Academic literature on the topic 'Barrow Creek (N T )'

A new species of long-jawed harvestman, Taracus aspenae n. sp. is described from Catherine Creek Ice Cave, near Le Grande, Union Co., Oregon, USA. The new species is closest to T. pallipes (Banks, 1894) and distinct from the likely sympatric T. gertschi Goodnight & Goodnight, 1942.

A materials budget was estimated for the Magela Creek system during the 1982-83 wet season. This tropical system in northern Australia consists largely of a well-defined creek (Magela Creek contributes approximately 50% of the total inflow to the floodplain) flowing into an extensive wetlands area and then into the East Alligator River. Intensive sampling of creek water, rainfall and water flowing from the system provided the data base for the budget calculations. The annual transport of both dissolved and particulate matter by Magela Creek (area 600 km2) is very low, even when compared with other low-relief tropical systems. The annual load transported during 1982-83 was 1260 t (21 kg ha-1) of dissolved salts and 2330 t (39 kg ha-1) of particulate matter. Rainfall appeared to contribute all the sodium, potassium and chloride, and part of the calcium (c. 30%) and magnesium (25%) transported during the 1982-83 wet season by Magela Creek. Most of the manganese (c. 60%) (and probably iron) was contributed from weathering processes occurring in the catchment. Only small amounts of the trace metals copper, lead, zinc and uranium were transported by the creek. During the 1982-83 wet season, more trace metals were contributed in rainfall than transported from the catchment by the creek. However, this is probably atypical and resulted from dust particles that had entered the atmosphere in greater numbers due to the extended dry season. The vast bulk of the nutrients (total P 93%, NO3- N 86%, NH4+ N 98%) added to the catchment by rainfall was removed by the catchment, probably via uptake by the vegetation. Consequently, the creek transported only very small amounts of nutrients to the floodplain. An input-output budget for the Magela floodplain was calculated. The uncertainty in the net amounts deposited or released from the floodplain was estimated using a new quantitative method developed for this purpose. The uncertainties in the net values estimated were high, ranging from around 30% for bicarbonate to 500% for uranium. These data suggest that the Magela floodplain is a net source of the major ions (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, sulfate and bicarbonate) and also of iron, and a net sink for suspended solids, nutrients (total phosphorus, nitrate and ammonia) and manganese. The floodplain also appears to be a net sink for the trace metals copper, lead, zinc and uranium.

Experiments were commenced in 1978 to evaluate the impact of the narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) on production of subsequent wheat crops in the N-infertile, acidic soils of the Pilliga Scrub region of northern New South Wales. There were four sites. Production of lupin dry matter (shoots, roots) ranged from 5.0 (Florida A) to 11.4 t ha-1 (Kamala), reflecting seasonal rainfall and crop management. Lupin seed yields varied between 1.29 (Florida A) and 2.03 t ha-1 (Kamala); at two of the sites, yields were greater than the yields achieved by the adjacent wheat crops. At Spring Creek, the wheat was not harvested for grain due to the extremely poor plant growth. Seasonal profiles of C2H2 reduction by each of the four lupin crops reflected growth characteristics; maximum activity coincided with rapid accumulation of dry mater. Diurnal profiles of C2H2 reduction were unaffected by plant age. Rates peaked around noon after rapidly increasing from minimum pre-dawn levels. Total N2 fixed by each of the lupin crops was estimated by comparing N Yields of the lupin and wheat crops. The various methods used resulted in almost identical estimates of N2 fixation at Kamala (215-218 kg ha-') and Spring Creek (222-228 kg ha-'). Estimates . of N2 fixed by the two Florida crops ranged from 72 to 101 (Florida A) and from 82 to 134 kg ha-' (Florida B). The data indicate that large amounts of N can be fixed by field-grown lupins, amounts well in excess of the quantities of N harvested in the seed.

Ключові слова: скіфи, курган, Красногірка, катакомба, поховальний обряд, кінська вузда. Анотація Стаття присвячена аналізу матеріалів з розкопок кургану біля с. Красногірка на Кіровоградщині. Пам’ятка була розкопана у 1983 р. археологічною експедицією Кіровоградського державного педагогічного інституту (тепер Центральноукраїнський державний педагогічний університет імені Володимира Винниченка) під керівництвом Н.М. Бокій. У статті здійснена спроба розглянути матеріали пам’ятки у контексті інших старожитностей скіфського часу. Під насипом знаходилось поховання, здійснене у катакомбі степового типу. Вона належить до катакомб, у яких довгі стінки камери та вхідної ями були розташовані на одній осі. Подібні споруди використовувались у Північному Причорномор’ї протягом IV ст. до н. е. Встановлено, що поховання було майже вщент пограбоване у давнину. Кістяк похованого також був повністю поруйнований грабіжниками. В могилі знайдені лише рештки кісток та фрагмент бронзового наконечника від стріли. На сходах, що вели до катакомби розчищені рештки дерев’яного підносу із жертовною їжею та залізний підток від списа. У насипу виявлені елементи кінської вузди та стінки античних амфор. Віднайдені автором публікації аналогії дозволили датувати пам’ятку IV ст. до н. е. Курган біля Красногірки належить до групи пам’яток басейну Синюхи. Тривалий час дослідники пов’язують цей регіон з північним кордоном розселення скіфів на Правобережжі. Аналіз предметів матеріальної культури та поховального обряду вказує, що курган біля Красногірки був споруджений над похованням кочовика. Тип поховальної споруди, залишки озброєння та жертвоприношень дозволяють припустити, що власник гробниці належав до представників військової аристократії. Посилання Alekseev i dr., 1991. – Alekseev A.Yu., Murzin V.Yu., Rolle R. Chertomlyk (Skifskij czarskij kurgan IV v. do n. e.). [Russian: Chertomlyk (Scythian royal barrow of the 4th century BC)] K., 1991. 416 s. [in Russian]. Bobrinskoj, 1901. – Bobrinskoj A.A. Kurgany i sluchajnye naxodki bliz mestechka Smely. [Russian: Barrows and accidental finds near the town of Smela] SPb, 1901. T ІІІ. 171 s. [in Russian]. Bokij, 1974. – Bokij N.M. Skifskij kurgan u sela Mederovo // Sovetskaya arxeologiya. [Russian: Scythian barrow near Mederovo // Soviet archeology]. 1974. № 4. S. 264–271. [in Russian]. Bokii, 2001. – Bokii N.M. Davni problemy istorii skifiv Dniprovskoho Pravoberezhzhia // Naukovi zapysky z istorii Ukrainy. Vypusk 8. [Ukraine: Ancient problems of the history of the Scythians of the Dnieper Right Bank // Scientific notes on the history of Ukraine]. K., 2001. S. 3–9. [in Ukrainian]. Bokii, 1994. – Bokii N.M. Skifski pam’iatky baseinu r. Syniukhy // Naukovi zapysky z istorii Ukrainy. [Ukraine: Scythian sites of the Sinyukha river basin // Scientific notes on the history of Ukraine]. Kirovohrad, 1994. S. 107-114. [in Ukrainian]. Bokii, 1983. – Bokii N. Strila zi skifskoho kurhana // Kirovohradska pravda. [Ukraine: Arrow from Scythian barrow // Kirovograd truth]. № 250 (zo zhovtnia 1983 r.). S. 3. [in Ukrainian]. Bokii ta in., 2013. – Вokii N.M., Mohylov O.D., Panchenko K.I. Kolektyvne pokhovannia skifskoho chasu v Lisostepovomu Pravoberezhnomu Podniprov’I // Arkheolohiia ta fortyfikatsiia Serednoho Podnistrov’ia. Zbirnyk materialiv III Vseukrainskoi naukovo-praktychnoi konferentsii [Ukraine: Collective burial of Scythian time in the Forest-Steppe Right-Bank Dnieper // Archeology and fortification of Middle Transnistria. Proceedings of the III All-Ukrainian scientific-practical conference]. Kamianets-Podilskyi, 2013. S. 17–24 [in Ukrainian]. Galanina, 1977. – Galanina L.K. Skifskie drevnosti Podneprovya (Ermitazhnaya kollekcziya N.E. Brandenburga). Svod arheologicheskix istochnikov. Vyp. D 1-33. [Russian: Scythian antiquities of the Dnieper region (Hermitage collection of N.E. Brandenburg) // A set of archaeological sources.] M, 1977. 68 s. [in Russian]. Ilinskaya, 1968. – Ilinskaya V.A. Skify Dneprovskogo Lesostepnogo Levoberezhya. [Russian: Scythians of the Dnieper Forest-Steppe Left Bank] K., 1968. 267 s. [in Russian]. Ilinskaya, 1973. – Ilinskaya V.A. Skifskaya uzda IV v. do n. e. // Skifskie drevnosti. [Russian: Scythian bridle IV centures BC // Scythian antiquities] K., 1973. S. 42–63. [in Russian]. Ilinskaya, Terenozhkin, 1983. – Ilinskaya V.A., Terenozhkin A.I. Skifiya VII–IV vv. do n. e. [Russian: Scythia VII–IV centuries BC] K., 1983. 380 s. [in Russian]. Kovpanenko i dr., 1989. – Kovpanenko G.T., Bessonova S.S., Skoryj S.A. Pamyatniki skifskoj epoxi Dneprovskogo Lesostepnogo Pravoberezhya (Kievo-Cherkasskij region). [Russian: The sites of the Scythian period of the Dnipro Right Bank Forest-Steppe (Kyiv-Cherkasy region)] K., 1989. 333 s. [in Russian]. Kozyr ta in., 2019. – Kozyr I.A., Chornyy O.V., Panchenko K.I. Vasyns’kyy kurhan seredn’oskifs’koho chasu // Arkheolohiya i davnya istoriya Ukrayiny [Ukraine: Vasynskiy barrow of the Middle Scythian time // Archeology and ancient history of Ukraine]. Vyp. 2. K., 2019. S. 300–314 [in Ukrainian]. Kubishev i dr., 2009. – Kubishev A.I., Bessonova S.S., Kovalov S.S. Bratolyubovskij kurgan. [Russian: Bratolyubovsky barrow] K., 2009. 192 s. [in Russian]. Liberov, 1965. – Liberov P.D. Pamyatniki skifskogo vremeni na Srednem Donu. Svod arxeologicheskix istochnikov. D 1-31. [Russian: antiquities of the Scythian time in the Middle Don // A set of archaeological sources] M, 1965. 112 s. [in Russian]. Melyukova, 1964. – Melyukova A.I. Vooruzhenie skifov. Svod arheologicheskih istochnikov. D 1-4. [Russian: Armament of the Scythians // A set of archaeological sources]. M, 1964. 91 s. [in Russian]. Mohylov, Didenko, 2009. – Mohylov O.D., Didenko S.V. Skifskyi kurhan 448 bilia s. Zhuravka – pam’iatka perekhidnoho chasu v Potiasmynni // Arkheolohiia. [Ukraine: Scythian barrow 448 near Zhuravka – a site of transition time in Potyasminna // Archeology] 2009. № 3. S. 45-55. [in Ukrainian]. Mohylov, 2008. – Mohylov O.D. Sporiadzhennia konia skifskoi doby u Lisostepu Skhidnoi Yevropy. [Ukraine: Equipment of a Scythian horse in the Forest-Steppe of Eastern Europe]. Kyiv, Kam’ianets-Podilskyi, 2008. 439 s. [in Ukrainian]. Mozolevskyi, 1979. – Mozolevskyi B.M. Tovsta mohyla. [Ukraine: Tovsta barrow]. K., 1979. 252 s. [in Ukrainian]. Olhovskij, 1991. – Olhovskij V.S. Pogrebal’no-pominal’naya obryadnost’ naseleniya stepnoj Skifii (VII–III vv. do n. e.). [Russian: Funeral and memorial rites of the population of steppe Scythia (VII–III centuries BC)] M., 1991. 253 s. [in Russian]. Panchenko, 2015. – Panchenko K.I. Skifskyi kurhan bilia s. Krasnohirka na Kirovohradshchyni // Naukovi zapysky. Seriia: Istorychni nauky. Vyp. 22. [Ukraine: Scythian barrow Krasnohirka in the Kirovograd region // Scientific notes. Series: Historical Sciences. Issue 22]. Kirovohrad, 2015. S. 8–12. [in Ukrainian]. Petrenko, 1961. – Petrenko V.G. Kul’tura plemen pravoberezhnego srednego Pridneprov’ya v IV–III vv. do n. e. Materialy po arxeologii SSSR. [Russian: The culture of the tribes of the right-bank middle Dnieper region in the IV–III centuries. BC // Materials on archeology of the USSR] M., 1961. № 96. S. 51–102. [in Russian]. Petrenko, 1967. – Petrenko V.G. Pravoberezh’e Srednego Pridneprov’ya v V-III vv. do n. e. Svod arheologicheskih istochnikov. Vyp. D 1-4. [Russian: The Right bank of the Middle Dnieper region in the V–III centuries BC // A set of archaeological sources] M, 1967. 180 s. [in Russian]. Skoryj, 2003. – Skoryj S.A. Skify v Dneprovskoj Pravoberezhnoj Lesostepi. [Russian: Scythians in the Dnieper Right-Bank Forest-Steppe] K., 2003. 161 s. [in Russian]. Terenozhkin, Mozolevskij, 1988. – Terenozhkin A.I., Mozolevskij B.N. Melitopol’skij kurgan. [Russian: Melitopol barrow] K., 1988. 264 s. [in Russian]. Fialko, 1994. – Fialko E.E. Pamyatniki skifskoj epohi Pridneprovskoj terassovoj Lesostepi. [Russian: Monuments of the Scythian era of the Dnieper terrace forest-steppe.] K., 1994. 53 s. [in Russian].

Within Australia, carbon capture and storage (CCS) and carbon capture, utilisation and storage will play a significant role as part of an ‘all of the above’ approach to managing greenhouse gas emissions. Two CCS projects are currently operating: Gorgon and the Otway CCS project. The Gorgon and Jansz-Io fields contain approximately 14% carbon dioxide (CO2). The CO2 is brought to shore at Barrow Island and injected into the Dupuy Formation saline aquifer at a depth of 2500 m. While the project has experienced delays with start-up and operational issues, to July 2021 nearly 5 MMt of CO2 had been injected. The Otway CCS Project is a research facility used to study subsurface CO2 storage and behaviour within saline aquifers and depleted reservoirs. Since the start of the project in 2007 a total of 95 000 t of CO2 has been stored. Final Investment Decision was taken for the Moomba CCS project on 1 November 2021 and for the Leigh Creek Urea project in March 2021. In addition, feasibility studies are being carried out across multiple projects within Australia including the South West and Mid-West Projects in the Perth Basin, CarbonNet in Victoria’s Latrobe Valley and Gippsland Basin and the Moonie oil field EOR, Integrated Surat Basin Project and the ATP 2062-P Buckland Basalt projects in the Bowen-Surat Basin. A CCS hub at Bayu-Undan is being assessed as a possible option to reduce the carbon footprint of the Barossa, Caldita and Evans Shoals projects, and feasibility studies are underway into large-scale multi-user CCS hubs near both Darwin and Karratha.

Abstract Asparaginase (ASNase) is one of the cornerstones of the multi-drug treatment protocol that is used to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in pediatric and adult patients. Recent studies monitoring ASNase kinetics in patients provide evidence of a large inter-patient variability of serum ASNase concentrations and call attention to the negative effects of ASNase underexposure on treatment response and relapse risk. Despite the fact that ASNase has been used in ALL treatment protocols for decades, little is known about the biodistribution and the mechanism of ASNase turnover in patients. We used in vivo imaging to study the distribution and pharmacodynamics of ASNase in a mouse model. We injected mice with 3,000 International Units (I.U.)/kg ASNase, which was labeled with 20-25 MBq Indium-111 (In-111) and acquired micro-SPECT/CT images up 18 hours post injection. At this timepoint, serum ASNase activity has dropped to levels close to the detection limits. In addition to the expected uptake in the liver, SPECT/CT imaging revealed a rapid, strong and specific accumulation of radiolabeled ASNase in the bone marrow and spleen (Figure 1). Accumulation in these organs was confirmed by quantitative measurement of radiolabeled ASNase in the dissected organs (Figure 2). We hypothesized that macrophages which are present in high numbers in these organs, efficiently phagocytose the ASNase, thereby rapidly clearing the active enzyme from the blood. Autoradiography of spleen sections indeed showed high uptake of radiolabeled ASNase in the macrophage-rich red pulp of the spleen. Immunohistochemical stainings confirmed the presence of ASNase in cells positive for the murine macrophage marker F4/80. To provide additional evidence for the potential role of macrophages in the turnover of ASNase, we pretreated mice with a single injection of clodronate liposomes, which almost completely depletes the relevant organs from phagocytic cells. This pretreatment diminished the accumulation of ASNase in the liver, spleen and the bone marrow (Figure 2). Consistent with this notion, we found that clodronate pretreatment more than doubles the circulatory half-life of serum ASNase activity. We conclude from these experiments that ASNase is rapidly cleared from the serum by phagocytic cells. In particular, the efficient uptake of ASNase by spleen and bone marrow resident macrophages may protect leukemic cells from the nutrient depriving action of this drug and could thereby compromise therapeutic efficacy. Figure 1: SPECT/CT image of Asparaginase uptake Figure 1:. SPECT/CT image of Asparaginase uptake Lateral (A) and ventral (B) 3-dimensional volume projections of fused SPECT/CT scans of mice injected with 111Indium-labeled asparaginase (pseudocolor images with red being least intense and yellow most intense), 18 hours post injection. Numbers indicate relevant organs: 1 sternum, 2 liver, 3 spleen, 4 spine, 5, pelvis, 6 femur, 7 tibia. Figure 2: Biodistribution of Asparaginase in control and clodronate pretreated mice. Figure 2:. Biodistribution of Asparaginase in control and clodronate pretreated mice. Asparaginase uptake is depicted as percentage of the injected dose per gram of tissue (%ID/g) at 19 hours after injection in control (empty liposomes) and clodronate pretreated mice. Results are mean + standard deviation (n=5 for each group). 2-tailed t-test was used to test for significance: * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001 Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Willow flycatchers (Empidonax traillii; WIFL) nest along the Owens River and Horton Creek in the Owens Valley. Migrating WIFL visit these sites as well as many other tributaries to both the Owens River and Mono Lake. We estimate there are approximately 35 WIFL territories in the Owens valley, or 5% of territories in California. Nesting WIFL in the Owens Valley are likely the federally endangered southwestern subspecies (E. t. extimus; SWIFL). The Chalk Bluff nesting site is particularly important as large nesting areas tend to be both rare and important for SWIFL and it contains more than half (63%) of all known WIFL territories in the region, which also represents 12% of all nesting SWIFL in California. Between 2014 and 2016, WIFL territory numbers declined from 37 to 27 across the three largest breeding sites. Territory numbers may have been influenced by drought conditions or brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater; BHCO) nest parasitism. In 2015 and 2016, comprehensive nest monitoring found nest parasitism rates were >40%, and nest success was lower in parasitized nests (16%; N = 5/31) compared with non-parasitized nests (60%; N = 31/52). BHCO management could potentially improve nest success for WIFL as well as many other open-cup nesting riparian birds in the Owens Valley.

As variações nos ecossistemas naturais exigem uma atenção da sociedade para a água, pois o risco de desabastecimento não é um problema localizado, é uma questão nacional. Avaliou-se o efeito da sazonalidade na qualidade da água no furo do Muriá, Curuçá, Pará. As coletas de água foram realizadas em 21 pontos distribuídos ao longo do Furo, nos meses de fevereiro, março, outubro e novembro de 2015, durante as marés vazante e enchente. As variáveis abióticas foram determinadas in situ com utilização de sonda. As análises de OD foram determinadas pelo método de Winkler (Strickland e Parsons, 1972), taxa de saturação de OD segundo tabela da UNESCO (1973), os nutrientes conforme descritos em Grasshof et al. (1983), o N-amoniacal segundo APHA (1995) e Clorofila a segundo Teixeira (1973). As variáveis ambientais apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os períodos analisados (p<0,05), tendendo a um padrão sazonal, exceto N-amoniacal (p>0,05) logo não teve influência sazonal. Levando em consideração as marés as concentrações de salinidade, CE e clorofila-a foram significativas durante a maré enchente. A turbidez foi mais elevada durante as marés de vazante (p<0,05). Os parâmetros fosfato e N-amoniacal não apresentaram diferença significativa entre marés (p>0,05). O efeito da sazonalidade pode restringir à variação da qualidade do ambiente, logo indica a relevância do monitoramento do ambiente, assim servir de ferramenta em planos de políticas públicas de melhoria do saneamento da população. Sazonal Dynamics of Nutrients in Amazonian EstuaryA B S T R A C TVariations in natural ecosystems require society's attention to water, as the risk of shortages is not a localized problem, it is a national issue. The effect of seasonality on water quality in the Creek Muriá, Curuçá, Pará, Brazil, was evaluated. Water samples were collected at 21 points along the Creek during February, March, October and November 2015, during Tides and flood. Abiotic variables were determined in situ using probe. The parameters of Dissolved Oxygen (OD), saturation rate of OD (% OD), Chlorophyll a (Cl-a), Phosphate (Fosf), Nitrite (NO2), Nitrate (NO3) and N-ammonical (N- Master). The environmental variables presented significant differences between the analyzed periods (p <0.05), tending to a seasonal pattern, except for N-ammoniacal (p> 0.05), thus not having a seasonal influence. Taking into account the tides the concentrations of salinity, EC and chlorophyll-a were significant during tide flood. The turbidity was higher during tidal ebb tides (p <0.05). The phosphate and N-ammonia parameters showed no significant difference between tides (p> 0.05). The effect of seasonality may restrict the variation of the quality of the environment, thus indicating the relevance of environmental monitoring, thus serving as a tool in public policy plans to improve population sanitation.Keywords: Chlorophyll a; nutrients; tide

In the past decade, black walnut (Juglans nigra) trees throughout western North America have suffered from widespread branch dieback and canopy loss, causing substantial tree mortality (2,3). The fungus, Geosmithia morbida, vectored by the walnut twig beetle (WTB), Pityophthorus juglandis, has been associated with this devastating disease known as Thousand Cankers Disease (TCD) (2,3). In August of 2012, branch samples from TCD symptomatic black walnut trees (5 to 10 cm in diameter and 15 to 30 cm long) were collected on the North Carolina side of the Great Smoky Mountain National Park (GRSM) in Cataloochee Cove (35°37.023′ N, 83°07.351′ W) and near the Big Creek Campground (35°45.290′ N, 83°06.473′ W), in Haywood County. Five symptomatic trees near the Big Creek Campground and three from Cataloochee Cove displayed typical TCD signs including progressive crown thinning, branch flagging, and branch dieback; however, insect holes were not observed. Samples were double bagged in Ziploc plastic bags, sealed in a 19-liter plastic bucket, and transported to the University of Tennessee. Outer bark was removed from the samples and small, elliptical, necrotic cankers were observed. Wood chips (3 to 4 mm2) from cankers were excised and placed on 1/10 strength potato dextrose agar amended with 30 mg/liter streptomycin sulfate and 30 mg/liter chlortetracycline HCL and incubated on a 12-h dark/light cycle at 22°C for 5 to 7 days. Fungal isolates were tentatively identified as G. morbida by using culture morphology, and characteristics of conidiophores and conidia (2). The isolated fungus from the Cataloochee Cove location was grown in 1/10 strength potato dextrose broth at room temperature for 2 weeks. Isolates from Big Creek Campground were contaminated and were not analyzed further. Fungal colonies were tan to light yellow. Conidia were tan, subcylindrical, and catenulate. Conidiophores were multibranched, verticillate, and verrucose. To verify the morphological data, DNA was extracted from fungal mycelia using DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) according to the manufacturer's published protocol. Isolates from Cataloochee Cove were characterized using ITS1 and ITS4 universal primers (4). The putative G. morbida isolate (GenBank Accession No. KC461929) had ITS sequences that were 100% identical to the G. morbida type isolate CBS124663 (FN434082.1) (2). Additionally, fungal DNA from Cataloochee Cove was amplified using G. morbida-specific microsatellite loci (GS04, GS27, and GS36) (1). PCR products were analyzed with the QIAxcel Capillary Electrophoresis System (Qiagen) and were similar to those previously published (2). To date, all confirmed cases of TCD in the native range of black walnut have been in urban areas, along rural roadsides and/or fence rows. The report in North Carolina is the first finding of G. morbida, the causal agent of TCD, in a forest setting. References: (1) D. Hadziabdic et al. Conserv. Genet. Resources 4:287, 2012. (2) M. Kolarik et al. Mycologia 103:325, 2011. (3) N. Tisserat et al. Plant Health Progr. doi:10.1094/PHP-2011-0630-01-BR, 2011. (4) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. M. A. Innis et al., eds. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1990.