Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Baryonen'

Les courants neutres avec changement de saveur, tels que les transitions b-> sl+l-, sont interdits au premier ordre dans le Modèle Standard (MS) et ne peuvent se produire qu'au niveau des boucles. Par conséquent, ils sont sensibles à la présence potentielle de Nouvelle Physique (NP) qui se manifestait par la présence de petites déviations par rapport aux prédictions du MS. Alors que la matière ordinaire est composée de baryons, très peu de mesures ont été réalisées avec des transitions baryoniques b-> sl+l- en raison de la suppression de la production de baryons de beauté dans les expériences travaillant auprès de collisionneurs. Dans cette thèse, plusieurs analyses sont présentées pour améliorer la connaissance des quatre baryons de beauté pour ce qui concerne leurs désintégrations via des transitions b-> sl+l-. Tout d'abord, le statut actuel de l'analyse angulaire des désintégrations Lambdab -> Lambdal+l- est réalisé pour la première fois en utilisant l'ensemble de la statistique collectée par l'expérience LHCb. Les dix coefficients angulaires sont mesurés dans la plage de masse invariante dileptonique au carré, q2, de 15 à 20 GeV^2/c^4 pour le mode muonique. La procédure d'ajustement a été validée avec des pseudo-expériences. Les observables angulaires des désintégrations Lambdab -> Lambdamu+mu- ne sont pas dévoilées sur les données dans le document de thèse. De plus, les modes de désintégration via des charmonia, Xib- -> Xi^-Jpsi et Omegab- -> Omega-Jpsi , ont été utilisés pour améliorer la connaissance des propriétés du baryon Omegab-. De manière similaire, les désintégrations Xib0 -> Xi0Jpsi et Xib0 -> Xi0psi(2S) précédemment non observées ont été étudiées. Cette thèse présente également le statut actuel de la première recherche de la désintégration Xib- -> Xi-mu+mu- et de l'observation de la désintégration Xib- -> Xi-psi(2S). Outre le travail d'analyse mené dans cette thèse, la contributions au détecteur à fibre scintillante (SciFi) de l'expérience LHCb est discutée
Flavour-changing neutral currents, such as b-> sl+l- transitions, are forbidden at tree level in the Standard Model (SM), and can only occur at loop level. Therefore, they are sensitive to small deviations from the presence of possible New Physics (NP) effects with respect to the SM predictions. While ordinary matter is made out of baryons, very few measurements have been performed with baryonic b-> sl+l- transitions due to the production suppression of beauty baryons at collider experiments. In this thesis, several analyses are presented to improve the knowledge of the four weakly decaying beauty baryons and respective b-> sl+l- transitions. First of all, the current status of the angular analysis of Lambdab -> Lambdal+l- decays is presented for the first time using the full Run~1 and 2 datasets collected by the LHCb experiment. All ten angular coefficients are attempted to be measured in the dilepton invariant mass squared, q2, range from 15 to 20 GeV^2/c^4 for the muon mode. The muon mode fit procedure has been validated with pseudo-experiments. The angular observables of the Lambdamu+mu- are kept blind in the thesis. Furthermore, the charmonium decay modes, Xib- -> Xi-Jpsi and Omegab- -> Omega-Jpsi, have been used to improve the knowledge of the Omegab- baryon properties. Similarly, the previously not observed Xib0 -> Xi0Jpsi and Xib0 -> Xi0 psi(2S) decays have been studied. In addition, this thesis also presents the current status for the first search for the Xib- -> Xi-mu+mu- decay and the observation of the respective Xib- -> Xi-psi(2S) decay. Besides the analysis work conducted in this thesis, the contributions to the Scintillating Fibre (SciFi) detector of the LHCb experiment are discussed
Flavour-ändernde neutrale Ströme, wie b-> sl+l- Übergänge, sind im Standardmodell (SM) auf Baumgraphen-Niveau verboten und können nur auf Schleifenebene auftreten. Daher sind sie sehr sensitiv gegenüber kleinsten Abweichungen in Bezug auf die SM-Vorhersagen erzeugt durch die mögliche Existenz der Neuen Physik (NP). Während gewöhnliche Materie aus Baryonen besteht, wurden bisher nur sehr wenige Messungen mit baryonischen b-> sl+l- Übergängen durchgeführt, da die Produktion von Beauty-Baryonen bei Beschleunigerexperimenten unterdrückt wird. In dieser Arbeit werden mehrere Analysen vorgestellt, um das Wissen über die vier schwach zerfallenden Beauty-Baryonen und die entsprechenden b-> sl+l- Übergänge zu verbessern. Zunächst wird der aktuelle Stand der Winkelanalyse von Lambdab-> Lambdal+l- Zerfällen präsentiert, in der zum ersten Mal die vollständigen Datensätze vom Run 1 und 2 des LHCb-Experiments genutzt werden. Alle zehn Winkelkoeffizienten werden im Bereich der quadrierten invarianten Dileptonenmasse 2q2 von 15 bis 20 GeV^2/c^4 für den myonischen Zerfallskanal gemessen. Das Verfahren zur Messung der Winkelkoeffizienten wurde mit Pseudo-Experimenten validiert. Der Signalbereich zur finalen Bestimmung der Werte der Winkelobservablen von dem Lambdab-> Lambdamu+mu- Zerfall wird in dieser Arbeit ausgespart. Darüber hinaus wurden die Charmonium-Zerfallskanäle Xib- -> Xi-Jpsi und Omegab- -> Omega-Jpsi dazu verwendet, die Erkenntnis über die Eigenschaften des Omegab- Baryonens zu verbessern. Ebenso wurden die bisher nicht beobachteten Xib0 -> Xi0Jpsi und Xib0 ->Xi0psi2S Zerfälle untersucht. Darüber hinaus wird in dieser Arbeit der aktuelle Stand der ersten Suche nach dem Xib- -> Xi-mu+mu- Zerfall und die Beobachtung des Xib- -> Xi-psi2S-Zerfalls dargestellt. Neben den in dieser Arbeit durchgeführten Analysen werden auch die Beiträge zum SciFi-Detektor des LHCb Experiments diskutiert

Ce travail s'intéresse au calcul de la masse des baryons à partir de la théorie décrivant l'interaction forte : la chromodynamique quantique (QCD). Cette théorie régit l'interaction entre les quarks et l es gluons et a pu durant ces dernières décennies être vérifiée à haute énergie grâce à l'une de ses propriétés : la liberté asymptoti que. Celle-ci prédit que les calculs perturbatifs sont valides à haute énergie car la constante de couplage tend vers zéro. Les quantités physiques régissant la physique à basse énergie nécessitent quant à elles un traitement non pertubatif et font l'objet de ce travail. La seule approche con nue permettant de calculer ces observables en contrôlant tous les effets systématiques est la QCD sur réseau. Le C hapitre 1 est une introduction au formalisme de la QCD et à sa formulation discrétisée. Le second chapitre est dédié à la discréti sation particulière utilisée au sein de la collaboration Europan Twisted Mass (ETM). Le Chapitre 3 met en place la technologie nécessaire au calcul des masses des hadrons. L'estimation des intégrales fonctionnelles en utilisant le calcul massi vement parallèle sur des Super Calculateurs est décrite dans le Chapitre 4. La production de configurations de jauge sur ce type d'architecture constitue une part importante du travail effectué durant cette thèse. Le Chapitre 5 est dédié à la formulation des théories effectives dites de pertubations chirales. Les Chapitres 6 et 7 sont consacrés aux baryons légers et étranges. Les eff ets systématiques ainsi que les extrapolations chirales sont largement discutés
The aim of this work is an ab initio computation of the baryon masses starting from quantum chromodynamics (QCD). This theory describe the interaction betw een quarks and gluons and has been established at high energy thanks to one of its fundamental properties : the asymptotic freedom. This property predicts th at the running coupling constant tends to zero at high energy and thus that perturbative expansions in the coupling constant are justified in this regime. On the contrary the low energy dynamics can only be understood in terms of a non perturbative approach. To date, the only known method that allows the computat ion of observables in this regime together with a control of its systematic effects is called lattice QCD. It consists in formulating the theory on an Eucl idean space-time and to evaluating numerically suitable functional integrals. The chapter 1 and 2 are an introduction to the QCD in the continuum and on a discrete space time. The chapter 3 deals with the techniques needed to build hadronic correlator starting from gauge configuration. We then discuss how we determine hadron masses and their statistical errors. The numerical estimation of functional integral is explained in chapter 4. It is stressed that it requires sophisticated algorithm and massive parallel computating on BlueGene type architecture. Gauge configuration production is an important part of the work realized during my Ph. D. Chapter 5 is a critical review on chiral perturbation theory in the baryon sector. Th e chapters 6 and 7 are devoted to the analyze in the light and strange baryon sector. Systematics and chiral extrapolation are extensively discussed

Ce travail s'intéresse au calcul de la masse des baryons à partir de la théorie décrivant l'interaction forte : la chromodynamique quantique (QCD). Cette théorie régit l'interaction entre les quarks et l es gluons et a pu durant ces dernières décennies être vérifiée à haute énergie grâce à l'une de ses propriétés : la liberté asymptoti que. Celle-ci prédit que les calculs perturbatifs sont valides à haute énergie car la constante de couplage tend vers zéro. Les quantités physiques régissant la physique à basse énergie nécessitent quant à elles un traitement non pertubatif et font l'objet de ce travail. La seule approche con nue permettant de calculer ces observables en contrôlant tous les effets systématiques est la QCD sur réseau. Le C hapitre 1 est une introduction au formalisme de la QCD et à sa formulation discrétisée. Le second chapitre est dédié à la discréti sation particulière utilisée au sein de la collaboration Europan Twisted Mass (ETM). Le Chapitre 3 met en place la technologie nécessaire au calcul des masses des hadrons. L'estimation des intégrales fonctionnelles en utilisant le calcul massi vement parallèle sur des Super Calculateurs est décrite dans le Chapitre 4. La production de configurations de jauge sur ce type d'architecture constitue une part importante du travail effectué durant cette thèse. Le Chapitre 5 est dédié à la formulation des théories effectives dites de pertubations chirales. Les Chapitres 6 et 7 sont consacrés aux baryons légers et étranges. Les eff ets systématiques ainsi que les extrapolations chirales sont largement discutés.

Bien que le modèle cosmologique standard LCDM offre un cadre remarquablement en accord avec de nombreuses observations indépendantes, beaucoup de mystères persistent. En particulier, la masse des neutrinos est toujours inconnue. De par leur masse non nulle, ils laissent une empreinte sur les grandes structures de l'univers à travers l'échelle à laquelle ils diffusent, qui se manifeste comme un déficit de fluctuations de densité de matière aux petites échelles. Par ailleurs, le modèle de matière noire froide montre des tensions persistantes avec les observations sur des échelles inférieures au Mpc. Dans ce travail de thèse, j'utilise le spectre de puissance de la transmission de flux dans la forêt Lyman-α dans des spectres de quasars lointains afin de contraindre la somme des masses des neutrinos et étudier la plausibilité d'un modèle de matière noire tiède. Dans un premier temps, j'ai mesuré le spectre de puissance 1D de la forêt Lyα à 13 redshifts tel que 2 ≤ z ≤ 4.25 en utilisant 43,751 spectres de quasars de haute qualité des programmes BOSS et eBOSS du relevé spectroscopique SDSS. Afin d'obtenir des résultats robustes sachant que les incertitudes statistiques ont été réduites d'un facteur 3 par rapport à la mesure précédente, j'ai identifié et contrôlé plusieurs effets systématiques dans l'analyse de données. Modéliser le flux Lyα implique de recourir à des simulations hydrodynamiques cosmologiques sachant qu'il émerge de la combinaison complexe entre l'évolution des grandes structures et de la physique baryonique des petites échelles. En effet, les processus astrophysiques tels que la formation stellaire et les phénomènes de retro-action de supernovae et des trous noirs rejettent une quantité considérable d'énergie dans le milieu environnant et modifient l'état thermique et la distribution du gaz dans le milieu intergalactique. Afin d'améliorer les prédictions théoriques de la forêt Lyα à un niveau comparable des données, je contrains l'impact des mécanismes de retro-action des trous noirs sur le spectre de puissance Lyα grâce à un jeu de 8 simulations que j'ai produit en me basant sur des observations astrophysiques et qui couvre l'ensemble des modèles de feedback plausibles. Je fournis une correction analytique de cet effet ainsi qu'une limite supérieure et inférieure tel que 2 ≤ z ≤ 4.25 et je montre qu'ignorer un tel mécanisme induit un biais de 2σ sur n_s et 1σ sur σ_8. Finalement, je combine les mesure des spectres de puissance Lyα avec des données CMB et BAO afin de les comparer statistiquement aux prédictions théoriques des simulations hydrodynamiques pour améliorer la contrainte sur la somme des masses des neutrinos de Σ mν < 0.12 eV établie précédemment à Σ mν < 0.09 eV dans le cas le plus extrême à 95% de vraisemblance. Ce résultat indique une préférence des données pour un modèle normal de hiérarchie de masse. La combinaison des données Lyα eBOSS avec les données Lyα XQ-100, contraint la masse des reliques thermiques à m_X > 5.3 keV à 95% de vraisemblance dans un cas de modèle de matière noire entièrement constitué de matière noire tiède, ce qui se traduit par une limite supérieure sur les neutrinos stériles produits de manière non-résonante à mν_s > 34 kev. Aussi, les données Lyα-eBOSS confirme une tension existante avec les données CMB sur l'indice spectral n_s et indique une préférence pour une dépendance d'échelle non nulle de n_s à 3σ
Even if the standard cosmological LCDM model provides a remarkably successful framework to explain many independent observations, it still faces many challenges. In particular, the masses of neutrinos are still unknown and significantly alter structure formation because of their free-streaming that suppresses density fluctuations below a typical length scale inversely proportional to their rest mass. In addition, the cold dark matter (CDM) scenario is in tension with observations on scales smaller than the Mpc. In this thesis work, I use the power spectrum of the transmitted flux in the Lyman-α forest of distant quasar spectra to constrain the sum of neutrino masses, Σ mν, and determine the plausibility of a warm dark matter model, which is conveniently consistent with cold dark matter predictions on large scales while circumventing its issues at small scales because of its non-negligible velocity dispersion. First I measure the 1D power spectrum of the Lyα forest of 43,751 high quality quasar spectra between 2 ≤ z ≤ 4.6 from the BOSS and eBOSS programs of the SDSS spectroscopic survey. To obtain robust results given the unprecedented statistical power of the data I perform a careful investigation of observational systematic sources and their sources. Modeling the Lyα flux power spectrum requires to run hydrodynamical cosmological simulations because it arises from the complex interplay between large-scale structure evolution and small-scale baryonic physics. Indeed, astrophysical processes such as star formation or AGN feedback inject energy in the ambient medium and strongly impact the thermal state and gas distribution in the intergalactic medium. Including such processes in hydrodynamical simulations requires to rely on arbitrary parameters calibrated on astrophysical observations leading to discrepancies between different state-of-the-art simulations. In order to improve theoretical predictions of the Lyα forest, I constrain the impact of AGN feedback using a series of 8 hydro-cosmological simulations covering the whole plausible range of feedback models. I provide upper and lower limit for this signature for 2 ≤ z ≤ 4.25 and also show that ignoring this effect leads to 2σ shift on n_s and 1σ shift on σ_8. Finally, I combine the Lyα flux power spectrum measurements with CMB data, BAO data and theoretical predictions from hydrodynamical simulations to enhance the previously established constraints on the sum of neutrino masses from Σ mν < 0.12 eV to the most stringent constraints to date Σ mν < 0.09 eV in the most extreme case with 95% confidence, which tends to favor the normal hierarchy neutrino mass scenario. Combining eBOSS with XQ-100 Lyα data the mass m_X of hypothetical thermal relics is constrained to m_X > 5.3 keV at the 95% confidence level in the case of a pure warm dark matter scenario, which translates into mν_s > 34 kev for non-resonantly produced sterile neutrinos. Also, a mild-tension is found on n_s between eBOSS Lyα and CMB data, which translates into a preference for a non-zero running of n_s at the level of about 3σ

Cool molecular hydrogen H2 may be the ultimate possible constituent to the Milky-Way missing baryon. We describe a new way to search for such transparent matter in the Galactic disc and halo, through the diffractive and refractive effects on the light of background stars. By simulating the phase delay induced by a turbulent medium, we computed the corresponding illumination pattern on the earth for an extended source and a given passband. We show that in favorable cases, the light of a background star can be subjected to stochastic fluctuations of the order of a few percent at a characteristic time scale of a few minutes. We have searched for scintillation induced by molecular gas in visible dark nebulae as well as by hypothetical halo clumpuscules of cool molecular hydrogen (H2_He) during two nights, using the NTT telescope and the IR SOFI detector. Amongst a few thousands of monitored stars, we found one light-curve that is compatible with a strong scintillation effect through a turbulent structure in the B68 nebula. Because no candidate were found toward the SMC, we are able to establish upper limits on the contribution of gas clumpuscules to the Galactic halo mass. We show that the short time-scale monitoring of a few 10^6 star _ hour in the visible band with a >4 m telescope and a fast readout camera should allow one to interestingly quantify or constrain the contribution of turbulent molecular gas to the Galactic halo.

Baryons are considered in the Nonrelativistic Quark Model (NQM) to be bound states of three valence quarks. Each quark has two possible spin eigenstates in the restframe of the baryon whose spin is fully carried by quarks. The baryon wavefunctions are connected through SU(6) symmetry rotations. For a long time, the measured magnetic moments of the baryons appeared to be in agreement with the NQM predictions. However, recent experiments which are examining the spin structure of the baryons show the failure of several NQM predictions. The so-called 'spin crisis' arose from the interpretation of the EMC deep inelastic scattering measurement of ∫ g^p₁ that the quark spins in the proton appeared to sum up to (almost) zero. In this thesis it will be demonstrated that the spin problem is not a phenomenon restricted to quasi-massless current quarks in the high energy limit. Symmetry arguments are used to examine the baryon magnetic moments and reveal that we can observe massive but pointhke constituent quarks, with a characteristic mass ratio m_u = m_d ≃ ²andfrasl;₃m_s. Surprisingly they do not contribute much to the baryon spin either. This analysis is free of the ambiguity arising from the UA(1} gluon anomaly which makes it impossible to calculate precisely the spin sum of the current quarks. One important finding in our analysis is the observation that the effects of SU(6) breaking hyperfine spin-spin interactions (which cause well-known splittings in the baryon masses) can be seen in the environment dependence of the constituent quark masses. The effective mass of a quark cannot be independent of its surrounding energy since the mass of the baryon is distributed amongst its constituents. Consistent with the hypothesis that different quark masses do not impose SU(3) breaking on the baryon wavefunctions is the observation of induced 'second class' form factors. The way in which SU(3) breaking alters the ^g_Aandfrasl;_gV ratios in semileptonic hyperon decays will be discussed and strong evidence for a new value of F/D is given, which is close to its SU(6) value. This value is derived independently from the baryon β-decays and from their magnetic moments. Dynamical models are discussed which might explain the observed polarised strangeness 'inside' the proton, and the almost vanishing quark spin sum.

In the past, flavour physics has driven indirect discoveries of new particles through precision measurements of other processes before the actual particles could be produced directly. For example the discovery of the differences in the behaviour of matter and antimatter, CP violation (CPV), has led to the explanation of flavour mixing with three families of quarks; the absence of the decay{KL}{mumu} decay drove the prediction of the cquark quark trough the GIM mechanism; the measurement of the Bd mixing allowed for the prediction of high mass of the quark quark. The asymmetry between matter and antimatter behaviour is related to the violation of the CP symmetry, where $C$ and $P$ are the charge-conjugation and parity operators. CPV is accommodated in the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics by the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) mechanism that describes the transitions between up- and down-type quarks, in which quark decays proceed by the emission of a virtual W boson and where the phases of the couplings change sign between quarks and antiquarks. A significant excess of CPV with respect to the theoretical predictions would represent a proof of new physics beyond the SM (BSM). The experiments BaBar and Belle have systematically studied the Bd and Bpm mesons. The heavy baryon sector (ie containing the quark quark) still remains largely unexplored. Given the large production of heavy baryons at lhcb, precision measurements have become possible in this field. Moreover, the interest of the scientific community is growing on heavy baryons: the last measurement on $lvertVub vert$ in the channel decay{Lb}{protonmun eub} and the discovery of the pentaquark in the channel decay{Lb}{jpsiprotonKm} are only few relevant examples. Actually the theory describes very well, within the experimental error, the CPV mechanism so far observed in meson decays. Since in the mesons and baryons decays the quark transitions are the same, the CKM theory predicts CPV also in the baryon sector, which has never been observed so far. It is important to measure CPV also in baryons to check if the mechanisms through which it is generated is the same as mesons. We know that CPV is a key ingredient for baryogenesis, but the CKM mechanism cannot explain it quantitatively. New sources of CPV are necessary to explain baryogenesis. The search for electric dipole moment (EDM) of baryons represents a powerful probe for new sources of CPV and new physics beyond the Standard Model. In particular, it is sensitive to flavour diagonal CPV contributions that are predicted to be minuscule in the SM. The existence of permanent EDMs requires the violation of parity ($P$) and time reversal ($T$) symmetries and thus, relying on the validity of the CPT theorem, the violation of CP symmetry. These measurements are not foreseen in the physics program of the lhcb experiment dedicated to the study of the CP violation of heavy hadron via flavour-changing observables, and require new instrumentation.

Dans le modèle de formation hiérarchique des structures, les amas de galaxies se forment et grandissent par l'accrétion de groupes plus petits ou de galaxies isolées. Dans ce scenario, comprendre comment les galaxies accrétées interagissent avec cet environnement très dense est une étape importante pour comprendre le schéma global de l'évolution des galaxies et de la formation des structures. En effet, pendant leur chute au coeur de l'amas, les galaxies sont sujettes à diverses interactions avec l'amas hôte, au niveau de leur composante baryonique aussi bien que matière noire, et ces interactions vont modifier les propriétés de la galaxie. Au niveau de la matière noire, les simulations numériques suggèrent que la friction dynamique fait plonger les galaxies vers le centre de l'amas, et que les forces de marée exercées par l'hôte peuvent arracher une partie de la matière de la galaxie, et même détruire celle-ci. Ce processus, au cours duquel une partie de la matière noire de la galaxie est arrachée, est appelé stripping. La détection du stripping de matière noire contient d'importantes informations sur l'évolution des groupes et des amas. Le travail principal de cette thèse se concentre sur l'étude des galaxies dans les amas, et en particulier sur l'étude du stripping des galaxies par les forces de marées des amas. Les profils de densité des halos sont mesurés à l’aide de l’effet de lentille gravitationnelle faible, en utilisant les catalogues de formes de galaxies des relevés CFHTLenS, CFHT Stripe 82 et DES-SV, alliés au catalogue d’amas redMaPPer
Galaxy clusters are large structures in the Universe, composed of tens or hundreds of galaxies bound by gravity. In the hierarchical formation model, they are formed and grow by accretion of smaller groups or isolated galaxies. In this scenario, understanding how these accreted galaxies interact with the very dense cluster environnement is an important step towards explaining the global picture of galaxy evolution and structure formation. Indeed, during infall, galaxies are subject to numerous interactions with the host cluster, both at the level of the baryonic and dark matter component, and these interactions influence the properties of the infalling galaxy. At the level of dark matter, numerical simulations suggest that dynamical friction sinks galaxies towards the center of clusters, and tidal forces of the host can strip part of the satellite's matter away, and even disrupt it. The detection of this stripping contains important informations on the evolution of groups and clusters: what quantity of dark matter is associated to the cluster galaxies as a function of the distance to the centre of the cluster ? How does this depend on the redshift and dynamical state of the cluster ? Does stripping depend on the morphological type of cluster galaxies ? The main work of this thesis is focused on studying galaxies in clusters, in particular tidal stripping of their dark matter haloes. The dark matter halo profiles are measured with weak gravitational lensing, using galaxy shape catalogues from the CFHTLenS, CFHT Stripe 82 and DES-SV surveys, combined with the redMaPPer cluster catalogue

La masse est une des propriétés les plus fondamentales de la matière. Comprendre son origine a longtemps été un sujet central en physique. D'après la physique nucléaire et la physique des particules modernes, la clef de ce problème réside dans la compréhension de l’origine de la masse du nucléon à partir de l’interaction forte. Avec le développement des technologies informatiques, la chromodynamique quantique sur réseau offre la possibilité de comprendre l’origine de la masse à partir des premiers principes. Cependant, dû aux ressources de calcul limitées, les masses obtenues à partir des calculs sur réseau doivent être extrapolées jusqu'au point physique. La théorie chirale des perturbations en tant que théorie effective des champs de QCD à basse énergie est une méthode indépendante de modèle permettant de comprendre l’interaction forte dans la région non perturbative et de guider les diverses extrapolations nécessaires pour passer du résultat lattice au résultat physique. Le but de cette thèse est donc d'utiliser la complémentarité entre QCD sur réseau et théorie chirale des perturbations afin d'étudier de façon systématique les masses des baryons. Nous étudions les masses de l'octet baryonique le plus léger dans le cadre de la théorie chirale covariante des perturbations pour les baryons. Nous utilisons la méthode "extended on mass shell" jusqu'à l'ordre trois fois sous dominant. Afin d'étudier les artefacts des calculs sur réseau dus à la taille finie de la boîte nous calculons les effets de volume fini. Adaptant la théorie chirale des perturbations à des fermions de Wilson nous obtenons aussi les effets de discrétisation dû au pas fini du réseau. Nous étudions de façon systématique toutes les données réseau en tenant à la fois de l'extrapolation au continu, des corrections de volume finie et de l'extrapolation chirale. Nous démontrons l'importance des corrections de volume fini dans la description des masses des baryons sur réseau. Par contre les effets de discrétisation sont de l'ordre de 1% jusqu'à l'ordre a² et peuvent donc être ignorés. De plus nous trouvons que toutes les données sur réseau prises en sont consistentes entre elles malgré des différences notables dans les procédures adoptées. Utilisant les formules chirales des masses des baryons nous prédisons de façon précise leurs termes sigma via le théorème de Feynman-Hellmann en analysant les données sur réseau les plus récentes. Les effets dus au pas du réseau, à la troncation de la série de perturbation chirale et à la violation d'isospin de l'interaction forte sont pris en pour la première fois. En particulier le terme sigma pion nucléon et le « strangeness sigma term » sont en accord avec les résultats réseau les plus récents. Au vue des succès rencontrés lors de l'étude de l'octet baryonique nous avons fait une analyse systématique des masses du décuplet baryonique le plus léger dans la théorie chirale covariante des perturbations pour les baryons en fittant de façon simultanée les données réseau n_f=2+1. Une bonne description à la fois des données réseau et des masses expérimentales est obtenue. De plus les termes sigma sont prédits. Enfin comprendre le spectre d'excitation des hadrons est encore un challenge. En particulier le spectre des baryons a une structure très inhabituelle, la résonance Roper (1440) de parité positive étant plus légère que l'état de parité négative N(1535). La plupart des études sur réseau suggère que les effets des log chiraux sont plus importants pour la masse de la Roper que pour celle des nucléons. Nous avons donc calculé la masse de cette résonance en théorie chirale des perturbations en tenant en de façon explicite des contributions du nucléon et du delta. Les contributions venant du mélange entre le nucléon et la Roper sont étudiées pour la première fois. Une première analyse de la masse de cette particule est présentée
Mass is one of the most fundamental properties of matter. Understanding its origin has long been a central topic in physics. According to modern particle and nuclear physics, the key to this issue is to understand the origin of nucleon (lowest-lying baryon) masses from the nonperturbative strong interaction. With the development of computing technologies, lattice Quantum Chromodynamics simulations provide great opportunities to understand the origin of mass from first principles. However, due to the limit of computational resources, lattice baryon masses have to be extrapolated to the physical point. Chiral perturbation theory, as an effective field theory of low-energy QCD, provides a model independent method to understand nonperturbative strong interactions and to guide the lattice multiple extrapolations. Therefore, we present the interplay between lattice QCD and chiral perturbation theory to systematically study the baryon masses. In the SU(3) sector, we study the lowest-lying octet baryon masses in covariant baryon chiral perturbation theory with the extended-on-mass-shell scheme up to next-to-next-to-next-to-leading order. In order to consider lattice artifacts from finite lattice box sizes, finite-volume corrections to lattice baryon masses are estimated. By constructing chiral perturbation theory for Wilson fermions, we also obtain the discretization effects of finite lattice spacings. We perform a systematic study of all the latest n_f=2+1 lattice data with chiral extrapolation (m_q → m_q^phys.), finite-volume corrections (V→∞), and continuum extrapolation (a→0). We find that finite-volume corrections are important to describe the present lattice baryon masses. On the other hand, the discretization effects of lattice simulations up to O(a²) are of the order 1% when a≈0.1 fm and can be safely ignored. Furthermore, we find that the lattice data from different collaborations are consistent with each other, though their setups are quite different. Using the chiral formulas of octet baryon masses, we accurately predict the octet baryon sigma terms via the Feynman-Hellmann theorem by analyzing the latest high-statistics lattice QCD data. Three key factors --- lattice scale setting effects, chiral expansion truncations and strong-interaction isospin-breaking effects --- are taken into account for the first time. In particular, the predicted pion- and strangeness-nucleon sigma terms, sigma_πN=55(1)(4) MeV and sigma_sN =27(27)(4) MeV, are consistent with the most latest lattice results of nucleon sigma terms. With the success in the study of octet baryon masses, we also present a systematic analysis of the lowest-lying decuplet baryon masses in covariant baryon chiral perturbation theory by simultaneously fitting n_f=2+1 lattice data. A good description for both the lattice and the experimental decuplet baryon masses is achieved. The convergence of covariant baryon chiral perturbation theory in the SU(3) sector is discussed. Furthermore, the pion- and strangeness-sigma terms for decuplet baryons are predicted by the Feynman-Hellmann theorem. In addition, understanding the excitation spectrum of hadrons is still a challenge, especially the first positive-parity nucleon resonance, the Roper(1440). The baryon spectrum shows a very unusual pattern that the Roper state is lower than the negative-parity state N(1535). Most lattice studies suggest that the Roper mass exhibits much larger chiral-log effects than that of the nucleon. Therefore, we calculate the Roper mass in chiral perturbation theory by explicitly including the nucleon/Delta contributions. The mixed contributions between nucleon and Roper to the baryon masses are taken into account for the first time. A first analysis of lattice Roper masses is presented

The understanding of the nature of the dominant forms of matter and energy in the Universe is undoubtedly one of the most intriguing concepts within the vast domain of current scientific research. Current experimental evidence supports the notion that the dominant form of matter in the Universe is composed of a non-luminous, possibly exotic, material that is distinct from the familiar baryonic matter from which the luminous Universe is composed.

"October 2002" Bibliography: p. 129-136. 1. Introduction -- 2. QCD and the standard model -- 3. The Lattice -- 4. Symanzik improvement in the Static Quark Potential -- 5. Scale determination for an improved Gluon Action -- 6. Fat-link Irrelevant Clover Fermion actions -- 7. Excited Baryons in Lattice QCD -- 8. Spin 3/2 Baryons -- 9. Conclusion. This thesis reports work done in conducting numerical simulations of Lattice QCD.

The Sakai-Sugimoto model is the leading model of holographic QCD. It has an effective five-dimensional description in which baryons correspond to the bulk topological solitons of a Yang-Mills-Chern-Simons theory. However, the large dimensionality of the model means studying soliton solutions either analytically or numerically is difficult. Sakai-Sugimoto solitons in the high density limit should provide an analogue of cold, dense QCD. Two competing theories for high-density solutions are the dyon salt model, in which the appropriate crystal is a salt-like arrangement of dyons, and the baryonic popcorn model in which a series of transitions occurs where the three-dimensional soliton crystal develops extra layers in the holographic direction. In this thesis we consider a range of low-dimensional analogues and approximations to the Sakai-Sugimoto model. We first investigate an O(3) sigma model stabilised by vector mesons, and a baby Skyrme model in pure AdS spacetime, before moving on to consider homogeneous ansätze in both the holographic baby Skyrme and full Sakai- Sugimoto models. In each case we look for analogues of the dyon salt and baryonic popcorn configurations, and find evidence for new features in the high-density regime of holographic QCD.

Ce travail fait partie du programme scientifique de l'expérience STAR (Solenoidal Tracker At RHIC) au BNL (Brookhaven National Laboratory) qui fonctionne auprès du RHIC (Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider). Le but principal de l'expérience STAR est de mesurer les propriétés de la matière extrêmement chaude et dense créée pendant la collision d'ions lourds. Il est attendu qu'à la suite de la collision des noyaux d'or à l'énergie √snn =200GeV/nucleon une nouvelle forme de matière – OGP (Quark Gluon Plasma) sera créé. Ce nouvel état, qui aurait existé une microseconde après le Big Bang, permettra de mesurer les propriétés des plus petits constituants de la matière. L'analyse a été effectuée en employant la technique des correlations des particules légères émises dans les collisions. Les mesures de paires de protons et d'antiprotons ont été faites de la même façon dans toutes les classes d'énergies et de centralités, les mêmes critères de sélection d'événements ont été appliqués et la même approche a été utilisée pour estimer l'influence des corrélations residuelles. Ainsi le rôle des erreurs systématiques a été fortement réduit ce qui est important pour la comparaison quantitative et pour l'analyse commune de tous les résultats obtenus dans ce travail. L'effet des corrélations résiduelles est particulièrement important et provient de la contamination de l'échantillon protonique/antiprotonique par les particules (aussi les protons ou les antiprotons) venant des faibles décroissances hyperons. L'analyse effectuée est un pas en avant vers la description conséquente de la dymanique de la collision d'ions lourds, surtout dans la partie consacrée aux processus mous. Afin de continuer cette analyse, il est nécessaire d'avoir plus de données expérimentales. Cet objectif peut être atteint, d'une façon naturelle, dans l'expérience de génération suivante ALICE qui est actuellement en préparation au CERN. Des multiplicités de particules beaucoup plus grandes et de meilleures possibilités de détection créent de bonnes perspectives pour ces mesures
This project is the part of STAR (Solenoidal Tracker At RHIC) expiment at RHIC (Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider) in BNL (Brookhaven National Laboratory). The main goal of the STAR experiment is to measure the properties of matter created during heavy-ion collisions and search new state of matter QGP (Quark Gluon Plasma). The analysis of two-particle correlations provides a powerful tool to study the properties of hot and dense matter created in heavy-ions collisions. Results on two-proton, two anti-proton and proton-antiproton for Au+Au collisions at collision energy 62 and 200 GeV are presented. Different collision centralities are taken into account as well. Two-antiproton and proton-antiproton correlation functions are analysed for the first time. For all systems residual correlations arised for decay of heavier baryons are carrefully estmated. It is found that residual correlations have a strong impact, more dominant in the nonidentical hadron combinations. A mT dependence or radii for central collisions is found to follow the same tendency confirming that flow phenomenon affects different particle species. Nonidentical particle correlations technique allows to check whether protons or antiprotons are emitted earlier or later and from which region of the source. Such analysis should be continued in ALICE experiment in CERN, ALICE will start the operation in 2008

The ΛCDM model for structure formation in the universe has been successful on large scales, however there are outstanding problems on the scale of galaxies. In this thesis we study a number of processes where baryonic and dark matter (DM) interact on the scale of galaxies in order to provide a greater understanding of how such processes can explain observations. One significant issue for ΛCDM is the prediction of cusped density profiles for DM halos. In Chapter 2 we consider the infall of a massive baryonic clump into a dark-matter halo and demonstrate that the baryons need to transfer only a small fraction of their initial energy to the dark matter via dynamical friction to explain the discrepancy between predicted dark-matter density profiles and those inferred from observations. The observational evidence for density cores in local dwarf galaxies is still disputed. In Chapter 3 we consider what the existence of five globular clusters (GCs) tells us about the dynamical history of the Fornax dSph system and the implications for its density profile. We find that if Fornax has an extended dark matter core (as opposed to a density cusp) then its GCs remain close to their currently observed locations for long times. In Chapter 4 we study the effect of a Central Mass Concentration (CMC) on the development of a bar in a galactic disc with differing density profiles for its DM halo. We find the relative density of the DM halo affects the potency of the CMC in suppressing the growth of a bar.

The strong interaction within a nucleon has been the focus of much theoretical and experimental work in nuclear and particle physics. Theorists have been improving lattice QCD calculations and developing quark models that define the inter-quark interactions, and experimentalists have spent years gathering data to support and improve these models. Finding nucleon resonance states provides essential information for the development of these theories and improves our understanding of the excited nucleon spectrum. There are a variety of quark models that have been proposed which each predict a unique resonance spectrum. Currently, these models predict resonances that have not been observed experimentally. It is important to experimentally determine which of these resonances exist. Historically, many of the existing measurements came as a result of nucleon-pion scattering experiments. It has been suggested, however, that some resonances may couple more strongly to other reaction channels, such as the KΛ strangeness reaction channel analysed here. Pseudoscalar meson photoproduction experiments can be used to analyse such a reaction channel. In these experiments, a photon beam is incident on a stationary nucleon target and the reaction products are detected. The polarisation of the recoiling particle can often be determined or measured. In the KΛ channel, the recoiling baryon is a Λ whose polarisation can be obtained without the use of any additional hardware through the self-analysing properties of the hyperon. These experiments can be completely described by four complex amplitudes, which can be accessed experimentally through sixteen polarisation observables. The polarisation observables are bilinear combinations of the amplitudes and as such have nontrivial correlations. They are dependent on the polarisations of the beam, target and recoiling particle. By selecting different polarisations of the beam or target, or by using a combination of polarisations, different observables can be measured. The amplitudes can be obtained once a sufficient selection of observables is determined. Currently, analyses of pseudoscalar meson photoproduction data is done using a binned fitting method. The use of binned fitting inevitably leads to some information from the data being lost. In this thesis, a new analysis method is presented, based on Bayesian statistics. The aim of such an approach is to maximise the information yield from data. An event-by-event likelihood function reduces the information lost through histogram binning. It is shown that the use of a prior distribution in amplitude space can preserve the correlations between observables, also increasing the information yield. It is found that such an analysis programme leads to a significant extraction of information from existing data. It is also found that datasets from different experiments could be concatenated and analysed together using the programme presented in this work, and successfully extract observables. Information on observables to which the experiment is not directly sensitive can be found and visualised graphically. The development of this analysis programme is detailed in this thesis. Previously analysed data from two experiments are analysed using this analysis method, and the results are compared to those obtained in the past. It is shown that this Bayesian approach produces results that are consistent with accepted results and provides information on observables that are not directly measurable by a particular experiment. The data from two experiments is combined and analysed together, and it is shown that the results of the combined analysis are consistent with those obtained through separate analyses.

Durant cette these, j'ai etudie la formation des galaxies grace a des simulations cosmologiques et a un nouveau modele analytique. Dans le cadre du modele standard de formation hierachique des grandes structures, les petites fluctuations primordiales de densite observees sur le fond diffus cosmologique sont amplifiees par la gravite pour donner des halos de matiere noire de plus en plus gros. C'est au sein de ces halos que le gaz s'effondre et se refroidit pour former des disques de gaz froid a support centrifuge. Ces disques sont ensuite convertis en disques stellaires : les galaxies. Le probleme dans ce scenario est celui du sur-refroidissement : une trop grande part du gaz finit sous forme d'etoiles comparativement aux observations. J'ai donc realise une etude de l'evolution des baryons (un gaz d'hydrogene et d'helium) dans l'Univers grace a des simulations numeriques hydrodynamiques haute-resolution. Cependant, ces simulations sont affectees par des effets de resolution finie. J'ai ainsi developpe un modele analytique simple qui possede l'avantage de ne pas etre affecte par de tels effets. Celui-ci predit la quantite de baryons dans chacune des 4 phases suivantes : etoiles, gaz froid dans les disques galactiques, gaz chaud dans les amas et gaz diffus dans le milieu intergalactique. La comparaison des resultats aux observations a montre que la cosmologie controle le taux de formation d'etoiles dans l'Univers. Ce modele a aussi mis en lumiere le role essentiel des vents galactiques qui, ejectant le gaz froid des disques jusque dans les halos de gaz chaud, permettent d'eviter le probleme du sur-refroidissement. Enfin, en une ouverture vers l'astroparticule, j'ai etudie les implications de la physique du gaz sur le fond diffus gamma produit dans l'hypothese de matiere noire legere.

In this thesis, several properties of baryons are studied using the chiral quark model. The chiral quark model is a theory which can be used to describe low energy phenomena of baryons. In Paper 1, the chiral quark model is studied using wave functions with configuration mixing. This study is motivated by the fact that the chiral quark model cannot otherwise break the Coleman–Glashow sum-rule for the magnetic moments of the octet baryons, which is xperimentally broken by about ten standard deviations. Configuration mixing with quark-diquark components is also able to reproduce the octet baryon magnetic moments very accurately. In Paper 2, the chiral quark model is used to calculate the decuplet baryon magnetic moments. The values for the magnetic moments of the ++and− are in good agreement with the experimental results. The total quark spin polarizations are also calculated and are found to be significantly smaller than the non-relativistic quark model results. In Paper 3, the weak form factors for semileptonic octet baryon decays are studied in the chiral quark model. The “weak magnetism” form factors are found to be consistent with the conserved vector current (CVC) results and the induced pseudotensor form factors, which seem to be model independent, are small. The results obtained are in general agreement with experiments and are also compared with other model calculations.
QC 20100618

This thesis presents the first determination of |Vub| at a hadron collider and in a baryonic decay. The determination is made by measuring the ratio of branching fractions of the baryonic decays $\Lambda^{0}_{b} \rightarrow p \mu^{-} \bar{\nu}_{\mu}$ and $\Lambda^{0}_{b} \rightarrow \Lambda^{+}_{c} \mu^{-} \bar{\nu}_{\mu}$ at large momentum transfer squared. The experimental measurement was made using a $2$ fb$^{-1}$ dataset of $pp$ collision events produced at $\sqrt{s}= 8$ TeV by the Large Hadron Collider and collected by the LHCb experiment in 2012. This is the first observation of the decay $\Lambda^{0}_{b} \rightarrow p \mu^{-} \bar{\nu}_{\mu}$ for which the branching fraction is measured to be $B_{\Lambda^{0}_{b} \rightarrow p \mu^{-} \bar{\nu}_{\mu}} = (4.1 \pm 1.0) \times 10^{-4}$. Combining the measured experimental ratio with the latest Lattice QCD predictions for the form factors of $\Lambda^{0}_{b} \rightarrow p \mu^{-} \bar{\nu}_{\mu}$ and $\Lambda^{0}_{b} \rightarrow \Lambda^{+}_{c} \mu^{-} \bar{\nu}_{\mu}$ decays results in a determination of the ratio of CKM elements, |Vub|/ |Vcb| = 0.083 \pm 0.004 \pm 0.004$, where the first uncertainty is experimental and the second uncertainty is theoretical. This precision determination of |Vub|/| |Vcb| provides an important constraint for global fits of the CKM sector of the Standard Model. Finally, combining the ratio CKM elements, |Vub|/| |Vcb| with the world average of |Vcb| from exclusive measurements allows for a determination of the CKM matrix element |Vub| = (3.27 \pm 0. 15 \pm 0.16 \pm 0.06)\times10^{-3}$. Here the first uncertainty is experimental, the second uncertainty is theoretical and the final uncertainty is from |Vcb| While the measurement agrees well with measurements of |Vub| made using $\bar{B}^{0} \rightarrow \pi^{+} l^{-} \bar{\nu}_{l}$ decays the measurement is $3.5\sigma$ below the world average of |Vub| from inclusive $B \rightarrow X_{u} l^{-} \bar{\nu}_{l}$ decays. This reinforces the long-standing tension between inclusive and exclusive measurements of |Vub|.

The results of two separate searches for the rare two-body charmless baryonic decays B0 → p pbar and B0s → p pbar at the LHCb experiment are reported in this thesis. The first analysis uses a data sample, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 0.9 fb^-1, of proton-proton collision data collected by the LHCb experiment at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV. An excess of B0 → p pbar candidates with respect to background expectations is seen with a statistical significance of 3.3 standard deviations. This constitutes the first evidence for a two-body charmless baryonic B0 decay. No significant B0s → p pbar signal was observed. However, a small excess of B0s → p pbar events allowed the extraction of two sided confidence level intervals for the B0s → p pbar branching fraction using the Feldman-Cousins frequentist method. This improved the upper limit on the B0s → p pbar branching fraction by three orders of magnitude over previous bounds. The 68.3% confidence level intervals on the branching fractions were measured to be BF(B0 → p pbar) = ( 1.47 ^{+0.62}_{-0.51} ^{+0.35}_{-0.14} ) x 10^-8, BF(B0s → p pbar) = ( 2.84 ^{+2.03}_{-1.68} ^{+0.85}_{-0.18} ) x 10^-8, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic. The second analysis followed on from the first LHCb result and included the full 2011 and 2012 samples of proton-proton collision data at centre of mass energies of 7 and 8 TeV, corresponding to a total integrated luminosity of 3.122 fb^-1.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2003.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xv, 133 p.: ill. Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: Richard D. Kass, Dept. of Physics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 132-133).

Ma thèse porte sur deux questions importantes de la Cosmologie:(i) L'origine des champs magnétiques cosmologiques:L'Univers semble magnétisé à absolument toutes ses échelles (spatiales et temporelles), y compris le milieu intergalactique. Mais leur origine est encore inconnue à l'heure actuelle, malgré les nombreux efforts pour essayer de répondre à cette question. On pense qu'ils ont d'abord été générés avec de très faibles amplitudes, puis qu'ils ont été amplifiés au cours de la formation des structures. La turbulence dans les galaxies et les amas de galaxies modifie totalement l'organisation initiale de ces champs, ce qui fait que les champs observés actuellement dans les structures ne nous renseignent pas sur leur origine. Il convient donc de s'intéresser aux champs intergalactiques. J'ai dévelopé analytiquement un modèle de magnétogénèse basé sur la photoionisation du milieu intergalactique par les premières étoiles et les premières galaxies apparues dans l'Univers, il y a environ 13 milliards d'années. Puis, en collaboration avec H. Tashiro et N. Sugiyama (Japon), j'ai calculé de façon analytique la densité d'énergie moyenne injectée par ce processus dans le contexte cosmologique, et en parallèle, en collaboration avec D.Aubert (France), j'ai étudié les propriétés statistiques du champs généré à travers des simulations numériques. Nos prédictions sont compatibles avec les observations actuelles. Ce mécanisme a donc dû participer à la magnétisation de l'Univers à ses plus grandes échelles.(ii) Fragmentation gravitationnelle de la toile cosmique:Les simulations numériques suggèrent que la matière dans l'Univers est répartie de façon filamentaire, les noeuds de ce réseau étant les amas de galaxies. La matière s'écoule le long de ces filaments. L'accrétion dans les noeuds est donc anisotrope, et il s'avère qu'elle est aussi en partie intermittente. Cela indique que la matière ne se structure pas uniquement dans les amas, mais aussi dans les filaments, voire les nappes ou les vides cosmiques. Je me suis donc intéressé à l'instabilité gravitationnelle dans les milieux stratifiés. J'ai proposé une nouvelle approche, dans le cadre de la théorie spectrale, en m'inspirant de la littérature plasma
My thesis deals with two important topics of Cosmology:(i) Origin of cosmological magnetic fields:Magnetic fields seem ubiquitous in the Universe, present at all scales and all times, probably even in the entire intergalactic medium. Their origin is still unclear, especially on the largest scales. The current paradigm is that they were first generated with extremely weak strengths, and later amplified during structure formation. Because of turbulence, the fields we observe in galaxies and galaxy clusters lost their initial characteristics. However, in less dense regions such as cosmological filaments, sheets or voids, magnetic fields have evolved more mildly. Therefore, intergalactic magnetic fields may still possess a memory of the processes that generated them and hold the key to their origin. I developed analytically a detailed physical model of a natural astrophysical mechanism that generates intergalactic magnetic fields during the first billion year, namely at the time when first stars and galaxies were born. Then, in collaboration with H. Tashiro and N. Sugiyama (Japan), I computed analytically the mean energy density injected in the entire Universe through this mechanism. Independently, in collaboration with D. Aubert (France), I derived the topological and statistical properties of the magnetic field thus generated, using cosmological numerical simulations. This way I demonstrated that this simple, natural photoionization-based magnetogenesis must have created magnetic seed fields with properties a priori perfectly compatible with present day observations.(ii) Gravitational fragmentation of the cosmic web:Cosmological numerical simulations suggest that the Universe has a web-like structure, the nodes of which are galaxy clusters. These nodes are supplied with matter flowing along the filaments interconnecting them. Part of this accretion occurs intermittently, which indicates that clumps of matter form not only inside clusters themselves, but also either in cosmic voids, walls and/or filaments. I studied gravitational instability in stratified media in the frame of spectral theory, in planar and cylindrical geometries, relevant for cosmic walls and filaments, for isothermal, polytropic, and with and without an external gravitational background (e.g. Dark Matter). I have recasted the problem as an eigenvalue problem in the force operator formalism, and derived the wave equation governing the growth of perturbations. I also studied it in matrix form, which gives complementary information

In this thesis we study aspects of the cosmological electroweak phase transition which are relevant to the possibility of baryogenesis at this epoch. We focus on two issues: first, requiring that the observed baryon number be of electroweak origin places strong constraints on electroweak physics, and second, baryogenesis at the electroweak scale may be driven by an asymmetry generated at the GUT scale. We use the effective potential at finite temperature as a means of analyzing phase transitions associated with spontaneous symmetry breaking. We develop the theory with two basic examples: the scalar and Abelian Higgs models. Infrared divergences near the phase transition make the one-loop description unreliable, and indeed invalidate conventional perturbation theory. Borrowing a method from studies of QCD at high temperatures, we demonstrate that the summation of ring diagrams cures the leading infrared divergences and achieves a more reliable perturbative expansion. We then apply this formalism to the minimal Standard Model, following previous work, and confirm weak first-order behavior at the phase transition. We show that requiring the baryon number not be erased by sphaleron processes after the phase transition places a stringent bound on the Higgs mass, which is incompatible with experiment. This cosmological bound, however, may be relaxed by extending the scalar sector of the Standard Model. We consider the two simplest such extensions, the addition of a gauge singlet and of a second doublet. We demonstrate that ring-improvement in the singlet extension alters previous arguments at the one-loop level and yields a more restrictive bound on the Higgs mass. While ring-improvement in the two-doublet model, in principle, also reduces the Higgs mass bound found earlier at one loop, the multitude of new couplings in this model does not permit a definitive statement. We then investigate a mechanism for generating the observed baryon asymmetry (n_B/S~ 10-¹⁰) at the electroweak phase transition from a pre-existing leptonic asymmetry (L_T/s~ 10-⁵) produced at the GUT scale. This mechanism works by charge transport in a strongly first-order phase transition and avoids the need for large CP-violation at the electroweak scale.

A partir de l'analyse des donnees enregistrees a lep avec le detecteur delphi en 1991-1992-1993, un signal de baryons beaux etranges est obtenu par l'etude des correlations de charge entre un hyperon xi et un lepton d'un meme jet. Les diverses sources conduisant a cet etat final sont etudiees. La probabilite que ce signal soit issu de fluctuations d'autres sources que des baryons beaux est estimee a 10#-#4. Une evaluation de la duree de vie des baryons beaux etranges est effectuee. Les taux de production inclusifs de plusieurs hyperons sont egalement mesures

The purpose of this thesis has been to study the S=-1 meson-baryon interaction in S-wave employing an effective chiral SU(3) lagrangian up to NLO and implementing unitarization in coupled channels. Such a study requires fixing the NLO coefficients of the lagrangian which are not well established yet. In general, the low energy constants of an effective lagrangian are obtained from fitting procedures to the experimental available data. These parameters have been constrained to a large set of experimental K^- p scattering data into πΣ,K ̅N, πΛ channels, to γ, R_n and R_c branching ratios, and to the precise SIDDHARTA value of the energy shift and width of kaonic hydrogen. The novelty of our work is the inclusion of the scattering data from K^- p⟶K^+ Ξ^-,K^0 Ξ^0 reactions in the fitting procedure, since they become especially sensitive to higher order terms, as they cannot proceed with the WT term of the lagrangian, except indirectly via unitarization contributions. We have paid a special attention to the effects that a systematic inclusion in the lagrangian of the NLO and Born terms has on the low energy constants, particularly on the NLO coefficients. The main difference among the models we get from the fits is reflected in the isospin components of the total cross sections of the reactions we study. To check the reliavility of these models, we have performed new fits which take into account data from isospin filtering reactions. The stability and accuracy of the parameters have been tested by including phenomenological resonant contributions to the scattering amplitudes of the reactions that are especially sensitive to the NLO corrections. These resonant terms have been useful to reach better agreement with the experimental data. In order to explore other processes that take place at higher energies and can provide more information of the NLO parameters, we have studied the Λ_b decay into states containing a J/ψ and meson-baryon pairs. Furthermore, the Λ_b⟶J/ψ ηΛ process has allowed us to study the implications of observing a possible strange partner of the hidden charm pentaquark state P_c (4450). The conclusions and analysis of each chapter are summarized below. The second chapter is devoted to study the role played by NLO and Born terms, as well as the relevance of certain reactions in obtaining a more reliable parametrization for the NLO coefficients. We started by comparing different fitting procedures consisting of unitarized calculations employing a kernel in which we include or not the NLO term and which take into account or not the scattering data of the K^- p⟶KΞ reactions. From the results of all these combinations, and particularly from the successful reproduction of the experimental data reached by the WT+NLO model, we have shown for the first time that the NLO order terms of the chiral Lagrangian are absolutely necessary to reproduce the K^- p⟶KΞ reaction data. In this way, the sensitivity of the NLO lagrangian to such reactions has been clearly established. Given this sensitivity and the fact that the existing K^- p⟶KΞ scattering data are limited and suffer from large uncertainty, more accurate data are required before giving a more definitive answer about the values of the NLO coefficients. Next, contrary to the assumption we made about the little effect of the Born terms in the earlier stage, we have proved that they become non-negligible in the K^- p⟶KΞ reactions. The parametrization of the new fit (WT+NLO+Born) has confirmed the expectations of obtaining significant changes in the NLO coefficients compared to those of the WT+NLO model. Despite this, we do not get any improvement neither in accuracy of the parameters nor in the χ_(d.o.f)^2. This fact has led us to an interesting finding that allows us to understand how such different parametrization could give so similar agreement with the experimental data: the inclusion or non inclusion of the Born terms can seriously modify the isospin decomposition of the K^- p⟶KΞ cross sections due to their sensitivity to the higher order terms. Such differences in the isospin components point to the need of constraining the models with experimental data from reactions that proceed through I=0 or I=1, thus providing more reliable parameters of the meson-baryon lagrangian. Most of the data employed in our fits are coming from antikaon-proton scattering and therefore contain contributions from both isospin I=0 and I=1 components; being the only exceptions the π^0 Σ^0,πΛ channels, which select I=0 and I=1 respectively. We then have widened the number of experimental observables used in the fits including scattering data from K^- p⟶ηΛ,ηΣ^0 reactions, which are of pure isospin 0 and 1 respectively. These efforts culminated in the WT+NLO+Born (η chan) model that, as far as we know, is the only chiral model in the literature which reproduces K^- p scattering data into all possible S=-1 channels with good agreement. Regarding the parametrization related to this model, the inclusion of these new experimental data has been crucial for obtaining a very homogeneous and accurate set of NLO coefficients, as well as natural sized values for all the subtraction constants. This leads us to think that the inclusion of more experimental data from isospin filtering processes could favor more reliable values for the low energy constants. The proposed measurement of the K_L^0 p⟶K^+ Ξ^0 reactions in I=1 with a secondary K_L^0 beam at Jlab would complement the information one can obtain from K^- p scattering data to constrain the theoretical models. We have presented our prediction for this reaction employing some of our models, concluding that, as more contributions are taken into account in the interaction kernel and more data are included in the fit, the predicted values are closer to the only two available experimental points of this reaction. None of these two data points have been used in any fitting procedure. This prediction seems to point out towards the reliability of our parametrizations, particularly the WT+NLO+Born (η chan) one, which we consider our best pure chiral model. In order to improve the description of the experimental K^- p⟶KΞ and K^- p⟶ηΛ scattering data, it is also possible to considerate the inclusion of high-spin resonances in such processes. Since they are the most sensitive reactions to the NLO terms, this could also lead to modifications of the NLO parameters. In this way, we can study the stability and accuracy of the parameters present in the models. This is performed in the third chapter of this thesis. We first allowed for the explicit contribution of the high spin hyperon resonances Σ(2030) and Σ(2250) to the K^- p⟶KΞ amplitudes, aiming at establishing an appropriate amount for the background, which in this work is associated to the chiral contributions, and, hence, obtaining more reliable values of the associated low energy constants. The resonant amplitude has been calculated by applying the Rarita-Schwinger method while the chiral amplitude has been obtained employing a lagrangian with a WT and NLO contribution giving rise to the NLO+RES model. Since the resonant terms introduce an angular dependence in the amplitudes, we also attempt the description of the KΞ differential cross sections. We find the resonant terms to have a double benefit. On the one hand, they allow for a reasonable overall description of the scattering data, including the total and the differential cross sections of the KΞ production reactions. On the other hand, by absorbing certain structures of the cross section, the inclusion of resonant contributions permit finding a more stable solution and therefore more precise values of the low energy constants of the chiral unitary model. Then, we have performed a similar study for WT+NLO+Born (η chan) model, which we consider our best chiral model. In contrast to the study carried out previously, this model has been constrained with additional data (K^- p⟶ηΣ^0,ηΛ cross-section data), meaning that, since the K^- p⟶ηΛ reaction is also very senstive to the NLO terms, the corresponding NLO coefficients are more reliable. This makes the analysis of stability acquire a more decisive character. Aiming for this, we have extended the resonant contributions to the K^- p⟶ηΛ process, particularly we have taken into account the contribution of the Λ(1890) resonance which has also been incorporated to the K^- p⟶KΞ amplitudes, in addition to the Σ(2030) and Σ(2250) resonances. The results obtained confirm the previous findings: there is a notable improvement of the agreement with the experimental data and the parameters take similar values to the ones corresponding to the model without resonances. This stability is specially marked for most of the NLO coefficients. Having proved the effects of the isospin filtering processes on the NLO coefficients, in Chapter 4 we have shown that the Λ_b⟶J/ψ ηΛ decay and, particularly, the Λ_b⟶J/ψ KΞ one provide very valuable information concerning the meson-baryon interaction in the S=-1 and isospin I=0 sector. The dynamics of the reaction, where the light quarks of the Λ_b play a spectator role, is such that it filters I=0 in the final state. This is so because the "u" and "d" quarks in the Λ_b baryon necessarily couple to I=0 and the weak decay favors the b⟶cc ̅s transition, so there is an s-quark at the end of the weak process, which together with the "ud" pair in I=0 gives a total isospin I=0. Thus, these decays may offer complementary information to that obtained from K^- p⟶KΞ scattering data, where both isospin 0 and 1 contributions combine to give the final results. Our study is based on the models WT+NLO (Model 1) and WT+NLO+Born (η chan) (Model 2) developed in this thesis to describe the K^- p scattering. Both models produce quite different invariant mass distributions for the decay of the Λ_b into KΞ and ηΛ states, which are in turn quite different also from phase space, indicating the sensitivity of these processes to the strong internal dynamics. The differences between models are more visible in the Λ_b⟶J/ψ KΞ decay process. The reason stems from the fact that the decay into ηΛ can proceed at tree level, while the selectivity of the Λ_b decay processes producing the J/ψ does not allow the formation of a KΞ pair in a primary step. This is only produced through rescattering of the K ̅N and ηΛ primary components. Thus the Λ_b⟶J/ψ KΞ reaction is directly proportional to the meson-baryon scattering amplitude, concretely to the ηΛ⟶KΞ and K ̅N⟶KΞ components in I=0, which can lead to a marked pattern of interferences. These models also predict sizable differences for the Λ_b decay in the energy region of KΞ and ηΛ production, reflecting that the I=0 component of the meson-baryon interaction, which is the one playing a role in the Λ_b decay processes studied here, is not very well constrained by the fitting to K^- p⟶KΞ data. The recent finding of two structures in the J/ψ p invariant mass distribution of the Λ_b⟶J/ψ K^- p decay, associated to two pentaquark states, together with its plausible explanation in terms of a previously predicted hidden charm baryon molecular state, prompted us to study the decay of the Λ_b into J/ψ ηΛ final states. The Λ_b⟶J/ψ ηΛ decay, being a coupled channel of the Λ_b⟶J/ψ K^- p one, will occur with similar strength and one could observe, in the J/ψ Λ invariant mass spectrum, possible strange partners of the two non-strange pentaquark states reported by LHCb collaboration. We recall that when the hidden charm N^* resonances were theoretically predicted as molecular states in several unitary approaches, some partner hidden charm strange Λ^* states were also found. We have taken advantage of this finding and have predicted what signal should one of these states leave in the ηΛ and J/ψ Λ invariant mass distributions of the Λ_b⟶J/ψ ηΛ reaction. We have found that, taking the values of the couplings of the hidden charm Λ^* state to the D ̅^(0*) Ξ_c^' and J/ψ Λ channels obtained in the unitary approaches, one should observe clear and sizable peaks in the J/ψ Λ mass distribution of the Λ_b⟶J/ψ ηΛ decay. We have studied the dependence of our results on reasonable changes in the parameters of the models involved in our description of the process, as well as on the unknown properties of the speculated hidden charm strange pentaquark. We have observed that, while there appear changes in the position of the peak and in the shapes of the distributions, a resonance signal in the J/ψ Λ invariant mass spectrum is clearly seen in all the cases. This gives us confidence that such an experiment should result into a successful proof of the existence of this new state and we encourage the experimental analysis of this decay channel, for which our theoretical study predicts a similar strength than for the Λ_b⟶J/ψ K^- p reaction already analyzed by LHCb. The present work is our first step toward building a more complete chiral model in S=-1 sector to help analyze the forthcoming more precise data in the KΞ production. In addition, the findings and the features observed in this study indicate that the actual measurement of the complementary observables analyzed here would provide valuable information, novel so far, that would enrich our knowledge of the meson-baryon interaction and help us make progress in our understanding of hadron dynamics.
En esta tesis se ha estudiado la interacción mesón-barión en onda S en el sector de extrañeza -1 empleando un lagrangiano de SU(3) hasta segundo orden, implementando la unitarización en canales acoplados. La condición indispensable para llevar a cabo un estudio de este tipo, forzosamente, pasa por fijar el valor de los coeficientes presentes en los términos de segundo orden, los cuales no poseen un valor bien determinado. Generalmente, las constantes de baja energía de los lagrangianos efectivos se obtienen mediante procesos de ajuste a los datos experimentales disponibles. Tradicionalmente, en este sector de extrañeza, dichos parámetros se ajustaban a los datos experimentales de la dispersión K^- p a los canales πΣ, K ̅N, πΛ, así como a las razones entre secciones eficaces en el umbral de producción K^- p: γ, R_n y R_c; y a los precisos valores del corrimiento y la anchura parcial del estado 1s del hidrógeno kaónico obtenido por la colaboración SIDDHARTA. Lo novedoso en nuestra tesis es la inclusión de datos experimentales procedentes de la reacción de dispersión K^- p⟶K^+ Ξ^-,K^0 Ξ^0 en los procesos de ajuste. La motivación para ello se debe a la especial sensibilidad de estas reacciones a los términos de órdenes superiores, ya que estas reacciones no proceden de manera directa mediante el término WT que es el dominante a primer orden. A esto se le suma el hecho que las contribuciones que provienen de la redispersión de los canales acoplados no son capaces de reproducir adecuadamente los datos experimentales. Dado lo anterior, nos centramos en estudiar los efectos producidos por la inclusión sistemática en el lagrangiano de los términos de segundo orden ("NLO") y los de Born sobre las constantes de baja energía, particularmente sobre los coeficientes de "NLO". La principal diferencia entre los modelos que se obtienen de los ajustes se refleja en las componentes de isospín de la sección eficaz total de las reacciones que aquí se estudian. Así pues, para comprobar la fiabilidad de estos modelos, se llevaron a cabo nuevos ajustes teniendo en cuenta datos experimentales procedentes de reacciones de filtrado de isospín. Adicionalmente, se han estudiado la estabilidad y la precisión de los parámetros obtenidos de los ajustes añadiendo contribuciones resonantes de manera fenomenológica a aquellas amplitudes de dispersión asociadas a las reacciones que son especialmente sensibles a las correcciones de segundo orden. Debe destacarse que las contribuciones resonantes han proporcionado una mejora del acuerdo entre los modelos teóricos y los datos experimentales. La desintegración de Λ_b dando lugar a estados que contienen una partícula J/ψ junto con un par mesón-barión resulta ser un proceso muy interesante para extraer información sobre los parámetros de "NLO" a energías más altas. Además, el proceso Λ_b⟶J/ψ ηΛ nos ha permitido estudiar las implicaciones que tendría la posible existencia de un homólogo extraño del pentaquark con encanto escondido P_c (4450). Las conclusiones y el análisis de cada capítulo están descritos en los párrafos siguientes. El Capítulo 2 está dedicado al estudio del papel que juegan los términos de "NLO" y los de Born, así como la relevancia de ciertas reacciones para obtener parametrizaciones más fiables de los coeficientes de "NLO". Al principio, comparamos diferentes ajustes que se basaban en cálculos unitarizados empleando núcleos de interacción que incluían o no los términos de "NLO" y para los cuales se tenían en cuenta o no los datos experimentales de la reacción de dispersión K^- p⟶KΞ. Fruto de los resultados obtenidos de todas estas posibles combinaciones, y más particularmente de la excelente reproducción de los datos experimentales lograda por el modelo WT+NLO, se mostró por vez primera que los términos de "NLO" del lagrangiano quiral son absolutamente necesarios para reproducir los datos experimentales de las reacciones K^- p⟶KΞ. De este modo, se evidenció la sensibilidad del segundo orden del lagrangiano a dichas reacciones. Dada esta sensibilidad junto con el hecho que los datos existentes de la reacción de dispersión K^- p⟶KΞ son limitados y que tienen asociada una gran incertidumbre, para poder dar una respuesta definitiva sobre los valores de los parámetros de "NLO" se requerirían datos experimentales más precisos. Después, contrariamente a lo que se asumió a cerca del efecto negligible de los términos de Born, demostramos que estas contribuciones no pueden menospreciarse en las reacciones K^- p⟶KΞ. Las significativas diferencias en los coeficientes de "NLO" entre la nueva parametrización obtenida para el modelo WT+NLO+Born y la que se obtuvo para el modelo WT+NLO confirmaron el hecho anterior. A pesar de esto, no se apreció ninguna mejora en la precisión de los parámetros ni en el χ_(d.o.f)^2. Este resultado nos permitió entender cómo dos parametrizaciones tan diferentes pueden tener una bondad del ajuste tan similar: la inclusión o no de los términos de Born puede modificar notablemente la descomposición en componentes de isospín de la sección eficaz total de la reacción K^- p⟶KΞ debido a su sensibilidad a los términos de orden superior. Tales diferencias entre las componentes de isospín nos llevan a pensar que si nuestros modelos se ajustan a datos experimentales procedentes de reacciones que actúan como selectores de isospín podremos extraer valores más realistas para los parámetros presentes en el lagrangiano. La mayoría de los datos experimentales empleados en nuestros ajustes vienen de la dispersión protón-antikaón y, consecuentemente, contienen contribuciones tanto de componentes de isospín I=0 como de I=1 siendo las únicas excepciones los canales π^0 Σ^0,πΛ, que filtra isospín 0 y 1 respectivamente. Así pues, se decidió ampliar el número de observables empleados en los ajustes añadiendo datos experimentales de las reacciones de dispersión K^- p⟶ηΛ,ηΣ^0, las cuales tienen solamente una única componente de isospín para sus secciones eficaces, i. e., isospín 0 y 1 respectivamente. Todos estos esfuerzos culminaron con la obtención del modelo WT+NLO+Born (η chan) que, hasta donde sabemos, es el único capaz de reproducir razonablemente bien los datos de la dispersión K^- p a todos los posibles canales del sector S=-1. Respecto a los parámetros de este modelo, se puede destacar el papel relevante de estos nuevos datos experimentales a la hora de obtener unos valores muy homogéneos y precisos para las constantes de "NLO" junto con unas constantes de substracción cuyos valores se acercan más a los valores naturales. A la vista de estos resultados, la inclusión en los ajustes de nuevas reacciones donde se filtre el isospín podría favorecer la obtención de valores más realistas para las constantes de baja energía. La propuesta para medir la reacción K_L^0 p⟶K^+ Ξ^0 en I=1 empleando el haz secundario de K_L^0 en Jlab podría suponer una fuente de información complementaria a la dispersión K^- p. Se ha presentado una predicción para esta reacción empleando algunos de nuestros modelos de la cual se concluye que, cuantas más contribuciones se tienen en cuenta en el núcleo de interacción y más datos experimentales se incluyen en los ajustes, más cerca estamos de reproducir los dos únicos puntos disponibles para esta reacción. Hay que remarcar que ninguno de estos puntos se ha utilizado en los ajustes. A la luz de estos resultados, parece que nuestros parámetros toman cada vez valores más confiables, particularmente los del modelo WT+NLO+Born (η chan), al cual consideramos nuestro mejor modelo quiral puro. Con la intención de mejorar la descripción de los datos experimentales de las reacciones K^- p⟶KΞ y K^- p⟶ηΛ, se incluyeron resonancias de spin alto en estos procesos. Como estas reacciones son las más sensibles a los términos de "NLO", este hecho podría inducir modificaciones en los valores de los coeficientes de "NLO". De este modo, podemos estudiar la estabilidad y precisión de los parámetros presentes en los modelos. Este estudio se llevó a cabo en el Capítulo 3. La primera parte de este estudio consistió en la inclusión explícita de los hyperones de spin alto Σ(2030) y Σ(2250) en la amplitud de dispersión K^- p⟶KΞ, con la intención de fijar una contribución quiral con la cual los términos resonantes puedan interferir para reproducir adecuadamente las estructuras mostradas por los datos experimentales sin tener que forzar a los parámetros de "NLO" a tomar valores sobrestimados. Para calcular la amplitud resonante, hemos utilizado el método de Rarita-Schwinger, mientras que la amplitud quiral se ha calculado empleando un lagrangiano con los términos WT y NLO dando lugar a un nuevo modelo, NLO+RES. Como los términos resonantes introducen una dependencia angular en las amplitudes, se decidió aprovechar este hecho para reproducir los datos experimentales de la sección eficaz diferencial con un acuerdo razonable dadas las limitaciones del modelo para ello. De aquí se puede concluir que la inclusión de términos resonantes cumple una doble función. Por un lado, nos permite obtener una mejora global en la descripción de los datos de dispersión, tanto los de las secciones eficaces totales como los de las diferenciales en las reacciones de producción KΞ. Por otro lado, absorbiendo ciertas estructuras de las secciones eficaces, la inclusión de términos resonantes permite encontrar mínimos más estables y, por consiguiente, valores más precisos de las constantes de baja energía del modelo quiral unitario. Seguidamente, realizamos un estudio similar para el modelo WT+NLO+Born (η chan). Comparado con el anterior, este modelo ha sido ajustado a datos experimentales adicionales (datos de las secciones eficaces K^- p⟶ηΣ^0,ηΛ). Como esta última reacción también es sensible a las contribuciones de "NLO", sus correspondientes coeficientes serán más confiables. Esto hace que el estudio de la estabilidad adquiera un carácter más decisivo. Con esta motivación, se han extendido las contribuciones resonantes a los procesos K^- p⟶ηΛ, teniendo en cuenta para este caso particular solo la contribución de la resonancia Λ(1890). Esta última resonancia ha sido también incorporada, junto con las ya empleadas Σ(2030) y Σ(2250), a las amplitudes de dispersión K^- p⟶KΞ. Los resultados obtenidos confirman lo que ya se había observado con anterioridad: hay una notable mejora en la reproducción de los datos experimentales y los parámetros adquieren valores similares a los del correspondiente modelo sin resonancias. Esta estabilidad es especialmente remarcable para la mayoría de los coeficientes de "NLO". Habiendo demostrado los efectos de los procesos que filtran isospín sobre los coeficientes de "NLO", en el Capítulo 4 se muestra que la desintegración Λ_b⟶J/ψ ηΛ y, particularmente, la Λ_b⟶J/ψ KΞ proporcionan una información interesante relativa a la interacción mesón-barión en el sector S=-1 y I=0. La dinámica de esta reacción, en la cual los quarks ligeros que conforman la Λ_b actúan como espectadores, es tal que filtra el I=0 en los estados finales. Esto es así, ya que los quarks "u" y "d" en el barión Λ_b se acoplan necesariamente a isospín 0 y la desintegración débil favorece la transición b⟶cc ̅s; quedando, por lo tanto, un quark "s" al final del proceso débil, el cual tiene isospín 0 que junto al anterior par "ud" darán un isospín total I=0. Así pues, estas desintegraciones podrían ofrecer información complementaria a la que se obtiene de los datos de la reacción de dispersión K^- p⟶KΞ cuyas componentes de isospín I=0 y I=1 se combinan para dar los resultados finales. Basamos nuestro estudio en los modelos WT+NLO (Model 1) y WT+NLO+Born (η chan) (Model 2) que han sido desarrollados en esta tesis para describir la dispersión K^- p. Las distribuciones de masa invariante producidas por ambos modelos son diferentes para las desintegraciones de Λ_b a los estados KΞ y ηΛ, siendo a su vez bastante diferentes respecto al espacio fásico, indicando la sensibilidad de estos procesos a la dinámica interna de la interacción fuerte en los estados finales. La diferencia entre modelos es mucho más apreciable en el proceso de desintegración Λ_b⟶J/ψ KΞ. La razón se deriva del hecho que la desintegración en ηΛ puede proceder de manera directa ("tree level"), mientras que para la desintegración de Λ_b que da lugar a una J/ψ no permite una formación del par KΞ directamente, a no ser que este se produzca vía la redispersión de los componentes primarios K ̅N y ηΛ. Por tanto, la reacción Λ_b⟶J/ψ KΞ es directamente proporcional a la amplitud de dispersión mesón-barión, concretamente a las componentes de I=0 correspondientes a ηΛ⟶KΞ y K ̅N⟶KΞ cuya interferencia puede dar lugar a patrones muy marcados. Estos modelos también predicen diferencias notables para las desintegraciones Λ_b en las regiones de energía donde se producen los pares KΞ y ηΛ, poniendo de manifiesto que la componente de I=0 de la interacción mesón-barión, que es la única posible por provenir de la desintegración Λ_b, no está bien fijada por los ajustes a los datos experimentales de las reacciones K^- p⟶KΞ. Las dos estructuras halladas recientemente en la distribución de masa invariante J/ψ p de la desintegración Λ_b⟶J/ψ K^- p que han sido asociadas a dos estados de pentaquark, con su plausible explicación en términos de un estado molecular con un barión y un par cc ̅, nos llevaron a estudiar la desintegración de la Λ_b en los estados finales J/ψ ηΛ. La desintegración Λ_b⟶J/ψ ηΛ, que puede conectarse en canales acoplados a la desintegración Λ_b⟶J/ψ K^- p, podría tener lugar con la misma intensidad y sería posible observar, en su distribución de masa invariante J/ψ Λ, un posible compañero extraño de los dos estados de pentaquarks observados por la colaboración LHCb. Conviene tener presente que cuando las resonancias N^* de encanto escondido fueron teóricamente predichas como estados moleculares utilizando varios métodos basados en la unitarización, algunos compañeros extraños como los estados Λ_b fueron encontrados. Aprovechando esta información, hemos predicho qué tipo de señal dejarían estos estados en las distribuciones de masa invariante ηΛ y J/ψ Λ de la reacción Λ_b⟶J/ψ ηΛ. Hemos visto que tomando los valores de las constantes de acoplamiento del estado Λ^* de encanto escondido a los canales D ̅^(0*) Ξ_c^' y J/ψ Λ obtenidos por los métodos basados en la unitarización, uno observaría una señal clara y con un apreciable pico en la distribución de masa invariante J/ψ Λ de la desintegración Λ_b⟶J/ψ ηΛ. También se estudió la dependencia de nuestros resultados a cambios razonables en los parámetros que caracterizaban los modelos involucrados en nuestra descripción del proceso, así como la dependencia en las posibles propiedades de dicho pentaquark. En todos los tests que se realizaron, la señal resonante seguía siendo claramente visible en la distribución de masa invariante J/ψ Λ. Esto nos hace pensar que en el caso que se llevara a cabo tal experimento podría dar prueba de la existencia de este nuevo estado. Este trabajo ha sido un primer paso hacia la construcción de un modelo quiral más completo en el sector S=-1 que nos será útil para analizar los venideros datos más precisos de la producción KΞ. Además, los hallazgos y características observados en este estudio indican que la medida de observables analizados aquí proporcionaría una información valiosa, hasta ahora novedosa, que enriquecería nuestro conocimiento de la interacción mesón-barión y nos ayudaría a progresar en la comprensión de la dinámica de los hadrones.