial epicondyle of the humerus and inserts on the sublime tubercle of the proximal ulna. This ligament is classically composed of three distinct structures: the anterior bundle, the posterior bundle, and the transverse bundle. Of these three, the anterior bundle has been shown to be the primary stabilizer to valgus load between 20° and 120° of flexion [1]. Injuries to the anterior bundle of the UCL are commonly seen in baseball pitchers, where the valgus load on the elbow during the throwing motion approaches the failure load of the ligament [2].
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Yang, Yingwei, Karen D. Liller, Barbara Morris, Omonigho M. Bubu, and Jessica Fillion. "PA 05-2-0493 Sports injuries among young florida athletes playing football, soccer, baseball and softball in recreational leagues." In Safety 2018 abstracts. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprevention-2018-safety.28.

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Wang, Hongsheng, Koco Eaton, and Nigel Zheng. "Shoulder Rotation Laxity is Related to Pitching Mechanics." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53307.

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According to the 2002 Major League Baseball Disability Analysis, almost 70% of players on the disabled list are pitchers and throwing arm related injuries account for 53% of all disabled list placements. To reach a high ball speed, pitchers cock, or excessively externally rotate their pitching arm to or near an extreme ROM of 180° [1]. The shoulder is then immediately internally rotated to an astonishing 7000°/s after the leading foot contact. The excessive external rotation ROM and astonishing internal rotation velocity are thought to contribute to injury [2]. Repeated exposure to the excessive ROM and large shoulder loads may cause excessive laxity to the anterior shoulder and/or damage the soft tissue [2]. This can lead to shoulder instability and excessive humeral head translation that may cause impingement [3]. Therefore, the mobility and stability of the thrower’s shoulder are extremely relevant to performance and injury prevention.
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Clark, Roxanne, Darius Montero, Rebecca McAdams, Kristin Roberts, and Lara McKenzie. "9 Wrist, hand, and finger injuries associated with baseball and softball among children in the united states from 2005–2015." In SAVIR 2017. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2017-042560.9.

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Zheng, Nigel, Hongsheng Wang, and Koco Eaton. "Ulnar Collateral Ligament and Elbow Joint Loading During Throwing." In ASME 2012 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2012-80699.

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Ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) rupture is one of the most common throwing arm injuries for throwing athletes. Reconstructive surgery known as Tommy John surgery is often performed to restore joint stability [1]. According to the 2002 Major League Baseball Disability Analysis, almost 70% of players on the disabled list are pitchers and throwing arm related injuries account for 53% of all disabled list placements. To reach a high ball speed, pitchers cock, or excessively externally rotate their pitching arm to or near an extreme ROM of 180° [2]. The shoulder is then immediately internally rotated at over 7000°/s after the leading foot contact. The excessive external rotation ROM and astonishing internal rotation velocity are thought to contribute to throwing arm injury [3]. Repeated exposure to the large valgus torque may cause excessive laxity and catastrophic rupture of UCL [2]. A recent study showed that uninjured pitchers with higher elbow valgus torque exhibited UCL thickening whereas uninjured pitchers with lower elbow valgus torque did not have such adaptation in UCL appearance [4]. It is believed that microtear and catastrophic rupture of UCL are related to higher elbow valgus torque [2]. However, it is not clear how the conditions of the UCL are related to the elbow valgus torque during throwing. Therefore, it is our interest to investigate risk factors to throwing arm injuries. In this study, we investigated the elbow joint loading during throwing among subjects without UCL injury at the time of testing and after testing, with UCL reconstruction (UCL-R) at the time of testing, and UCL reconstruction after testing (PUCL-R). It was hypothesized that there was no significant differences in elbow joint loading between subjects with UCL-R, PUCL-R and uninjured groups. Findings from this may improve our understanding of UCL injury and assist us to identify risk factors for UCL injury.
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