Academic literature on the topic 'Base fragment of oscillogram'
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Journal articles on the topic "Base fragment of oscillogram"
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Shuker, Sabri T. "Base-of-Skull/Infratemporal Fossa Shell Fragment Retrieval." Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 68, no. 11 (November 2010): 2668–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2010.05.069.
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Martínez-Salvador, Sonia, Babil Menjón, Juan Forniés, Antonio Martín, and Isabel Usón. "Trapping a Difluorocarbene-Platinum Fragment by Base Coordination." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 49, no. 25 (May 6, 2010): 4286–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200907031.
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Martínez-Salvador, Sonia, Babil Menjón, Juan Forniés, Antonio Martín, and Isabel Usón. "Trapping a Difluorocarbene-Platinum Fragment by Base Coordination." Angewandte Chemie 122, no. 25 (May 6, 2010): 4382–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.200907031.
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Cross, Simon S. J. "Improved FlexX Docking Using FlexS-Determined Base Fragment Placement." Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 45, no. 4 (July 2005): 993–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ci050026f.
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Sechi, Leonardo A., Ilaria Duprè, Guido Leori, Giovanni Fadda, and Stefania Zanetti. "Distribution of a Specific 500-Base-Pair Fragment in Mycobacterium bovis Isolates from Sardinian Cattle." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38, no. 10 (2000): 3837–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.38.10.3837-3839.2000.
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Amplification of a specific, 500-bp fragment fromMycobacterium bovis isolates and use of the fragment to differentiate between Mycobacterium tuberculosis andM. bovis was previously reported (J. G. Rodriguez, G. A. Meja, P. Del Portillo, M. E. Patarroyo, and L. A. Murillo, Microbiology 141:2131–2138, 1995). In the present study, 30M. bovis isolates from Sardinian cattle were examined for the presence of this 500-bp fragment; 4 of the 30 isolates lacked the fragment. This result indicates that identification of M. bovis strains by amplification of the 500-bp sequence may lead to false-negative results.
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Liverneaux, P. A., S. Ichihara, S. Hendriks, S. Facca, and F. Bodin. "Fractures and dislocation of the base of the thumb metacarpal." Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 40, no. 1 (October 13, 2014): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753193414554357.
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Acute traumatic lesions of the base of the first metacarpal are frequent and their consequences can affect the opposition of the thumb. They usually occur after trauma in compression along the axis of the thumb in flexion. Restoring the anatomy and biomechanics of the trapeziometacarpal joint is essential when treating these injuries, hence why surgical treatment is usually indicated. We distinguish trapeziometacarpal dislocations, small-fragment and large-fragment Bennett’s fractures, articular three-fragment Rolando and comminutive fractures and extra-articular fractures of the base of the first metacarpal. All carry the risk of narrowing of the first web. Recent studies have described poor results with conservative treatment. Surgical techniques are varied: percutaneous surgery, open surgery and arthroscopic surgery. The techniques of osteosynthesis are various: locking plates, and direct or indirect screw fixation or pinning. The prognosis depends on the quality of the restoration of the mobility of the trapeziometacarpal joint. Level of evidence: 4
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Wei, Ting-Chi. "Fragment answers in Mandarin Chinese." International Journal of Chinese Linguistics 3, no. 1 (June 7, 2016): 100–131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijchl.3.1.04wei.
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The derivational differences of the fragment answers in Mandarin Chinese lie in whether a fragment moves or not. Under the movement and ellipsis analysis (Merchant 2004), fragment answer to wh-question moves to SpecFocP, followed by TP ellipsis. In contrast, fragment answer to yes-no question or for correction is a base-generated structure, [pro copula fragment]. The analysis is supported not only by the existence of the copular verb and the fragment answers to questions involving the passive constructions and preposition stranding but also by cross-linguistic evidence.
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Kikuchi, Hideaki, Takao Sekiya, Susumu Nishimura, and Minro Watanabe. "Rat repetitive sequence: consensus sequence ofTag1–298 base pairs fragment." Nucleic Acids Research 15, no. 19 (1987): 8107–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/15.19.8107.
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Lin, Wei, and Ming Xu. "A Microsoft Word Documents Carving Method Base on Interior Virtual Streams." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 3028–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.3028.
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Microsoft word is widely used for word processing and document production. So the loss of the Word file would be great damages for their owner. File carving can reconstruct files based on their content and their own structure rather than using the metadata of the file system. The existing methods do not work very well on carving fragmented Word files. This paper presents a Microsoft Word documents carving method based on interior virtual streams. Firstly, we locate the header section and control streams-SAT to construct the framework for a Word file; then find its fragment regions by utilizing the framework information, and use the sequential hypothesis testing on the data streams in the fragment region to detect the fragment point. Based on DFRWS data sets and real data set, experiments show our method can automatically carve continuous and fragmented Microsoft word file. Moreover, the comparative experiments demonstrate that the proposed method is better than others’ in accurateness and effectiveness.
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Ke, Song-Hua, and Roger M. Wartell. "Influence of Neighboring Base Pairs on the Stability of Single Base Bulges and Base Pairs in a DNA Fragment." Biochemistry 34, no. 14 (April 11, 1995): 4593–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00014a012.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Base fragment of oscillogram"
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Козлова, Елена Борисовна. "Подавление регенеративных автоколебаний при фрезеровании тонкостенного элемента детали концевыми цилиндрическими фрезами." Thesis, Запорожский национальный технический университет, 2016. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/25652.
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Диссертация на соискание ученой степени кандидата технических наук по специальности 05.03.01 – процессы механической обработки, станки и инструменты. Национальный технический университет "Харьковский политехнический институт", Харьков, 2016.
Диссертационная работа посвящена выявлению основных закономерностей влияния косоугольности и разнонаклонности зубьев концевой цилиндрической фрезы на повышение ее виброустойчивости и качество обработанной поверхности при фрезеровании тонкостенного элемента детали. Показано, что при изучении динамики процессов резания необходимо учитывать не только силы резания, но и силы упругости, демпфирования и инерционные силы, а также собственные частоты колебаний как инструмента, так и обрабатываемой детали. Конструкция измерительного стенда и система оценивания результатов позволяют определять закон движения тонкостенного элемента детали под действием всех видов сил. Разработанная конструкция 4–зубой экспериментальной концевой цилиндрической фрезы с регулируемым углом наклона каждого зуба позволила определить влияние косоугольности и разнонаклонности зубьев на вибрационные процессы, возбуждаемые при фрезеровании. Проведены исследования по определению влияния цилиндрической и плоской ленточки на задней поверхности зуба на подавление регенеративных автоколебаний. Установлено, что плоская ленточка на задней поверхности оказывает существенное положительное влияние на снижение параметра размаха автоколебаний R2. Механизм подавления автоколебаний в данном случае связан с изменением условий трения между задней поверхностью зуба фрезы и поверхностью резания. В работе приведены результаты сравнительных исследований по одновременному влиянию на подавление автоколебаний применения фрез с разнонаклонными режущими зубьями, у которых на задней поверхности заточена плоская ленточка. Заточка ленточки на задней поверхности разнонаклонных зубьев позволяет дополнительно уменьшить размах автоколебаний. При высоких скоростях фрезерования, когда автоколебания вырождаются, применение фрез с разнонаклонными зубьями не эффективно.The thesis for the degree of candidate of technical sciences, specialty 05.03.01 – machining processes, machines and tools. National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", Kharkiv, 2016. The thesis is sanctified to the exposure of basic conformities to law of influence of oblique–angledness and differently inclined points of end–capping cylindrical milling cutter on the increase of her vibration stability and quality of a treat surface at milling of the thin–walled element of detail. Construction of measuring stand and system of evaluation of results, and also the worked out construction of experimental end–capping cylindrical milling cutter with the managed angle of slope of every tooth allowed to define influence of oblique–angledness and differently inclined points on the oscillation processes excited at milling. On results the conducted experiments qualificatory correlation is set forth distinguished speed zones of vibrations of the thin–walled element of detail. It is set that increase of angle of slope of cutting edge w from 30° to 45° promotes vibrofirmness of process of the cylindrical milling. The turn of axis of rotation of milling cutter positively influences on the regenerative oscillation damping and reduces the parameter Ra of rejection of profile of a treat surface. A flat ribbon on a back surface renders substantial influence on the decline of parameter of scope of self–excited oscillations R2. Sharpening of ribbon on the back surface of differently inclined points allows additionally to decrease the scope of self–excited oscillations. At high–speeds of milling, when self–excited oscillations degenerate, application of milling cutters with differently inclined points is not effective.
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Козлова, Олена Борисівна. "Пригнічення регенеративних автоколивань при фрезеруванні тонкостінного елемента деталі кінцевими циліндричними фрезами." Thesis, НТУ "ХПІ", 2016. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/25648.
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Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.03.01 – процеси механічної обробки, верстати та інструменти. Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", Харків, 2016.
Дисертаційну роботу присвячено виявленню основних закономірностей впливу косокутності і різнонахиленості зубів кінцевої циліндричної фрези на підвищення її вібростійкості і якість обробленої поверхні при фрезеруванні тонкостінного елемента деталі. Конструкція вимірювального стенду та система оцінювання результатів, а також розроблена конструкція 4–зубої експериментальної кінцевої циліндричної фрези з можливістю регулювання кута нахилу кожного зуба, дозволили визначити вплив косокутності і різнонахиленості зубів на вібраційні процеси, які збуджуються при фрезеруванні. За результатами проведених експериментів сформульовано визначальне співвідношення і виділені IV швидкісні зони коливань тонкостінного елемента деталі. Встановлено, що кут нахилу ріжучої кромки w від 30° до 45° найбільше підвищує вібростійкість процесу циліндричного фрезерування. Поворот осі обертання фрези позитивно впливає на демпфування регенеративних втоколивань і знижує параметр Ra відхилення профілю обробленої поверхні. Експериментально підтверджено, що максимальний ефект від різнонахиленості сусідніх зубів досягається при невеликих кутах Dw від 3° до 6° в умовах порушення регенеративних автоколивань. Плоска стрічка на задній поверхні має суттєвий позитивний вплив на зниження параметра розмаху автоколивань R2. Заточування стрічки на задній поверхні різнонахилених зубів дозволяє додатково зменшити розмах автоколивань. При високих швидкостях фрезерування, коли автоколивання вироджуються, застосування фрез з різнонахиленими зубами неефективне.The thesis for the degree of candidate of technical sciences, specialty 05.03.01 – machining processes, machines and tools. National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", Kharkiv, 2016. The thesis is sanctified to the exposure of basic conformities to law of influence of oblique–angledness and differently inclined points of end–capping cylindrical milling cutter on the increase of her vibration stability and quality of a treat surface at milling of the thin–walled element of detail. Construction of measuring stand and system of evaluation of results, and also the worked out construction of experimental end–capping cylindrical milling cutter with the managed angle of slope of every tooth allowed to define influence of oblique–angledness and differently inclined points on the oscillation processes excited at milling. On results the conducted experiments qualificatory correlation is set forth distinguished speed zones of vibrations of the thin–walled element of detail. It is set that increase of angle of slope of cutting edge w from 30° to 45° promotes vibrofirmness of process of the cylindrical milling. The turn of axis of rotation of milling cutter positively influences on the regenerative oscillation damping and reduces the parameter Ra of rejection of profile of a treat surface. A flat ribbon on a back surface renders substantial influence on the decline of parameter of scope of self–excited oscillations R2. Sharpening of ribbon on the back surface of differently inclined points allows additionally to decrease the scope of self–excited oscillations. At high–speeds of milling, when self–excited oscillations degenerate, application of milling cutters with differently inclined points is not effective.
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Gorugantula, Sobha Priyadarshini. "Syntheses of fused pyrroloheterocycles, isatins, approach towards the indole fragment of nosiheptide and a base-mediated formation of 3-hydroxycarbazoles." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10450/10483.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2009.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xx, 242 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 137-145).
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Yongsiriwit, Karn. "Modeling and mining business process variants in cloud environments." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLL002/document.
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De plus en plus les organisations adoptent les systèmes d'informations sensibles aux processus basés sur Cloud en tant qu'un environnement pour gérer et exécuter des processus dans le Cloud dans l'objectif de partager et de déployer leurs applications de manière optimale. Cela est particulièrement vrai pour les grandes organisations ayant des succursales opérant dans des différentes régions avec des processus considérablement similaires. Telles organisations doivent soutenir de nombreuses variantes du même processus en raison de la culture locale de leurs succursales, de leurs règlements, etc. Cependant, le développement d'une nouvelle variante de processus à partir de zéro est sujet à l'erreur et peut prendre beaucoup du temps. Motivés par le paradigme "la conception par la réutilisation", les succursales peuvent collaborer pour développer de nouvelles variantes de processus en apprenant de leurs processus similaires. Ces processus sont souvent hétérogènes, ce qui empêche une interopérabilité facile et dynamique entre les différentes succursales. Une variante de processus est un ajustement d'un modèle de processus afin de s'adapter d'une façon flexible aux besoins spécifiques. De nombreuses recherches dans les universités et les industries visent à faciliter la conception des variantes de processus. Plusieurs approches ont été développées pour aider les concepteurs de processus en recherchant des modèles de processus métier similaires ou en utilisant des modèles de référence. Cependant, ces approches sont lourdes, longues et sujettes à des erreurs. De même, telles approches recommandent des modèles de processus pas pratiques pour les concepteurs de processus qui ont besoin d'ajuster une partie spécifique d'un modèle de processus. En fait, les concepteurs de processus peuvent mieux développer des variantes de processus ayant une approche qui recommande un ensemble bien défini d'activités à partir d'un modèle de processus défini comme un fragment de processus. Les grandes organisations multi-sites exécutent les variantes de processus BP dans l'environnement Cloud pour optimiser le déploiement et partager les ressources communes. Cependant, ces ressources Cloud peuvent être décrites en utilisant des différents standards de description des ressources Cloud ce qui empêche l'interopérabilité entre les différentes succursales. Dans cette thèse, nous abordons les limites citées ci-dessus en proposant une approche basée sur les ontologies pour peupler sémantiquement une base de connaissance commune de processus et de ressources Cloud, ce qui permet une interopérabilité entre les succursales de l'organisation. Nous construisons notre base de connaissance en étendant les ontologies existantes. Ensuite, nous proposons une approche pour exploiter cette base de connaissances afin de supporter le développement des variantes BP. De plus, nous adoptons un algorithme génétique pour allouer d'une manière optimale les ressources Cloud aux BPs. Pour valider notre approche, nous développons deux preuves de concepts et effectuons des expériences sur des ensembles de données réels. Les résultats expérimentaux montrent que notre approche est réalisable et précise dans des cas d'utilisation réelsMore and more organizations are adopting cloud-based Process-Aware Information Systems (PAIS) to manage and execute processes in the cloud as an environment to optimally share and deploy their applications. This is especially true for large organizations having branches operating in different regions with a considerable amount of similar processes. Such organizations need to support many variants of the same process due to their branches' local culture, regulations, etc. However, developing new process variant from scratch is error-prone and time consuming. Motivated by the "Design by Reuse" paradigm, branches may collaborate to develop new process variants by learning from their similar processes. These processes are often heterogeneous which prevents an easy and dynamic interoperability between different branches. A process variant is an adjustment of a process model in order to flexibly adapt to specific needs. Many researches in both academics and industry are aiming to facilitate the design of process variants. Several approaches have been developed to assist process designers by searching for similar business process models or using reference models. However, these approaches are cumbersome, time-consuming and error-prone. Likewise, such approaches recommend entire process models which are not handy for process designers who need to adjust a specific part of a process model. In fact, process designers can better develop process variants having an approach that recommends a well-selected set of activities from a process model, referred to as process fragment. Large organizations with multiple branches execute BP variants in the cloud as environment to optimally deploy and share common resources. However, these cloud resources may be described using different cloud resources description standards which prevent the interoperability between different branches. In this thesis, we address the above shortcomings by proposing an ontology-based approach to semantically populate a common knowledge base of processes and cloud resources and thus enable interoperability between organization's branches. We construct our knowledge base built by extending existing ontologies. We thereafter propose an approach to mine such knowledge base to assist the development of BP variants. Furthermore, we adopt a genetic algorithm to optimally allocate cloud resources to BPs. To validate our approach, we develop two proof of concepts and perform experiments on real datasets. Experimental results show that our approach is feasible and accurate in real use-cases
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Yan, Xuan. "Structural analysis of the potential therapeutic targets from specific genes in Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2613.
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The thesis describes over-expression, purification and crystallization of three proteins from Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). S. aureus is an important human pathogen and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is a serious problem in hospitals nowadays. The crystal structure of 3-Methyladenine DNA glycosylase I (TAG) was determined by single-wavelength anomalous diffraction (SAD) method. TAG is responsible for DNA repair and is an essential gene for both MRSA and methicilin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA). The structure was also determined in complex with 3-methyladenine (3-MeA) and was solved using molecular replacement (MR) method. An assay was carried out and the molecular basis of discrimination between 3-MeA and adenosine was determined. The native crystal structure of fructose 1-phosphate kinase (PFK) from S. aureus was determined to 2.30 Å and solved using molecular replacement method. PFK is an essential enzyme involved in the central metabolism of MRSA. Despite extensive efforts no co-complex was determined, although crystals were obtained they diffracted poorly. An assay which can be used to test for inhibitors has been developed. Mevalonate Kinase (MK) is another essential enzyme in MRSA and is a key drug target in the mevalonate pathway. Native data diffracting to 2.2 Å was collected. The structure was solved using multiple isomorphorus replacement (MIR) method. A citrate molecule was bound at the MK active site, arising from the crystallization condition. The citrate molecule indicates how substrate might bind. The protein was kinetically characterized. A thermodynamic analysis using fluorescence-based method was carried out on each protein to investigate binding interactions of potential fragments and thus a drug design starting point.
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Ko, Chin-Yu, and 柯清瑀. "Classifying protein fragment of unknown structure base on amino acid sequence pattern." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/31339708471796649433.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
醫學工程學研究所
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Protein structure prediction plays a major role in clinical research of biomedical science in the 21st century. In the past, protein structures were obtained by X-ray diffraction or nuclear magnetic resonance but both methods have technical limitation. If a fragmented protein sequence can be correctly matched to its structure, it would be more effective to infer the unknown functions of a protein with less expense and numerous problems in biomedical area may be resolved naturally. The major difficulty in developing the method of protein structure prediction lies in the selection of the protein backbone template especially when there is no homology protein to refer to, which leads to the deviation of backbone structure even though it is a local optimal structure. In this study, we proposed a new method to classify protein fragment, which not only discovered the possible structures of each protein fragment but also opened up varieties of possibilities to predict the whole protein structure. The primary idea of the proposed method is based on pattern mining of protein fragment sequences. It is motivated by the observation that there exist a finite number of specific sequence patterns in each class of protein fragments and these patterns may imply not only sequence information but possible molecular interaction. Once we found out these patterns, we could assign appropriate class to each fragment of protein and match fragments to the possible structures. If two proteins are similar in structures, it does not imply that their sequences be similar as well but using the classes characterizing different protein fragment structures to annotate that two protein sequences should be similar. Theoretically, it can reduce the structural deviation caused by slight sequence difference. Recognizing the potential drawbacks of depending on the existence of homologous proteins commonly found in conventional secondary and tertiary protein structure predictions, in the proposed method, we deliberately dropped the step of finding homologous proteins but still kept the concepts of homology modeling. The prediction accuracy in test data is about 78% and in whole sequence cases is more than 77%.
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Cunha, Andreia Espírito Santo. "Towards the discovery of novel anti-Influenza agents using a reverse virtual fragment screening approach." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/83182.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Química Medicinal apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e TecnologiaOs vírus influenza são agentes patogénicos responsáveis por doenças respiratórias – gripe - que afetam a população mundial e caracterizadas por elevada morbilidade e significativa mortalidade. As infeções provocadas pelo vírus da gripe podem ser controladas através de vacinação e medicamentos antivirais. No entanto, as vacinas precisam de reformulação e administração anuais e oferecem proteção limitada. O rápido aparecimento de estirpes de influenza resistentes aos fármacos atualmente comercializados contra o vírus influenza A realça a necessidade de desenvolver novas classes de antivirais.Vários estudos funcionais e estruturais demonstraram que a proteína não-estrutural 1 (NS1) do vírus Influenza é um potencial alvo terapêutico. A NS1 tem um papel principal na replicação do vírus e na supressão do sistema. Esta proteína multifuncional, que participa em interações proteína-RNA e proteína-proteína, e altamente conservada é constituída por dois domínios: o domínio N-terminal constituído por 73 aminoácidos que interage com o ácido ribonucleico (RNA) de dupla cadeia (RBD) e o domínio C-terminal denominado de domínio efetor (ED). Com o intuito de descobrir compostos orgânicos com capacidade de inibir a função da NS1, no presente projeto foi desenvolvido e implementado um protocolo que combina abordagens computacionais e experimentais. Primeiro, e para permitir a validação experimental de novos inibidores, caracterizou-se os domínios RBD e ED da NS1 através de várias técnicas experimentais, incluindo Calorimetria de Varrimento Diferencial (DSC), Dicroísmo Circular (CD), Cromatografia de Exclusão Molecular acoplada a um detetor multiangular de dispersão de luz (SEC-MALS) e Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (RMN). Os dados experimentais mostram que, em solução, o ED encontra-se em estado monomérico e o RBD em dímero. O espectro de RMN HSQC 1H-15N do RBD-NS1 revela uma grande dispersão de desvios químicos, demonstrando o alto potencial desta técnica para o rastreio de compostos ligantes através da análise da perturbação dos desvios químicos.A componente computacional deste protocolo assenta na identificação de regiões à superfície da NS1 propensos à interação com moléculas com características semelhantes às de fármacos, seguida do rastreio de pequenas moléculas orgânicas (fragmentos) associados a locais de ligação com elevada similaridade química e topológica de uma biblioteca de estruturas proteicas. As potenciais interações dos fragmentos assim identificados com a NS1 são analisadas mediante acoplagem (docking) dos mesmos aos locais de ligação previstos para esta proteína. Num passo final, e após a seleção e obtenção dos fragmentos mais promissores a partir de fornecedores à volta do mundo, realizou-se a validação experimental das interações por RMN. Na fase final deste projeto já foram testados dois fragmentos e é possível concluir a partir destes resultados preliminares o sucesso do protocolo.
Influenza viruses are major human pathogens responsible for respiratory diseases affecting millions of people worldwide and characterized by high morbidity and significant mortality. Influenza infections can be controlled by vaccination and antiviral drugs. However, vaccines need annual reformulation and administration, and provide limited protection. The rapid emergence of influenza virus strains resistant to current antiviral drugs directed against influenza A highlights the need for the development of new classes of antivirals. Toward this end, several structural and functional studies of influenza non-structural protein 1 (NS1) have identified this protein as a potential therapeutic target. This highly conserved and multifunctional protein is composed of two distinctive structural domains, a 73-residue N-terminal double stranded RNA-binding domain (RBD) and a C-terminal effector domain (ED).With the purpose of discover organic compounds with the ability to inhibit NS1, a protocol combining computational and experimental approaches was designed. First, and to allow the experimental validation of new inhibitors, we have characterized the RBD and ED domains of NS1 with several experimental techniques, such as Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Circular Dichroism (CD), Size-Exclusion Chromatography coupled with Multi-Angle Light Scattering (SEC-MALS) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). The experimental data shows that in solution the ED is in a monomeric state and RBD is a dimer. The 1H-15N HSQC spectrum of RBD-NS1 shows large chemical shift dispersion and thus presents high potential to be used in compound screening based on chemical shift perturbation experiments. The core of the computational protocol is based on the identification of regions in the NS1 surface with molecules with similar features to drugs, followed by screening of small organic molecules (fragments) associated with binding sites with high chemical similarity from a protein database. The possible interactions of the fragments with NS1 are analyzed using docking of the fragments with the binding site of NS1. In the final step, after the selection of the most promising fragments we proceed to the experimental validation using NMR experiments. We tested two fragments and the preliminary results show the success of the protocol.
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Bastien, Dominic. "Découverte d'inhibiteurs de la dihydrofolate réductase R67 impliquée dans la résistance au triméthoprime." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/8917.
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Le triméthoprime (TMP) est un antibiotique communément utilisé depuis les années 60. Le TMP est un inhibiteur de la dihydrofolate réductase (DHFR) bactérienne chromosomale. Cette enzyme est responsable de la réduction du dihydrofolate (DHF) en tétrahydrofolate (THF) chez les bactéries, qui lui, est essentiel à la synthèse des purines et ainsi, à la prolifération cellulaire. La résistance bactérienne au TMP est documentée depuis plus de 30 ans. Une des causes de cette résistance provient du fait que certaines souches bactériennes expriment une DHFR plasmidique, la DHFR R67. La DHFR R67 n'est pas affectée par le TMP, et peut ainsi remplacer la DHFR chromosomale lorsque celle-ci est inhibée par le TMP. À ce jour, aucun inhibiteur spécifique de la DHFR R67 est connu. En découvrant des inhibiteurs contre la DHFR R67, il serait possible de lever la résistance au TMP que la DHFR R67 confère aux bactéries.
Afin de découvrir des inhibiteurs de DHFR R67, les approches de design à base de fragments et de criblage virtuel ont été choisies. L'approche de design à base de fragments a permis d'identifier sept composés simples et de faible poids moléculaire (fragments) inhibant faiblement la DHFR R67. À partir de ces fragments, des composés plus complexes et symétriques, inhibant la DHFR R67 dans l'ordre du micromolaire, ont été élaborés. Des études cinétiques ont montré que ces inhibiteurs sont compétitifs et qu'au moins deux molécules se lient simultanément dans le site actif de la DHFR R67. L'étude d'analogues des inhibiteurs micromolaires de la DHFR R67 a permis de déterminer que la présence de groupements carboxylate, benzimidazole et que la longueur des molécules influencent la puissance des inhibiteurs. Une étude par arrimage moléculaire, appuyée par les résultats in vitro, a permis d'élaborer un modèle qui suggère que les résidus Lys32, Gln67 et Ile68 seraient impliqués dans la liaison avec les inhibiteurs. Le criblage virtuel de la librairie de 80 000 composés de Maybridge avec le logiciel Moldock, et les essais d'inhibition in vitro des meilleurs candidats, a permis d'identifier quatre inhibiteurs micromolaires appartenant à des familles distinctes des composés précédemment identifiés. Un second criblage virtuel, d'une banque de 6 millions de composés, a permis d'identifier trois inhibiteurs micromolaires toujours distincts. Ces résultats offrent la base à partir de laquelle il sera possible de développer
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des composés plus efficaces et possédant des propriétés phamacologiquement acceptables dans le but de développer un antibiotique pouvant lever la résistance au TMP conféré par la DHFR R67.Trimethoprim (TMP) is a common antibiotic which is used since the 60's. TMP is an inhibitor of the bacterial chromosomal dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). This enzyme catalyses the reduction of the dihydrofolate (DHF) to tetrahydrofolate (THF) which is essential to the biosynthesis of purines thus to cellular proliferation. Bacterial TMP resistance is documented since about 30 years. One of the cause of this resistance comes from the fact that certain bacteria express a plasmidic DHFR, the R67 DHFR, which confers TMP resistance. The R67 DHFR is not inhibited by TMP and can replace the chromosomal DHFR when the latter is inhibited by TMP. The discovery of R67 DHFR inhibitors would allow to break the trimethoprim resistance granted by R67 DHFR. In order to discover R67 DHFR inhibitors, fragment based design and virtual screening approaches were selected. By fragment based design, seven simple compounds with a low molecular mass which inhibited weakly R67 DHFR (fragments) were identified. From these fragments, more complex and symmetrical compounds inhibiting R67 DHFR in the micromolar range were identified. Kinetic studies showed these inhibitors were competitive and at least two molecules bind simultaneously to the active site of the R67 DHFR. Test of the micromolar inhibitors analog showed that the presence of carboxylate, benzimidazole and the length of the molecule all have an effect on the potency of the inhibitors. Molecular docking of the inhibitors, supported by in vitro data, were used to develop a model which suggest that residue like Lys32, Gln67 and Ile68 would be involved in the binding of the inhibitors to the R67 DHFR. Virtual screening of the 80 000 compound Maybridge library with Moldock software, followed by in vitro test of the best candidate, identified four micromolar inhibitors which are chemically distinct from the inhibitor beforehand identified. A second virtual screening of a 6 million compounds bank identified three micromolar inhibitors which are also distinct from the inhibitor beforehand identified. vi These results offer a basis which will allow further development of more potent inhibitors with more acceptable pharmacologic properties in order to develop an antibiotic which would break the TMP resistance granted by the R67 DHFR.
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Casu, Bastien. "Caractérisation biochimique, structurale et inhibition du système de sécrétion de type IV par l’étude des protéines VirB8." Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/20745.
Full textBook chapters on the topic "Base fragment of oscillogram"
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Zhang, Jing, Honglei Zhuang, Yanglei Song, Jiawei Han, Yutao Zhang, Jie Tang, and Juanzi Li. "Knowledge Fragment Enrichment Using Domain Knowledge Base." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 274–86. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2993-6_24.
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Haase, Christoph, and Jakub Różycki. "On the Expressiveness of Büchi Arithmetic." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 310–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71995-1_16.
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AbstractWe show that the existential fragment of Büchi arithmetic is strictly less expressive than full Büchi arithmetic of any base, and moreover establish that its $$\varSigma _2$$ Σ 2 -fragment is already expressively complete. Furthermore, we show that regular languages of polynomial growth are definable in the existential fragment of Büchi arithmetic.
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Kao, Chien-Hsiang, and Fang-Yie Leu. "Prediction of the Fragment of Video Streamed to Mobile Phones Under a 5G Network Base Station." In Innovative Mobile and Internet Services in Ubiquitous Computing, 493–501. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61542-4_47.
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Boelens, R., R. M. Scheek, R. M. J. N. Lamerichs, J. de Vlieg, J. H. van Boom, and R. Kaptein. "A Two-Dimensional NMR Study of the Complex of lac Repressor Headpiece with a 14 Base Pair lac Operator Fragment." In DNA—Ligand Interactions, 191–215. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5383-6_14.
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"Analysis Techniques." In DNA Fingerprinting, edited by Lorne t. Kirby. Oxford University Press, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780716770015.003.0009.
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Conventional DNA analysis techniques include cleavage of DNA by restriction enzymes, fragment electrophoresis, Southern transfer, probe labeling, probegenomic fragment hybridization, and print detection (Cawood 1989, Sambrook 1989, Berger 1987). Details of the assay conditions may vary considerably depending on the specific probes hybridized. Endonuclease digestion, electrophoresis, and Southern transfer are not required with simple dot-blot procedures. The quality of the final result can be no greater than the quality of the input DNA specimen and the attention of the analyst to assay details. The format of the analysis blot must be carefully considered to include control specimens and a broad range of size markers. The analyst must also be certain about the sizes of the profile fragments to accurately determine if matches exist between crime evidence and suspect specimen or offspring and putative parent specimens and to calculate the match probabilities. Restriction enzymes cleave DNA at specific recognition base sequences. It is important to choose an enzyme with sites flanking the repeats when fragments consisting of different numbers of tandem repeats are to be characterized for DNA profiling. Cleavage within a repeat sequence will result in the production of small fragments that may be unresolvable. The choice of enzyme, in this respect, is accomplished either by trial and error or by knowledge of the base sequence of the fragment flanking regions. The optimum reaction conditions vary for each enzyme; consequently, suppliers usually provide information sheets for the user. Digestion temperature and buffer salt concentration are the critical features. The reaction mixture can be overlaid with a few drops of paraffin oil to prevent vapor formation and changes in the buffer concentration. This applies mainly to enzymes such as Taq I that require high reaction temperatures (65°C in this example). Unless specifically indicated otherwise, three different strength ionic buffers will accommodate most enzymes.
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Omagano Itenge, Theopoline. "Application of PCR Technique to Detect Polymorphism of the KRTAP1.1 Gene in Three Sheep Breeds - A Review." In Analytical Chemistry - Advancement, Perspectives and Applications. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96941.
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The quality of wool and pelt products depends on the quality of the wool and pelt grown on farm. Genes coding for the proteins involved in the structural components of wool fibre; keratin intermediate filaments (KRTs) and keratin keratin-associated proteins (KAPs) have been extensively researched. The KAPs form a matrix in which the KRTs are embedded. In sheep, KRTAP1.1 (previously B2A) is one of the four genes encoding proteins that make up the KAP1.n family. The ovine KRTAP1.1 gene is clustered with the KRTAP1.3 and KRTAP1.4 genes on chromosome 11. In this chapter, the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) – Applied Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) typing method used to detect polymorphism in the KRTAP1.1 gene is reviewed. Three length variation KRTAP1.1 alleles; named A, B and C, of the lengths 341 base pair, 311 base pair and 281 base pair, respectively have been reported in three sheep breeds; Romney sheep of New Zealand, Merino sheep of New Zealand and Swakara sheep of Namibia. Genetic variation within the KRTs and KAPs can be further exploited to determine as to whether such variation impacts on wool quality. The presence of genetic variation within KRTs and KAPs offers opportunities for the development of gene markers affecting wool and pelt quality traits.
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Gawlikowski, Michał. "Bagatelles épigraphiques." In Classica Orientalia. Essays presented to Wiktor Andrzej Daszewski on his 75th Birthday, 183–91. DiG Publisher, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.37343/pcma.uw.dig.9788371817212.pp.183-191.
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The author revisits three different inscriptions from the ruins of Palmyra, either reused or in secondary position, providing readings and interpretation. A text on a console commemorates Marta, daughter of Nabuzabad and grandaughter of Zabdibol Simon; her statue was erected posthumously in the Great Colonnade. A block reused in the Temple of Bel propylae bears a fragment of an inscription in the Palmyrene script carved on the base of a statue with which the People's Council commemorated Barateh son of Zebida and grandson of Zabda Borra. The third inscription is on a column drum, identifying the donor of five columns as Zabdai son of Zabadnebo Qahzan; a longer inscription to this effect is already known and is referred to the west portico of the grand courtyard of the Bel sanctuary.
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Hogan, Aidan, Andreas Harth, and Axel Polleres. "Scalable Authoritative OWL Reasoning for the Web*." In Semantic Services, Interoperability and Web Applications, 131–77. IGI Global, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60960-593-3.ch006.
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In this chapter, the authors discuss the challenges of performing reasoning on large scale RDF datasets from the Web. Using ter-Horst’s pD* fragment of OWL as a base, the authors compose a rule-based framework for application to Web data: they argue their decisions using observations of undesirable examples taken directly from the Web. The authors further temper their OWL fragment through consideration of “authoritative sources” which counter-acts an observed behaviour which they term “ontology hijacking”: new ontologies published on the Web re-defining the semantics of existing entities resident in other ontologies. They then present their system for performing rule-based forward-chaining reasoning which they call SAOR: Scalable Authoritative OWL Reasoner. Based upon observed characteristics of Web data and reasoning in general, they design their system to scale: the system is based upon a separation of terminological data from assertional data and comprises of a lightweight in-memory index, on-disk sorts and file-scans. The authors evaluate their methods on a dataset in the order of a hundred million statements collected from real-world Web sources and present scale-up experiments on a dataset in the order of a billion statements collected from the Web. In this republished version, the authors also present extended discussion reflecting upon recent developments in the area of scalable RDFS/OWL reasoning, some of which has drawn inspiration from the original publication (Hogan, et al., 2009).
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"Cutthroat Trout: Evolutionary Biology and Taxonomy." In Cutthroat Trout: Evolutionary Biology and Taxonomy, edited by Dennis K. Shiozawa, R. Paul Evans, Derek D. Houston, and Peter J. Unmack. American Fisheries Society, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874509.ch6.
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<em>Abstract</em>.—North American trout have undergone a long and complicated taxonomic history and this holds for taxonomic designations of Cutthroat Trout <em>Oncorhynchus clarkii</em>. Current Cutthroat Trout taxonomy recognizes a monophyletic species comprising 11–16 subspecies. The complex geological and climatic history of western North America is postulated to have strongly influenced differentiation among Cutthroat Trout subspecies. Early studies relied on morphological and meristic data in conjunction with fossil data and known aquatic connections within and among hydrological basins to infer the phylogenetic history of Cutthroat Trout. More recently, molecular studies incorporating karyotypes, allozymes, restriction fragment length polymorphisms, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence data have tested these early phylogenetic hypotheses and yielded additional insights into Cutthroat Trout evolution, although some phylogenetic relationships remain unresolved. In this study, we analyzed DNA sequence data from approximately half of the mitochondrial genome (8,057 base pairs) to better resolve phylogenetic relationships and estimate divergence times among Cutthroat Trout lineages. Herein, we present a well-resolved mtDNA phylogeny and discuss Cutthroat Trout evolution in a phylogeographic framework, as well as clarify current taxonomic implications and make recommendations for future research directions.
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Li, M., and T. Jiang. "Shortest Common Superstrings." In Pattern Matching Algorithms. Oxford University Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195113679.003.0011.
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Given a finite set of strings S = {s1,...,sm}, the shortest common superstring of S, is the shortest string s such that each si appears as a substring (a consecutive block) of s. . . . Example. . . . . . . Assume we want to find the shortest common superstring of all words in the sentence “alf ate half lethal alpha alfalfa.” Our set of strings is S = { alf, ate, half, lethal, alpha, alfalfa }. A trivial superstring of S is “alfatehalflethalalphaalfalfa”, of length 28. A shortest common superstring is “lethalphalfalfate”, of length 17, saving 11 characters. The above example shows an application of the shortest common superstring problem in data compression. In many programming languages, a character string may be represented by a pointer to that string. The problem for the compiler is to arrange strings so that they may be “overlapped” as much as possible in order to save space. For more data compression related issues, see next chapter. Other than compressing a sentence about Alf, the shortest common superstring problem has more important applications in DNA sequencing. A DNA sequence may be considered as a long character string over the alphabet of nucleotides {A, C, G, T}. Such a character string ranges from a few thousand symbols long for a simple virus, to 2 x 108 symbols for a fly and 3 x 109 symbols for a human being. Determining this string for different molecules, or sequencing the molecules, is a crucial step towards understanding the biological functions of the molecules. In fact, today, no problem in biochemistry can be studied in isolation from its genetic background. However, with current laboratory methods, such as Sanger’s procedure, it is quite impossible to sequence a long molecule directly as a whole. Each time, a randomly chosen fragment of less than 500 base pairs can be sequenced. In general, biochemists “cut”, using different restriction enzymes, millions of such (identical) molecules into pieces each typically containing about 200-500 nucleotides (characters). A biochemist “samples” the fragments and Sanger’s procedure is applied to sequence the sampled fragment. . . .
Conference papers on the topic "Base fragment of oscillogram"
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Lu, Diqun, and Jiamin Zhao. "Design of High-Isolation Fragment-Type 5G Base Station Antennas with MOEA/D-GO." In 2020 International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (ISAP). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/isap47053.2021.9391504.
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Okun', Dmitriy. "FORMAL REPRESENTATION OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT MEDICAMENTAL THERAPY FOR ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASES (detail)." In XIV International Scientific Conference "System Analysis in Medicine". Far Eastern Scientific Center of Physiology and Pathology of Respiration, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/conferencearticle_5fe01d9bce39f8.78028503.
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The paper describes a fragment of the knowledge base of drug therapy for ischemic heart disease, hosted on the IACPaaS platform. Generally accepted medical terminology is used in the formation of knowledge.
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Bednarczyk, Bartosz, and Sebastian Rudolph. "Worst-Case Optimal Querying of Very Expressive Description Logics with Path Expressions and Succinct Counting." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/212.
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Among the most expressive knowledge representation formalisms are the description logics of the Z family. For well-behaved fragments of ZOIQ, entailment of positive two-way regular path queries is well known to be 2EXPTIME-complete under the proviso of unary encoding of numbers in cardinality constraints. We show that this assumption can be dropped without an increase in complexity and EXPTIME-completeness can be achieved when bounding the number of query atoms, using a novel reduction from query entailment to knowledge base satisfiability. These findings allow to strengthen other results regarding query entailment and query containment problems in very expressive description logics. Our results also carry over to GC2, the two-variable guarded fragment of first-order logic with counting quantifiers, for which hitherto only conjunctive query entailment has been investigated.
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Mahfuz, Hassan, Yuehui Zhu, Wahid A. Mamun, Anwarul Haque, and Shaik Jeelani. "Failure Analysis of Hybrid Armor Under High Velocity Impact." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-1964.
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Abstract Failure analysis of hybrid integral armor has been performed using finite element method. LS-DYNA3D code has been employed to investigate the response of an integral armor under high velocity impact. A 3-D FE model consisting of the various layers of the armor has been developed and subjected to transient dynamic loading. The analysis is based on actual experiments conducted in a gas gun set up. V50 velocity for a Fragment Simulating Projectile (FSP) has been considered, and the corresponding responses have been investigated to assess the failure of the armor at the ballistic limit. The investigation consisted of three successive studies; first, a base model was developed to have preliminary ideas about the energy absorption and the depth of penetration. Second, interface gap elements were introduced at the rubber interfaces, as the delamination across the rubber layer seemed critical in the failure of the armor. Third, a user defined material model has been introduced to account for the fracture behavior of ceramic. Details of the development of the models, and the analysis of failure are presented in this paper.
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Singh, Gurjap, Nicholas Hentges, Damion Johnson, and Albert Ratner. "Experimental Investigation of Combustion Behavior of Biodiesel-Water Emulsion." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-10917.
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Abstract Biodiesel has proved to be an attractive alternative fuel for the compression-ignition engine, with its blends of regular petrodiesel being sold at virtually every gas station in the United States. Researchers have explored many of its combustion properties and sought to modify them in the interest of better fuel economy, specific fuel combustion, and lower emissions. The emulsification of biodiesel with water in order to promote microexplosions during the combustion process is one such fuel modification method. Microexplosions fragment the fuel droplet into many smaller droplets, which promote homogeneous combustion, and can result in smoother power output and better fuel economy. Present research analyzes the droplet combustion properties of soy biodiesel with 10% water and 0.1% POLYOX™ polymer. A sub-millimeter droplet is suspended on three 16μm silicon carbide wires and ignited using hot wire loops. The combustion process is recorded at 1000 frames/second by a high-speed CCD camera. Combustion behavior of the emulsified fuel is then analyzed by post-processing the resulting high-speed images. Results show several microexplosion events. Combustion trends are plotted, and combustion rates are determined. Burning rate for the emulsion was found to be very close to that of base fuel, with 2.1% decrease noted. It is hoped that present research will spark further interest in the fuel behavior modification of biodiesel.
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Kobzev, Artem. "THE FIRST INFORMATION ABOUT THE YI-JING IN RUSSIA." In 9th International Conference ISSUES OF FAR EASTERN LITERATURES. St. Petersburg State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/9785288062049.27.
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The first information in Russia about the Yi-jing (易經, Canon of Changes) was published by the first Russian sinologist, German historian and philologist-polyglot G. S. Bayer in the two-volume Museum Sinicum (St. Petersburg, 1730) in Latin. In Russian, the primary information about Yi-jing became available to the reader half a century later thanks to the coryphaeus of Russian sinology of the 18th century A. L. Leontiev. In 1782, he published an illustrated and commented translation of a fragment from Yi-jing (named Convenient Base) as an appendix to his translation of the Manchu text of the Statutes of the Great Qing (大清會典, Dai-Qing hui-dian). A. L. Leontiev called the French abbot, who visited St. Petersburg in 1769, the initiator of his appeal to the Yi-jing, but did not indicate his name. P. E. Skachkov after V. S. Kolokolov decided that he was the famous French Jesuit missionary and versatile scientist A. Gaubil. However, he died ten years earlier. Most likely the interlocutor of A. L. Leontiev was a well-known theologian and economist-physiocrat, French abbot N. Baudeau, who held confidential negotiations with Catherine II in 1769 in St. Petersburg about the situation in Poland. The secrecy of this mission on the eve of the first partition of Poland fully explains the concealment of his name in 1782, when he was still alive and brewing the second partition. Apparently, a look at the Yi-jing of the French enlighteners and physiocrats, reported by N. Baudeau to A. L. Leontiev, prompted him to link the ancient canon with Statutes of the Great Qing.
Reports on the topic "Base fragment of oscillogram"
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Levisohn, Sharon, Maricarmen Garcia, David Yogev, and Stanley Kleven. Targeted Molecular Typing of Pathogenic Avian Mycoplasmas. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7695853.bard.
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Intraspecies identification (DNA "fingerprinting") of pathogenic avian mycoplasmas is a powerful tool for epidemiological studies and monitoring strain identity. However the only widely method available for Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and M. synoviae (MS)wasrandom amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). This project aimed to develop alternative and supplementary typing methods that will overcome the major constraints of RAPD, such as the need for isolation of the organism in pure culture and the lack of reproducibility intrinsic in the method. Our strategy focussed on recognition of molecular markers enabling identification of MG and MS vaccine strains and, by extension, pathogenic potential of field isolates. Our first aim was to develop PCR-based systems which will allow amplification of specific targeted genes directly from clinical material. For this purpose we evaluated the degree of intraspecies heterogeneity in genes encoding variable surface antigens uniquely found in MG all of which are putative pathogenicity factors. Phylogenic analysis of targeted sequences of selected genes (pvpA, gapA, mgc2, and lp) was employed to determine the relationship among MG strains.. This method, designated gene targeted sequencing (GTS), was successfully employed to identify strains and to establish epidemiologically-linked strain clusters. Diagnostic PCR tests were designed and validated for each of the target genes, allowing amplification of specific nucleotide sequences from clinical samples. An mgc2-PCR-RFLP test was designed for rapid differential diagnosis of MG vaccine strains in Israel. Addressing other project goals, we used transposon mutagenesis and in vivo and in vitro models for pathogenicity to correlated specific changes in target genes with biological properties that may impact the course of infection. An innovative method for specific detection and typing of MS strains was based on the hemagglutinin-encoding gene vlhA, uniquely found in this species. In parallel, we evaluated the application of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) in avian mycoplasmas. AFLP is a highly discriminatory method that scans the entire genome using infrequent restriction site PCR. As a first step the method was found to be highly correlated with other DNA typing methods for MG species and strain differentiation. The method is highly reproducible and relatively rapid, although it is necessary to isolate the strain to be tested. Both AFLP and GTS are readily to amenable to computer-assisted analysis of similarity and construction of a data-base resource. The availability of improved and diverse tools will help realize the full potential of molecular typing of avian mycoplasmas as an integral and essential part of mycoplasma control programs.