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Hsiung, Bingyuang. "The Concept of Relativity and Economic Theorizing*." Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics 13, no. 4 (April 2002): 351–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02601079x02001300401.
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The discipline of economics can be viewed as a pyramid, with the subject matter as its base and the analytical approach its upper part. It is argued that the pinnacle of the pyramid is the concept of relativity. The concept provides a unifying theme for various economic inquiries, and thus can be seen the starting point for economic theorizing in general.
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Claeyé, Frederik, Yosra Boughattas, and Erno T. Tornikoski. "Formation of Social Entrepreneurial Intention: A Qualitative Grounded Approach at the Base of the Pyramid." Administrative Sciences 12, no. 1 (February 6, 2022): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/admsci12010024.
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While there have been some attempts at investigating and theorizing social entrepreneurial action at the base of the economic pyramid, our understanding of the processes contributing to the formation of social entrepreneurial intention in contexts of extreme poverty remain limited. In this study, we aim to address this gap by providing a better understanding of the formation of social entrepreneurial intentions of youths at the base of the economic pyramid. Drawing on a qualitative grounded approach, we highlight the role of self-confidence, perceived self-efficacy and social ascension beliefs as important drivers in understanding the formation of social entrepreneurial intention of youths at the base of the pyramid. At a practical level, our study suggests that besides developing entrepreneurship-specific knowledge, support mechanisms should also pay attention to the development of different self-related beliefs of youths to enable the formation of social entrepreneurial intention at the base of the pyramid.
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Maestre-Matos, Marcela, Jahir Lombana-Coy, Francisco J. Mesías, and Ahmed Elghannam. "Institutional Factors That Affect Inclusive Businesses: The Case of Banana Cooperatives in the Magdalena Region (Colombia)." International Journal of Rural Management 17, no. 1_suppl (March 20, 2021): 69S—96S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973005221991603.
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Inclusive business as a model at the base of the pyramid is a relatively recent unit of study in academic literature. From the institutional perspective, businesses are affected by norms, processes, rules of moral and ethical behaviour, which have not been studied for the base of the pyramid in inclusive businesses, much less in agricultural cooperatives. The objective of this research is to identify institutional factors that can affect agribusiness inclusive models. In this research, agricultural cooperatives of banana production in the province of Magdalena, Colombia, are the unit of analysis to identify institutional factors. The method of review of institutional factors is the multiple cases (six banana cooperatives) with a simple unit using inductive analysis. The results show that institutional factors—both formal (certifications, quality standards, social responsibility policies and economic incentives) and informal (cooperation, improvement of quality of life, generation of social capital)—promote the development of inclusive businesses in cooperatives of the base of the pyramid. The research is a first step to show its potential replication in other agricultural industries and even in other economic sectors.
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Khadilkar, Pramod. "Formulating the Design Scope for the Base of the (Economic) Pyramid." Design Issues 33, no. 2 (April 2017): 4–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/desi_a_00436.
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Base of the (economic) Pyramid (BoP) represents a population living under severe resource constraint s. Design for BoP has crucial responsibility of achieving the well-being through fulfillment of specific needs. At BoP, design has to shoulder this additional responsibility due to absent or severely constrained mechanisms to translate the functional product into well-being. This paper proposes a design scope for the BoP using normative approach from developmental economics, and then compares it with the pervasive product centric scope. Author defines product centricity as a design scope that considers resultant product as sufficient outcome of design and evaluates the extent of product centricity in prevalent design approaches.
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Thakur, Rakhi. "Community marketing: serving the base of the economic pyramid sustainably." Journal of Business Strategy 36, no. 4 (July 20, 2015): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbs-04-2014-0041.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to acknowledge the importance of community networks in distribution of services and to present a conceptual framework outlining the antecedents and consequences of community marketing. Developing countries represent large untapped markets at the bottom of economic pyramid which is not serviced by conventional products using traditional marketing channels. Organisations are increasing looking at involving local community and broad range of partners called “Community Marketing” in this paper as a viable channel to expand their market by reaching out to this segment. Design/methodology/approach – The methodology for this paper involves in-depth study of the relevant literature on role of community networks and highlighting the noteworthy findings of other researchers. Although role of community networks has been widely studied in consumer goods, little has been researched on services. The study draws from cases of mobile financial services in India to develop a framework. Findings – The findings include the conceptual framework and the pre-requisites for adoption of community marketing for achieving business sustainability. Originality/value – This paper presents the framework and the steps pertaining to community marketing that can be adopted by organisations to reach out to a large under-served market at the base of economic pyramid. This paper synthesises extant knowledge on the subject and provides a foundation for future research by building a discussion on construct’s domain and developing research propositions.
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Adegbile, Abiodun, and David Sarpong. "Disruptive innovation at the base-of-the-pyramid." critical perspectives on international business 14, no. 2/3 (May 8, 2018): 111–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cpoib-11-2016-0053.
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Purpose The authors aim to examine the potential opportunities and challenges multinationals operating in Africa are likely to encounter when they seek to pioneer disruptive innovations at the base of the pyramid (BoP) in African emerging markets. Design/methodology/approach Drawing on the extant literature on the BoP, disruptive innovation and the African business context, the authors explore the pioneering of disruptive innovations in the African socio-economic context. Findings This study develops various hypotheses to extend our understanding of disruptive innovations at the BoP. The authors also delineate potential managerial and institutional challenges multinational corporations (MNCs) are likely to encounter in their efforts to pioneering disruptive innovations for BoP customers in African emerging markets. Practical implications The authors develop some recommendations for MNCs on how to create and capture value from disruptive innovations in African emerging markets Originality/value The authors delineate African context-specific managerial and institutional challenges that MNCs might encounter when seeking to develop disruptive innovation at the BoP.
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Anderson, Jamie, and Niels Billou. "Serving the world's poor: innovation at the base of the economic pyramid." Journal of Business Strategy 28, no. 2 (March 6, 2007): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02756660710732611.
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Deb, Sadrita, and Subhojit Sengupta. "What makes the base of the pyramid susceptible to investment fraud." Journal of Financial Crime 27, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-03-2019-0035.
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Purpose Dubious investment schemes by unlisted companies are alluring individual investors at the base of the pyramid to invest money and lose them. The purpose of the abstract is to identify the factors that induce the people at base-of-pyramid (BoP) to invest in fraudulent schemes. Design/methodology/approach Open-ended interviews of people at the BoP from areas in and around Kharagpur town in West Bengal were conducted. Through open coding, codes, categories and themes were generated. Findings Interpersonal trusts form the central feature of investment fraud. The personal relationship among the community members helps these schemes thrive. False hopes of higher returns within a short span combined with constraints of accessing banking services is another motivation for the people at the base of the pyramid to fall prey to these schemes. With limited education, they find these investment avenues convenient providing scope to the perpetrators of fraud to exploit them. To curb these dubious schemes to flourish and exploit the people at the BoP, financial inclusion on a large scale is required. Moreover, the government should take steps to educate the mass at the base of the pyramid. Originality/value This study offers new insights on the victims of investment fraud in India those belonging to the economically weak groups and lower income groups comprising together as the BoP) of the society.
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Paras, Manoj Kumar, Daniel Ekwall, and Rudrajeet Pal. "Developing a framework for the performance evaluation of sorting and grading firms of used clothing." Journal of Global Operations and Strategic Sourcing 12, no. 1 (February 18, 2019): 82–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jgoss-11-2017-0047.
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PurposeThis paper aims to propose a framework for evaluating the performance of reverse value chain activities in the clothing industry operating at base of the pyramid. Specifically, the research explores firm and supply chain factors influencing clothing reverse value chain activities with a focus on developing economies.Design/methodology/approachThe study adopted an explorative technique using direct observations and semi-structured interviews to collect information from eight companies and two traders. Internal resources and value chain capabilities were examined using theoretical underpinnings of resource-based view, transaction cost economics and base of the pyramid.FindingsThe paper identified multiple benefits of offshoring reverse value chain activities to the developing countries (at the base of the pyramid). Low operation cost, skilled manpower, business knowledge and location are found to be internal success factors. While favourable government legislation and domestic recycling markets are important external factors contributing to the success. Developing economies such as India contribute to firm performance by integrating, transforming, acquiring and co-creating the resources at base of the pyramid. Further, it was found that to achieve higher assets specificity, a few companies have opened their own shops in African countries, while others have opened sourcing branches in Canada or the USA to ensure good quality of raw materials. Collaboration and coordination among different value chain partners minimise cost and increases profitability. Innovation in the process such as clothes mutilation for recycling has created new business opportunities.Research limitations/implicationsInformation was collected from only eight organisations and two traders from India. Future scholars may extend the research to generalise the findings by documenting similar phenomena.Practical implicationsThe proposed framework can serve a basis for the practitioners to evaluate firm performance, and the insights can be used to achieve sustainability by engaging producers, employees, consumers and community using base of the pyramid approach.Originality/valueThe study provides unique insights into the prevalent export and re-exports phenomena of used clothing. The resource-based view, transaction cost economics and base of the pyramid strategy underpinned together to develop a framework for understanding reverse value chain activities of clothing.
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Solon, Florentino S. "Developing a National Training Pyramid." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 18, no. 2 (January 1997): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482659701800214.
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The training pyramid is a system with designated levels corresponding to types of training needed for personnel in a national nutrition programme. Each proportional level refers to the type, purpose, and content of training and the category of individuals to be trained. Level III, the upper part of the pyramid, is intended for a few professionals with master's or doctoral degrees who deal with macronutrition issues and the solution of nationwide nutrition problems through policies, programmes, macroplanning, and legislative action. Short-term training periods provide skills in studying and formulating national policies to solve malnutrition problems and translate research results into policies for the benefit of the population. Training at level II is intended to develop the research capability of professionals to undertake studies for use in formulating national policies, plans, and programmes. This level of training provides knowledge and skills in research design, information technology, statistics, identifying research needs, developing research proposals, planning and managing research activities, and comprehensively communicating technical information and results to policy makers, legislators, macroplanners, programme planners, managers, and implementers. Short courses on laboratory procedures, new methods, and use of the latest equipment should be included. Level I, the base of the pyramid, is for training professionals to translate national policies and macroplans, including research findings, into community-based programmes and projects appropriate to the existing political, economic, and socio-cultural situation. This level of training focuses on efficient and effective programme implementation and management.
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Antonova, А. А., and P. S. Khmelenko. "Economic Assessment of the Performance of Metal Trading Enterprises." Economics and Management 27, no. 7 (September 1, 2021): 537–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.35854/1998-1627-2021-7-537-546.
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Aim. The presented study aims to improve the theoretical and methodological approach to assessment and to develop practical recommendations for improving the performance of metal trading enterprises.Tasks. Based on a study of the essence of the concept of “performance” and assessment models, the authors develop methodological provisions for assessing the performance of enterprises; investigate industry-specific features and factors affecting the performance level of metal trading enterprises; develop a comprehensive methodology for assessing the performance level of enterprises in the metal trading industry; test the developed methodology on metal trading enterprises in the Republic of Crimea; identify potential directions for improving the performance of the analyzed group of enterprises.Methods. This study uses a wide range of general scientific methods: induction and deduction, abstraction, analysis and synthesis, modeling, systematization of theoretical and practical material. Analytical, graphical, and statistical methods and the method of comparative economic analysis are applied. The research methodology is based on the key provisions of the theory and practice of financial and economic analysis of enterprise activity.Results. The problem of ensuring the performance of an enterprise essentially comes down to increasing economic results per cost unit. At the same time, among the existing assessment models, the management model provides the most comprehensive accounting of various aspects of operation. The main aspects for assessing the performance of enterprises include the application of a dialectical approach, compliance with certain principles, and the sequence of implemented actions. The conducted analysis of factors affecting the performance level of metal trading enterprises reveals the most negative factors: decreasing purchasing power, increasing tax burden, non-market competition, and underdeveloped industrial infrastructure. This study presents a comprehensive methodology for assessing the performance level of metal trading enterprises, the idea of which goes back to the “performance pyramid” model for analyzing and evaluating operating results developed by K. McNair and is supplemented with a system of key indicators. The proposed methodology is tested on actual enterprises in the Republic of Crimea, and recommendations for increasing the achieved level of performance are formulated.Conclusions. The developed assessment methodology is based on the idea of performance as a pyramid, the volume of which reflects the level of performance; the sides of the base are key indicators showing the state of various aspects of the enterprise’s operation; the base area is the current potential of the enterprise formed by its activities; the pyramid’s height is the position of the enterprise in the market. The integrated index calculated based on the methodology makes it possible to assess the current performance level of the enterprise in accordance with the conventional assessment scale and to develop a list of the most significant measures for improving it.
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Mukherjee, Malobi, and Jacob Wood. "Consolidating Unorganised Retail Businesses through Digital Platforms: Implications for Achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals." Sustainability 13, no. 21 (October 31, 2021): 12031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132112031.
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This study explores whether digitalisation of unorganised retail (UR) businesses in emerging markets have a positive socio-economic impact on the lives of the subsistence consumer–merchants who perform the dual role of being, not only consumers providing for themselves and their families, but also the managers of micro-UR businesses. We develop a framework for sustainable business model innovation at the base of the pyramid by undertaking content analysis of 65 newspaper articles (interviews with senior executives and founders of digital app-based platforms, expert analysis) as well as social media and YouTube testimonials of UR business users of these platforms in Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. Using the Gioian coding structure of open and second order comparative coding, we develop a framework for sustainable business model innovation from the base of the pyramid perspective. The framework captures how digitalisation enables the UR businesses to circumvent resource shortages, consolidate procurement and inventory management and diversify product and service offerings, which leads to significant economic and social transformation for both the micro enterprises and their owners. Our framework contributes to the emergent literature on sustainable business model innovation and inclusive innovation in resource-constrained contexts. We conclude that sustainable business model innovations enable socio-economic transformations similar to those experienced by UR businesses in emerging Asian markets. Such developments can create local level pathways for local tropical countries seeking to achieve UN social development goals.
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Tate, Wendy L., Lydia Bals, and Donna Marshall. "Supply chain management at the base of the pyramid." International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management 49, no. 5 (June 14, 2019): 438–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpdlm-06-2019-390.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to compile a set of articles tackling supply chain issues in BOP contexts that address both demand and supply. Solutions are needed for global sustainability problems from medical aid and food availability to the ability to participate in supply chains for the global poor. Design/methodology/approach The accepted articles in the special issue used a range of qualitative and quantitative methodologies to answer research questions in a variety of base of the pyramid (BOP) contexts. These approaches and results distinguish between demand (BOP market) and supply, or base of the chain (BOC), perspectives. Findings The findings in the eight accepted marticles are interesting and applicable across different BOP contexts. Compilation of the articles into the special issue and the accompanying editorial led to a comprehensive future research agenda that addresses demand-side issues by investigating the customers in BOP markets, and supply-side issues focusing on the suppliers and intermediaries (BOC) who supply BOP markets. Future research ideas include a focus on supply chain design issues situated at the intersection of the demand (BOP) and the supply (BOC) concerns that address the needs of the world’s poorest populations. Research limitations/implications All of the selected articleshave societal implications related to addressing the needs of BOP populations. Many of these articles also have economic and environmental implications, the other two pillars of the triple bottom line. The detailed future research agenda developed in this editorial presents implications for researchers working in emerging and BOP communities to push research forward and further develop the foundational literature in the BOP context. Practical implications From a practical standpoint, each of the eight articles presents ideas for businesses that help address the needs of the global poor while enhancing global sustainability performance. The editorial summarizes these implications and provides new directions and examples of success in the BOP context. Managers are provided with techniques to address the supply and demand side of these growing markets. Originality/value The overall conceptual framework and positioning of the final papers into the BOP market, BOC suppliers and a combination of the two is novel and helps provide guidance to both scholars and managers.
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Tewari, Seema, Harjit Singh, Shobhit Wadhwa, and Deepak Tandon. "Scaling Impact Investment for Sustainable Development Goals: An Empirical Analysis." Australasian Business, Accounting and Finance Journal 15, no. 5 (2021): 4–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14453/aabfj.v15i5.2.
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Impact Investing is a community of investors willing to create social and environmental impact along with financial returns by investing either directly with Base of Pyramid[1] (BoP) enterprises or indirectly through enterprises that help in creating impact by investing in BoP organizations. Adoption of SDGs[2] quantified the expectation paradigm of the global community for social, environmental and economic achievable and projected/targeted achievement of SDGs by 2030 made the governments, businesses, institutions daunted with the task in hand hence, it is imperative for investing community to contribute its share as well. With high social need and underserved population India has become a test bed for impact investing. However, with increasing impact investing, Impact Measurement and Management (IMM) gains significant importance as it allows investors to evaluate impact and channelize fund to most effective solutions. The present study conducted for year 2019 not only attempts to explore impact investing landscape in India and its future dimension but it simultaneously does content analysis of impact report of investors using impact value chain[3] and indicators developed on the basis of SDGs targets and indicators. The analysis aims to establish a link between developed indicators and impact, the link once established, developed indicators will provide agile, cost effective, quantifiable and measurable basis to impact that has worldwide acceptance. [1]Base of Pyramid refers to the poorest two-third of the economic human pyramid living in abject poverty. [2]SDGs, adopted in 2015 by all UN member states, are universally accepted goals and targets under goals to guide sustainable development and create a sustainable world for all. [3]Impact Value chain is a tool build on theory of change to illustrate how enterprise activities lead to desired outcome and impact by setting a relationship between activities, output, outcome and impact.
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Jensen, Robert, Paul C. Godfrey, and Christian Mealey. "Entry Modes at the Base of the Economic Pyramid: The Emergence of Hybrid Organizational Forms." Academy of Management Proceedings 2013, no. 1 (January 2013): 10214. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2013.223.
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WEBB, JUSTIN W., MICHAEL H. MORRIS, and RUBIN PILLAY. "MICROENTERPRISE GROWTH AT THE BASE OF THE PYRAMID: A RESOURCE-BASED PERSPECTIVE." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 18, no. 04 (December 2013): 1350026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s108494671350026x.
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In a base-of-the-pyramid context, the ability to start ventures is often quite robust because micro-entrepreneurs are able to start with few resources and can often sustain ventures for extended lengths of time in the absence of meaningful revenues. Yet, the ability to grow ventures tends to be much more problematic. This paper examines the role of resources in yielding competitive advantage for microenterprises in base-of-the-pyramid markets, arguing that the value of resources is a function of their ability to supplement formal institutional voids. We consider access to formal infrastructure, assets that provide stability and business skills as potential sources of competitive advantage. We also examine the effect of resource allocation tactics on microenterprise growth. We test our theory using a sample of South African microenterprise owners. Implications are drawn for ongoing theory development and practice.
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Makarchuk, Oksana. "Assessment of Waste Generation and Efficiency of Their Use in Economic Activity." Modern Economics 31, no. 1 (February 20, 2022): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.31521/modecon.v31(2022)-13.
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Abstract. Introduction. The problem of waste accumulation and efficient use in Ukraine is particularly large and significant. This is due to the dominance of resource-intensive and waste-intensive technologies in the country's economy, as well as the low degree of their processing. At the same time, the high level of resource use of the national economy, as well as energy and raw materials orientation in combination with the outdated technological base continue to determine the high rates of generation and accumulation of various types of waste. The unresolved problems lead to a further deepening of the environmental crisis and, accordingly, to the aggravation of the socio-economic situation in society. Therefore, there is a need to regulate the use of natural resources in general and effective waste management using foreign best practices. Purpose. The purpose of this article is to study the formation and use of waste in Ukraine and the efficiency of their use. The specific objectives of the study include evaluation of the waste management pyramid that is the base to find appropriate way to deal with waste overall the country; and evaluation of the linkage between utilization of wastes from environmental protection expenditures by regions in Ukraine. Results. Waste disposal is an urgent problem for Ukraine, as waste generation is quite high, in the average it equalled to 462,373.5 thousand tons in 2020, but there are not enough plants for proper processing, in particular, the dynamics over the past 5 years shows their growth in 2020 compared to 2015 on 48%. It was found that the largest share in the structure of waste was occupied by mining (85.7%) and manufacturing (11.5%). The lowest amount of waste generation is observed in such areas as: construction; water supply, sewerage and waste management. Getting results of research are shown that the leading positions in the share of recycled waste in the total amount of generated waste by region in 2020 were Khmelnytsky (81.7%), Zaporizhia (63%), (55.6%), Cherkasy (56.4%), Chernivtsi (39.5%) ) and Ivano-Frankivsk (30.4%). At the same time problems with utilization were observed in Kyiv city (4.1%), Zakarpattia (0.2%), Odesa (0.4%), Mykolaiv (3.5%), Kyiv (0.8%) regions. In general in Ukraine this indices in 2020 was low and amounted approximately to 22%. In Ukraine landfills play crucial role for waste disposal. However, in new circular economy concept is expected to transform the current waste management system (WMS) pyramid into a sustainable WMS pyramid in which the landfill will have a minimal amount of waste after reducing, recycling or composting energy recovery options. In the article was evaluated the efficiency of the waste management by regions in Ukraine, where was estimated the dependence of utilization of wastes from environmental protection expenditures. Data for the regression was taken by regions from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine for 2020. Obtained results confirmed the dependence and showed that the increase of environmental protection expenditures on 1 mln. UAH leads to increase of waste utilization on 5.23 thousand tones. Conclusions. In perspective Ukraine needs to optimize its waste management policy and introduce modern technologies for their recycle to reduce harmful influence on environment. By 2025, the country can provide an environmentally friendly solid waste management system and recycle up to 40% of waste. Achieving waste reduction in Ukraine by 30-40% requires investments amounting to approximately 13 billion euros. This, in turn, would reduce the demand for landfill expansion by 30% and generate additional revenues from the sale of secondary materials and energy to 300 million euros
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Feng, Sun, and Gong. "A Case Study of Pyramid Scheme Finance Flow Network Based on Social Network Analysis." Sustainability 11, no. 16 (August 12, 2019): 4370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11164370.
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(1) Background: The pyramid scheme has caused a large-scale plunder of finances due to the unsustainability of its operating model, which seriously jeopardizes economic development and seriously affects social stability. In various types of networks, the finance flow network plays an extremely important role in the pyramid scheme organization. Through the study of the finance network, the operational nature of pyramid scheme organizations can be effectively explored, and the understanding of pyramid scheme organizations can be deepened to provide a basis for dealing with them. (2) Methods: This paper uses the motifs analysis and exponential random graph model in social network analysis to study the micro-structure and the network construction process of the “5.03” pyramid scheme finance flow network in Hunan, China. (3) Results: The finance flow network is sparse, the microstructure shows a typical pyramid structure; finance flows within the community and eventually flows to the most critical personnel, there is no finance relationship between different communities, and there are few finance relationships between pyramid salesmen of the same level. The inductees are in a key position in the network, which may explain why they are transferred to prosecution.
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Feng, Pihu, Zaiwu Gong, and Duoyong Sun. "Research on interpersonal relationship network of pyramid scheme organization based on social network: A case study." International Journal of Modern Physics C 30, no. 07 (July 2019): 1940016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183119400163.
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As a form of organized crime, pyramid scheme has brought huge economic losses to many countries, especially China, and caused serious social problems. How to deeply analyze the structure of pyramid scheme organizations is a necessary topic to explore and combat pyramid scheme organizations. Social network analysis is an effective method to study organized crime. Among them, the motif and exponential random graph models are effective tools for studying organizational microstructure, endogenous process. For the first time, this paper uses the social network analysis to study the interpersonal relationship network of a specific pyramid scheme organization, the typical case of “5.03” in Hunan Province was taken as the research object, and the above model was used for modeling analysis. The results show that the interpersonal relationship network has a sparse density. The microstructure is not a pyramid structure that is generally considered, but presents more ternary closures. Cross-community links, cross-level links between core employees and surrounding employees are less. The pyramid scheme network of interpersonal relationships has obvious homogeneity characteristics.
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Santos, Nicholas J. C., and Gene R. Laczniak. "Marketing to the Base of the Pyramid: A Corporate Responsibility Approach with Case Inspired Strategies." Business and Politics 14, no. 1 (April 2012): 1–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/1469-3569.1364.
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The economic and political outcomes of market globalization continue to be complex. As international corporations engage developing markets, they increasingly find consumers who lack market sophistication, meaningful purchasing options and economic leverage. Such conditions are ripe for the exploitation of these market segments but also can be mitigated by enlightened managers willing to thoughtfully consider their ethical and professional obligations to vulnerable consumers. This paper builds on a normative ethical framework, labeled the integrative justice model (IJM) for impoverished markets that was introduced in the marketing and public policy literature. Specifically, the paper will extend the normative ethics of the IJM by proposing logically reasoned decision principles for managers, particularly in MNC subsidiaries, that might better shape ethical business strategy when targeting impoverished segments. Additionally, numerous case examples are given to illustrate how a number of these decision principles are already being applied by companies around the world. Such an approach can serve as a counterweight to the difficulty of crafting global regulations for market development.
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Calton, Jerry M., Patricia H. Werhane, Laura P. Hartman, and David Bevan. "Building Partnerships to Create Social and Economic Value at the Base of the Global Development Pyramid." Journal of Business Ethics 117, no. 4 (April 30, 2013): 721–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1716-0.
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Dzimba, Esnah, and John Andrew van der Poll. "Disruptive Innovation at the Base-of-the-Pyramid: Negotiating the Missing Links." Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 8, no. 4 (September 23, 2022): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/joitmc8040171.
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The disruptive innovation framework has become a topical issue in recent years. Despite its popularity, as well as the perceived strategic advantages it bestows on entrant firms, little is known about the disruptive innovation capability of new-technology-based firms (NTBFs) in the South African context. This article explores the contextual factors that influence disruptive innovation capability in South Africa’s base-of-the-pyramid (BoP) environment and how, given the specifics of this operating environment, entrepreneurs strategize for disruptive innovation capability. Following the development of a conceptual framework, we used a grounded theory approach to conduct in-depth interviews with purposefully selected stakeholders in the NTBF incubation sector. Our findings show that South Africa has the catalytic socio-economic dynamics to encourage the development of disruptive innovations. However, despite having fairly robust institutions in the entrepreneurial ecosystem, these fall short of enabling the innovation capability of NTBFs, owing to the poor-quality linkages between and among institutions within the ecosystem. On the strength of these findings, we synthesised a framework of disruptive innovation capability in BoP environments that highlights the contextual factors that influence disruptive innovation capability. Specifically, we demonstrate how the quality of linkages in the entrepreneurial ecosystem influences the innovation outcomes for innovators.
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Rahman, Syed Abidur, Azlan Amran, Noor Hazlina Ahmad, and Seyedeh Khadijeh Taghizadeh. "Supporting entrepreneurial business success at the base of pyramid through entrepreneurial competencies." Management Decision 53, no. 6 (July 13, 2015): 1203–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-08-2014-0531.
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Purpose – Large private organisations (LPOs) creating entrepreneurship opportunities for people at the base of the economic pyramid (BoP) is a thought-provoking issue for researchers. The main purpose of this paper is to empirically explore the influence of support from LPOs on entrepreneurship business success among the BoP segment through entrepreneurial competencies. Design/methodology/approach – The paper follows a quantitative research approach. Data were collected from a sample of 134 BoP entrepreneurs in Bangladesh using a structured survey instrument. Partial least square has been employed as a statistical technique to analyse the data. Findings – The influence of support provided by LPOs, in terms of technical and training, increased entrepreneurial competencies among the BoP entrepreneurs. Further, entrepreneurial competencies contribute to the proliferation of the BoP entrepreneurship business success and play a mediating role to achieve business success as long as technical and training supports are provided. Practical implications – It is expected that business organisations can embrace this framework as a business model and contribute to the social initiatives. Originality/value – This paper invokes research on the entrepreneurship domain particularly focusing on the BoP segment of the society. The significant relationship between support of LPOs and success of small-scale entrepreneurship business can be viewed as a novel contribution in BoP domain.
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Arnould, E. J. "Dynamic Transformations for Base-of-the-Pyramid Market Clusters." Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 33, no. 3 (July 1, 2005): 254–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0092070304273495.
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Kuada, John. "Marketing, economic growth, and competitive strategies of firms in Africa." African Journal of Economic and Management Studies 7, no. 1 (March 14, 2016): 2–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ajems-02-2016-0014.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of marketing in the economic growth and competitive strategies of Sub-Sahara African firms. It also seeks to offer a backdrop for the papers in the present volume of AJEMS. Design/methodology/approach – It is based on a review of a selection of literature that highlights past and current perspectives of marketing’s contribution to economic growth and firm performance in developing economies. Findings – The review suggests that trade liberalization in African countries since the 1980s has changed the competitive landscape of firms located in these countries and has compelled them to develop market-oriented strategies in order to enhance their performance. But the strategies adopted tend to target the growing middle income segments of the population in the urban areas and to ignore the poor. Originality/value – It provides directions for future research into issues of inclusive marketing policies and strategies – i.e. strategies that embrace the bottom of the pyramid and transforms the production base of African economies.
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Juma, Norma, Joy Olabisi, and Eliada Griffin-EL. "Understanding the Motivation Complexity of Grassroots Ecopreneurs at the Base of the Pyramid." Sustainability 14, no. 21 (October 28, 2022): 14092. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142114092.
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This qualitative study focuses on the factors that motivate grassroots ecopreneurship at the base of the pyramid (BoP). Our study is anchored by the research question, “How are grassroots ecopreneurs at the BoP of Kenya motivated?” The participants were mainly drawn from beneficiaries of a multinational Non-Governmental Organization. Using a grounded theory approach, we conducted 12 qualitative case studies, 10 focus groups and 2 interviews, recording 61 participants. We triangulated data sources through data collected from primary and secondary sources, such as archival documents and archival interviews. Extant research suggests that grassroots ecopreneurs (GEs) at the BoP primarily engage in necessity-driven ventures. However, this study demonstrates that GEs’ motives to launch new ventures appear to be multifaceted and simultaneous (not linear or sequential). We also observed an interlinkage of environmental and economic motives in GEs who diversified their investments into related and unrelated areas. Our findings also indicate that GEs at the BoP developed socio-ethical motives-the GEs’ concerns toward other members of the community-and a desire to create social value beyond private value. All these motives contributed to the GEs establishing and sustaining viable businesses.
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BRAU, JAMES C., CRAIG MERRILL, and KIM B. STAKING. "INSURANCE THEORY AND CHALLENGES FACING THE DEVELOPMENT OF MICROINSURANCE MARKETS." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 16, no. 04 (December 2011): 411–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1084946711001926.
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Microinsurance institutions and instruments have developed rapidly over the last decade, with policies covering tens of millions at the base of the economic pyramid. Ranging from simple policies providing life or health insurance to complex policies covering catastrophic risks for small landholders, it is a market with proven potential that demands closer attention. This paper provides a review of the nascent academic literature and then suggests some critical elements of insurance theory that may help us understand the challenges facing microinsurance markets and how these markets can better serve the needs of their customers. Although the basic theory is well known, application to microinsurance markets reveals interesting variations on known results.
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López-Morales, José Satsumi, Felipe de Jesús Rosario-Flores, and Antonio Huerta-Estevez. "Business in the Base of the Pyramid: A Literature Review and Directions for Future Research." Organizations and Markets in Emerging Economies 11, no. 22 (December 30, 2020): 327–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/omee.2020.11.36.
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The base of the pyramid (BoP) is the lower-income segment of the population. It represents an important market that is often disregarded by companies as a source of economic benefit. For this reason, scholars have gained interest in this topic since the early 21st century. The main objective of this article is to identify research areas related to business in the BoP. A qualitative investigation was carried out by reviewing the business literature on the BoP. Sixty-seven articles related to the topic were reviewed. This literature review was conducted using the four-stage qualitative method, including : (1) data collection; (2) data coding; (3) data analysis; and (4) interpretation of results. The result of the review was the identification of 12 gaps that must be addressed to improve the understanding of the BoP businesses. A description of the articles selected for the review is presented.
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Andrews, Tim G., and Khin Thi Htun. "Economic Inequality, Cultural Orientation and Base-of-Pyramid Employee Performance at the MNC Subsidiary: A Multi-Case Investigation." Management International Review 58, no. 2 (November 17, 2017): 337–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11575-017-0338-7.
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van der Merwe, Michael D., Sara S. Grobbelaar, Isabel A. Meyer, Cornelius S. L. Schutte, and Konrad H. von Leipzig. "A Framework of Key Growth Factors for Small Enterprises Operating at the Base of the Pyramid." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 10, 2020): 9327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229327.
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Enterprises operating at the Base of the Pyramid (BoP) find it difficult to simultaneously achieve economic (profitable growth) and social (poverty alleviation) outcomes. This study builds on a previously published systematic literature review that identified the key growth-promoting factors of the Small, Medium, and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs) operating in this space. A Grounded Theory Approach was followed to identify six core focus areas, which form the basis of a practical framework to evaluate SMMEs at the BoP, namely: Business modelling; business strategy; innovation; marketing; strategic alliances; and sustainable development. Expert screening interviews were conducted to evaluate the framework for credibility and confirmability. Thereafter, 57 for-profit South African enterprises were surveyed to empirically explore how SMMEs view and implement these framework components. The outcome of the study is a validated high growth-promoting BoP portfolio framework against which SMME owners can evaluate their enterprises to identify areas of growth and development.
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Goyal, Sandeep, Bruno S. Sergi, and Amit Kapoor. "Significant Understanding the Key Characteristics of an Embedded Business Model for the Base of the Pyramid Markets." ECONOMICS & SOCIOLOGY 7, no. 4 (November 20, 2014): 26–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14254/2071-789x.2014/7-4/2.
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WEBB, JUSTIN W. "A SYSTEM-LEVEL VIEW OF INSTITUTIONS: CONSIDERATIONS FOR ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND POVERTY." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 26, no. 02 (June 2021): 2150010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1084946721500102.
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Poverty levels represent an important indicator of economic development. A widely-held view among scholars is that formal institutions provide the foundation to support entrepreneurial activity that, when robust, can support economic development. Scholars typically examine the influence of specific formal institutions, such as property rights, tax policies, infrastructures, or otherwise. Herein, I seek to complement and build upon this extant research by elaborating a system-level view of institutions. Interfaces, tradeoffs and externalities are discussed as three key characteristics of institutional systems alongside system-level considerations for each of these characteristics (i.e., institutional coordination, cooperation and direction that can take place at interfaces; institutional imbalances that can occur with tradeoffs; and institutional ambiguities and territoriality that can exist because of externalities). I then describe how these system-level considerations influence entrepreneurial activities and the implications for poverty in two illustrative contexts: base-of-the-pyramid markets and entrepreneurial ecosystems. I conclude with a discussion of the intended contributions and implications of this work.
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Arif, G. M., Najam Us Saqib, and G. M. Zahid. "Poverty, Gender, and Primary School Enrolment in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 38, no. 4II (December 1, 1999): 979–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v38i4iipp.979-992.
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Primary education is at the base of the pyramid of education, and is regarded as a fundamental human right today. In addition, it has several tangible social and economic effects. As an essential component of human capital, primary education plays an important role in the economic growth and development of a country.1 Its impact on several other socioeconomic variables has also been documented in the literature. To quote a few examples, Butt (1984) has found that five or more years of a farmer’s education lead to increased farm productivity, reduced use of farm labour, and increased use of yield augmenting inputs. Azhar (1988) also reports a significant relationship between the number of years of schooling and increase in farm output due to increased technical efficiency. Studies of the rates of returns to education attribute a positive value to the rate of returns to primary education.2 This means that by acquiring primary education one can increase one’s earnings.
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Musona, Jackson, Kaisu Puumalainen, Helena Sjögrén, and Anna Vuorio. "Sustainable Entrepreneurship at the Bottom of the Pyramid: An Identity-Based Perspective." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (January 15, 2021): 812. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020812.
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Entrepreneurial behavior research has widened its scope to focus on founders who engage in creating enterprises for both their economic self-interest and their concern for others. Yet, there is a lack of an empirically grounded understanding of the sustainable enterprise creation behavior of entrepreneurs at the bottom of the pyramid. This study contributes to sustainable entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial behavior literature streams by applying founder identity theoretical perspectives to explore and understand bottom of the pyramid entrepreneurs’ self-perceived identities in the creation of sustainable enterprises. The study applies a multiple case study design with qualitative data collected through field observations and in-depth interviews with enterprise founders and stakeholders. The data were complemented with secondary materials such as websites, founder blogs, online videos, news articles, and other media coverage. The data were analyzed in stages through thematic analysis. Findings show that sustainable entrepreneurs at the bottom of the pyramid possess multiple frames of reference, basic social motivations and adopt either single or multiple role identities, which influence their behavior during the process of creating their enterprises. Moreover, the analysis reveals that Fauchart and Gruber’s social identity typologies and the role identities of Cardon et al. can be applied to entrepreneurs at the bottom of the pyramid to understand their identity profiles and illuminate on how these identities result in observed behavioral differences during the process of creating their enterprises.
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Zhang, Yongde, Wei Wang, Qi Liu, Zhonghua Guo, and Yangchun Ji. "Research on Defect Detection in Automated Fiber Placement Processes Based on a Multi-Scale Detector." Electronics 11, no. 22 (November 16, 2022): 3757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11223757.
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Various surface defects in automated fiber placement (AFP) processes affect the forming quality of the components. In addition, defect detection usually requires manual observation with the naked eye, which leads to low production efficiency. Therefore, automatic solutions for defect recognition have high economic potential. In this paper, we propose a multi-scale AFP defect detection algorithm, named the spatial pyramid feature fusion YOLOv5 with channel attention (SPFFY-CA). The spatial pyramid feature fusion YOLOv5 (SPFFY) adopts spatial pyramid dilated convolutions (SPDCs) to fuse the feature maps extracted in different receptive fields, thus integrating multi-scale defect information. For the feature maps obtained from a concatenate function, channel attention (CA) can improve the representation ability of the network and generate more effective features. In addition, the sparsity training and pruning (STP) method is utilized to achieve network slimming, thus ensuring the efficiency and accuracy of defect detection. The experimental results of the PASCAL VOC and our AFP defect datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our scheme, which achieves superior performance.
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Boshoff, Christo, Bruce E. Klemz, and Noxolo-Eileen Mazibuko. "Business Development in Emerging Markets: The Impact on spending behaviour of elderly caregivers of family members with HIV/AIDS in SA." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 13, no. 4 (December 1, 2010): 464–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v13i4.55.
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Business development in emerging markets, known as the “base of the pyramid”, is not without financial risk and a key concern in South African communities are the costs associated with HIV/AIDS. Due to the enormous demand for healthcare, many governments have opted for home-based care systems. Caregivers are mainly older women and their financial survival is critically important. We found that as the patient’s illness progressed: 1) the cultural norm ubuntu led the caregiver to increase spending on the patient and a decreased spending on themselves and 2) the social pressure of stigma led to a very dramatic drop in direct interpersonal assistance to the patient and an increase in spending on themselves. Their resulting coping strategies and implications for economic development are discussed. Keywords - Emerging Markets, Cultural, Health Services
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Koech, Kevin Kipkemei, Christine G. Kiria Chege, and Hillary Bett. "Which Food Outlets Are Important for Nutrient-Dense-Porridge-Flour Access by the Base-of-the-Pyramid Consumers? Evidence from the Informal Kenyan Settlements." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (September 27, 2022): 12264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141912264.
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Many Kenyan base-of-the-pyramid (BoP) consumers—defined as the poorest two-thirds of the economic human pyramid—remain food insecure, despite the availability of nutrient-dense foods in the market. This study reveals how effective marketing strategies can strengthen food security among BoP consumers through increased access to nutritious foods such as nutrient-dense porridge flour. Nutrient-dense porridge flour refers to a multi-composite porridge flour composed of diverse nutritious ingredients that are necessary to achieve a healthy diet. The main objective of the study was to determine the most effective channel for making nutrient-dense porridge flour available to BoP consumers. Data were collected through a cross-sectional survey in Kawangware, Nairobi County, using a multistage sampling design and a sample size of 603, via structured questionnaires. A multivariate Probit (MV-Probit) model was used to analyze the most effective channel for providing nutrient-dense flour to BoP consumers. The study results show that the most common outlets used to access this flour were supermarkets (51.08%), followed by cereal stores (25.54%). According to previous studies, using appropriate marketing strategies leads to increases in the uptake and consumption of nutritious products in informal urban settlements among developing countries. Consequently, policies and interventions targeting BoP consumption of nutritious products toward reducing food and nutrition insecurity in informal urban settlements should be based on appropriate marketing strategies that consider the institutional factors and significant household characteristics of the BoP communities.
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Goyal, Sandeep, Bruno S. Sergi, and Mahadeo P. Jaiswal. "Understanding the challenges and strategic actions of social entrepreneurship at base of the pyramid." Management Decision 54, no. 2 (March 21, 2016): 418–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-11-2014-0662.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the social entrepreneurship focussed organizations in the context of challenges faced and strategic actions adopted by them during the different stages of self-sustainable business model design and implementation. Design/methodology/approach – The empirical context involves the use of qualitative multi-case-based research methodology for data collection and analysis. The sampling involves undertaking the field study of social entrepreneurship oriented organizations, which have made the perceptible socio-economic difference in the lives of the rural and semi-urban population lying at the base of the pyramid (BoP) in India. Findings – The findings of this study are presented in two complementary stages. The first stage involves presenting the narrative incorporating the emergent themes and key characteristics of the social entrepreneurship focussed organizations based on the field-research based data collection and analysis. The second stage involves mapping the challenges with the strategic actions thereby formulating a challenge-action framework. Research limitations/implications – The paper strengthens the belief in social entrepreneurship as a viable alternative for creating a market-based ecosystem at the BoP. This paper highlights the conception of social entrepreneurship in terms of challenges and corresponding strategic actions. Practical implications – The derived challenge-action framework will enable the social entrepreneurs to learn, understand, design and implement a better informed and transparent market-based business models at the BoP resulting in reduced market risks and uncertainty. Social implications – The government needs to recognize the social entrepreneurs as partners having a separate legal entity as well as consider their inputs and on-field experiences while framing the policies in favor of the BoP. In addition, the government needs to facilitate the social entrepreneurs in leveraging the government network and institutions for reaching the BoP segment. Originality/value – This study is an original contribution to the field of social entrepreneurship in number of ways. The first contribution lies in reviewing the research literature from the definition perspective. The second contribution lies in reviewing the research literature to determine the key challenges faced by the social entrepreneurs at the BoP. The third contribution lies in identifying the propositions and conceptualizing the challenge-action framework depicting the challenges faced and strategic actions required by the social entrepreneurs for successful and sustainable social intervention at the BoP.
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Arnold, Denis G. "Global Justice and International Business." Business Ethics Quarterly 23, no. 1 (January 2013): 125–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/beq20132315.
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ABSTRACT:Little theoretical attention has been paid to the question of what obligations corporations and other business enterprises have to the four billion people living at the base of the global economic pyramid. This article makes several theoretical contributions to this topic. First, it is argued that corporations are properly understood as agents of global justice. Second, the legitimacy of global governance institutions and the legitimacy of corporations and other business enterprises are distinguished. Third, it is argued that a deliberative democracy model of corporate legitimacy defended by theorists of political CSR is unsatisfactory. Fourth, it is argued that a Rawlsian theoretical framework fails to provide a satisfactory account of the obligations of corporations regarding global justice. Finally, an ethical conception of CSR grounded in an appropriately modest set of duties tied to corporate relationships is then defended. This position is cosmopolitan in scope and grounded in overlapping arguments for human rights.
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Sasongko, Nindyo. "‘A Caravan of Solidarity’." Exchange 44, no. 4 (November 4, 2015): 381–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1572543x-12341355.
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The globalizing economy is not only offering affluence to the elite but also a form of idolatry, in which the idol is ‘the golden calf of global capitalism’. In this article I attempt to inquire a God-talk which engages the challenge of global greed and stimulates solidarity for the people who make up the base of the economic pyramid — ‘a triune economy of gift’. I propose an Asian perspective of Trinitarian economy which explicates fragility, frugality, and solidarity as divine characteristics. In so doing, I explore some ecumenical documents and four different voices from Asia which assess structural evil: the theology of ajur-ajer of Father Mangunwijaya, the public theology of Felix Wilfred, the theology of God’s life and emancipation of Paul S. Chung, and the theology of multitude of Kwok Pui-lan. In this, I hope to contribute to global liberation theology.
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Covo Guzmán, María Alejandra, and Sonia Esperanza Monroy Varela. "Tendencias en investigación en negocios inclusivos: una revisión de literatura / Trends in Research in Inclusive Businesses: A Literature Review." Revista Internacional de Ciencias Sociales 7, no. 3 (March 5, 2019): 165–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.37467/gka-revsocial.v7.1996.
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ABSTRACTInclusive businesses are economic activities that allow communities of base of the pyramid population to be included in the value chains of private sector companies. These businesses contribute to the improvement of the quality of life of vulnerable population in countries with high levels of poverty and marginality such as Colombia. However, there is a general lack of knowledge in the development of inclusive businesses, which affects their implementation and reduces their chances of success. Due to the above, the objective of this article is to identify shortcomings in current research and possible areas in which knowledge could be generated.RESUMENLos negocios inclusivos son actividades económicas que permiten incorporar a población base de la pirámide en cadenas de valor de empresas privadas. Estos negocios contribuyen a mejorar la calidad de vida de población vulnerable en países con altos niveles de pobreza y marginalidad como Colombia. Sin embargo, se resalta un desconocimiento general en el desarrollo de los negocios inclusivos, lo cual dificulta su implementación y reduce sus probabilidades de éxito. Debido a lo anterior, el objetivo de este artículo es identificar tendencias en la investigación actual y posibles áreas en las cuales se puede contribuir a la generación de conocimiento.
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Desa, Geoffrey, and James L. Koch. "Scaling Social Impact: Building Sustainable Social Ventures at the Base-of-the-Pyramid." Journal of Social Entrepreneurship 5, no. 2 (February 5, 2014): 146–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19420676.2013.871325.
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Shivarajan, Sridevi, and Aravind Srinivasan. "The Poor as Suppliers of Intellectual Property: A Social Network Approach to Sustainable Poverty Alleviation." Business Ethics Quarterly 23, no. 3 (July 2013): 381–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/beq201323326.
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ABSTRACT:We extend the Base of the Pyramid (BoP) poverty-alleviation approach by recognizing the poor as valuable suppliers—specifically of intellectual property. Although the poor possess huge reserves of intellectual property, they are unable to participate in global knowledge networks owing to their illiteracy and poverty. This is a crippling form of social exclusion in today’s growing knowledge economy because it adversely affects their capabilities for advancement at several levels. Providing the poor access to global knowledge networks as rightful participants—as suppliers of intellectual property—leads to poverty alleviation as a result of their increased social inclusion, not only through economic benefits, but also through the poor’s improved well-being as a result of their increased self-esteem and dignity. Using concepts from social network theory, we develop a poverty-alleviation approach to harness and integrate the intellectual property of the poor into global knowledge networks through trust-based partnerships among the poor, non-governmental organizations, and multinational corporations.
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Goyal, Sandeep, Bruno S. Sergi, and Amit Kapoor. "Emerging role of for-profit social enterprises at the base of the pyramid: the case of Selco." Journal of Management Development 36, no. 1 (February 13, 2017): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmd-05-2015-0070.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze and understand the business logic of the for-profit social enterprises targeting the basic needs of the base of the pyramid (BoP) segment. A case study of an organization offering clean energy solutions to the BoP segment has been used to illustrate the socio-economic business model of the for-profit social enterprises, which can serve the underserved needs of the BoP segment using an inclusive approach. Design/methodology/approach This paper analyses Selco, a social enterprise offering energy solutions to the low-income population in rural India. The qualitative case-based research involves the secondary data inputs from the online sources and primary data inputs from the field interviews with the different stakeholders at Selco. Findings The research findings recommend the following strategic choices for the social enterprises – focus on segmentation; field-based experimentation, innovation and prototyping; local skill-building and engagement; hybrid organizational setup; systemic behavior change orientation; customized value offerings; last-mile delivery and support; and collaboration with non-traditional stakeholders. Practical implications The lessons learnt through the analysis of Selco provide tools and strategies to enable the social enterprises to better understand their business model and make informed decisions resulting in the effective social interventions while remaining sustainable. The paper offers an actionable framework for creating an inclusive formal market ecosystem that is sustainable, scalable and socially relevant. Originality/value This study is an original contribution to the field of social entrepreneurship. It undertakes a field study of the social enterprise delivering inclusive energy solutions to the BoP segment in India. The study of Selco brings out the learnings regarding the key strategic actions, which can lead to sustainable business models for targeting the BoP segment in developing countries like India
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Streimikiene, Dalia, and Rizwan Raheem Ahmed. "The integration of corporate social responsibility and marketing concepts as a business strategy: evidence from SEM-based multivariate and Toda-Yamamoto causality models." Oeconomia Copernicana 12, no. 1 (April 13, 2021): 125–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/oc.2021.006.
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Research background: This paper integrates the marketing and corporate social responsibility concepts by investigating how the previous studies de-bated CSR as a business strategy. This discussion extended from academics to business practices. Hence, this study investigated the concept of CSR as a business strategy in a multifactorial fashion in the marketing field.
Purpose of the article: This study evaluates the modified model of CSR initiatives as business and marketing strategy and their impact on customers' buying behavior. For this purpose, we have taken dimensions of Carroll's pyramid of CSR as marketing strategies. We have also examined the influence of brand loyalty and cause-related marketing as mediating variables and technology as a moderator between dimensions of Carroll's pyramid and customers' buying behavior.
Methods: We employed modified theoretical & conceptual model for evaluating the direct and indirect hypothesized relationship. We have collected 693 responses from the structured and adapted questionnaire. The survey was done among marketing and senior managers of the Asian pharmaceutical industry. We employed SEM-based multivariate modeling to examine the hypothesized relationship.
Findings & value added: The finding of this research exhibited that dimensions of Carroll?s pyramid of CSR have a positive and significant impact on customers' buying behavior. The results further demonstrated that brand loyal-ty and cause-related marketing positively and significantly impact mediators between CSR dimensions and customers? buying behavior. Finally, the technology has a significant influence as a moderator between exogenous and endogenous factors. The undertaken study demonstrated important theoretical and practical implications. The modified conceptual framework has provided several new dimensions for future researchers to use and replicate in different economic sectors. On the other hand, practitioners of the pharmaceutical industry should incorporate Carroll's CSR pyramid as business strategies to gain the trust and respect of their customers.
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Sithole, Nkosinathi, Gillian Sullivan Mort, and Clare D'Souza. "Building blocks of financial inclusion through customer experience value at financial touchpoints in Southern Africa." International Journal of Bank Marketing 39, no. 3 (April 29, 2021): 360–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijbm-07-2020-0409.
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PurposeThis paper aims to examine customer experience value orchestrated by non-banks' financial touchpoints to understand how they enhance the financial inclusion of low-income consumers.Design/methodology/approachTwo independent but related studies were conducted using qualitative comparative analyses (QCA) research design with semi-structured interviews to compare and contrast customer experience value at two rural locations in Southern Africa. The interview transcripts were analysed using ATLAS.ti, which is a powerful operating system for analysing qualitative data.FindingsThe results indicate that non-banks in the two countries design financial services that include functional, economic, humanic, social and mechanic customer experience value dimensions.Research limitations/implicationsThe data for this study was collected from financial services customers of retailers and mobile phone network operators in only one research setting in each country. Further research could extend the comparative context for qualitative studies across similar markets. Other limitations are discussed in the paper.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to the body of knowledge by highlighting the salient and germane dimensions and components found to be important in understanding financial inclusion using customer experience value. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study that incorporates customer experience value dimensions in understanding the financial inclusion of low-income consumers at the base of the social and economic pyramid in emerging markets.
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LONDON, TED. "WHICH BUSINESSES ARE BEST FOR THE BASE OF THE PYRAMID? COMPARING IMPACTS ON YOUNG CHILDREN." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 26, no. 02 (June 2021): 2150009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1084946721500096.
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Interest and investment in enterprise-based approaches to reduce the impoverishment faced by the base of the pyramid (BoP) continues to grow. Although recent research provides a greater understanding of the poverty-alleviation impacts from specific businesses, little has been done to compare impacts across businesses or business strategies. In this study, I address this gap by comparing the changes in well-being in young children, the segment considered most vulnerable to poverty, for four BoP businesses employing two different business strategies. Using a framework that incorporates a multi-dimensional perspective on who is impacted and how, I develop and compare business- and strategy-specific poverty impact profiles for the young children of key stakeholders. My findings contribute to a better understanding of how to utilize BoP businesses to address social goals.
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Lassaga, Marìa Griselda, and Gabriel Lanfranchi. "Lowering Investment Risk at the Bop Using Network Innovation Fundación pro Vivienda Social (Fpvs) Case." Revista Ibero-Americana de Estratégia 11, no. 1 (April 1, 2012): 04–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5585/ijsm.v11i1.1835.
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More than 2 million people from the outskirts of the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Region live in neighborhoods with restricted access to education, credit, healthcare, and basic services (Goytia and Lanfranchi, 2009). With nearly 4 billion people now living in poverty world wide, this situation is not unique to Buenos Aires. The size of this “Base of the Pyramid” (BOP) economic market makes it impossible to ignore in the 21st century (Prahalad and Hart, 2002). Unfortunately however, most private businesses have overlooked this population and thereby denied it the opportunity to participate in the global economy. This article describes how Fundación Pro Vivienda Social (FPVS) seeks to rectify this situation by facilitating economic engagement with the BOP. This case study, based on the testimony and experiences of participants, details the effort to create financially sustainable business opportunities for both the BOP and private sector. Specifically, this study deals with FPVS‟s role as a facilitator between businesses and poor communities in doing business with the Base of the Pyramid, (BOP). Testimony from this real case study in addition to the experience of the researchers and current business literature was the chosen path. As a longitudinal study, the case looks at how perceptions and relationships change over time. Based on the Developing Business Network Model, this article looked at the co-creation of value for all the parties within a sustainable framework. Specifically, the FPVS case deals with the foundation‟s leverage function in developing mutually beneficial infrastructure solutions. Since 1995, FPVS has focused on housing improvements and infrastructure development. Through its projects, FPVS has demonstrated that working with low-income communities is not high-risk, but rather good business. The foundation believes that by organizing communities around mobilizing events related to standard of living improvements, it can create the social capital necessary to break the poverty cycle (Lanfranchi 2005). In the areas where it operates, FPVS has developed strategies to organize community demand for goods and services and match it with suppliers. These types of strategies have been described by Granovette (1983) as „solving structural holes‟. An important aspect of this study is that it illustrates the necessity of transcending traditional business models when developing successful enterprises with the BOP. It also highlights how the FPVS approach is consistent with recent advances in BOP literature (Prahalad, 2006). For example, the report shows how FPVS strategies incorporate the concepts of business management innovations (Kandachar, 2008), business networks (Hakansson and Snehota, 1995), and radical transactivity (Hart and Simanis, 2005; Simanis and Hart, 2008). Most significantly, this study demonstrates how to create a sustainable and mutually beneficial economic exchange between private businesses and the BOP.
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Chege, Christine G. K., Kenneth W. Sibiko, Rosina Wanyama, Matthias Jager, and Eliud Birachi. "Are consumers at the base of the pyramid willing to pay for nutritious foods?" Food Policy 87 (August 2019): 101745. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2019.101745.
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Alikonis, Antanas. "THE INFLUENCE OF THE TAMPED OUT FOUNDATION ON THE CALCULABLE STRENGTH OF THE FOOTING BASE/PLŪKTINIO PAMATO FORMOS ĮTAKA PADO PAGRINDO SKAIČIUOJAMAJAM STIPRUMUI." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 7, no. 3 (June 30, 2001): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13921525.2001.10531724.
Full textAbstract:
Foundations, erected in the tamped out trenches, are distinguished for a greater bearing capacity of the base in comparison with the foundations which are erected in the dug out trenches. They are also economic in respect of energy and material. The building practice shows that tamped out, that is erected in tamped out trenches, foundations can be successfully used in many types of soil. The tamped out foundation of the truncated pyramid form can bear the bigger part of the loading by its sides because of the leaning sides of the foundation and the foundation of the cylindrical form can bear for smaller part of the loading because its sides are perpendicular. The bearing capacity of the sides of the tamped out foundation is calculated using theoretical formulas which are rather complicated and it requires figure meaning of Geotechnical features of soil. The author investigated theoretically the distribution of the effecting strength between the bottom and the tamped out foundation. The strength whitch falls on the bottom of the foundation was used to define the calculable strength of the bottom of the foundation. According to the strength that falls on the bottom of the foundation the tension calculated when n=1,2,3% which in considered the calculable strength of the bottom of the foundation. The calculable strength of the bottom of the base of the foundation is connected with the conic strength of natural soil qc, which is got by statical serenading. The experiments were carried out in sand soils the conic strength of which was 4–6MPa. According to the results of the experimental research the formula was deduced to define the calculable strength of the bottom of the tamped out foundation of the truncated pyramid shape. The experiments were carried out trying static loading on 6 experimental foundations in sand soils the conic strength of which was 4–8MPa. During the experiment the calculable strength of the bottom of the tamped out foundation of the cylindrical form was investigated. Analyzing the results of these experiments the strength which falls on the bottom of the foundation was distinguished. The tension on the plane of the bottom of the foundation was defined according to the settlings of the foundation form loading. The settlings of the foundation in this situation was 1,2,3% of the foundation diameter. These tensions are considered the calculable strength of the base of the bottom of the foundation. According to the results of the experimental research the formula was deduced to define the calculable strength of the bottom of the tamped out foundation of the cylindrical form. This calculable strength was defined according to the natural sand soil conic strength and accepted ratio of settling and the diameter of the foundation. The results of the reseach show that the calculable strength of the bottom of the tamped out foundation of the cylindrical form which is erected in sand soils is much bigger that the calculable strength of the tamped out foundation of the truncated pyramid shape. The figure meaning of the calculable strength of the bottom of the base of the tamped out foundation depends on the form of the foundation, on the conic strength of the soil, which is got by statical sounding of natural soil and it depends on the accepted percentage ratio of the settling and the diameter of the foundation.