Journal articles: 'Base radical'

1

Roché, Michel. "Base, thème, radical." Recherches linguistiques de Vincennes, no. 39 (December 1, 2010): 95–134. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/rlv.1850.

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2

Hildenbrand, Knut. "The SO4·̄induced Oxidation of 2′-Deoxyuridine-5′-phosphate, Uridine-5′-phosphate and Thymidine-5′-phosphate. An ESR Study in Aqueous Solution." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 45, no. 1-2 (February 1, 1990): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1990-1-210.

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Abstract Reactions of photolytically generated SO4·̄ with 2′-deoxyuridine-5′-phosphate (5′-dUMP), uridine-5′-phosphate (5′-UMP) and thymidine-5′-phosphate (5′-dTMP) were studied by ESR spectroscopy in aqueous solution under anoxic conditions. From 5′-dUMP and 5′-UMP the 5′,5-cyclicphosphate-6-yl radicals 10 and 11 were generated (pH 2 -11) whereas from 5′-dTMP at pH 3 -8 the 5,6-dihydro-6-hydroxy-5-yl radical 14 and at pH 7 -1 1 the 5-methylene-2′-deoxyuridine-5′-phosphate radical 15 was produced. In the experiments with 5′-UMP in addition to radical 11 the signals of sugar radicals 12 and 13 were detected. It is assumed that the base radical cations act as intermediates in the SO4·̄-induced radical reactions. The 5′-phosphate group adds intramolecularly to the C(5)−C(6) bond of the uraclilyl radical cation whereas the thymidyl radical cation of 5′-dTMP reacts with H2O at pH < 8 to yield the 6-OH-5yl adduct 14 deprotonates at pH > 7 thus forming the allyl-type radical 15. In 5′-UMP transfer of the radical site from the base to the sugar moiety competes with intramolecular phosphate addition.

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Macernis, Mindaugas. "On the Dimers Stability of Allicin and Its Derivatives Interacting with AT, GC, and DNA Bridge: DFT Study." Journal of Chemistry 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1428508.

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Allicin and its derivatives are physiologically active molecules with many potential health benefits. It is not clear if they have a direct effect on DNA or protein. In order to elucidate the allicin and its derivatives’ effect on DNA base pairs, we investigated various complexes of base pair and its bridge with an allicin and its derivatives. The investigated allicin derivatives were (E)-Ajoene, (Z)-Ajoene, Amz121, and Bmz73 radicals. The DFT calculation results revealed that the investigated molecules would favor binding to bridge of the base pairs instead of directly affecting the base pairs. The Bmz73 radical could break DNA by change bonding in it because the Bmz73 radical significantly affected the P-O bond of the bridge of base pair.

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YILMAZ, Zehra Kübra, Belma ASIM, and Ozlem OZDEMIR. "In vitro antioxidant properties of 2-(4-(2-hydroxybenzylideneamino)benzylideneamino)benzoic acid." ICONTECH INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL 5, no. 3 (September 25, 2021): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.46291/icontechvol5iss3pp7-12.

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In recent years, it has attracted great attention to determine and appraise synthetic antioxidants with high free radical scavenging capacity associated with various disorders. Because synthetic antioxidants are widely used in place of native antioxidants as they are influential and less expensive. In this study, the antioxidant activity of the newly synthesized asymmetric diimine Schiff base was determined by using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging, ferrous ion chelation (FIC) activity and total antioxidant activity (Phosphomolybdenum assay) methods. The effective concentration (IC50) values were calculated for the Schiff base and standards. According to the results of DPPH radical scavenging, ferrous ion chelation and total antioxidant methods, Schiff base showed a well antioxidant activity. It was determined that Schiff base is reactive towards DPPH radicals (IC50, 180.0 μM) and especially Fe+2 ions (IC50, 76.3 μM). It was also found that it actively reduces the Mo(VI) ion to the Mo(V) form (IC50, 121.5 μM). The our results indicate Schiff base, may be a fine candidate as a source of synthetic antioxidants and possibly strong drug.

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Wang, Pengfei, Yuli Li, and Guangwei Wang. "Tetrahydroxydiboron-Initiated Atom-Transfer Radical Cyclization." Synthesis 53, no. 19 (April 19, 2021): 3555–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1485-4956.

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AbstractIn this work, the first diboron reagent initiated atom-transfer radical cyclization was reported, in which the boryl radicals were generated by the homolytic cleavage of a B–B single bond weakened by the coordination of Lewis base. To clarify the role of carbonate and DMF in the cleavage of B–B bond, we calculated the free energy diagram of two pathways by density functional theory (DFT) investigations. The DFT calculation showed that the presence of carbonate facilitates the B–B bond cleavage to form boron radicals, which can be further stabilized by DMF. Subsequent atom-transfer cyclization initiated by stabilized dihydroxyboron radical is also energetically favored.

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6

Lim, Y. B., Y. Tan, M. J. Perri, S. P. Seitzinger, and B. J. Turpin. "Aqueous chemistry and its role in secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 6 (June 9, 2010): 14161–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-14161-2010.

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Abstract. There is a growing understanding that secondary organic aerosol (SOA) can form through reactions in atmospheric waters (i.e., clouds, fogs, and aerosol water). In clouds and wet aerosols, water-soluble organic products of gas-phase photochemistry dissolve into the aqueous phase where they can react further (e.g. with OH radicals) to form low volatility products that are largely retained in the particle phase. Organic acids, oligomers and other products form via radical- and non-radical reactions, including hemiacetal formation during droplet evaporation, acid/base catalyzation, and reaction of organics with other constituents (e.g. NH4+). This paper uses kinetic modeling, experiments conducted with aqueous carbonyl solutions in the presence and absence of OH radicals, electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, and the literature to describe aqueous chemistry at cloud- and aerosol-relevant concentrations and during droplet evaporation. At least for aqueous reactions of glyoxal with OH radicals, chemical modeling can reproduce experiments conducted at cloud-relevant concentrations without including radical–radical reactions, whereas radical–radical reactions become dramatically more important at higher concentrations. We demonstrate that reactions with OH radicals tend to be faster and form more SOA than "non-radical" reactions (e.g., acid catalyzation).

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7

Schepp, N. P., and Y. Rodríguez-Evora. "Generation and reactivity of the radical cations of coniferyl alcohol and isoeugenol in solution." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 81, no. 6 (June 1, 2003): 799–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v03-075.

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Nanosecond laser flash photolysis of coniferyl alcohol and isoeugenol in acetonitrile leads to the formation of transient species that are identified as the corresponding radical cations. These radical cations decay with rate constants of ca. 1 × 106 s1 in dry acetonitrile. Both radical cations react rapidly with hydroxylic solvents like water and alcohols to give 4-vinylphenoxyl radicals, indicating that these reagents behave as bases rather than nucleophiles. In addition, anionic reagents (acetate, cyanide, and chloride) react rapidly with the radical cations with second-order rate constants that are close to diffusion controlled. The main products generated in the presence of the anionic reagents are again the 4-vinylphenoxyl radicals, suggesting that these reagents also behave as bases. The lifetime of the radical cations in acidic acetonitrile was found to increase dramatically due to a shift in the radical cation vinyl phenoxyl radical acidbase equilibrium to the side of the radical cation. An estimate of the pKa of the radical cation in acetonitrile of 4.0 was obtained from the data.Key words: radical cations, laser flash photolysis, lignan, vinylphenols.

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8

Zarei, Mohammad, Abdolvahab Seif, Khaled Azizi, Mohanna Zarei, and Jamil Bahrami. "Effect of phenolic radicals on the geometry and electronic structure of DNA base pairs: computational study." International Journal of Modern Physics C 27, no. 10 (August 29, 2016): 1650119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183116501199.

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In this paper, we show the reaction of a hydroxyl, phenyl and phenoxy radicals with DNA base pairs by the density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The influence of solvation on the mechanism is also presented by the same DFT calculations under the continuum solvation model. The results showed that hydroxyl, phenyl and phenoxy radicals increase the length of the nearest hydrogen bond of adjacent DNA base pair which is accompanied by decrease in the length of furthest hydrogen bond of DNA base pair. Also, hydroxyl, phenyl and phenoxy radicals influenced the dihedral angle between DNA base pairs. According to the results, hydrogen bond lengths between AT and GC base pairs in water solvent are longer than vacuum. All of presented radicals influenced the structure and geometry of AT and GC base pairs, but phenoxy radical showed more influence on geometry and electronic properties of DNA base pairs compared with the phenyl and hydroxyl radicals.

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9

Flitter, W. D., and R. P. Mason. "The spin trapping of pyrimidine nucleotide free radicals in a Fenton system." Biochemical Journal 261, no. 3 (August 1, 1989): 831–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2610831.

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The reaction of the hydroxyl radical, generated by a Fenton system, with pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotides was investigated by using the e.s.r. technique of spin trapping. The spin trap t-nitrosobutane was employed to trap secondary radicals formed by the reaction of the hydroxyl radical with these nucleotides. The results presented here show that hydroxyl-radical attack on thymidine, 2-deoxycytidine 5-monophosphate and 2-deoxyuridine 5-monophosphate produced nucleotide-derived free radicals. The results indicate that .OH radical attack occurs predominantly at the carbon-carbon double bond of the pyrimidine base. The e.s.r. studies showed a good correlation with previous results obtained by authors who used x- or gamma-ray irradiation to generate the hydroxyl radical. A thiobarbituric acid assay was also used to monitor the damage produced to the nucleotides by the Fenton system. These results showed qualitative agreement with the spin-trapping studies.

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10

Ying, Wei-Wei, Wen-Ming Zhu, Hongze Liang, and Wen-Ting Wei. "Synthesis of Indoline-2,3-diones by Radical Coupling of Indolin-2-ones with tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide." Synlett 29, no. 02 (September 14, 2017): 215–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1589106.

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A novel strategy has been developed for the synthesis of indoline-2,3-diones through a metal-free radical-coupling reaction. Alkyl radicals derived from indolin-2-ones through a radical-transfer reaction combine with the tert-butylhydroperoxy radical readily generated from commercially available tert-butyl hydroperoxide to afford 3-(tert-butylperoxy)indolin-2-one intermediates that can be further transformed into indoline-2,3-diones under air. This strategy provides a simple and eﬃcient route to the construction of a C=O bond without the use of any metal catalyst or base.

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11

Ramos, Paweł, and Barbara Pilawa. "EPR examination of free radicals thermally formed in vaselinum flavum." Nukleonika 60, no. 3 (July 1, 2015): 443–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nuka-2015-0079.

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Abstract The popular pharmaceutical base used in pharmacy – vaselinum flavum – was studied by an X-band (9.3 GHz) EPR spectrometer in the range of microwave power of 2.2–70 mW. The samples were sterilized in hot air oven at temperatures: 160°C (120 min), 170°C (60 min), and 180°C (30 min). The aim of this work was to determine properties and free radical concentrations in vaselinum flavum thermally sterilized at different conditions. The changes in free radical system in vaselinum flavum during storage were analyzed. Free radicals were found in all the heated samples. The lowest free radical concentration was obtained for vaselinum flavum heated at 180°C for 30 min; so these parameters are proposed for the thermal sterilization of this pharmaceutical base. Interactions with oxygen decreased free radical concentration in vaselinum flavum during storage. Strong quenching of free radicals in vaselinum flavum was observed after 2 days for the samples sterilized at temperatures 160 and 180°C. Such an effect for vaselinum flavum heated at temperature 170°C was observed later, 13 days after sterilization. Fast spin-lattice relaxation processes exist in thermally sterilized vaselinum flavum. The EPR lines of heated vaselinum flavum were homogeneously broadened. EPR spectroscopy and its use for examining the thermal sterilization process in pharmacy was confirmed.

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12

Jin, Jikang, Huimin Xia, Fenglian Zhang, and Yifeng Wang. "Lewis-Base Boryl Radicals Enabled Borylation, Radical Catalysis and Reduction Reactions." Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry 40, no. 8 (2020): 2185. http://dx.doi.org/10.6023/cjoc202005017.

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13

Lim, Y. B., Y. Tan, M. J. Perri, S. P. Seitzinger, and B. J. Turpin. "Aqueous chemistry and its role in secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, no. 21 (November 10, 2010): 10521–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-10521-2010.

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Abstract. There is a growing understanding that secondary organic aerosol (SOA) can form through reactions in atmospheric waters (i.e., clouds, fogs, and aerosol water). In clouds and wet aerosols, water-soluble organic products of gas-phase photochemistry dissolve into the aqueous phase where they can react further (e.g., with OH radicals) to form low volatility products that are largely retained in the particle phase. Organic acids, oligomers and other products form via radical and non-radical reactions, including hemiacetal formation during droplet evaporation, acid/base catalysis, and reaction of organics with other constituents (e.g., NH4+). This paper provides an overview of SOA formation through aqueous chemistry, including atmospheric evidence for this process and a review of radical and non-radical chemistry, using glyoxal as a model precursor. Previously unreported analyses and new kinetic modeling are reported herein to support the discussion of radical chemistry. Results suggest that reactions with OH radicals tend to be faster and form more SOA than non-radical reactions. In clouds these reactions yield organic acids, whereas in wet aerosols they yield large multifunctional humic-like substances formed via radical-radical reactions and their O/C ratios are near 1.

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14

Ramasamy, Somasundaram, Tapan K. Kundu, William Antholine, Periakaruppan T. Manoharan, and Joseph M. Rifkind. "Internal spin trapping of thiyl radical during the complexation and reduction of cobalamin with glutathione and dithiothrietol." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 16, no. 01 (January 2012): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424611004051.

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The activation of cobalamin requires a reduction from cobalamin(III) to cobalamin(II). The reduction by glutathione and dithiothreitol was followed using visible spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance. In addition the oxidation of glutathione was monitored. Glutathione first reacts with oxidized cobalamin(III). The binding of a second glutathione required for the reduction to cobalamin(II) is presumably located in the dimethyl benzimidazole ribonucleotide ligand cavity. The reduction of cobalamin(III) by dithiothreitol, which contains two thiols, is much faster even though no stable cobalamin(III) complex is formed. The reduction, by both thiol reagents, results in the formation of thiyl radicals, some of which are released to form oxidized thiol products and some of which remain associated with the reduced cobalamin. In the reduced state the intrinsic lower affinity for the benzimidazole base, coupled with a trans effect from the initial glutathione bound to the β-axial site and a possible lowering of the pH results in an equilibrium between base-on and base-off complexes. The dissociation of the base facilitates a closer approach of the thiyl radical to the cobalamin(II) α-axial site resulting in a complex with ferromagnetic exchange coupling between the metal ion and the thiyl radical. This is a unique example of "internal spin trapping" of a thiyl radical formed during reduction. The finding that the reduction involves a peripheral site and that thiyl radicals produced during the reduction remain associated with the reduced cobalamin provide important new insights into our understanding of the formation and function of cobalamin enzymes.

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15

Nawangsari, Desi. "EVALUASI SEDIAAN MASKER ANTIOKSIDAN DARI EKSTRAK DAUN TEH HIJAU (CAMELLIA SINENSIS)." Viva Medika: Jurnal Kesehatan, Kebidanan dan Keperawatan 10, no. 2 (January 7, 2019): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.35960/vm.v10i2.452.

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Abstract Green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) has the main efficacy as an antioxidant and contains polyphenol compounds in green tea leaves with the main component of polyphenol fraction namely Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) which has strong activity to prevent free radicals that cause premature aging. Research has been carried out on the formulation of maskantioxidant preparations containing green tea leaf extract. The study begins with testing the antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of green tea leaves with a free radical reduction method of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl using visible spectrophotometry. Testing of antioxidant activity showed that the ethanol extract of green tea leaves gave an IC50 value of 3.17µg / mL. Formulations of gel masks made were F0 (base without active substances), F1 (base + concentration of ethanol extract of green tea leaves for IC50 (0,000317%)), F2 (base + concentration of ethanol extract of green tea leaves for 50xIC50 (0, 0158%)), F3 (base + concentration of ethanol extract of green tea leaves for 100xIC50 (0.0317%)), F4 (base + concentration of ethanol extract of green tea leaves for IC50), F5 (base + concentration of ethanol extract of green tea leaves worth IC50), F6 (base + concentration of ethanol extract of green tea leaves for IC50. Evaluation of gel mask preparations include, organoleptic examination and homogeneity, pH, viscosity, dry time of preparation and testing of antioxidant stability. F2 provides better and higher free radical reduction activity than products on the market. F4, F5, F6 shows an increase in free radical reduction activity. Keywords: Green tea leaves (Camellia sinensis L.), DPPh, IC50 gel mask.

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Nawangsari, Desi. "UJI AKTIVITAS SEDIAAN MASKER ANTIOKSIDAN DARI EKSTRAK DAUN TEH HIJAU (CAMELLIA SINENSIS)." Viva Medika: Jurnal Kesehatan, Kebidanan dan Keperawatan 10, no. 2 (January 7, 2019): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.35960/vm.v10i2.453.

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Abstract Green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) has the main efficacy as an antioxidant and contains polyphenol compounds in green tea leaves with the main component of polyphenol fraction namely Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) which has strong activity to prevent free radicals that cause premature aging. Research has been carried out on the formulation of maskantioxidant preparations containing green tea leaf extract. The study begins with testing the antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of green tea leaves with a free radical reduction method of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl using visible spectrophotometry. Testing of antioxidant activity showed that the ethanol extract of green tea leaves gave an IC50 value of 3.17µg / mL. Formulations of gel masks made were F0 (base without active substances), F1 (base + concentration of ethanol extract of green tea leaves for IC50 (0,000317%)), F2 (base + concentration of ethanol extract of green tea leaves for 50xIC50 (0, 0158%)), F3 (base + concentration of ethanol extract of green tea leaves for 100xIC50 (0.0317%)), F4 (base + concentration of ethanol extract of green tea leaves for IC50), F5 (base + concentration of ethanol extract of green tea leaves worth IC50), F6 (base + concentration of ethanol extract of green tea leaves for IC50. Evaluation of gel mask preparations include, organoleptic examination and homogeneity, pH, viscosity, dry time of preparation and testing of antioxidant stability. F2 provides better and higher free radical reduction activity than products on the market. F4, F5, F6 shows an increase in free radical reduction activity. Keywords: Green tea leaves (Camellia sinensis L.), DPPh, IC50 gel mask.

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17

Box, Harold C., Harold G. Freund, Edwin E. Budzinski, John C. Wallace, and Alexander E. MacCubbin. "Free Radical-Induced Double Base Lesions." Radiation Research 141, no. 1 (January 1995): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3579095.

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18

Ramos, Paweł, Piotr Pepliński, and Barbara Pilawa. "Effect of microwave power on EPR spectra of thermally sterilized eucerinum anhydricum." Nukleonika 60, no. 3 (July 1, 2015): 439–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nuka-2015-0078.

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Abstract Free radicals formed during thermal sterilization of eucerinum anhydricum – the pharmaceutical base were examined by an X-band (9.3 GHz) spectrometer. Eucerinum anhydricum was sterilized at different physical conditions according to the Polish Pharmacopeia norms. The samples were heated at temperatures: 160°C (120 min), 170°C (60 min), and 180°C (30 min). The aim of this study is to compare free radical concentration and effect of microwave power on EPR spectra of eucerinum anhydricum base thermally sterilized at different temperatures and periods of time. The effect of time storage on the free radicals in the heated samples was tested. Free radical concentrations in the sample stored 15 min strongly decreased with the increasing of sterilization temperature, probably as the result of recombination. Storage caused strong decrease of free radical concentrations in the samples, probably as the result of interactions with oxygen. It was observed to be independent of sterilization conditions from 2 days of storage and longer. Because of the lowest free radical concentration, for eucerinum anhydricum thermal sterilization at 180°C for 30 min is recommended. The sterilized samples should be stored at inert atmosphere without oxygen molecules. Fast spin-lattice relaxation processes existed in sterilized eucerinum anhydricum. The character of changes of amplitudes and linewidths of EPR lines with increasing of microwave power was the same for different storage times. The parameters of thermal sterilization and storage time influenced free radical concentration in eucerinum anhydricum, but magnetic spin-lattice interactions were unchanged. The usefulness of EPR spectroscopy in optimization of thermal sterilization process of eucerinum anhydricum was confirmed.

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TEHRANI, ZAHRA ALIAKBAR, MARJAN JEBELI JAVAN, ALIREZA FATTAHI, and MOHAMMAD MAHMOODI HASHEMI. "EFFECT OF CATION RADICAL FORMATION ON REACTIVITY AND ACIDITY ENHANCEMENT OF CYTOSINE NUCLEOBASE: NATURAL BOND ORBITAL AND ATOM IN MOLECULE ANALYSIS." Journal of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry 11, no. 02 (April 2012): 313–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219633612500228.

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The radical cations of DNA constituents generated by the ionizing radiation initiate an alteration of the bases, which is one of the main types of cytotoxic DNA lesions. These cation radical spices are known for their role in producing nucleic acid strand break. In this study, the gas-phase intrinsic chemical properties of the gaseous radical cations of cytosine and its base pair with guanine were examined by employing density functional theory (B3LYP) with the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. Structures, geometries, adiabatic ionization energies, adiabatic electron affinities, charge distributions, molecular orbital analysis and proton-transfer process of these molecules were investigated. The influence of cation radical formation on acidities of multiple sites in cytosine molecule was investigated. Results of calculations revealed that cytosine radicals formed by deprotonation of cytosine cation radicals can exothermically abstract hydrogen atoms from thiol groups, phenol, and α-positions of amino acid. Furthermore, comparison of acidity value of N–H sites of cytosine cation radical with the known proton affinities (PA) of organic and biological molecules implied that cytosine cation radical can exothermically transfer onto basic sites of amino acids and peptides.

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Ye, Jiangfeng, Yunqiao Wu, Bin Hao, and Zusheng Chen. "The interplay of external ties and internal knowledge base." Chinese Management Studies 13, no. 4 (November 4, 2019): 778–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cms-06-2018-0551.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationships between two types of informal ties and radical innovation in the context of China’s university spin-offs and the moderating roles of knowledge breadth and depth in such relationships. Design/methodology/approach A systematic review of literature on informal ties, internal knowledge base and radical innovation provides the theoretical foundation of the research framework and hypotheses. Using a sample of 158 China’s university spin-offs, the authors conduct a regression analysis on the theoretical framework and hypotheses. Findings The results show that business and university ties are positively related to radical innovation. Moreover, the effects of business and university ties on radical innovation are contingent on knowledge breadth and depth in opposite ways. In particular, the positive effect of business ties on radical innovation depends significantly on internal knowledge depth rather than on knowledge breadth, and the positive effect of university ties on radical innovation will be affected by internal knowledge breadth rather than knowledge depth. Practical implications Managers of university spin-offs must examine informal ties they already have and identify their nature, content and embedded advantages and promptly adjust their strategy of informal ties to adapt to their firms’ internal knowledge base. Originality/value This study highlights the positive role of managers’ personal connections with different external parties in facilitating radical innovation and advances the understanding of informal ties by proposing that the effects of informal ties on radical innovation are contingent on a firm’s internal knowledge base in the context of China’s university spin-offs.

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Alemán, Elvin A., Juan Manríquez Rocha, Wongwit Wongwitwichote, Luis Arturo Godínez Mora-Tovar, and David A. Modarelli. "Spectroscopy of Free-Base N-Confused Tetraphenylporphyrin Radical Anion and Radical Cation." Journal of Physical Chemistry A 115, no. 24 (June 23, 2011): 6456–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp200411q.

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22

Wang, Mei, Jing Zhao, Laibin Zhang, Xiyu Su, Hanlei Su, and Yuxiang Bu. "Intriguing radical–radical interactions among double-electron oxidized adenine–thymine base pairs." Chemical Physics Letters 619 (January 2015): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2014.11.027.

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MCDOUGALL, R. G., and L. K. THORNTON. "ON BASE RADICAL OPERATORS FOR CLASSES OF FINITE ASSOCIATIVE RINGS." Bulletin of the Australian Mathematical Society 98, no. 2 (July 18, 2018): 239–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0004972718000461.

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In this paper, class operators are used to give a complete listing of distinct base radical and semisimple classes for universal classes of finite associative rings. General relations between operators reveal that the maximum order of the semigroup formed is 46. In this setting, the homomorphically closed semisimple classes are precisely the hereditary radical classes and hence radical–semisimple classes, and the largest homomorphically closed subclass of a semisimple class is a radical–semisimple class.

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24

Roy, Olivier. "Europe's Response to Radical Islam." Current History 104, no. 685 (November 1, 2005): 360–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2005.104.685.360.

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The challenge is not to go at the roots of terrorism, as European government spokespeople never tire of saying…. The challenge is to prevent the radical fringe from finding a broad political base among the local Muslim population.

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25

Lu, Zhichao, Olivia Hennis, Joseph Gentry, Bo Xu, and Gerald B. Hammond. "Base-Promoted Radical Azofluoromethylation of Unactivated Alkenes." Organic Letters 22, no. 11 (May 13, 2020): 4383–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01395.

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THORNTON, LAUREN. "ON BASE RADICAL THEORY IN FINITE SETTINGS." Bulletin of the Australian Mathematical Society 101, no. 3 (March 13, 2020): 510–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0004972720000222.

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27

Crich, David, and Xue-Sheng Mo. "Nucleotide C4′ radical fragmentation is base-dependent." Tetrahedron Letters 38, no. 47 (November 1997): 8169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(97)10249-0.

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28

Goez, Martin, Isabell Frisch, and Ingo Sartorius. "Electron and hydrogen self-exchange of free radicals of sterically hindered tertiary aliphatic amines investigated by photo-CIDNP." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 9 (February 26, 2013): 437–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.9.46.

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The photoreactions of diazabicyclo[2,2,2]octane (DABCO) and triisopropylamine (TIPA) with the sensitizers anthraquinone (AQ) and xanthone (XA) or benzophenone (BP) were investigated by time-resolved photo-CIDNP (photochemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization) experiments. By varying the radical-pair concentration, it was ensured that these measurements respond only to self-exchange reactions of the free amine-derived radicals (radical cations DH • + or α-amino alkyl radicals D • ) with the parent amine DH; the acid–base equilibrium between DH • + and D • also plays no role. Although the sensitizer does not at all participate in the observed processes, it has a pronounced influence on the CIDNP kinetics because the reaction occurs through successive radical pairs. With AQ, the polarizations stem from the initially formed radical-ion pairs, and escaping DH • + then undergoes electron self-exchange with DH. In the reaction sensitized with XA (or BP), the polarizations arise in a secondary pair of neutral radicals that is rapidly produced by in-cage proton transfer, and the CIDNP kinetics are due to hydrogen self-exchange between escaping D • and DH. For TIPA, the activation parameters of both self-exchange reactions were determined. Outer-sphere reorganization energies obtained with the Marcus theory gave very good agreement between experimental and calculated values of ∆G ‡ 298.

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Tasic, G. M., V. T. Jovanovic, E. E. Slavik, D. V. Radulovic, I. M. Nikolic, and M. A. Janicijevic. "Relation of surgical results and proposed skull base maningioma grading system: Analysis of clinical series with 42 patients." Acta chirurgica Iugoslavica 54, no. 2 (2007): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/aci0702023t.

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Anatomical localization of skull base meningioma link, their growth and relations with neurovascular structures reduce possibility for radical operation, and often request additional preoperative or postoperative radiotherapy. We compared personal results of extent surgical resection and skull base meningioma treating outcome with predispose factors scale for surgical radicality and postoperative outcome. We present 42 patients, who were operated in Institute of neurosurgery CCS during the period from 2004 to 2006. RESULTS: Radical resection was possible in 29 cases, and in 13 cases reduction of tumor mass has been performed. Statistical significant predispose factor for radical resection were: absence of preoperative radiotherapy, intact functions of n.III, n.VI, tumor borders inside one skull base fossa and outside of magistral blood vessels. Karnofsky index at the end of following period statistical significant higher in patients with radical resection of skull base meningeioma. Preoperative radiological finding is significant guide in planning of therapeutic protocol for skull base meningioma. Growth of tumor and relation with neurovascular structures restrict extent of resection and often request additional postoperative radiotherapy or reoperation. .

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Mokhnache, Kamel, Soraya Madoui, Hanane Khither, El-Khamsa Soltani, Noureddine Charef, and Arrar Lekhmici. "Synthesis, Characterization, Hydrolytic Cleavage, and Biological Activity Studies of 2-[(1e)-N-{2-[(2-{(Z)-[1-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)Ethylidene] Amino}Ethyl)Amino]Ethyl}Ethanimidoyl]Phenol." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 9, no. 5-s (October 15, 2019): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i5-s.3621.

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A Schiff base ligand 2-[(1E)-N-{2-[(2-{(Z)-[1-(2-hydroxyphenyl) ethylidene] amino}ethyl)amino]ethyl} ethanimidoyl]phenol L was hydrolyzed by copper cation which lead to formation of 8,8-dichloro-2H,3H,5H,6H-1,3-diaza-2-cupracyclopenta[1,3-a]1,3-diaza-2-cupracyclopentane hydrate (Complex), characterized by UV, IR, Powder XRD and by elemental analysis. In vitro antioxidant and anticoagulant, activities of L were evaluated. Antioxidant potential of L was assessed by DPPH scavenging, β-carotene bleaching test, hydroxyl radical scavenging method, ABTS radical scavenging test, and by reducing power test. In vitro anticoagulant effect of L at the 84 µg/mL; showed the maximum prolongation of plasma recalcification time which is comparable with that of the anticoagulant drug; heparin. In conclusion, results of the present investigation indicate that the ligand L can be a potential anticoagulant agent. Keywords: Schiff base; Antioxidant; Free radicals; Anticoagulant.

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31

SIMANDAN, Tiberiu, Jing SUN, and Thomas A. DIX. "Oxidation of DNA bases, deoxyribonucleosides and homopolymers by peroxyl radicals." Biochemical Journal 335, no. 2 (October 15, 1998): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3350233.

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DNA base oxidation is considered to be a key event associated with disease initiation and progression in humans. Peroxyl radicals (ROO•) are important oxidants found in cells whose ability to react with the DNA bases has not been characterized extensively. In this paper, the products resulting from ROO• oxidation of the DNA bases are determined by gas chromatography/MS in comparison with authentic standards. ROO• radicals oxidize adenine and guanine to their 8-hydroxy derivatives, which are considered biomarkers of hydroxyl radical (HO•) oxidations in cells. ROO• radicals also oxidize adenine to its hydroxylamine, a previously unidentified product. ROO• radicals oxidize cytosine and thymine to the monohydroxy and dihydroxy derivatives that are formed by oxidative damage in cells. Identical ROO• oxidation profiles are observed for each base when exposed as deoxyribonucleosides, monohomopolymers and base-paired dihomopolymers. These results have significance for the development, utilization and interpretation of DNA base-derived biomarkers of oxidative damage associated with disease initiation and propagation, and support the idea that the mutagenic potential of N-oxidized bases, when generated in cellular DNA, will require careful evaluation. Adenine hydroxylamine is proposed as a specific molecular probe for the activity of ROO• in cellular systems.

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32

Soejima, Takamasa, Kotaro Satoh, and Masami Kamigaito. "Sequence-regulated vinyl copolymers with acid and base monomer units via atom transfer radical addition and alternating radical copolymerization." Polymer Chemistry 7, no. 29 (2016): 4833–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6py00965d.

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33

Wang, Yuzhong, Nirva A. Maxi, Yaoming Xie, Pingrong Wei, Henry F. Schaefer, and Gregory H. Robinson. "Lewis base-complexed magnesium dithiolenes." Chemical Communications 55, no. 56 (2019): 8087–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cc03427g.

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34

Zhang, Zhirang, and Xuemei Li. "The Upper Radical Property and Lower Radical Property of Groups." Algebra Colloquium 18, no. 04 (December 2011): 693–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s100538671100054x.

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We take in this paper an arbitrary class [Formula: see text] of groups as a base, and define a radical property 𝒫 for which every group in [Formula: see text] is 𝒫-semisimple. This is called the upper radical property determined by the class [Formula: see text]. At the same time, we define a radical property 𝒫 for which every group in [Formula: see text] is a 𝒫-radical group. This is called the first lower radical property determined by the class [Formula: see text]. Also, we give another construction leading to the second lower radical property which is proved to be identical with the first one.

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35

Shaikh, Arif Y., Uthayshanker R. Ezekiel, Philip K. Liu, and Chung Y. Hsu. "Ischemic Neuronal Apoptosis: A View Based on Free Radical-Induced DNA Damage and Repair." Neuroscientist 4, no. 2 (March 1998): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107385849800400205.

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Neurons are different from other cells in that they are postmitotic and not replaced after they are lost. The CNS is thus particularly vulnerable to neuronal cell loss from various causes, including ischemic injury. Recent observations show that apoptosis is a common feature in neurons dying of ischemic injury. Free radicals have been implicated in the pathogenesis of ischemic brain injury. Reperfusion after cerebral ischemia is accompanied by excessive free radical formation. Many of these free radicals are reactive oxygen species and cause oxidative damage to DNA. The base-excision repair pathway is believed to repair oxidative DNA damage in the brain after ischemia-reperfusion. We review recent laboratory findings that provide evidence of free radical-induced DNA damage and repair after ischemic injury. The polymerase responsible for replication during base-excision repair, DNA polymerase-β, lacks proofreading activity and is considered error prone. This may lead to the accumulation of DNA damage and genomic instability, probable causes of accelerated neuronal aging. A number of DNA repair genes, including ataxia teleangiectasia, p53, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, are activated after DNA damage. The pathogenetic roles of these genes in ischemia-induced neuronal apoptosis are under active investigation. NEUROSCIENTIST 4:88-95, 1998

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36

Sen, Chandranath, and Aymara Triana. "Cranial chordomas: results of radical excision." Neurosurgical Focus 10, no. 3 (March 2001): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/foc.2001.10.3.4.

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Object The authors analyze their experience with the treatment of 29 patients who underwent radical excision of skull base chordomas. Methods Modern skull base surgical techniques were used in all patients who were treated between August 1991 and July 2000. The degree of tumor resection was gauged according to intraoperative inspection and postoperative high-resolution imaging findings. There were 21 patients with primary disease and eight with recurrent disease. Total resection was accomplished in 18 patients. Five patients had undergone radiotherapy prior to the present surgery, and an additional eight patients underwent postoperative radiotherapy. There were no surgery-related deaths. In five patients who died of the disease, surgery and radiotherapy had failed to effect a cure. Two of the remaining patients are alive with recurrent disease, and there is questionable evidence of recurrence in another patient. All 24 patients are functioning independently. Cranial nerve impairment was the most common postoperative deficit, followed by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage and infection. Conclusions The use of skull base techiniques in radical surgery provides an opportunity to excise the tumor and the involved bone. In most cases the procedure-related cranial nerve deficits improve over time. The complications of CSF leakage and infection can be minimized and are preventable. Proton beam irradiation is an excellent adjuvant treatment but is reserved for patients with definite tumor recurrence or residual tumor that can be identified on the imaging studies.

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37

Aruoma, O. I., B. Halliwell, E. Gajewski, and M. Dizdaroglu. "Copper-ion-dependent damage to the bases in DNA in the presence of hydrogen peroxide." Biochemical Journal 273, no. 3 (February 1, 1991): 601–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2730601.

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Mixtures of Cu2+ and H2O2 at pH 7.4 caused damage to the bases in DNA greater than that caused by mixtures of Fe3+ and H2O2. Addition of ascorbic acid to the Cu2+/H2O2 system caused a very large increase in base damage, much greater than that produced by the Fe3+/H2O2/ascorbic acid system. The products of base damage in the presence of Cu2+ were typical products that have been shown to result from attack of hydroxyl radicals upon the DNA bases. Cytosine glycol, thymine glycol, 8-hydroxyadenine and especially 8-hydroxyguanine were the major products in both the Cu2+/H2O2 and the Cu2+/H2O2/ascorbic acid systems. Base damage in DNA by these systems was inhibited by the chelating agents EDTA and nitrilotriacetic acid and by catalase, but not by superoxide dismutase, nor by the hydroxyl-radical scavenger mannitol. It is proposed that Cu2+ ions bound to the DNA react with H2O2 and ascorbic acid to generate hydroxyl radicals, which then immediately attack the DNA bases in a site-specific manner. A hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase system also caused damage to the DNA bases in the presence of Cu2+ ions. This was inhibited by superoxide dismutase and catalase. The high activity of Cu2+ ions, when compared with Fe3- ions, in causing hydroxyl-radical-dependent damage to DNA and to other biomolecules, means that the availability of Cu2+ ions in vivo must be carefully controlled.

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Ji, Yu, Qiang Yao, Weihong Cao, and Yueying Zhao. "Base Promoted Intumescence of Phenols." Polymers 12, no. 2 (January 23, 2020): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12020261.

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The intumescent process of sodium (substituted) phenolates has been studied. The generation of hydrogen radical via a homolytic cleavage of the Ar–H bond and the subsequent hydroarylation of phenolates to cyclohexadienes along with cyclization and elimination reactions of cyclohexadienes are critical steps in the base promoted intumescence of phenols. The substituents show great influence on the intumescence of phenolates. Phenolates substituted with a weak electron donating group enable intumescence while those with an electron withdrawing group or strong electron donating group suppresses intumescence. This distinction can be justified by both electronic and steric effects of substituents on the generation of hydrogen radical and the degree of hydroarylation.

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39

Tan, Lei, František Tureček, Joseph S. Francisco, and Yu Xia. "Probing the Radical and Base Dual Properties of Peptide Sulfinyl Radicals via Mass Spectrometry." Journal of Physical Chemistry A 118, no. 50 (December 10, 2014): 11828–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp510362p.

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40

Yamane, K., Norio Kawagoishi, Kazuhiro Morino, and K. Fukada. "Ultrasonic Fatigue of Radical Nitrided Ni-Base Superalloy." Key Engineering Materials 417-418 (October 2009): 209–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.417-418.209.

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Ultrasonic and rotating bending fatigue tests were carried out for aged and nitrided Ni-base super alloys to investigate the effects of loading frequency and nitriding on fatigue strength. Loading frequencies were 19.5 kHz under ultrasonic and 50 Hz under rotating bending, respectively. Fatigue strength under ultrasonic was higher than that under rotating bending in both alloys. Moreover, in both tests, fatigue strength was improved by nitriding. The increase in fatigue strength by nitriding was large in ultrasonic fatigue. These results were discussed through the successive observation of fatigue process at specimen surface and fracture surface observation.

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41

Gao, Le-Han, Jun-Yao Zhang, Si-Zhe Song, Ting-Ting Cao, Guo-Ping Ge, Qiang Li, and Wen-Ting Wei. "Base-promoted domino radical cyclization of 1,6-enynes." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 17, no. 33 (2019): 7674–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ob01550g.

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42

Close, David M. "Calculated pKa’s of the DNA Base Radical Ions." Journal of Physical Chemistry A 117, no. 2 (January 2, 2013): 473–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp310049b.

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43

Koziakov, Denis, Michal Majek, and Axel Jacobi von Wangelin. "Radical Aromatic Trifluoromethylthiolation: Photoredox Catalysis vs. Base Mediation." European Journal of Organic Chemistry 2017, no. 45 (November 30, 2017): 6722–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejoc.201701339.

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44

Chirik, P. J., and K. Wieghardt. "Radical Ligands Confer Nobility on Base-Metal Catalysts." Science 327, no. 5967 (February 11, 2010): 794–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1183281.

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45

Nawangsari, Desi. "FORMULASI SEDIAAN MASKER ANTIOKSIDAN DARI EKSTRAK TEH HIJAU (CAMELLIA SINENSIS)." Viva Medika: Jurnal Kesehatan, Kebidanan dan Keperawatan 10, no. 2 (January 7, 2019): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.35960/vm.v10i2.451.

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Abstract Research has been carried out on the formulation of maskantioxidant preparations containing green tea leaf extract. The study begins with testing the antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of green tea leaves with a free radical reduction method of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl using visible spectrophotometry. Testing of antioxidant activity showed that the ethanol extract of green tea leaves gave an IC50 value of 3.17µg / mL. Formulations of gel masks made were F0 (base without active substances), F1 (base + concentration of ethanol extract of green tea leaves for IC50 (0,000317%)), F2 (base + concentration of ethanol extract of green tea leaves for 50xIC50 (0, 0158%)), F3 (base + concentration of ethanol extract of green tea leaves for 100xIC50 (0.0317%)), F4 (base + concentration of ethanol extract of green tea leaves for IC50), F5 (base + concentration of ethanol extract of green tea leaves worth IC50), F6 (base + concentration of ethanol extract of green tea leaves for IC50. Evaluation of gel mask preparations include, organoleptic examination and homogeneity, pH, viscosity, dry time of preparation and testing of antioxidant stability. F2 provides better and higher free radical reduction activity than products on the market. F4, F5, F6 shows an increase in free radical reduction activity. Keywords: Green tea leaves (Camellia sinensis L.), DPPh, IC50 gel mask.

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Invernici, Luiz Alexandre, Gabriel Manfro, Roger Berçot, Nadia Aparecida Lorencette, and Diego De Mendonça Uchôa. "Sarcoma Epitelióide “proximal” em base de crânio." JBNC - JORNAL BRASILEIRO DE NEUROCIRURGIA 22, no. 2 (March 20, 2018): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22290/jbnc.v22i2.965.

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Este artigo demonstra a raridade de um tumor epitelióide “proximal” quanto à sua localização em região occipitocervical, mimetizando tumores tipo schwannoma ou neurofibromatose, quando normalmente, os tumores epitelióides surgem em regiões perianais6. Mesmo submetido à cirurgia radical, o tumor epitelióide “proximal” é altamente agressivo, com piora prognóstica quanto mais axial, ocorrendo preferencialmente em adultos, como neste caso, apresentando metástases múltiplas em região pulmonar e lombar, sendo submetido à cirurgia radical e radioterapia.

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47

Wolfe, G. M., C. Cantrell, S. Kim, R. L. Mauldin, T. Karl, P. Harley, A. Turnipseed, et al. "Missing peroxy radical sources within a rural forest canopy." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13, no. 12 (December 4, 2013): 31713–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-31713-2013.

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Abstract. Organic peroxy (RO2) and hydroperoxy (HO2) radicals are key intermediates in the photochemical processes that generate ozone, secondary organic aerosol and reactive nitrogen reservoirs throughout the troposphere. In regions with ample biogenic hydrocarbons, the richness and complexity of peroxy radical chemistry presents a significant challenge to current-generation models, especially given the scarcity of measurements in such environments. We present peroxy radical observations acquired within a Ponderosa pine forest during the summer 2010 Bio-hydro-atmosphere interactions of Energy, Aerosols, Carbon, H2O, Organics and Nitrogen – Rocky Mountain Organic Carbon Study (BEACHON-ROCS). Total peroxy radical mixing ratios reach as high as 180 pptv and are among the highest yet recorded. Using the comprehensive measurement suite to constrain a near-explicit 0-D box model, we investigate the sources, sinks and distribution of peroxy radicals below the forest canopy. The base chemical mechanism underestimates total peroxy radicals by as much as a factor of 3. Since primary reaction partners for peroxy radicals are either measured (NO) or under-predicted (HO2 and RO2, i.e. self-reaction), missing sources are the most likely explanation for this result. A close comparison of model output with observations reveals at least two distinct source signatures. The first missing source, characterized by a sharp midday maximum and a strong dependence on solar radiation, is consistent with photolytic production of HO2. The diel profile of the second missing source peaks in the afternoon and suggests a process that generates RO2 independently of sun-driven photochemistry, such as ozonolysis of reactive hydrocarbons. The maximum magnitudes of these missing sources (~ 120 and 50 pptv min−1, respectively) are consistent with previous observations alluding to unexpectedly intense oxidation within forests. We conclude that a similar mechanism may underlie many such observations.

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Xu, Xiaoling, Mei Hong, Chunyang Bao, Yan Wang, Jing Chen, Die Li, Tianheng Wang, and Qiang Zhang. "A Schiff base ligand for photoinduced atom transfer radical polymerization." Polymer Chemistry 12, no. 12 (2021): 1797–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0py01672a.

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Harsono, I., H. Hindarso, and N. Indraswati. "Base case simulation of a semi-batch emulsion copolymerization process: application to styrene/ butadiene system." Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia 4, no. 3 (October 9, 2018): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/jtki.2005.4.3.6.

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It has been long recognized that emulsion polymerization is a complex heterogeneous process involving transport of monomers, free radicals, and other species between aqueous phase and organic phase. Though there are a number of models available in the literature, most of them deal only with specific aspects in emulsion polymerization and are far from being general. To simulate this complicated process and to achieve an adequate level of understanding, a Polymers Plus software from Aspen Technology. Inc. was used. The objective of this work is to illustrate the principle of use of Polymers Plus, simulate, and analyze the free-radical seeded emulsion copolymerization of styrenebutadiene process model in a semi-batch reactor. The base case simulation can be used to gain process understanding by analyzing how process variables and operating conditions during the course of a semi-batch reactor affect the product quality.Keywords: Polymers Plus, Emulsion Copolymerization, Simulation, Semi Batch Reactor, Styrene/ butadiene AbstrakTelah diketahui sejak lama bahwa polimerisasi emulsi merupakan sebuah proses heterogen yang kompleks, yang meliputi perpindahan monomer, radikal bebas, dan senyawa lainnya dalam fasa air dan fasa organik. Walaupun dalam literatur terdapat berbagai model, sebagian besar hanya membahas tentang aspek-aspek khusus dalam polimerisasi emulsi yang belurn berlaku umum. Untuk melakukan simulasi serta meningkatkan pemahaman tentang proses yang kompleks ini, digunakan perangkat lunak Polymers Plus dari Aspen Technology, Inc. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan ilustrasi tentang prinsip penggunaan Polymers Plus serta melakukan simulasi dan analisis tentang model untuk proses kopolimerisasi emulsi styrene-butadiene dengan free radical seeded dalam reaktor semi batch. Simulasi ini dapat digunakan untuk memperoleh pemahaman proses dengan menganalisis pengaruh variabel-variabel proses dan kondisi operasi dalam reaktor semi batch terhadap kualitas produk.Kata Kunci: Polymers Plus, Kopolimerisasi Emulsi, Simulasi, Reaktor Semi Batch, Stiren/ butadien

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Li, Ming, Cui-Tian Wang, Yi-Feng Qiu, Xin-Yu Zhu, Ya-Ping Han, Yu Xia, Xue-Song Li, and Yong-Min Liang. "Base promoted direct difunctionalization/cascade cyclization of 1,6-enynes." Chemical Communications 54, no. 42 (2018): 5334–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cc03280g.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Base radical'

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