Journal articles: 'Base-metal ores'

1

Lillo, Javier. "Vein-type base-metal ores in Linares-La Carolina (Spain) ore-lead isotopic constrains." European Journal of Mineralogy 4, no. 2 (April 21, 1992): 337–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/4/2/0337.

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Ashirov, Makhsud, Ibragimov Rustam Kholikulovich, and Jasur Rakhmatullaev. "Koytash Deposit As A Prospective Object Of Uzbekistan For Expanding Resources Of Wollastonite, Precious Metals And Other Associated Elements." American Journal of Applied sciences 03, no. 01 (January 22, 2021): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajas/volume03issue01-06.

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The article discusses complex and conjugated formation of wollostonite, sulfide-rare metal and silver-base polymetallic ores of Koytash deposit. Forms recommended for co-extraction, mineral composition and elements-impurities of them have been revealed. These data on rare-metal sulfide and sulfide-polymetallic ores of Koytash skarn-rare metal deposit proves its prospects in extraction of both rare metal and noble metals, bismuth and wollastonite.

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Ludwig, Kenneth R., Roald Vollmer, Bruno Turi, Kathleen R. Simmons, and Giulianο Perna. "Isotopic constraints on the genesis of base-metal ores in southern and central Sardinia." European Journal of Mineralogy 1, no. 5 (November 16, 1989): 657–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/1/5/0657.

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Kozhiev, Kh Kh, O. Z. Gabaraev, and M. S.-U. Khaliev. "Location of deposits of non-metallic ores in Russia and the technogenic impact of mining on the environment." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1021, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1021/1/012021.

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Abstract The article substantiates the need to strengthen the mineral resource base for the production of non-ferrous metals through the involvement in the operation of substandard raw materials, primarily those stored in tailings dumps for the enrichment of metal ores. The results of the analysis of reserves of ore deposits are presented in comparison with the situation in the world. Quantitative data on the state of the mineral resource base of non-ferrous metal ores in Russia and the provision of industry with metal raw materials are given. The role of mineral resources in protecting the geopolitical interests of Russia is shown. It is noted that Russia lags behind technologically developed countries in a number of indicators of production and consumption of mineral resources. It is concluded that the development of technogenic deposits using innovative technologies is a real step towards strengthening the mineral resource base of Russia, therefore, research on the direction of mining mentioned in the article is relevant.

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Golik, V. I., and A. V. Titova. "Improving the metallurgical resource base through combining ore mining technologies." Mining Industry Journal (Gornay Promishlennost), no. 5/2022 (November 3, 2022): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.30686/1609-9192-2022-5-105-111.

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Relevance. One of the challenges in the development of mining and processing technologies for solid metal resources is the insufficient use of the metal mining technologies in underground development of ore deposits. The purpose of the study. By analyzing the aspects of mining production, to determine the priority directions in the extraction and enrichment of metal ores based on the combination of technologies for the development of deposits. Research methods. Analysis of the efficiency indicators of mining production using information about the improvement of technologies in the past. Forecasting the ways of development and detailing the concept of breakthrough improvement of the processes of extraction and processing of solid geo-resources in the present and future. The results of the study. Information is provided on the completeness of extraction of metal ores from the subsurface and their use in enrichment. The importance of recycling metal-containing waste as technogenic geo-resources is shown, and the current state of this problem is characterized. A breakthrough direction of strengthening the geo-resource base of mainly non-ferrous metallurgy is formulated – the leaching of metals from ores in underground blocks and activators of the disintegrator type during the combination of traditional and new technology. The information obtained experimentally about new technologies with a description of their advantages is given. The problems of strengthening the geo-resource base of industry are formulated. Economic models are proposed to determine the efficiency of combining extraction and processing technologies. Conclusions. The assessment of the regularities of the development of technologies for the extraction and enrichment of solid metal geo-resources is possible on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of aspects of mining production. The priority direction of extraction and enrichment of solid metal geo-resources is the combination of traditional and new technologies.

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Bachmann, Kai, Max Frenzel, Joachim Krause, and Jens Gutzmer. "Advanced Identification and Quantification of In-Bearing Minerals by Scanning Electron Microscope-Based Image Analysis." Microscopy and Microanalysis 23, no. 3 (May 3, 2017): 527–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927617000460.

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AbstractThe identification and accurate characterization of discrete grains of rare minerals in sulfide base-metal ores is usually a cumbersome procedure due to the small grain sizes (typically <10 μm) and complex mineral assemblages in the material. In this article, a new strategy for finding and identifying indium minerals, and quantifying their composition and abundance is presented, making use of mineral liberation analysis (MLA) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). The method was successfully applied to polymetallic massive sulfide ores from the Neves-Corvo deposit in Portugal. The presence of roquesite and sakuraiite could be systematically detected, their concentration quantified by MLA measurements, and their identity later confirmed by EPMA analyses. Based on these results, an almost complete indium deportment could be obtained for the studied samples. This validates the approach taken, combining automated mineralogy data with electron microprobe analysis. A similar approach could be used to find minerals of other common minor and trace elements in complex base-metal sulfide ores, for example Se, Ge, Sb, or Ag, thus permitting the targeted development of resource technologies suitable for by-product recovery.

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Mitishova, N. A. "DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGICAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ENSURING FIRE AND EXPLOSION SAFETY DURING UNDERGROUND DEVELOPMENT OF PYRITE ORE DEPOSITS." News of the Tula state university. Sciences of Earth 4, no. 1 (2021): 165–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.46689/2218-5194-2021-4-1-165-177.

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The urgency of the problem of reducing the risks associated with spontaneous com-bustion of coal ores and sulfide dust explosions has now increased not only in Russia, but al-so abroad, as there have been significant changes in the mineral resource base of the world's leading metal producers. The oxidation of sulfide ores and rocks with air oxygen is an irre-versible and characteristic exothermic reaction that should be taken into account during the extraction and processing of sulfide-containing minerals to prevent spontaneous combustion of ores and explosions of sulfide dust. The article presents the developed technological measures and recommendations aimed at preventing the processes of oxidation and sponta-neous combustion of coal ores and sulfide dust explosions.

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Shpylovyi, K. L., L. V. Shpylovyi, V. S. Biletskyi, and O. I. Komarova. "TECHNIQUE AND TECHOLOGY OF RARE-METAL ORES DESINTEGRATION AND GRAVITY-BASED BENEFICATION." ACADEMIC JOURNAL Series: Industrial Machine Building, Civil Engineering 1, no. 48 (March 27, 2017): 273–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.26906/znp.2017.48.811.

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On the base of the analysis of centrifugal concentrators designs there has been justified the selection of apparatus for the rare-metal ores benefication. Process of pyrochlore ore grinding in mills of different types has been investigated and the expediency of use of impact-centrifugal action mills to ensure selectivity of minirals disclosure has been founded. Efficient technical and technological parameters of the centrifugal action mills have been justified on the base of active experimental method. The influence of disintegration metheds on technologival indication of rare-metal ore benefication of Mazurovske deposits in centrifugal Nelson concentrator has been analyzed.

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Glukhov, A. N. "Base metal mineralization of the Kolyma terrain in Northeast Russia: Overview and genetic classification." LITHOSPHERE (Russia) 19, no. 5 (November 23, 2019): 717–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24930/1681-9004-2019-19-5-717-730.

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Research subject. The Prikolyma terrain located in the Northeastern part ofRussia constitutes a long-lived Precambrian thrust-faulted structure hosting numerous Cu, Pb and Zn deposits of different types.Materials and methods. The mineralization of the terrain was examined during a course of research and exploration works over the 2007–2012. The rock geochemistry was studied using ICP-OES analysis at the Stuart Geochemistry and Essay laboratory (Moscow). The microprobe analysis of minerals was carried out at the facilities of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Magadan) using a Camebax X-ray microanalyzer. The isotopic ratios of sulphur in sulphides were measured using a Finnigan MAT 253 isotope mass spectrometer.Results. The porphyry-copper deposit Nevidimka is represented by skarns and sulphide-quartz stockworks embedded in porphyry granites. The vein deposits Opyt and Glukhoye constitute sulphide-carbonate-quartz veins, the composition of which corresponds to copper-polymetallic ores of the peripheral parts of the copper-porphyry formation. These deposits feature a similar geochemistry and composition of sulphides and sulphur isotopes, which is characteristic of the Riphean complexes of the Prikolyma terrain. The stratiform Pb-Zn veins Nadezhda-3 and Khaya enclosed in Proterozoic dolomites represent parallel-bedding disseminated sulphides. The composition of these ores indicates their diagenetic origin. Tne stratiform copper deposit Oroyok is embedded in Proterozoic shales and can be referred to sediment-hosted copper deposits of a transgressive type.Conclusions. The diversity of Cu-Pb-Zn mineralization types in the Prikolyma terrain is established to have resulted from multiple cyclic changes of the geodynamic ore formation regime. During each such cycle, syngenetic mineralization was followed first by epigenetic and then by vein mineralization. The mobile, thrust-faulted structure caused repeated rejuvenation of ores, which inherited the geochemical features of hosting rocks.

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Vikentyev, Ilya, Olga Vikent’eva, Eugenia Tyukova, Maximilian Nikolsky, Julia Ivanova, Nina Sidorova, Dmitry Tonkacheev, et al. "Noble Metal Speciations in Hydrothermal Sulphides." Minerals 11, no. 5 (May 3, 2021): 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11050488.

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A significant part of the primary gold reserves in the world is contained in sulphide ores, many types of which are refractory in gold processing. The deposits of refractory sulphide ores will be the main potential source of gold production in the future. The refractory gold and silver in sulphide ores can be associated with micro- and nano-sized inclusions of Au and Ag minerals as well as isomorphous, adsorbed and other species of noble metals (NM) not thoroughly investigated. For gold and gold-bearing deposits of the Urals, distribution and forms of NM were studied in base metal sulphides by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and by neutron activation analysis. Composition of arsenopyrite and As-pyrite, proper Au and Ag minerals were identified using electron probe microanalysis. The ratio of various forms of invisible gold—which includes nanoparticles and chemically bound gold—in sulphides is discussed. Observations were also performed on about 120 synthetic crystals of NM-doped sphalerite and greenockite. In VMS ores with increasing metamorphism, CAu and CAg in the major sulphides (sphalerite, chalcopyrite, pyrite) generally decrease. A portion of invisible gold also decreases —from ~65–85% to ~35–60% of the total Au. As a result of recrystallisation of ores, the invisible gold is enlarged and passes into the visible state as native gold, Au-Ag tellurides and sulphides. In the gold deposits of the Urals, the portion of invisible gold is usually <30% of the bulk Au.

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D'Hugues, P., A. Grotowski, A. Luszczkiewicz, Zygmunt Sadowski, T. Farbiszewska, Aleksandra Sklodowska, K. Loukola-Ruskeeniemi, et al. "The Bioshale Project: Search for a Sustainable Way of Exploiting Black Shale Ores Using Biotechnology." Advanced Materials Research 20-21 (July 2007): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.20-21.42.

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The Bioshale project, involving 13 partners throughout Europe, is co-funded by the European Commission under the FP6 program. The main objective of this project (which started in October 2004) is to identify and develop innovative biotechnological processes for ‘’eco-efficient’’ exploitation of metal-rich, black shale ores. Three extensive deposits have been selected for R&D actions. These are: (i) a site (in Talvivaara, Finland) that, at the outset of the project, had not been exploited; (ii) a deposit (in Lubin, Poland) that is currently being actively mined, and (iii) a third site (in Mansfeld, Germany) where the ore had been actively mined in the past, but which is no longer exploited. The black shale ores contain base (e.g. copper and nickel), precious (principally silver) and PGM metals, but also high contents of organic matter that potentially handicap metal recovery by conventional techniques. The main technical aspects of the work plan can be summarized as: (i) evaluation of the geological resources and selection of metal-bearing components; (ii) selection of biological consortia to be tested; (iii) assessment of bioprocessing routes, including hydrometallurgical processing; (iv) techno-economic evaluation of new processes from mining to metal recovery including social, and (v) assessing the environmental impacts of biotechnological compared to conventional processing of the ores. An overview of the main results obtained to date are presented, with special emphasis on the development of bioleaching technologies for metal recovery that can be applied to multielement concentrates and black shale ores.

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Loberg, Bengt E. H., Milan Háber, and Stig-Björn Westberg. "Microhardness, reflectance and unit cell length of pyrites from Swedish base metal ores." Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar 107, no. 1 (March 1985): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11035898509452612.

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13

Melcher, Frank, and Peter Onuk. "Potential of Critical High-technology Metals in Eastern Alpine Base Metal Sulfide Ores." BHM Berg- und Hüttenmännische Monatshefte 164, no. 2 (January 9, 2019): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00501-018-0818-5.

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McInnes, B. I. A., N. J. Evans, M. Boni, and B. J. McDonald. "(U–Th)/He thermochronometry of supergene base metal ores and implications for Namibian Paleoclimate." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 70, no. 18 (August 2006): A411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2006.06.829.

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15

Ivashchenko, Vasily I. "Rare-Metal (In, Bi, Te, Se, Be) Mineralization of Skarn Ores in the Pitkäranta Mining District, Ladoga Karelia, Russia." Minerals 11, no. 2 (January 27, 2021): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11020124.

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The results of the study of rare-metal (Bi, Te, Se. Be, In) mineralization of skarn deposits (Sn, Zn) in the Pitkäranta Mining District, genetically related to the Salmi anorthosite-rapakivi granite batholiths of Early Riphean age are reported. Minerals and their chemical composition were identified on the base of optical microscopy as well as electron microanalysis. The diversity of rare-metal ore mineralization (native metals, oxides, and hydroxides, carbonates, tellurides, selenides, sulfides, sulphosalts, borates, and silicates) in Pitkäranta Mining District ores is indicative of considerable variations in the physicochemical conditions of their formation controlled by the discrete-pulse-like supply of fluids. Bismuth, wittichenite, and matildite are the most common rare-metal minerals. Sulfosalts of the bismuthinite-aikinite series are represented only by its end-members. The absence of solid solution exsolution structures in sulfobismuthides suggests that they crystallized from hydrothermal solutions at low temperatures. Be (>10 minerals) and In (roquesite) minerals occur mainly in aposkarn greisens. Roquesite in Pitkäranta Mining District ores formed upon greisen alteration of skarns with In released upon the alteration of In-bearing solid sphalerite (Cu1+ In3+) ↔ (Zn2+, Fe2+) and chalcopyrite In3+ ↔ Fe3+ and 2Fe3+ ↔ (Fe2+, Zn2+) Sn4+ solutions. Sphalerite with an average In concentration of 2001 ppm, is a major In-bearing mineral in the ores.

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Gericke, Mariekie. "Base Metal Tank Bioleaching: From Laboratory Test Work to Commercialization." Advanced Materials Research 1130 (November 2015): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1130.197.

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The tank bioleaching of metal sulphides is an established technology. Commercial success started with the treatment of refractory gold concentrates using mesophilic micro-organisms, followed by the development of tank bioleaching processes for the treatment of base metal concentrates. This was initially a mesophilic process treating secondary copper sulphides, pentlandite and cobaltiferous pyrite. There was though limited potential for recovery of copper from chalcopyrite concentrates due to low copper extractions. Over the past decades the optimization of bioleaching processes for the treatment of chalcopyrite ores and concentrates has been the subject of numerous research programmes. The use of bioleaching for the treatment of pure chalcopyrite concentrates has, however, not found commercial application mainly due to competitive smelter prices. With this in mind, Mintek’s base metal bioleaching development over the past few years focused on the treatment of complex polymetallic concentrates containing contaminants such as As, Bi, Pb and Sb as a niche application for tank bioleaching processes. These contaminants pose problems when processed via the smelting route. This paper reviews Mintek’s involvement in the development of base metal tank bioleaching processes for the treatment of chalcopyrite and polymetallic concentrates. Examples of laboratory-scale test work as well as larger scale demonstration and commercialization of the technology are highlighted.

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17

Vaughan, J. P. "The iron end-member of the pyrosmalite series from the Pegmont lead-zinc deposit, Queensland." Mineralogical Magazine 50, no. 357 (September 1986): 527–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1986.050.357.17.

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AbstractPyrosmalite [(Mn,Fe)8(OH,Cl)10Si6O15] has been identified by X-ray diffraction from the Pegmont lead-zinc deposit, north-west Queensland. Microprobe analyses indicate that it is the first reported occurrence of an extremely iron-rich member of the series. The characteristically high chlorine content of pyrosmalite in Pegmont and other similar base metal deposits may provide some evidence concerning the depositional environment of these stratiform Pb-Zn ores.

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Plotinskaya, O. Yu, K. A. Novoselov, and R. Seltmann. "Mineralogy of Precious Metals in Ores of the Biksizak Base–Metal Deposit, South Urals, Russia." Geology of Ore Deposits 62, no. 6 (November 2020): 439–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1075701520060045.

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Torres, Robinson, and Gretchen T. Lapidus. "Base metal citrate pretreatment of complex ores to improve gold and silver leaching with thiourea." Hydrometallurgy 197 (November 2020): 105461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2020.105461.

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Belogub, E. V., K. A. Novoselov, V. A. Kotlyarov, and I. B. Fadina. "Mineralogy of oxidized ores at the Ik-Davlyat gold-base-metal deposit, the southern Urals." Geology of Ore Deposits 49, no. 7 (December 2007): 583–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1075701507070148.

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Rawlings, D. E. "Microbially-assisted dissolution of minerals and its use in the mining industry." Pure and Applied Chemistry 76, no. 4 (January 1, 2004): 847–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200476040847.

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Biomining is currently used successfully for the commercial-scale recovery of metals such as copper, cobalt, and gold from their ores. The mechanism of metal extraction is mainly chemistry-driven and is due to the action of a combination of ferric and hydrogen ions, depending on the type of mineral. These ions are produced by the activity of chemolithotrophic microorganisms that use either iron or sulfur as their energy source and grow in highly acidic conditions. Therefore, metal extraction is a combination of chemistry and microbiology. The mixture of organisms present may vary between processes and is highly dependent on the temperature at which mineral oxidation takes place. In general, relatively low-efficiency dump and heap irrigation processes are used for base metal recovery, while the biooxidation of difficult-to-treat gold-bearing arsenopyrite concentrates is carried out in highly aerated stirred-tank reactors. Bioleaching reactions, the debate as to whether the reactions are direct or indirect, the role of microorganisms, and the types of processes by which metals are extracted from their ores are described. In addition, some new processes under development and the challenges that they present are discussed.

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22

Dmitriev, A. N., G. Yu Vit’kina, and R. V. Alektorov. "Pyrometallurgical processing of high-titaniferous ores." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 76, no. 12 (December 23, 2020): 1219–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2020-12-1219-1229.

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The future development of Ural mineral and raw materials base of steel industry is considerably stipulated by the development of deposits of titanium-magnetite ores, the reserves of which are accounted for near 77% of iron ores of Urals. It was shown, that the content of titanium dioxide as well as harmful impurities in the titanium-magnetite have the decisive meaning for selection of processing technology of them for extraction out of them vanadium and other useful components. Technological schemes of the titanium-magnetite enrichment and industrial methods of titanium-magnetite concentrates processing considered. Examples of titanium-magnetite processing by coke-BF and coke-less schemes given. The problems of blast furnace melting of titanium-magnetite ores highlighted. Main problems relate to formation of refractory compounds in a form of carbo-nitrides during reduction of titanium and infusible masses in blast furnace hearth. It was shown, that intensification if carbides precipitation is stipulated by increase of intensity of titanium reduction at increased temperatures of a heat products and requires the BF heat to be run at minimal acceptable temperature mode. Technological solutions, necessary to implement in blast furnace for iron ore raw materials with increased content of titanium processing were presented, including increase of basicity of slag from 1.2 to 1.25-1.30, increase of pressure at the blast furnace top from 1.8 to 2.2 atm, decrease of silicon content in hot metal from 0.1 to 0.05%, application of manganese-containing additives. It was noted, that theoretically the blast furnace melting of titanium-magnetite is possible at titanium dioxide content in slag up to 40% when application of the abovementioned technological solutions, silicon content in hot metal to 0.01% and very stable heat conditions of a blast furnace. The actuality of titanium and its pigmental dioxide production increase was noted. Possibilities of development of Medvedevskoje and Kopanskoje deposits of high-titaniferous ores in Chelyabinsk region with extraction not only iron and vanadium but also titanium considered.

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Lyashenko, V. I., V. I. Golik, and R. V. Klyuev. "Evaluation of the efficiency and environmental impact (on subsoil and groundwater) of underground block leaching (UBL) of metals from ores." Gornye nauki i tekhnologii = Mining Science and Technology (Russia) 7, no. 1 (April 12, 2022): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/2500-0632-2022-1-5-17.

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One of the most problematic aspects of underground block leaching (UBL) of metals from ores is the possibility of pollution of water and air in the affected zone. Therefore, proving the possibility of mitigating environmental impact of metal leaching from ores by managing production processes with the implementation of nature- and resource-saving technologies is an important objective. The purpose of this study is to justify underground development effectiveness of ore deposits by traditional and integrated methods with leaching of metals from substandard and off-balance ores. This will allow the raw material base for extraction of metals from off-balance ores to be expanded and the environmental impact on subsoil and groundwater (hydrogeological systems) to be mitigated. A distinctive feature of a UBL (underground site for leaching of metals from shrunk ores) is that leaching solutions are supplied from sorption column placed in mining workings of the leaching level in the immediate vicinity of the extracting block. The pregnant solutions in the form of resin are discharged from the sorption column, placed in the leaching level mine workings, then winded in mine cars and further supplied to hydrometallurgical plant in tanks. A still rare attempt to justify the efﬁciency and environmental safety of underground metal leaching (UBL) from off-balance and substandard rock ores in installations mounted in mine workings, on the basis of monitoring and evaluation of subsoil and groundwater conditions was investigated. The average value of uranium concentration by level was established: 210 m – 3.6 mg/L; 225 m – 3.58 mg/L; 280 m – 0.91 mg/L. At the same time no contamination of underground mine waters was detected. Levels of sulfuric acid aerosols and radon decomposition products did not exceed the maximum allowable concentration (MAC) values. It is recommended that the hydrogeological environment be protected through silting the bottom of the stope for collection of pregnant solutions with clay mud and construct semi-active water-permeable chemically active barriers. The mentioned BIL process was implemented during the development of pilot block 5-86 and recommended for blocks 5-84-86 and 5-88-90 of Michurinskoye deposit of SE VostGOK, Ukraine, as well as during for development of ore deposits in Russia, Kazakhstan, and other developed mining countries.

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Tran, Toi Trung, Chinh Thi Vu, and Nhung Thi Pham. "Technologies for metal recycling from electrical - electronic wastes." Journal of Mining and Earth Sciences 62, no. 3b (July 20, 2021): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.46326/jmes.2021.62(3b).07.

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Wastes from electrical - electronic equipment (WEEE) are of huge concerns worldwide. With the decreasing life cycle of most electrical - electronic equipment (EEE), the WEEE growth rate is fast, about 3÷5% annually. This is considered as the fastest growing waste stream among municipal wastes. WEEE contains, in addition to plastic, glass etc., high contents of base metals and precious metals. They are regarded as potential secondary resources of metals in addition to primary resources of metals from metallic ores. Over the past decades, many metal recycling technologies from WEEE have been developed including physical separation processes and chemical extraction processes. This article summarizes the characteristics, recycling principles, separation processes and optimal operating conditions of the world's most currently common technologies for metal recycling from WEEE. So that one can derive new directions for metal recycling from electrical - electronic wastes in the Vietnam case.

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Tzamos, Evangelos, Platon N. Gamaletsos, Giovanni Grieco, Micol Bussolesi, Anthimos Xenidis, Anastasios Zouboulis, Dimitrios Dimitriadis, Yiannis Pontikes, and Athanasios Godelitsas. "New Insights into the Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Sb Ores from Greece." Minerals 10, no. 3 (March 6, 2020): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10030236.

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Antimony is a common metalloid occurring in the form of Sb-sulfides and sulfosalts, in various base and noble metal deposits. It is also present in corresponding metallurgical products (concentrates) and, although antimony has been considered a penalty element in the past, recently it has gained interest due to its classification as a critical raw material (CRM) by the European Union (EU). In the frame of the present paper, representative ore samples from the main Sb-bearing deposits of Greece (Kilkis prefecture, Chalkidiki prefecture (Kassandra Mines), and Chios Isl.) have been investigated. According to optical microscopy and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) data, the Greek ores contain stibnite (Sb2S3), boulangerite (Pb5Sb4S11), bournonite (PbCuSbS3), bertherite (FeSbS4), and valentinite (Sb2O3). Bulk analyses by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) confirmed, for the first time published, the presence of a significant Hg content in the Kilkis Sb-ore. Furthermore, Kassandra Mines ores are found to contain remarkable amounts of Bi, As, Sn, Tl, and Se (excluding Ag, which is a bonus element). The above findings could contribute to potential future exploration and exploitation of Sb ores in Greece.

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Kanapinov, M. S., A. V. Maetskii, A. A. Sitnikov, N. P. Tubalov, and V. V. Kovalev. "Porous permeable metal-ceramic materials on base of iron oxides with addition of the ground complex ores." NOVYE OGNEUPORY (NEW REFRACTORIES), no. 7 (December 25, 2018): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/1683-4518-2018-7-58-65.

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The self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) was used to obtain the heat-resistant porous permeable metal-ceramic material (PPMM) on base of the mixture composed of the alloyed steel's scale powder and the oxides of both metals and complex ore (monazite). The prepared SHS-material can be used as the catalytic agent for the diesel's exhaust gas purifcation. However, instead of the expensive rare-earth elements (REE) cerium and thorium the ground complex ores containing these REE can be used. The inﬂuence of the monazite's content up to 18 wt. percents on the physical, mechanical and service properties of the prepared materials were regarded in the article.Ill.8. Ref. 17. Tab. 2.

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Dzingai, T., B. McFadzean, M. Tadie, and M. Becker. "Decoupling the effects of alteration on the mineralogy and flotation performance of Great Dyke PGE ores." Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 121, no. 9 (September 17, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/1487/2021.

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Ores from a single deposit may exhibit extensive variability in their mineralogy and texture. The ability to quantify this variability and link it to mineral processing performance is one of the primary goals of process mineralogy. This study focuses on the effect of alteration in three platinum group element ore samples from the Great Dyke in Zimbabwe - two of which were more pristine compared to the third, which was locally classified as 'oxidized' ore. These ores are known to be characterized by varying degrees of alteration, resulting in numerous challenges in flotation and affecting both grade and recovery. Alteration, by near-surface oxidation, of the valuable base metal sulphides and platinum group minerals resulted in lower flotation recoveries of Cu, Ni, Pt, and Pd. Evidence of incipient oxidation was more readily observed in the base metal sulphide assemblage than the platinum group mineral assemblage, even though the loss in recovery (because of oxidation) was most significant for Pd. Alteration through hydration resulted in a significant increase in mass pull and dilution of concentrate grade through the inadvertent recovery of naturally floating gangue comprising composite orthopyroxene and talc particles. In this study, the amount of naturally floating gangue was more strongly correlated with the talc grain size distribution than the grade of talc in the flotation feed. The oxidation and hydration alteration reactions are not necessarily mutually exclusive, although one may be more dominant than the other, giving rise to ore variability.

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Dinelli, E., and F. Tateo. "Sheet silicates as effective carriers of heavy metals in the ophiolitic mine area of Vigonzano (northern Italy)." Mineralogical Magazine 65, no. 1 (February 2001): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/002646101550172.

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AbstractIn order to assess the role played by sheet silicates in controlling base metal distribution, the mineralogy of the <2 µm fraction of waste material, surface soils, and stream sediments was investigated in the surroundings of a pyrite-chalcopyrite mine area in northern Italy. The results indicate that smectite is very abundant in the <2 µm fraction of the tailings, and it exerts an effective control on the concentrations of Zn, Ni (and Cu). Normal soils and sediments are characterized by interstratified illite-smectite and by lower base metal concentrations. Away from the mine area, smectite decreases in the stream sediments, and chlorite becomes more important in controlling base metal distribution.Ni, Cr, Cu and Co increase with chlorite and talc, but are depleted in the <2 µm fraction compared to coarser fractions in the stream sediments, because the sand–silt fraction of sediments concentrates ophiolitic fragments, variably enriched in ores. A mechanical dispersion of chlorite is probably the controlling factor. Zinc displays a systematic enrichment in the clay fraction of waste material and in the stream sediments but the main mineral carrier is not identified.

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Tsymbal, V. P., I. A. Rybenko, P. A. Sechenov, V. I. Kozhemyachenko, S. N. Kalashnikov, and L. A. Ermakova. "Theoretical matters of self-organization and their practical implementation in jet-emulsion process. Part 2. Possible variants of industrial implementation of jet-emulsion metallurgical process and new technological schemes on its base." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 77, no. 3 (March 28, 2021): 272–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2021-3-272-278.

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At the large-scale test facility, manufactured at West-Siberian iron and steel plant from 1992 till 2001 40 series of experiments were accomplished, which enabled to confirm trueness of theoretical and designing solutions of jet-emulsion metallurgical process (JER) and to perfect the design of the facility. Several new low-energy intensive technologies were tested experimentally, including a technology of direct reducing of powdered ores and wastes (sludges, oiled scale) without agglomeration, a technology of obtaining manganese alloys from poor powdered ores, a technology division of titanium-magnetite concentrates into iron and conditional titaniferous slag, and a technology of metal direct reduction with simultaneous production of synthesis-gas. It was shown, that application of JER process is particularly effective for processing of poor powdered ores, as well as powdered iron-containing and coal wastes, by direct reduction in one stage without agglomeration. Possible variants of diversification of technological schemes of production considered for integrated steel plants and machine-building plants, creation of mini-mills of complete cycle (ore‒steel). An example of a layout solution for a technology based on JER process in existing building presented. The level of the development enables to design and together with a machine-building plant to construct on “turn-key” base a pilot facility of industrial scale. The advantages of the process mentioned above enable to get a quick pay-back, particularly for situation of processing of powdered wastes and ores.

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Mishra, Srabani, Sandeep Panda, Ata Akcil, Seydou Dembele, and Ismail Agcasulu. "A Review on Chemical versus Microbial Leaching of Electronic Wastes with Emphasis on Base Metals Dissolution." Minerals 11, no. 11 (November 11, 2021): 1255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11111255.

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There is a growing interest in electronic wastes (e-wastes) recycling for metal recovery because the fast depletion of worldwide reserves for primary resources is gradually becoming a matter of concern. E-wastes contain metals with a concentration higher than that present in the primary ores, which renders them as an apt resource for metal recovery. Owing to such aspects, research is progressing well to address several issues related to e-waste recycling for metal recovery through both chemical and biological routes. Base metals, for example, Cu, Ni, Zn, Al, etc., can be easily leached out through the typical chemical (with higher kinetics) and microbial (with eco-friendly benefits) routes under ambient temperature conditions in contrast to other metals. This feature makes them the most suitable candidates to be targeted primarily for metal leaching from these waste streams. Hence, the current piece of review aims at providing updated information pertinent to e-waste recycling through chemical and microbial treatment methods. Individual process routes are compared and reviewed with focus on non-ferrous metal leaching (with particular emphasis on base metals dissolution) from some selected e-waste streams. Future outlooks are discussed on the suitability of these two important extractive metallurgical routes for e-waste recycling at a scale-up level along with concluding remarks.

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Tolstykh, Nadezhda, Valeriya Brovchenko, Viktor Rad’ko, Maria Shapovalova, Vera Abramova, and Jonathan Garcia. "Rh, Ir, and Ru Partitioning in the Cu-Poor IPGE Massive Ores, Talnakh Intrusion, Skalisty Mine, Russia." Minerals 12, no. 1 (December 22, 2021): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12010018.

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Pyrrhotite (or Cu-poor) massive ores of the Skalisty mine located in Siberia, Russia, are unique in terms of their geochemical features. These ores are Ni-rich with Ni/Cu ratios in the range 1.3–1.9 and contain up to 12.25 ppm Ir + Rh + Ru in bulk composition, one of the highest IPGE contents for the Norilsk–Talnakh ore camp. The reasons behind such significant IPGE Contents cannot simply be explained by the influence of discrete platinum-group minerals on the final bulk composition of IPGE because only inclusions of Pd minerals such as menshikovite, majakite, and mertieite II in Pd-maucherite were observed. According to LA-ICP-MS data obtained, base metal sulfides such as pyrrhotite, pentlandite, and pyrite contain IPGE as the trace elements. The most significant IPGE concentrator being Py, which occurs only in the least fractionated ores, and contains Os up to 4.8 ppm, Ir about 6.9 ppm, Ru about 38.3 ppm, Rh about 36 ppm, and Pt about 62.6 ppm. High IPGE contents in the sulfide melt may be due to high degrees of partial melting of the mantle, interaction with several low-grade IPGE impulses of magma, and (or) fractionation of the sulfide melt in the magma chamber.

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Dzvinamurungu, Thomas, Derek Hugh Rose, Ngonidzashe Chimwani, and Fanus Viljoen. "Using Process Mineralogy as a Tool to Investigate Blending Potential of the Pentlandite-Bearing Ores at the Nkomati Ni Mine in South Africa." Minerals 12, no. 5 (May 20, 2022): 649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12050649.

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The mineralogy and texture of Ni-sulfide ores at the Nkomati nickel mine are highly variable, and this results in often erratic nickel recovery at the mine. The variability of the ore presents an opportunity to study the influence of grind size on the flotation-based recovery of Ni in highly heterogeneous sulfide ores, which would be applicable to this ore type at many other mines worldwide. In view of this, a process mineralogy investigation was conducted on thirteen mineralogically and texturally different nickel-sulfide ores from the Nkomati Nickel Mine, with a view on the influence of grind size on the flotation performance of pentlandite. Ore types presented include medium- and high-grade variants of the bleb, disseminated, massive, semi-massive, and net-textured sulfide ores of the Main Mineralized Zone (MMZ), as well as disseminated chromite-rich nickel sulfide ore and massive chromitite ore of the Peridotitic Chromitite Mineralized Zone (PCMZ). Laboratory scale metallurgical test work, comprising of sequential grinding and bench-top flotation testing of the ores, was conducted in combination with quantitative mineralogical investigation of the flotation feed and associated flotation products, using a FEI 600F Mineral Liberation Analyzer. The ore types under consideration require a variety of grind sizes (i.e., milling times) in order to attain optimal recovery of nickel through flotation. This is predominantly controlled by ore texture, and also partly by the abundance of the major constituent minerals in the ore, being pyroxenes, base metal sulfides, and chromite. Liberation of pentlandite is directly correlated with grind size (milling time), which is also positively correlated with the level of nickel recovery through flotation. A grind size of P80 at 75 µm results in the highest concentrate nickel grades of 7.5–8.1% in the PCMZ ores’ types which is the current grind for the PCMZ ores at Nkomati. A grind size of P77 at 75 µm yields the best overall pentlandite liberation, Ni recoveries of 84–88% and grades of 5.3–5.6% in the MMZ ores. This holds the potential to produce the best overall pentlandite liberation, nickel grades, recoveries from blending the MMZ and PCMZ ore types, and milling the composite ore at a target grind of P80 at 75 µm.

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GOLIK, Vladimir, and Olga BURDZIEVA. "The problem of the lost Sadon ores development (RNO-Alania)." Sustainable Development of Mountain Territories 14, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 370–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21177/1998-4502-2022-14-3-370-378.

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The relevance of the work is explained by the need to restore the lost potential of polymetallic extraction from the deposits of the Sadonsky ore node using the existing infrastructure and favorable geographical conditions for yearround operation. The purpose of the work. Theoretical and experimental substantiation of the technological possibility and economic feasibility of converting traditional development technologies to technologies for obtaining metals and other marketable products by leaching substandard metal-containing raw materials. Research methods: generalization, systematization, and analysis of theoretical and experimental studies with the acquisition of a data bank for the design of technologies for the extraction and processing of remaining reserves in the subsurface and man-made reserves on the Earth’s surface. Research results. The concept of environmental protection and resource-saving technology for the development of deposits of the type under consideration is formulated. The volume of potentially possible substandard ore reserves and mining and processing waste in the regions of the North Caucasus is estimated. The results of pioneering studies of the processes of extracting metals from ores, industrial effluents and man-made raw materials, including the processing of non-conditioned ores and their enrichment waste in a disintegrator using mechanochemical activation of the metal extraction process, are presented. The prospects of using innovative technologies in the region are assessed. It is shown that the prospects for resuscitation of mining production depend on the effectiveness of combining technologies and minimizing losses when using the available raw material base, determined by economic and mathematical modeling taking into account the environmental component.

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Chashchin, V. V., and V. N. Ivanchenko. "Sulfide PGE–Cu–Ni and Low-Sulfide Pt–Pd Ores of the Monchegorsk Ore District (Arctic Western Sector): Geology, Mineralogy, Geochemistry, and Genesis." Russian Geology and Geophysics 63, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 519–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/rgg20214410.

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Abstract During the recent exploration of the Monchegorsk ore district (MOD) in the Arctic western sector, the platinum potential of known Cu–Ni deposits (Nittis-Kumuzhya-Travyanaya (NKT), Nyud, Ore Horizon 330 (OH330), and Terrasa) has been assessed, and new sulfide PGE–Cu–Ni deposits (Western Nittis) and manifestations (Moroshkovoe Ozero, Poaz, and Arvarench), and low-sulfide Pt–Pd deposits (Loipishnyun, Southern Sopcha, and Vuruchuaivench) have been discovered. All of them are confined to Paleoproterozoic (ca. 2.5 Ga) layered intrusions (the Monchegorsk pluton (Monchepluton) and the Monchetundra massif) and are divided into two types according to their structural position: basal, located in the marginal parts of intrusions, and reef-type (stratiform). All types of ores show Pd specialization. Platinum group minerals (PGM) have a limited composition in sulfide PGE–Cu–Ni ores and are represented by predominant Pt and Pd compounds with Bi and Te and subordinate PGE arsenides and sulfides. Low-sulfide Pt–Pd ores are characterized by a significant variety of PGM, with a predominance of PGE sulfides, bismuthide-tellurides, and arsenides. Sulfide PGE–Cu–Ni deposits and manifestations (Western Nittis, NKT, Nyud, Moroshkovoe Ozero, Poaz, and Arvarench) formed through the accumulation of base metal sulfides and PGE in immiscible sulfides and their subsequent segregation in commercial contents. The reef-type OH330 deposit and Terrasa manifestation resulted from the injection of additional portions of sulfur-saturated magma. The basal-type low-sulfide Pt–Pd deposits (Loipishnyun and Southern Sopcha) formed from residual melts enriched in ore components and fluids separated and crystallized during long-term oreforming processes. The reef-type Vuruchuaivench deposit is the result of deep fractionation of the parental magma with the formation of a sulfide liquid enriched in Cu and PGE. Significant reserves and large predicted resources of sulfide PGE–Cu–Ni and low-sulfide Pt–Pd ores are a reliable mineral resource base for the development of the mining industry in the Kola region of the Arctic western sector.

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Sietaia, L. D., I. Yu Nikolaev, and S. М. Strekozov. "Rare-earth deposits of a non-traditional type in the Azov part of the Ukrainian Shield." Geochemistry and ore formation, no. 43 (2022): 74–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/gof.2022.43.074.

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The geological structure and prospects of a group of rare earth objects of exogenous origin, unconventional for the Ukrainian industry, are considered. According to the authors, this is mainly the clay weathering crust of granitoids and other aluminosilicate rocks, which contains sorbed or close to them elements of the yttrium group. A feature of ores of this type that may interest investors is the possibility of relatively simple and inexpensive extraction of REE. As an example, a brief description of specific objects within the Azov part of the Ukrainian shield and on its border with Donbas is given. This is the weathering crust of subalkaline rare-metal granites of the Yekateriniv and Starodubiv massifs, aluminosilicate metamorphic rocks of the Valerianiv area, and tectonic mélange zone argillites of the Zhogoliv area. The Y-Ta-Nb type of deposits was established on the massifs, and mainly yttrium-earth deposits on the metamorphic rocks. The actual results of the analytical research made it possible to draw conclusions about the qualitative and quantitative composition of ores and forecast resources. A comparison of industrial technological methods of extracting Y and ∑REE from loose ores of the Zhogoliv ore deposit was made. The expediency of further searches and research in order to expand the mineral raw material rare earth base of Ukraine is substantiated.

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Gaspar, O., and A. Pinto. "The ore textures of the Neves-Corvo volcanogenic massive sulphides and their implications for ore beneficiation." Mineralogical Magazine 55, no. 380 (September 1991): 417–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1991.055.380.11.

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AbstractThe Neves-Corvo mine opened officially in December 1988 and it is already the biggest producer of copper in the Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB). Tin production started in 1990. The ore deposits of the IPB are related to felsic submarine volcanism which developed during the lower Tournaisian to the middle Visean. At the end of the first phase of Hercynian deformation in the middle Westphalian, the ore deposits were affected by low-pressure metamorphism producing schistosity and prehenite-pumpellyite greenschist facies assemblages in the volcanogenic sediments of the IPB.The unique nature of the mineralogy of the Neves-Corvo deposit compared with other IPB deposits is mainly a result of the introduction of later Cu-rich hydrothermal solutions to the primitive ore pile and the presence of tin mineralisation. The cupriferous ores are rich in tetrahedrite-tennantite, stannite, kesterite, stannoidite and mawsonite.Cassiterite occurs in Neves-Corvo: (a) as thin layers of euhedral crystals in cupriferous ores, partially replaced by chalcopyrite; (b) in the schistosity of a banded black shale chalcopyrite hanging wall formation; (c) as metre-sized lenses of massive cassiterite overlying the cupriferous ores.The ore textures at Neves-Corvo are complex, due to intergrowths of fine colloform pyrite with the base metal minerals. Because of the low grade of metamorphism, colloform, geopetal and soft-sediment diagenetic features are preserved in the ‘complex ores’. These ‘complex ores’ have contents of 0.5% Cu, 1% Pb and 5.5% Zn. In copper-rich ores (7.9% Cu and 1.4% Zn), replacement of the primary ore by chalcopyrite has obliterated most of these textures and produced fine chalcopyrite-tetrahedrite-pyrite intergrowths. The textures clearly indicate the genesis of these ores but they impose a practical problem in recovery of the metals. There is no clear correlation between these textures and the ore classification used at the mine, but an understanding of the textures is vital since the ‘complex ores’ require fine grinding to achieve liberation and the fine grinding adversely affects the froth flotation processing of the ore.The implications of the complex sulphide textures for ore beneficiation have been studied using reflected light microscopy, with determination of modal analyses and grain-size distributions of free particles and middlings from concentrates and tailings.The outcome of a one-year intensive study is that the ore microscopy laboratory at the mine now produces daily information about the textures of the feed ores so that metallurgical engineers can optimise the performance of the ore dressing plant.

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Lyashenko, V. I., F. F. Topolnyi, and G. D. Kovalenko. "Improving the efficiency of leaching of metals from ore raw materials." Metallurgicheskaya i gornorudnaya promyshlennost, №5, 2018, no. 5 (October 2018): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.33101/s005-3587967.

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Purpose. Improving the efficiency of leaching of metals from ore raw materials by justifying the parameters of underground mining and the introduction of integrated technology in combination with geotechnology, ensuring the rational use, protection of the subsurface and the environment during the development of reserves by combined geotechnological methods. Metology. The methods of generalization, analysis and evaluation of practical experience and scientific achievements in the field of geotechnology, theory and practice of explosive destruction of solid media, continuum mechanics, mathematical statistics, as well as research techniques of wave processes according to standard and new techniques of the leading experts of the world's advanced mining countries are described. Findings. The factors determining the leaching efficiency of metal ores, environmental and seismic safety are established and the parameters of the explosion are justified taking into account the size of an average linear piece of exploded ore mass, the area of an emanating surface and the seismic safety of protected objects (industrial buildings, residential buildings, the Ingul river underflow, Kropivnitsky, etc.). Originality. Recommended empirical dependence for the prediction of the oscillation speed on the reduced mass of charge per deceleration step in the explosive preparation of ore for underground leaching of metals for the field conditions of the form y = a ∙ b also the value of the permissible displacement rate of the soil at the base of the protected objects = 0.4 cm / s. Practical value. When non-conforming ores of deposits are involved in the production, their raw material base at operating mines can be increased 1.4–1.6 times. Keywords: mining technology, underground mining, metal leaching, environmental safety, efficiency.

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38

Vokes, F. M., and J. R. Craig. "Post-recrystallisation mobilisation phenomena in metamorphosed stratabound sulphide ores." Mineralogical Magazine 57, no. 386 (March 1993): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1993.057.386.03.

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AbstractMetamorphosed stratabound iron- and base-metal sulphide deposits often exhibit microtextures in which fractures in cataclastically-deformed pyrite porphyroblasts are filled with matrix sulphides; chalcopyrite, sphalerite, pyrrhotite or galena. Discussions of such textures have mostly centred on whether solid-phase or fluid-phase mechanisms were responsible for the movement of the matrix sulphides.The small Zn-Cu sulphide body at Gressli, in the central Norwegian Caledonides, shows these textural features to an extreme degree. Both chalcopyrite and sphalerite show heavy replacive relations to the cataclastically deformed metablastic pyrite, along fracture walls and grain boundaries. They also occur injected along the opened-up triple junctions of foam-textured pyrite. In addition, parts of the ore show patchy quartz with clear replacive relationship to all three sulphides, a feature not often reported from such ores. Such textures can be interpreted to support a mobilisation sequence chalcopyrite-sphalerite-quartz within the Gressli ore. Their extent and degree of development indicate that fluid-phase mobilisation of the three minerals must have played a dominant role. Chalcopyrite and sphalerite are most likely derived from within the ore-mass itself; an external source for the SiO2 seems most probable, in the form of metahydrothermal solutions moving along retrograde shear zones at or near ore-walls.

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Cook, Nigel, Kathy Ehrig, Mark Rollog, Cristiana Ciobanu, Daniel Lane, Danielle Schmandt, Nicholas Owen, Toby Hamilton, and Stephen Grano. "210Pb and 210Po in Geological and Related Anthropogenic Materials: Implications for Their Mineralogical Distribution in Base Metal Ores." Minerals 8, no. 5 (May 13, 2018): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min8050211.

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40

Trubachev, Aleksei, Artur Sekisov, and Alexander Lavrov. "ASSOCIATIONS OF MINERALS AND ELEMENTS IN ORES AND DRESSING PRODUCTS OF EAST BAIKAL BASE AND PRECIOUS METAL DEPOSITS." Proceedings of the Siberian Department of the Section of Earth Sciences, Russian Academy of Natural Sciences. Geology, Prospecting and Exploration of Ore Deposits, no. 3 (September 2016): 44–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/0130-108x-2016-56-3-44-56.

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41

Heydartaemeh, Mohammadreza, Mohammad Karamoozian, and Herman Potgieter. "Application of Nano High-Entropy Alloys to Reduce Energy Consumption and Wear of Copper Oxide and High-Grade Iron Ores in Heavy Mining Industries—A Case Study." Minerals 10, no. 1 (December 23, 2019): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10010016.

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Problems relating to the abrasion of equipment is one of the most important issues in mining and associated industries. Hardening is a method of protecting metal equipment, metal tools, or important components against erosion, corrosion, and abrasion. This can be achieved by welding a thin layer of abrasion-resistant metal onto the surface of the work piece. The useful life of a piece of equipment or parts can be significantly increased by applying abrasion-resistant coatings, thereby reducing repair or replacement costs associated with damaged parts. This process is inexpensive in the production of parts and is often economically justifiable. This study focuses on measuring the abrasion resistance of a nano high-entropy alloy against copper oxide and high-grade iron ores. When a base alloy was coated with the nano high-entropy alloy, the abrasion indexes of iron and copper ores decreased from 0.0001647 kg to 0.0000908 kg and from 0.0001472 kg to 0.0000803 kg, respectively. The standard deviation, repeatability, and reproducibility were calculated for the alloy steel blade covered with nano high entropy alloy (N-HEA), producing values of 0.00016, 0.00047, and 0.00040, respectively, while a standard alloy steel blade exhibited values of 0.0003, 0.00047, and 0.00042, respectively. High-entropy alloys and high-entropy nano-alloys have not been used as practical coatings in the mineral industry in any form to date. Utilizing high-entropy nano-alloys in this industry would introduce innovative alternatives for customers, thereby increasing competitive advantages and providing international markets and customers = with the most efficient choices of operational materials.

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42

Mohammad, Ali, and Jay Pal Singh Chahar. "Colorimetric Determination of Silver in Synthetically Prepared Ores with Preliminary Separation from Associated Metal Ions by Thin-Layer Chromatography." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 82, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 172–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/82.1.172.

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Abstract Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) of metal ions on layers of microcrystalline cellulose, alumina G, and their binary mixtures was performed with aqueous solutions of ammonia (NH3), acetic acid (HOAc), sodium acetate (NaOAc), ammonium acetate (NH4OAc), and sodium nitrate (NaNO3) as mobile phases. Ag+ was separated from other metal ions by using a mixed layer with 1.0M aqueous NH3 as mobile phase. Some important binary, ternary, and quaternary separations were achieved. The effect of acid-base equilibria on the retention behavior of Ag+ was examined. After TLC separation, Ag+ was determined quantitatively by spectrophotometry using dithizone solution (in acetone) as chromogenic reagent. The TLC–colorimetric method was applied to recovery of Ag+ from horn silver (AgCI) and argentite (Ag2S).

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43

Mikhlin, Yuri. "X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy in Mineral Processing Studies." Applied Sciences 10, no. 15 (July 26, 2020): 5138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10155138.

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Surface phenomena play the crucial role in the behavior of sulfide minerals in mineral processing of base and precious metal ores, including flotation, leaching, and environmental concerns. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is the main experimental technique for surface characterization at present. However, there exist a number of problems related with complex composition of natural mineral systems, and instability of surface species and mineral/aqueous phase interfaces in the spectrometer vacuum. This overview describes contemporary XPS methods in terms of categorization and quantitative analysis of oxidation products, adsorbates and non-stoichiometric layers of sulfide phases, depth and lateral spatial resolution for minerals and ores under conditions related to mineral processing and hydrometallurgy. Specific practices allowing to preserve volatile species, e.g., elemental sulfur, polysulfide anions and flotation collectors, as well as solid/liquid interfaces are surveyed; in particular, the prospects of ambient pressure XPS and cryo-XPS of fast-frozen wet mineral pastes are discussed. It is also emphasized that further insights into the surface characteristics of individual minerals in technological slurries need new protocols of sample preparation in conjunction with high spatial resolution photoelectron spectroscopy that is still unavailable or unutilized in practice.

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Ratkin, V. V., L. F. Simanenko, and O. A. Eliseeva. "MICROFACIES AND MINERAL ASSEMBLAGES OF SILVER-BASE-METAL ORES OF THE MAIMINOVSKY VEIN DEPOSIT (SIKHOTE-ALIN, DAL’NEGORSK ORE DISTRICT)." Tikhookeanskaya Geologiya 37, no. 6 (2018): 76–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.30911/0207-4028-2018-37-6-76-94.

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Ratkin, V. V., L. F. Simanenko, and O. A. Eliseeva. "Microfacies and Mineral Assemblages of Silver–Base-Metal Ores of the Maiminovskoe Vein Deposit (Sikhote-Alin, Dal’negorsky Ore District)." Russian Journal of Pacific Geology 12, no. 6 (November 2018): 521–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1819714018060052.

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46

Soedarsono, Johny Wahyuadi, Vita Astini, Fahmi Fazri, Adji Kawigraha, Rianti Dewi Sulamet-Ariobimo, Andi Rustandi, and Seto Tjahyono. "Effect of Carbon Content in Direct Reduction Process of Limonite Iron Oxide to Produce Pig Iron Substitute for Thin Wall Ductile Iron Process." Advanced Materials Research 887-888 (February 2014): 281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.887-888.281.

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Quality molten metal needed to produce thin wall ductile iron (TWDI). Pig iron, as the major base material to produce quality molten metal, due to its high price, has been change with scraps. The use of scrap as major base material associates with more cleaning and chemical composition adjustment. The ITmk3 technology in iron making has successfully produced iron nugget. Iron nugget can be use to substitute pig iron due to its quality that is comparable to pig iron but lower in price. This research conducted to see the effects of carbon content in producing iron nugget. Limonite iron ores used in this research are part of laterite rocks taken from Sebuku Island in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Variation made to weight of carbon mixed with laterite. Heating temperatures of direct reduction process are 700°C, 900°C, and 1000°C. The process times are 10, 20, and 30 minutes. XRF used in analysing Fe content in laterite and XRD is used in analysing result of direct reduction process. The result shows that increasing carbon content to certain condition will increase the rate of gasification process during direct reduction. The increase of gasification rate will result to higher Fe formation.

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Oberthür, Thomas. "The Fate of Platinum-Group Minerals in the Exogenic Environment—From Sulfide Ores via Oxidized Ores into Placers: Case Studies Bushveld Complex, South Africa, and Great Dyke, Zimbabwe." Minerals 8, no. 12 (December 9, 2018): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min8120581.

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Diverse studies were performed in order to investigate the behavior of the platinum-group minerals (PGM) in the weathering cycle in the Bushveld Complex of South Africa and the Great Dyke of Zimbabwe. Samples were obtained underground, from core, in surface outcrops, and from alluvial sediments in rivers draining the intrusions. The investigations applied conventional mineralogical methods (reflected light microscopy) complemented by modern techniques (scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mineral liberation analysis (MLA), electron-probe microanalysis (EPMA), and LA-ICPMS analysis). This review aims at combining the findings to a coherent model also with respect to the debate regarding allogenic versus authigenic origin of placer PGM. In the pristine sulfide ores, the PGE are present as discrete PGM, dominantly PGE-bismuthotellurides, -sulfides, -arsenides, -sulfarsenides, and -alloys, and substantial though variable proportions of Pd and Rh are hosted in pentlandite. Pt–Fe alloys, sperrylite, and most PGE-sulfides survive the weathering of the ores, whereas the base metal sulfides and the (Pt,Pd)-bismuthotellurides are destroyed, and ill-defined (Pt,Pd)-oxides or -hydroxides develop. In addition, elevated contents of Pt and Pd are located in Fe/Mn/Co-oxides/hydroxides and smectites. In the placers, the PGE-sulfides experience further modification, whereas sperrylite largely remains a stable phase, and grains of Pt–Fe alloys and native Pt increase in relative proportion. In the Bushveld/Great Dyke case, the main impact of weathering on the PGM assemblages is destruction of the unstable PGM and PGE-carriers of the pristine ores and of the intermediate products of the oxidized ores. Dissolution and redistribution of PGE is taking place, however, the newly-formed products are thin films, nano-sized particles, small crystallites, or rarely µm-sized grains primarily on substrates of precursor detrital/allogenic PGM grains, and they are of subordinate significance. In the Bushveld/Great Dyke scenario, and in all probability universally, authigenic growth and formation of discrete, larger PGM crystals or nuggets in the supergene environment plays no substantial role, and any proof of PGM “neoformation” in a grand style is missing. The final PGM suite which survived the weathering process en route from sulfide ores via oxidized ores into placers results from the continuous elimination of unstable PGM and the dispersion of soluble PGE. Therefore, the alluvial PGM assemblage represents a PGM rest spectrum of residual, detrital grains.

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Lyashenko, Vasil, Oleh Khomenko, Tatiana Chekushina, Tamara Dudar, and Fedor Topolnij. "Evaluation of efficiency and environmental safety of leaching metals from ore: ways of development and prospects." Technology audit and production reserves 3, no. 3(59) (June 30, 2021): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2706-5448.2021.235288.

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The object of research is traditional mining technologies and technical means in combination with underground block leaching (UBL) of metals from rock ores with their preliminary crushing with explosives in installations mounted in mine workings. One of the most problematic areas is the difficulty of achieving a given crushing quality, as well as the required height of ore storage in the chamber for the subsequent leaching of metals and a loosening factor, taking into account the control of the energy of explosive destruction of rock ores. The study used: – data from literary sources and patent documentation in the field of technologies and technical means for UBL of metals from ores in energy disturbed massifs, substantiation of technological parameters of operational blocks; – laboratory and production experiments; – physical modeling of metal extraction from ores from the average linear size of a piece of blasted ore. Analytical studies, comparative analysis of theoretical and practical results using standard and new methods were carried out with the participation of the authors. It was found that the most intensive infiltration leaching occurs when the size class of ore lumps is –100+0 mm. Metals are extracted from fractions –200+100 mm less intensively and for a longer time. To neutralize and flush the spent ore mass, it is recommended to treat it with lime solution and mine water through wells for supplying leaching solutions (irrigation system). The protection of the hydrogeological environment is carried out by silting the bottom of the chamber for collecting productive solutions with clay solution and by constant monitoring of mine water pollution in the zone of UBL influence. On the basis of the positive results obtained from the study and implementation of technologies for UBL of metals from rock ores during the development of block 5–86, in accordance with the recommendations issued, the same approach was used for blocks 5–84–86 and 5–88–90, as well as industrial experimental block 1–75–79. Due to the involvement in the production of substandard ores, the raw material base for the extraction of metals, at the operating mines, can be increased by 1.4–1.6 times. The research results can be used in underground mining of ore deposits of complex structure in Ukraine, the Russian Federation, the Republic of Kazakhstan and other developed mining countries of the world.

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Brugger, J., J. Ogierman, A. Pring, H. Waldron, and U. Kolitsch. "Origin of the secondary REE-minerals at the Paratoo copper deposit near Yunta, South Australia." Mineralogical Magazine 70, no. 6 (December 2006): 609–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/0026461067060361.

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AbstractThe Paratoo copper deposit, located in the Neoproterozoic to Cambrian Adelaide Geosyncline, South Australia, produced around 360 tons of Cu between 1888 and 1967 from oxidized ores. The deposit is located in the core of a breached, doubly plunging anticline, near a zone of disruption containing brecciated Adelaidean sedimentary rocks and dolerite (‘Paratoo Diapir’), and hosted in dolomitic shales of the Neoproterozoic Burra Formation. Near the surface, the mineralization resides mainly in deeply weathered quartz-magnetite-sulphide (pyrite, chalcopyrite) veins (⩽10 cm wide). At depth, drill cores reveal disseminated magnetite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, copper sulphide and native copper associated with extensive potassic alteration. K-Na-rich fluids also affected the dolerite in the ‘Paratoo diapir’, resulting in the precipitation of K-feldspar, dravite and K-bearing chabazite-Na. The most likely scenario for the genesis of the Paratoo deposit involves circulation of basinal fluids, focusing into the ‘Paratoo Diapir’, and ore precipitation through neutralization by fluid-rock interaction with the dolomitic shales hosting the mineralization.The Paratoo deposit is deeply weathered, with malachite and chrysocolla (± tenorite and cuprite) containing the bulk of the copper recovered from the shallow workings. A diverse assemblage of secondary REE-bearing carbonate minerals, including the new species decrespignyite-(Y) and paratooite-(La), is associated with the weathered base metal and magnetite ores. Whole-rock geochemical analyses of fresh and mineralized host rock and of vein material reveals that the mineralization is associated with a strong, albeit highly variable, enrichment in light rare earth elements (LREE). This association indicates that REE and base metals were introduced by the same hydrothermal fluid. The strong negative Ce anomaly found in secondary REE minerals and mineralized rock samples suggests an upgrade of the REE contents in the weathering zone, insoluble Ce4+ being left behind.The Fe-oxide-REE-base metal association at Paratoo is also characteristic of the giant Mesoproterozoic Fe oxide copper gold deposit of Olympic Dam, located 350 km to the NW. A similar association is found in the Palaeozoic deposits of the Mt Painter Inlier, 300 km to the NNE. The widespread occurrence of this elemental association in the Province probably reflects the geochemistry of the basement, which contains numerous Mesoproterozoic granites enriched in REE and U.

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Gaskov, I. V., A. G. Vladimirov, A. I. Khanchuk, G. A. Pavlova, and V. I. Gvozdev. "Distribution of indium in ores of some base metal and tin–sulfide deposits in Siberia and the Russian Far East." Geology of Ore Deposits 59, no. 1 (January 2017): 56–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1075701517010032.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Base-metal ores'

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