Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Basalte olivine'
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Ildefonse, Philippe. "Analyse petrologique des alterations premeteoriques et meteoriques de deux roches basaltiques (basalte alcalin de belbex, cantal, et hawaiite de m'bouda, cameroun)." Paris 7, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA077118.
Full textHaddad, James R. "Order and Chaos in the Olivine Underworld| Two Mechanisms for the Formation of Basal Olivine Layers." Thesis, State University of New York at Binghamton, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10928048.
Full textRecent debate has questioned the efficiency of magma differentiation in basaltic magma chambers (Marsh, 2013). As a result, petrologists are increasingly inclined to interpret olivine cumulate layers in small intrusive bodies as separately injected slurries, as opposed to the result of in-situ differentiation. Two sills with basal olivine layers, the 0601 sill, Victoria Island, NWT, Canada, and the Palisades Sill, Fort Lee, NJ have been examined in detail. First, it can be shown that the 0601 sill could have formed by the emplacement of a single phenocryst bearing magma, followed by settling of the initial phenocryst load, and in-situ differentiation. Second, a high-resolution analysis of the internal ordering of the Palisades Sill olivine horizon, widely recognized as the result of an olivine slurry, is described in order to create a generalizable model of basal olivine layers formed via slurry emplacement (Husch, 1990; Gorring, 1995). Both sills were analyzed for whole rock major and trace element compositions, mineral compositions, crystal size distributions and modal mineralogy. Parent-Daughter modeling, Pearce Element Ratio Analysis, trace element modeling, and MELTS (Ghiorso and Sack, 1995; Asimow and Ghiorso, 1998) were then used to model formation mechanisms. Finally, the 0601 sill olivine cumulate layer is com-pared with the Palisades Sill olivine horizon. While both olivine cumulate zones look superficially similar, detailed investigation reveals that a well developed trend of progressively increasing olivine upward from the base, as observed in the 0601 sill is best explained by crystal settling within an initial phenocryst-phyric magma, followed by in-situ differentiation, and cannot be explained by a slurry emplacement process.
Desgrolard, Franck. "Pétrologie des laves d'un volcan intraplaque océanique : le Karthala, île de la Grande-Comore (R.F.I. des Comores)." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE10109.
Full textMathieson, Gillian Ann. "Olivine-basaltic melt re-equilibration rates and their implications for crystallisation processes." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343508.
Full textSalem, Lois Claire. "Magmatic processes at basaltic volcanoes : insights from the crystal cargo." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/277726.
Full textTrela, Jarek. "The Evolution of the Galapagos Mantle Plume: From Large Igneous Province to Ocean Island Basalt." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77438.
Full textPh. D.
Peterman, Kenneth James. "Determination of Oxygen Fugacity using Olivine-Melt Equilibrium: Implications for the Redox States of Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalt and Ocean Island Basalt Mantle Source Regions." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1502803559889083.
Full textPoustovetov, Alexei Anatolievich. "Numerical modeling of chemical equilibria between chromian spinel, olivine, and basaltic melt, with petrologic applications." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0016/NQ54428.pdf.
Full textSmith, Amy Renee. "Subsurface Igneous Mineral Microbiology: Iron-Oxidizing Organotrophs on Olivine Surfaces and the Significance of Mineral Heterogeneity in Basalts." PDXScholar, 2011. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/294.
Full textMINAGAWA, Tetsuo, Takafumi TAKAHASHI, Kazuya TANAKA, and Iwao KAWABE. "Evidence for lanthanide tetrad effect in mafic volcanic rocks: Concave tetrad effects in REE patterns for MORB and alkali olivine basalt in western Kyushu, Japan." Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Nagoya University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/14728.
Full textSpilliaert, Nicolas. "Dynamiques de remontée, dégazage et éruption des magmas basaltiques riches en volatils : Traçage par les inclusions vitreuses et modélisation des processus dans le cas de l'Etna, 2000-2002." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006GLOB0022.
Full textThis study is aimed at better understanding magma degassing processes and associated eruptive dynamics through the study of the bulk rocks and mainly of olivine-hosted melt inclusions from explosive products of Mount Etna. We particularly focussed on the 2001 and 2002 flank eruptions that resulted from dyke intrusions, independent of the central conduits, and on three lava fountains at South-East summit crater, in 2000. We acquired a complete data set on major elements and volatile contents (H2O, CO2, S, Cl and F) of Etna magmas. We report new data on the amount of volatiles (4 wt%, among which ≥3. 4 wt% H2O) dissolved in the most primitive K-rich basaltic melt erupted at Mount Etna for the last 140 years. This basalt is actually the parental melt of the trachybasalts erupted during the recent volcanic activity. We also argue that the geochemical evolution of etnean lavas for the last 30 years, results from the mixing between the new K-rich melt and K-poorer trachybasalts, emplaced in the feeding system prior to 1970. Isotopic analysis of water and sulphur in the most primitive melt inclusions (δD between -120 and -90; ‰ ; δ34S = +2,4±0,4 ‰) reinforces the idea of an OIB-type mantle source and contradicts the hypothesis of its contamination by fluids derived from the Ionian subduction, as previously suggested. The systematic determination of CO2 and H2O contents of melt inclusions allow us (i) to provide constraints on melt entrapment and S, Cl and F initial exsolution pressures, (ii) to assess the depths of magma transfer and ponding, (iii) to propose a pressure-related model of the evolution of the dissolved and exsolved gas phase, and (iv) to evaluate the effect of the sulphide immiscible liquid on the sulphur degassing path. We propose that the 2001 and 2002 flank eruptions were sustained by closed system ascent and degassing of basaltic to trachybasaltic magmas. The most primitive magmas rose from at least ~10 km b. S. L. And sustained the powerful lava fountains that occurred in July 2001 and October 2002. Most of the lavas emitted in 2001 and 2002 derived from trachybasaltic magmas, ponding at 5±1 km b. S. L. , that were partially dehydrated because of their flushing by a CO2-rich gas phase of deep derivation. Such a process could be frequent at Etna and most likely at basaltic volcanoes. The S/Cl molar ratio in the associated gas phase is computed to be of 5. 4 and 3. 7, depend on the degassing dynamics upon eruption. These calculated values and those of the Cl/F (2) and S/CF (9) ratios confirm a dominant closed system magma ascent and degassing mechanism. They are in good agreement with those directly measured by teledetection during the 2001 and 2002 flank eruptions. Furthermore, any gas/melt separation occurring at greater depth would result in higher S/Cl ratios in the gas phase. This also applies to magmas, already saturated with sulphide globule, that are stored at shallow depths in the central conduits and degas under closed system conditions. Therefore, the modelled evolution of S/Cl and Cl/F ratios, both in the melt and the gas phase, gives access to the depths of gas segregation. The S/Cl and Cl/F ratios in the gas emission at the surface, along with the chemistry of associated solid products, bring strong constraints on the different mechanisms at the origin of lava fountains. Finally, steady state summit degassing, involving convective overturn in conduits, would imply ascent of volatile-rich magma until shallow depth (≤ 1 km under the craters), and thus the drain-back of the shallow degassed magma, in order to supply the excess gas flux at Mt Etna. As a whole, our modelling offers a general background to interpret gas emissions composition and so to better understand the different degassing processes that occur during the ascent of etnean volatile-rich basaltic melts
Shoemaker, Kurt A. "THE TECTONOMAGMATIC EVOLUTION OF THE LATE CENOZOIC OWYHEE PLATEAU, NORTHWESTERN UNITED STATES." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1082580947.
Full textLaubier, Muriel. "L'apport des inclusions magmatiques primitives à l'origine des basaltesocéaniques : Exemples de la zone FAMOUS (ride médio-Atlantique Nord)et du point chaud de la Réunion." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00155657.
Full textLes inclusions magmatiques piégées dans un échantillon de la zone FAMOUS (ride médio-Atlantique Nord) se caractérisent par une variabilité importante de leurs teneurs en éléments majeurs et traces, qui excède largement la variabilité chimique des laves émises en surface dans la région. Les liquides inclus sont très primitifs (Mg# = 0.70-0.78) et présentent des similitudes de composition avec les liquides expérimentaux issus de la fusion partielle de lherzolites à spinelle à 1 GPa. Les compositions en éléments en traces évoluent depuis des compositions relativement appauvries ((La/Sm)N<0.75) jusqu'à des compositions légèrement enrichies ((La/Sm)N>1.2). Des modélisations géochimiques suggèrent qu'une grande part de la diversité chimique des inclusions résulte du processus de fusion polybare d'une source de composition homogène. Toutefois, une variation locale de la température potentielle et de la teneur en H2O du manteau semble requise pour reproduire certaines variations en éléments majeurs. Nous n'avons pas décelé de modifications chimiques des magmas liées à des interactions magma/roche (dissolution du clinopyroxène) lors de la ségrégation et l'ascension.
L'étude des inclusions magmatiques dans les olivines d'échantillons de l'île Maurice et l'île de la Réunion a mis en évidence une transition entre des liquides alcalins à transitionnels vers des basaltes à affinité tholéiitique. Cette évolution peut vraisemblablement être expliquée par une augmentation du degré de fusion d'une source péridotitique. D'autre part, la composition chimique et isotopique homogène au cours du temps du panache de la Réunion nous a autorisés à calculer la séquence d'incompatibilité des éléments traces lors du processus de fusion partielle à l'origine des liquides inclus. Les résultats indiquent un comportement très incompatible du Pb, alors que celui-ci est généralement considéré comme voisin du celui du Ce lors de la fusion dans un environnement océanique. Cette observation implique l'absence de sulfure résiduel dans la source du panache lors de l'extraction des magmas, ce qui singulariserait la source du panache de la Réunion des autres sources d'îles océaniques. Enfin, une modélisation de la source du panache suggère une composition relativement comparable à celle du manteau primitif, mais toutefois légèrement appauvrie en éléments les plus incompatibles. Ainsi, la source de la Réunion est constituée d'un manteau faiblement appauvri par l'extraction de la croûte continentale, qui, par la suite, n'a pas ou peu été modifié par les processus de différenciation ou de recyclage.
Le, Voyer Marion. "Rôle des fluides dans la genèse des magmas d'arcs : analyses in situ des éléments volatils et des isotopes du bore dans les inclusions magmatiques des olivines primitives." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00453889.
Full textVinet, Nicolas. "Mécanismes de solidification des magmas basaltiques : Étude quantitative texturale et géochimique des laves du volcan Kilauea, Hawaï." Phd thesis, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00544904.
Full textDella-Pasqua, Fernando N. "Primitive ankaramitic melts in island arcs : evidence from melt inclusions." Thesis, 1997. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/19680/7/whole_Della-PasquaFernandoN1998_thesis_ex_pub_mat.pdf.
Full textSchnare, Darren W. "Petrogenesis of Apollo 15 olivine-normative and quartz-normative mare basalts." 2006. http://etd.utk.edu/2006/SchnareDarren.pdf.
Full textNewcombe, Megan Eve. "Solubility and Diffusivity of Water in Lunar Basalt, and Chemical Zonation in Olivine-Hosted Melt Inclusions." Thesis, 2016. https://thesis.library.caltech.edu/9343/1/Newcombe_Megan_2016_Thesis.pdf.
Full textI report the solubility and diffusivity of water in lunar basalt and an iron-free basaltic analogue at 1 atm and 1350 °C. Such parameters are critical for understanding the degassing histories of lunar pyroclastic glasses. Solubility experiments have been conducted over a range of fO2 conditions from three log units below to five log units above the iron-wüstite buffer (IW) and over a range of pH2/pH2O from 0.03 to 24. Quenched experimental glasses were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and secondary ionization mass spectrometry (SIMS) and were found to contain up to ~420 ppm water. Results demonstrate that, under the conditions of our experiments: (1) hydroxyl is the only H-bearing species detected by FTIR; (2) the solubility of water is proportional to the square root of pH2O in the furnace atmosphere and is independent of fO2 and pH2/pH2O; (3) the solubility of water is very similar in both melt compositions; (4) the concentration of H2 in our iron-free experiments is <3 ppm, even at oxygen fugacities as low as IW-2.3 and pH2/pH2O as high as 24; and (5) SIMS analyses of water in iron-rich glasses equilibrated under variable fO2 conditions can be strongly influenced by matrix effects, even when the concentrations of water in the glasses are low. Our results can be used to constrain the entrapment pressure of the lunar melt inclusions of Hauri et al. (2011).
Diffusion experiments were conducted over a range of fO2 conditions from IW-2.2 to IW+6.7 and over a range of pH2/pH2O from nominally zero to ~10. The water concentrations measured in our quenched experimental glasses by SIMS and FTIR vary from a few ppm to ~430 ppm. Water concentration gradients are well described by models in which the diffusivity of water (D*water) is assumed to be constant. The relationship between D*water and water concentration is well described by a modified speciation model (Ni et al. 2012) in which both molecular water and hydroxyl are allowed to diffuse. The success of this modified speciation model for describing our results suggests that we have resolved the diffusivity of hydroxyl in basaltic melt for the first time. Best-fit values of D*water for our experiments on lunar basalt vary within a factor of ~2 over a range of pH2/pH2O from 0.007 to 9.7, a range of fO2 from IW-2.2 to IW+4.9, and a water concentration range from ~80 ppm to ~280 ppm. The relative insensitivity of our best-fit values of D*water to variations in pH2 suggests that H2 diffusion was not significant during degassing of the lunar glasses of Saal et al. (2008). D*water during dehydration and hydration in H2/CO2 gas mixtures are approximately the same, which supports an equilibrium boundary condition for these experiments. However, dehydration experiments into CO2 and CO/CO2 gas mixtures leave some scope for the importance of kinetics during dehydration into H-free environments. The value of D*water chosen by Saal et al. (2008) for modeling the diffusive degassing of the lunar volcanic glasses is within a factor of three of our measured value in our lunar basaltic melt at 1350 °C.
In Chapter 4 of this thesis, I document significant zonation in major, minor, trace, and volatile elements in naturally glassy olivine-hosted melt inclusions from the Siqueiros Fracture Zone and the Galapagos Islands. Components with a higher concentration in the host olivine than in the melt (MgO, FeO, Cr2O3, and MnO) are depleted at the edges of the zoned melt inclusions relative to their centers, whereas except for CaO, H2O, and F, components with a lower concentration in the host olivine than in the melt (Al2O3, SiO2, Na2O, K2O, TiO2, S, and Cl) are enriched near the melt inclusion edges. This zonation is due to formation of an olivine-depleted boundary layer in the adjacent melt in response to cooling and crystallization of olivine on the walls of the melt inclusions concurrent with diffusive propagation of the boundary layer toward the inclusion center.
Concentration profiles of some components in the melt inclusions exhibit multicomponent diffusion effects such as uphill diffusion (CaO, FeO) or slowing of the diffusion of typically rapidly diffusing components (Na2O, K2O) by coupling to slow diffusing components such as SiO2 and Al2O3. Concentrations of H2O and F decrease towards the edges of some of the Siqueiros melt inclusions, suggesting either that these components have been lost from the inclusions into the host olivine late in their cooling histories and/or that these components are exhibiting multicomponent diffusion effects.
A model has been developed of the time-dependent evolution of MgO concentration profiles in melt inclusions due to simultaneous depletion of MgO at the inclusion walls due to olivine growth and diffusion of MgO in the melt inclusions in response to this depletion. Observed concentration profiles were fit to this model to constrain their thermal histories. Cooling rates determined by a single-stage linear cooling model are 150–13,000 °C hr-1 from the liquidus down to ~1000 °C, consistent with previously determined cooling rates for basaltic glasses; compositional trends with melt inclusion size observed in the Siqueiros melt inclusions are described well by this simple single-stage linear cooling model. Despite the overall success of the modeling of MgO concentration profiles using a single-stage cooling history, MgO concentration profiles in some melt inclusions are better fit by a two-stage cooling history with a slower-cooling first stage followed by a faster-cooling second stage; the inferred total duration of cooling from the liquidus down to ~1000 °C is 40 s to just over one hour.
Based on our observations and models, compositions of zoned melt inclusions (even if measured at the centers of the inclusions) will typically have been diffusively fractionated relative to the initially trapped melt; for such inclusions, the initial composition cannot be simply reconstructed based on olivine-addition calculations, so caution should be exercised in application of such reconstructions to correct for post-entrapment crystallization of olivine on inclusion walls. Off-center analyses of a melt inclusion can also give results significantly fractionated relative to simple olivine crystallization.
All melt inclusions from the Siqueiros and Galapagos sample suites exhibit zoning profiles, and this feature may be nearly universal in glassy, olivine-hosted inclusions. If so, zoning profiles in melt inclusions could be widely useful to constrain late-stage syneruptive processes and as natural diffusion experiments.
LANG, SARAH DIANE. "Kinetic aspects of major and trace element partitioning between olivine and melt during solidification of terrestrial basaltic materials." Doctoral thesis, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11573/1623446.
Full text"Fluorine Partitioning Between Nominally Anhydrous Minerals (Olivine, Clinopyroxene, and Plagioclase) and Silicate Melt using Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry and Newly Synthesized Basaltic Fluorine Microanalytical Glass Standards." Doctoral diss., 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.15158.
Full textDissertation/Thesis
Ph.D. Geological Sciences 2012