Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Barron'

Le sélénium est un élément trace naturellement présent dans l’environnement. En France, plusieurs collectivités du département de la Vienne sont desservies par une eau dont la concentration en sélénium est supérieure à la norme (10 µg. L-1), nécessitant le recours à des dérogations. L’objectif principal de cette étude était de quantifier le niveau d’exposition individuelle au sélénium de la population générale adulte résidant dans ces différentes communes. Les méthodes employées ont permis d’une part, l’estimation des apports séléniés quotidiens (méthode par questionnaire et méthode des journées dupliquées) et d’autre part, la comparaison d’imprégnation corporelle à des sujets non exposés (concentration en sélénium des coupures d’ongles). Ces approches ont été complétées par l’administration d’un questionnaire de santé et l’analyse de quelques aliments produits localement. Le sélénium total a été quantifié par la technique ICP-MS, sous contrôle-qualité. Les résultats ont montré que les sujets n’étaient pas exposés à des doses toxiques de sélénium : les apports quotidiens et les concentrations des coupures d’ongles en sélénium étaient inférieurs aux valeurs observées dans des zones de toxicité due au sélénium. Enfin, il n’a pas été retrouvé de différences significatives concernant l’état de santé général des groupes exposés et non exposés, ni entre la concentration en sélénium des aliments produits localement et ceux produits en France
Selenium is a trace element which is naturally present in the environment. In France, several municipalities in the Vienne department have selenium contents in drinking water over the standard (set at 10 µg. L-1). The objective of this work was to evaluate selenium exposure of the adult population living in these municipalities. Several methods were used to estimate intakes of selenium (by the use of questionnaires and by duplicate diet method), to compare selenium status (toenail selenium concentration) and health aspects with an unexposed group, and, to determine selenium concentration of locally produced foods. Total selenium was quantified by ICP-MS. Results showed that subjects were not exposed to toxic quantities of selenium: intakes of selenium and selenium toenail concentrations were below observed values in toxic seleniferous area. Finally, no significant difference was observed concerning health of exposed and unexposed group and concerning selenium concentration of locally produced foods and national ones

This thesis focuses on the financial careers of Lionel and Barron Jacobs in Tucson, Arizona, from 1867 to 1913. As early merchants, the Jacobs brothers discovered that cash and credit were scarce in the region, and in 1870 opened a money exchange and lending business. Then in 1879, the Jacobs brothers opened the Pima County Bank to serve the increased economic activity caused by the Tombstone silver discoveries. Mastering the details of banking, they developed management skills and insights. They organized and operated the First National Bank of Tucson (1882-1885), the Bank of Tucson (1885-1887), the Consolidated Bank of Tucson (1887-1890), and the Arizona National Bank (1890-1913). At retirement the Jacobs brothers were among the preeminent financiers of Arizona. A study of their banking experience provides a valuable perspective on the economic growth of southern Arizona during the late nineteenth century and mirrors the problems that bankers faced on remote frontiers.

This essay will explore the salient performance characteristics of three selected works for solo trombone by major composers of popular media. The works selected for this study are Colloquy for Solo Trombone and Symphonic Band by William Goldstein, Concerto for Trombone in C Major by Nino Rota, and Arrows of Time by Richard Peaslee. These composers have written extensively for television, motion pictures, theater, and dance. In addition to their significant popular media repertoire, these three composers have made a significant contribution to the solo trombonist's repertoire. Although these works have been performed, recorded, produced, and reviewed, they have not been studied together as a group, nor have they been established in the general repertoire for solo trombone.

La premiere partie du travail est consacree a l'etude d'un estimateur non-parametrique d'une densite univariee : l'estimateur de barron. Base sur une partition, cet estimateur s'interprete comme un histogramme modifie. L'analyse asymptotique est effectuee et nous etablissons la vitesse de convergence de cet estimateur au sens de l'information de kullback. Puis, la question determinante du choix du parametre de lissage est abordee. Nous proposons un critere de type validation croisee pour le choix automatique de ce parametre et montrons son optimalite asymptotique. Nous completons l'etude theorique par des simulations qui illustrent le bon comportement des estimateurs de barron automatiques et leur interet par rapport aux estimateurs classiques (noyaux, histogrammes). Dans le chapite 2, ces estimateurs sont appliques a l'estimation de la fonction de hasard. L'estimateur propose est construit comme le quotient de l'estimateur de barron de la densite et de la fonction de survie empirique. Nous donnons le comportement asymptotique de l'erreur quadratique moyenne integree et comparons ce nouvel estimateurs a quelques familles d'estimateurs usuels par une etude de simulations. Enfin, une derniere partie du travail, independante, traite un probleme plus applique de modelisation d'episodes pluvieux extremes. En dimension superieure ou egale a 2, les estimateurs a noyaux s'imposent dans un probleme de recherche et de localisation de modes lorsque la connaissance a priori du phenomene reel est incertaine. Nous illustrons le passage fructueux d'une situation non-parametrique a une situation parametrique : l'approche exploratoire par methode du noyau est utilisee pour determiner un modele multi-modal (melange de lois a petit nombre de composantes) approprie au jeu de donnees.

L'art planetaire est une forme d'art qui prend la terre dans sa dimension planetaire comme support de creation artistique. Il s'est developpe au xxeme siecle parallelement a la mondialisation des activites humaines et a l'emergence des technologies de telecommunication. Stephan barron decrit des oeuvres d'art planetaire realisees par d'autres artistes en depeignant la demarche des futuristes, de duchamp, des artistes conceptuels, de klein, de beuys, du land art, de roy ascott, de fred forest, etc. . . Il decrit egalement ses propres oeuvres entre 1986 a 1996, notamment thaon / new york (reactivation par satellite des cloisters de new york), orient express (transmission par modem d'image du trajet paris-budapest), traits (transmission par telecopie le long du meridien de greenwich), autoportrait (fleche indiquant la direction de l'artiste), les plantes de mon jardin (transmission de telecopies entre un microscopique jardin et prague), le bleu du ciel (moyenne telematique de la couleur des ciels de toulon et de tourcoing), le jour et la nuit (moyenne telematique des ciels d'australie et du bresil), ozone (installation telematique sonore utilisant les mesures d'ozone de la pollution a lille et celles du trou d'ozone a adelaide), eurotunnel (dispersion de bouees sur le trace du tunnel suivi par satellite), enfin l'elaboration d'un cd rom. Stephan barron insere ces oeuvres dans une reflexion autour de la technologie et de l'ecologie et etablit un parallele avec l'esthetique romantique. Il definit un romantisme techno-ecologique, mouvement des idees, de l'art, et de la societe qui associe la technologie et l'ecologie et appelle a une mutation anthropologique dans laquelle le pouvoir accru des technologies sur l'autre et sur la nature serait compense par un developpement de la conscience. L'effet sur le corps et la perception de ces nouvelles machines serait compense par une autre qualite de relation a soi. Le romantisme techno-ecologique serait l'ame de l'art planetaire
Earth art uses the planetary dimension of the earth as an artistic medium and was developed in this century as a corollary to the telecommunications revolution and to the globalization of all spheres of human activity. Stephan barron begis by describing the art and philosophy of the futurists, of duchamp, klein, beuys, roy ascott, fred forest concept art and land art as well. He then outlines his own earth art produced between 1986 to 1996, most notably thaon / new york ("reactivation" by satellite of the new york cloisters), orient express (transmission by modem of images taken between paris and budapest), the plants of my garden (fax transmission between a microscopic garden and prag), the blue of the sky (telematic averaging of the colour of the sky between the north and the south of france), night and day (telematic averaging of the australian and brasilian skies), ozone (telematic audio installation transforming ozone pollution measurement taken in lille and measurements from the hole in the ozone layer above adelaide), eurotunnel (buoys placed on the water's surface mark the course of the chunnel, are spread by the sea and monitored by satellite), finally the production of a cd rom. Barron examines these works in relation to technology and ecology and establishes a parallel with the romantic aesthetic. He defines a techno- ecological romanticism, as a philosophical, artistic and social movement that proposes an anthropological mutation in which the impact of technology on human beings and nature would be conterbalanced by the developpment of a new consciousness, and a modern interpretation of self-awareness. Techno- ecological romanticism is thus seen as the essence of earth art

Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Estudos Portugueses – Estudos de Cultura
Ao longo da nossa História vários foram os nossos líderes que perspectivaram a ampliação das fronteiras do país. No inicio da nossa nacionalidade as fronteiras terrestres eram de importância vital para a independência e consolidação da nacionalidade. A expansão da fé cristã e a ambição de alargamento dos domínios de Portugal além fronteiras levou a partir do inicio da primeira dinastia a uma necessidade de construção naval e de defesa costeira que permitissem atingir esses objectivos de maneira a que fosse possível o engrandecimento do nosso país. É com D. João II que os grandes desígnios da história são levados a termo, tendo por base todo um conhecimento científico da época e as condições sociais que permitiriam atingir com êxito façanhas de que o país se orgulharia e que o mundo veria com espanto. D. Manuel levou a cabo todos os planos que tinham sido estabelecidos no reinado anterior, preocupando-se com as conquistas do oriente e as viagens de circum-navegação que lhe permitiriam trazer riqueza para o país e ser considerado rei “Venturoso”. O nosso desafio além fronteiras estava traçado, o mar era o nosso objectivo e a defesa das nossas costas, algo de capital importância, para a nossa independência. É neste contexto que se procurou elaborar o presente trabalho contribuindo para o conhecimento da história da artilharia de costa portuguesa, em sentido lato, e da defesa da barra de Lisboa e suas construções arquitectónicas, em sentido restrito. O nosso objectivo de estudo, centrou-se inicialmente em todas as construções desenvolvidas no Campo Entrincheirado de Lisboa, seguindo-se o estudo elaborado pelo Plano Barron com todas as suas implicações do ponto de vista táctico e estratégico a ele subjacente e uma análise descritiva e pormenorizada sobre a Bataria da Parede. A escolha da Bateria da Parede deveu-se à sua localização geográfica, à riqueza da sua construção arquitectónica, ao papel que desempenhou na defesa na barra de Lisboa, e ainda, à sua importância como catalisador social de todo o ambiente que se desenvolveu na Costa do Estoril entre Lisboa e Cascais. O material que compunha a Bataria da Parede, sendo do mais moderno da época em que foi implementada, levou-nos a efectuar um estudo mais aprofundado e descritivo do mesmo de modo a possibilitar ao leitor um conhecimento da importância e do alto tecnicismo do material bélico e sistemas de direcção de tiro empregue na Bataria da Parede, considerada ex-libris de artilharia de costa em Portugal. Pelo exposto considero que a Bataria da Parede é um tema importante para este trabalho, não só pelo seu passado histórico como também pela riqueza da sua estrutura. A sua utilização no futuro como um pólo museológico afigura-se-me de capital importância para preservar a história da artilharia de costa e mostrar às gerações vindouras uma página da História de Portugal.

In the aftermath of their baby’s stillbirth, eccentric couple Marlow and Dev clash with overbearing loved ones, outspoken neighbor kids, and each other while trying to reconcile unmet expectations and their newfound reality. Bottling up her emotions, Marlow begins to see inanimate objects speak, spewing out the feelings she hopes to keep suppressed.

This entry briefly examines the major contributions of Hans Baron to the intellectual history of the Italian Renaissance and beyond. It emphasizes Baron’s conception of “civic humanism” and how this concept remains influential even a century after its first introduction.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em História.
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Antonieta de Barros é uma personagem feminina que inaugura o cenário político catarinense por ter sido eleita a primeira deputada na Assembléia Legislativa do Estado de Santa Catarina em um tempo (1934) e um espaço (um Estado onde não foram observados substanciais movimentos pró-sufrágio feminino) onde tal fato ainda estava muito distante da maioria das mulheres negras de nossa terra. Por ter representado, ainda que não intencionalmente, a quebra de estereótipos relacionados à etnia, classe social e gênero, acredito que sua trajetória tenha sido um marco na luta dos que se interessam em promover em nosso país uma democracia de fato, onde à todos, seja possível exercer os direitos da cidadania plena. Através da leitura de suas crônicas, propus-me observar os movimentos sociais, políticos, econômicos e culturais acontecidos no Brasil, sobretudo na década de trinta e sua repercussão em Florianópolis tentando manter o olhar da historiadora. Assim, este trabalho apresenta apenas uma parte da história de vida de Antonieta de Barros. Apresenta apenas uma, entre as tantas histórias possíveis de serem contadas.

The effects of dams have long been investigated by aquatic ecologists. However, most of the research has focused on the physio-chemical changes when a lotic system is turned into a lentic system, dams as barriers to migratory fishes, and the influence of introduced species often stocked into reservoirs. It has not been until relatively recently that the upstream effects have been studied. The central theme here is that while the dam proper creates a barrier it is possible that the resulting zone of standing water may also fragment streams from an otherwise connected river system. Stream adapted species that encounter the reservoir may not tolerate the lentic environment or they may be preyed upon before re-colonizing the extirpated reaches. Our hypothesis is that there will be different fish assemblages in tributaries to free flowing streams versus those that are directly connected to the reservoir. We sampled 17 sites in the Barren River system in South-Central Kentucky in which there is a flood control reservoir. Sites were categorized as fragmented (streams that flow directly into the reservoir) or upstream and downstream controls (streams that flow into the free flowing Barren River upstream or downstream of the reservoir).

Ceramista
Este es un proceso reflexivo que se construye como resultado del impulso y placer de hacer, desarrollar y producir formas como manifestación y transitoria conclusión de procesos creativos, los que encuentran su principal y gran inspiración en el universo de formas que ofrece la naturaleza, la vida; lo vivo y lo inerte (siendo este un complemento indispensable), las sensaciones, intuiciones y alucinaciones… Usando esencialmente de lo invisible a simple vista; aquello que no podemos palpar u observar con claridad sino con la “consciencia” imaginativa de que aquello existe y sucede alrededor e interior de nosotros, de nuestro cuerpo, o del cuerpo del que formamos parte, en otros cuerpos…lejanos de la razón… cercanos a los sueños… se induce el viaje…

"October 2002" Bibliography: p. 129-136. 1. Introduction -- 2. QCD and the standard model -- 3. The Lattice -- 4. Symanzik improvement in the Static Quark Potential -- 5. Scale determination for an improved Gluon Action -- 6. Fat-link Irrelevant Clover Fermion actions -- 7. Excited Baryons in Lattice QCD -- 8. Spin 3/2 Baryons -- 9. Conclusion. This thesis reports work done in conducting numerical simulations of Lattice QCD.

Thesis (M. Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1992.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 133).
Last winter I visited a housing cooperative named 'LSM' in Lublin, Poland. In a town of 350,000, 50,000 people lived in the estate located 1 kilometer southwest from the medieval and nineteenth century city center. What I saw was a cold barren landscape dotted with rectilinear concrete slab buildings barricading a livable environment. In contrast to my impression, I held a respect for the place. I saw potential in using the existing apartment buildings and saw a beauty in the abused natural landscape. I felt that the existing environment could become more humane and livable. This would not be by means of salvaging, repairing or decorating, but rather reinterpreting what was there and interacting with the new and the landscape. Within the thesis I have chosen to portray chronologically the design process of a new city center and its integration into the estate. I do not consider the thesis to conclude into a design solution but rather as a pictorial description of my thought methodology cumulating in some ideas that I believe could be approached for urban environments of this sort.
by Polly Mansfield McKiernan.
M.Arch.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Fundação São Paulo - FUNDASP
In 1970, in the context of the experimental cinema of the time, Gene Youngblood released a book under the title of Expanded Cinema. It took a few decades for this text to be repeatedly remembered and quoted. From about ten years on, the adjective "expanded" began to be increasingly attached to other media, especially photography and even video. This is most probably due to the growing process of hybridization of languages as a consequence of the multiplication of media we are seeing. This is the background of this research. At the forefront, there is the search for exploitation of the production of the artist and poet Lenora de Barros. For this reason, it was imperative to return to a cultural universe, since her work comprises an extension of the operations put in by Concrete Poetry and Neoconcretism, since the 1970s. So much so that the artist uses post- Duchamp positions, entangled rock, pop, paradigmatic changes on the body, the rise of performance art and video art. Thus, it is proposed to rewrite an "Other Generation 80". The corpus of the research is understood by the works: Poema (1979), Língua Vertebral (1998) and the series Não Quero Nem Ver (2005). Therefore, the research questions: How to name, in order to understand and signify, a quantity of multiple performances contained within your creation? With this in mind, the concept of "Expanded Poetry" is developed here. The theoretical foundation is fixed on the understandings of semiosis and aesthetic sign, contextualized in the light of the semiotic philosophy of Charles Sanders Peirce
Em 1970, no contexto do cinema experimental da época, Gene Youngblood lançou um livro sob o título de Cinema Expandido. Foram necessárias algumas décadas para que esse texto passasse a ser repetidamente lembrado e citado. De uns dez anos para cá, o adjetivo “expandido” começou a ser crescentemente anexado a outras mídias, especialmente a fotografia e mesmo o vídeo. Isso se deve muito provavelmente ao processo crescente de hibridação das linguagens como consequência da multiplicação de mídias a que estamos assistindo. Esse é o contexto de fundo desta pesquisa. No plano de frente, encontra-se a busca de exploração da produção da artista e poeta Lenora de Barros, devido a importância das ações sensíveis na construção das cognições e o trânsito que a poesia e artes visuais tomaram diante os estudos de comunicação e significação nas mídias. Logo, foi imperativo voltar para um universo cultural, pois sua obra compreende uma extensão das operações postas pela Poesia Concreta e pelo Neoconcretismo, desde os 1970. Tanto é assim que a artista se vale de posições pós-duchampianas, enredando o rock, pop, mudanças paradigmáticas sobre o corpo, ascensão da arte performática e da videoarte. Assim, propõe-se a reescritura de uma “Outra Geração 80”. O corpus da pesquisa é compreendido pelas obras: Poema (1979), Língua Vertebral (1998) e a série Não Quero Nem Ver (2005). Logo, a pesquisa questiona: Como nomear, a fim de compreender e significar, uma quantidade de atuações múltiplas contidas no interior de sua criação? Tendo isso em vista, desenvolve-se aqui a defesa do conceito de “Poesia Expandida”. A fundamentação teórica se fixa sobre os entendimentos de semiose e signo estético, contextualizados à luz da filosofia semiótica de Charles Sanders Peirce

Estudamos, neste trabalho, em uma das extensões do modelo de Skyrme a SU(3) - a aproximação de estado ligado - o setor estranho de número bariOnico igual a 2. Analisamos situações em que os dois bárions envolvidos são ligados, constituindo o que conhecemos como dibárions, e em que dois bárions livres são simplesmente espalhados. No primeiro caso o espectro dos dibárions é calculado com o uso da configuração axialmente simétrica generalizada, sendo comparado com o obtido no modelo não relativístico de quarks. É feita, também, uma predição sobre a existência da partícula H. No segundo caso desenvolvemos, com o uso da configuração produto, um formalismo para o estudo da interação bárion-bárion, calculando o potencial correspondente. Expressões detalhadas e resultados numéricos são apresentados para a interação AN, com as componentes central, spin-spin e tensorial do potencial sendo obtidas e comparadas com outros resultados fenomenológicos.
In this work we study, in the framework of the bound state approach to the SU(3) Skyrme model, the baryonic number—two strange sector. We analyze situations where the two baryons involved are bound to forni the so called dibaryons and where two free baryons are simply scattered. In the first case, with the help of the generalized axially symmetric ansatz, the dibaryon spectrum is calculated and compared with the one obtained in the non relativistic quark model. A prediction about the existente of the H—particle is also made. In the second case we have used the product ansatz to develop a formalism to study the baryon—baryon interaction, calculating the corresponding potential. Detailed expressions and numeric results are presented for the AN interaction, with the central, spin—spin and tensor components of the potential being obtained and compared with other phenomenological results.

Ce travail fait partie du programme scientifique de l'expérience STAR (Solenoidal Tracker At RHIC) au BNL (Brookhaven National Laboratory) qui fonctionne auprès du RHIC (Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider). Le but principal de l'expérience STAR est de mesurer les propriétés de la matière extrêmement chaude et dense créée pendant la collision d'ions lourds. Il est attendu qu'à la suite de la collision des noyaux d'or à l'énergie √snn =200GeV/nucleon une nouvelle forme de matière – OGP (Quark Gluon Plasma) sera créé. Ce nouvel état, qui aurait existé une microseconde après le Big Bang, permettra de mesurer les propriétés des plus petits constituants de la matière. L'analyse a été effectuée en employant la technique des correlations des particules légères émises dans les collisions. Les mesures de paires de protons et d'antiprotons ont été faites de la même façon dans toutes les classes d'énergies et de centralités, les mêmes critères de sélection d'événements ont été appliqués et la même approche a été utilisée pour estimer l'influence des corrélations residuelles. Ainsi le rôle des erreurs systématiques a été fortement réduit ce qui est important pour la comparaison quantitative et pour l'analyse commune de tous les résultats obtenus dans ce travail. L'effet des corrélations résiduelles est particulièrement important et provient de la contamination de l'échantillon protonique/antiprotonique par les particules (aussi les protons ou les antiprotons) venant des faibles décroissances hyperons. L'analyse effectuée est un pas en avant vers la description conséquente de la dymanique de la collision d'ions lourds, surtout dans la partie consacrée aux processus mous. Afin de continuer cette analyse, il est nécessaire d'avoir plus de données expérimentales. Cet objectif peut être atteint, d'une façon naturelle, dans l'expérience de génération suivante ALICE qui est actuellement en préparation au CERN. Des multiplicités de particules beaucoup plus grandes et de meilleures possibilités de détection créent de bonnes perspectives pour ces mesures
This project is the part of STAR (Solenoidal Tracker At RHIC) expiment at RHIC (Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider) in BNL (Brookhaven National Laboratory). The main goal of the STAR experiment is to measure the properties of matter created during heavy-ion collisions and search new state of matter QGP (Quark Gluon Plasma). The analysis of two-particle correlations provides a powerful tool to study the properties of hot and dense matter created in heavy-ions collisions. Results on two-proton, two anti-proton and proton-antiproton for Au+Au collisions at collision energy 62 and 200 GeV are presented. Different collision centralities are taken into account as well. Two-antiproton and proton-antiproton correlation functions are analysed for the first time. For all systems residual correlations arised for decay of heavier baryons are carrefully estmated. It is found that residual correlations have a strong impact, more dominant in the nonidentical hadron combinations. A mT dependence or radii for central collisions is found to follow the same tendency confirming that flow phenomenon affects different particle species. Nonidentical particle correlations technique allows to check whether protons or antiprotons are emitted earlier or later and from which region of the source. Such analysis should be continued in ALICE experiment in CERN, ALICE will start the operation in 2008

The strong interaction within a nucleon has been the focus of much theoretical and experimental work in nuclear and particle physics. Theorists have been improving lattice QCD calculations and developing quark models that define the inter-quark interactions, and experimentalists have spent years gathering data to support and improve these models. Finding nucleon resonance states provides essential information for the development of these theories and improves our understanding of the excited nucleon spectrum. There are a variety of quark models that have been proposed which each predict a unique resonance spectrum. Currently, these models predict resonances that have not been observed experimentally. It is important to experimentally determine which of these resonances exist. Historically, many of the existing measurements came as a result of nucleon-pion scattering experiments. It has been suggested, however, that some resonances may couple more strongly to other reaction channels, such as the KΛ strangeness reaction channel analysed here. Pseudoscalar meson photoproduction experiments can be used to analyse such a reaction channel. In these experiments, a photon beam is incident on a stationary nucleon target and the reaction products are detected. The polarisation of the recoiling particle can often be determined or measured. In the KΛ channel, the recoiling baryon is a Λ whose polarisation can be obtained without the use of any additional hardware through the self-analysing properties of the hyperon. These experiments can be completely described by four complex amplitudes, which can be accessed experimentally through sixteen polarisation observables. The polarisation observables are bilinear combinations of the amplitudes and as such have nontrivial correlations. They are dependent on the polarisations of the beam, target and recoiling particle. By selecting different polarisations of the beam or target, or by using a combination of polarisations, different observables can be measured. The amplitudes can be obtained once a sufficient selection of observables is determined. Currently, analyses of pseudoscalar meson photoproduction data is done using a binned fitting method. The use of binned fitting inevitably leads to some information from the data being lost. In this thesis, a new analysis method is presented, based on Bayesian statistics. The aim of such an approach is to maximise the information yield from data. An event-by-event likelihood function reduces the information lost through histogram binning. It is shown that the use of a prior distribution in amplitude space can preserve the correlations between observables, also increasing the information yield. It is found that such an analysis programme leads to a significant extraction of information from existing data. It is also found that datasets from different experiments could be concatenated and analysed together using the programme presented in this work, and successfully extract observables. Information on observables to which the experiment is not directly sensitive can be found and visualised graphically. The development of this analysis programme is detailed in this thesis. Previously analysed data from two experiments are analysed using this analysis method, and the results are compared to those obtained in the past. It is shown that this Bayesian approach produces results that are consistent with accepted results and provides information on observables that are not directly measurable by a particular experiment. The data from two experiments is combined and analysed together, and it is shown that the results of the combined analysis are consistent with those obtained through separate analyses.

La masse est une des propriétés les plus fondamentales de la matière. Comprendre son origine a longtemps été un sujet central en physique. D'après la physique nucléaire et la physique des particules modernes, la clef de ce problème réside dans la compréhension de l’origine de la masse du nucléon à partir de l’interaction forte. Avec le développement des technologies informatiques, la chromodynamique quantique sur réseau offre la possibilité de comprendre l’origine de la masse à partir des premiers principes. Cependant, dû aux ressources de calcul limitées, les masses obtenues à partir des calculs sur réseau doivent être extrapolées jusqu'au point physique. La théorie chirale des perturbations en tant que théorie effective des champs de QCD à basse énergie est une méthode indépendante de modèle permettant de comprendre l’interaction forte dans la région non perturbative et de guider les diverses extrapolations nécessaires pour passer du résultat lattice au résultat physique. Le but de cette thèse est donc d'utiliser la complémentarité entre QCD sur réseau et théorie chirale des perturbations afin d'étudier de façon systématique les masses des baryons. Nous étudions les masses de l'octet baryonique le plus léger dans le cadre de la théorie chirale covariante des perturbations pour les baryons. Nous utilisons la méthode "extended on mass shell" jusqu'à l'ordre trois fois sous dominant. Afin d'étudier les artefacts des calculs sur réseau dus à la taille finie de la boîte nous calculons les effets de volume fini. Adaptant la théorie chirale des perturbations à des fermions de Wilson nous obtenons aussi les effets de discrétisation dû au pas fini du réseau. Nous étudions de façon systématique toutes les données réseau en tenant à la fois de l'extrapolation au continu, des corrections de volume finie et de l'extrapolation chirale. Nous démontrons l'importance des corrections de volume fini dans la description des masses des baryons sur réseau. Par contre les effets de discrétisation sont de l'ordre de 1% jusqu'à l'ordre a² et peuvent donc être ignorés. De plus nous trouvons que toutes les données sur réseau prises en sont consistentes entre elles malgré des différences notables dans les procédures adoptées. Utilisant les formules chirales des masses des baryons nous prédisons de façon précise leurs termes sigma via le théorème de Feynman-Hellmann en analysant les données sur réseau les plus récentes. Les effets dus au pas du réseau, à la troncation de la série de perturbation chirale et à la violation d'isospin de l'interaction forte sont pris en pour la première fois. En particulier le terme sigma pion nucléon et le « strangeness sigma term » sont en accord avec les résultats réseau les plus récents. Au vue des succès rencontrés lors de l'étude de l'octet baryonique nous avons fait une analyse systématique des masses du décuplet baryonique le plus léger dans la théorie chirale covariante des perturbations pour les baryons en fittant de façon simultanée les données réseau n_f=2+1. Une bonne description à la fois des données réseau et des masses expérimentales est obtenue. De plus les termes sigma sont prédits. Enfin comprendre le spectre d'excitation des hadrons est encore un challenge. En particulier le spectre des baryons a une structure très inhabituelle, la résonance Roper (1440) de parité positive étant plus légère que l'état de parité négative N(1535). La plupart des études sur réseau suggère que les effets des log chiraux sont plus importants pour la masse de la Roper que pour celle des nucléons. Nous avons donc calculé la masse de cette résonance en théorie chirale des perturbations en tenant en de façon explicite des contributions du nucléon et du delta. Les contributions venant du mélange entre le nucléon et la Roper sont étudiées pour la première fois. Une première analyse de la masse de cette particule est présentée
Mass is one of the most fundamental properties of matter. Understanding its origin has long been a central topic in physics. According to modern particle and nuclear physics, the key to this issue is to understand the origin of nucleon (lowest-lying baryon) masses from the nonperturbative strong interaction. With the development of computing technologies, lattice Quantum Chromodynamics simulations provide great opportunities to understand the origin of mass from first principles. However, due to the limit of computational resources, lattice baryon masses have to be extrapolated to the physical point. Chiral perturbation theory, as an effective field theory of low-energy QCD, provides a model independent method to understand nonperturbative strong interactions and to guide the lattice multiple extrapolations. Therefore, we present the interplay between lattice QCD and chiral perturbation theory to systematically study the baryon masses. In the SU(3) sector, we study the lowest-lying octet baryon masses in covariant baryon chiral perturbation theory with the extended-on-mass-shell scheme up to next-to-next-to-next-to-leading order. In order to consider lattice artifacts from finite lattice box sizes, finite-volume corrections to lattice baryon masses are estimated. By constructing chiral perturbation theory for Wilson fermions, we also obtain the discretization effects of finite lattice spacings. We perform a systematic study of all the latest n_f=2+1 lattice data with chiral extrapolation (m_q → m_q^phys.), finite-volume corrections (V→∞), and continuum extrapolation (a→0). We find that finite-volume corrections are important to describe the present lattice baryon masses. On the other hand, the discretization effects of lattice simulations up to O(a²) are of the order 1% when a≈0.1 fm and can be safely ignored. Furthermore, we find that the lattice data from different collaborations are consistent with each other, though their setups are quite different. Using the chiral formulas of octet baryon masses, we accurately predict the octet baryon sigma terms via the Feynman-Hellmann theorem by analyzing the latest high-statistics lattice QCD data. Three key factors --- lattice scale setting effects, chiral expansion truncations and strong-interaction isospin-breaking effects --- are taken into account for the first time. In particular, the predicted pion- and strangeness-nucleon sigma terms, sigma_πN=55(1)(4) MeV and sigma_sN =27(27)(4) MeV, are consistent with the most latest lattice results of nucleon sigma terms. With the success in the study of octet baryon masses, we also present a systematic analysis of the lowest-lying decuplet baryon masses in covariant baryon chiral perturbation theory by simultaneously fitting n_f=2+1 lattice data. A good description for both the lattice and the experimental decuplet baryon masses is achieved. The convergence of covariant baryon chiral perturbation theory in the SU(3) sector is discussed. Furthermore, the pion- and strangeness-sigma terms for decuplet baryons are predicted by the Feynman-Hellmann theorem. In addition, understanding the excitation spectrum of hadrons is still a challenge, especially the first positive-parity nucleon resonance, the Roper(1440). The baryon spectrum shows a very unusual pattern that the Roper state is lower than the negative-parity state N(1535). Most lattice studies suggest that the Roper mass exhibits much larger chiral-log effects than that of the nucleon. Therefore, we calculate the Roper mass in chiral perturbation theory by explicitly including the nucleon/Delta contributions. The mixed contributions between nucleon and Roper to the baryon masses are taken into account for the first time. A first analysis of lattice Roper masses is presented

The purpose of this thesis has been to study the S=-1 meson-baryon interaction in S-wave employing an effective chiral SU(3) lagrangian up to NLO and implementing unitarization in coupled channels. Such a study requires fixing the NLO coefficients of the lagrangian which are not well established yet. In general, the low energy constants of an effective lagrangian are obtained from fitting procedures to the experimental available data. These parameters have been constrained to a large set of experimental K^- p scattering data into πΣ,K ̅N, πΛ channels, to γ, R_n and R_c branching ratios, and to the precise SIDDHARTA value of the energy shift and width of kaonic hydrogen. The novelty of our work is the inclusion of the scattering data from K^- p⟶K^+ Ξ^-,K^0 Ξ^0 reactions in the fitting procedure, since they become especially sensitive to higher order terms, as they cannot proceed with the WT term of the lagrangian, except indirectly via unitarization contributions. We have paid a special attention to the effects that a systematic inclusion in the lagrangian of the NLO and Born terms has on the low energy constants, particularly on the NLO coefficients. The main difference among the models we get from the fits is reflected in the isospin components of the total cross sections of the reactions we study. To check the reliavility of these models, we have performed new fits which take into account data from isospin filtering reactions. The stability and accuracy of the parameters have been tested by including phenomenological resonant contributions to the scattering amplitudes of the reactions that are especially sensitive to the NLO corrections. These resonant terms have been useful to reach better agreement with the experimental data. In order to explore other processes that take place at higher energies and can provide more information of the NLO parameters, we have studied the Λ_b decay into states containing a J/ψ and meson-baryon pairs. Furthermore, the Λ_b⟶J/ψ ηΛ process has allowed us to study the implications of observing a possible strange partner of the hidden charm pentaquark state P_c (4450). The conclusions and analysis of each chapter are summarized below. The second chapter is devoted to study the role played by NLO and Born terms, as well as the relevance of certain reactions in obtaining a more reliable parametrization for the NLO coefficients. We started by comparing different fitting procedures consisting of unitarized calculations employing a kernel in which we include or not the NLO term and which take into account or not the scattering data of the K^- p⟶KΞ reactions. From the results of all these combinations, and particularly from the successful reproduction of the experimental data reached by the WT+NLO model, we have shown for the first time that the NLO order terms of the chiral Lagrangian are absolutely necessary to reproduce the K^- p⟶KΞ reaction data. In this way, the sensitivity of the NLO lagrangian to such reactions has been clearly established. Given this sensitivity and the fact that the existing K^- p⟶KΞ scattering data are limited and suffer from large uncertainty, more accurate data are required before giving a more definitive answer about the values of the NLO coefficients. Next, contrary to the assumption we made about the little effect of the Born terms in the earlier stage, we have proved that they become non-negligible in the K^- p⟶KΞ reactions. The parametrization of the new fit (WT+NLO+Born) has confirmed the expectations of obtaining significant changes in the NLO coefficients compared to those of the WT+NLO model. Despite this, we do not get any improvement neither in accuracy of the parameters nor in the χ_(d.o.f)^2. This fact has led us to an interesting finding that allows us to understand how such different parametrization could give so similar agreement with the experimental data: the inclusion or non inclusion of the Born terms can seriously modify the isospin decomposition of the K^- p⟶KΞ cross sections due to their sensitivity to the higher order terms. Such differences in the isospin components point to the need of constraining the models with experimental data from reactions that proceed through I=0 or I=1, thus providing more reliable parameters of the meson-baryon lagrangian. Most of the data employed in our fits are coming from antikaon-proton scattering and therefore contain contributions from both isospin I=0 and I=1 components; being the only exceptions the π^0 Σ^0,πΛ channels, which select I=0 and I=1 respectively. We then have widened the number of experimental observables used in the fits including scattering data from K^- p⟶ηΛ,ηΣ^0 reactions, which are of pure isospin 0 and 1 respectively. These efforts culminated in the WT+NLO+Born (η chan) model that, as far as we know, is the only chiral model in the literature which reproduces K^- p scattering data into all possible S=-1 channels with good agreement. Regarding the parametrization related to this model, the inclusion of these new experimental data has been crucial for obtaining a very homogeneous and accurate set of NLO coefficients, as well as natural sized values for all the subtraction constants. This leads us to think that the inclusion of more experimental data from isospin filtering processes could favor more reliable values for the low energy constants. The proposed measurement of the K_L^0 p⟶K^+ Ξ^0 reactions in I=1 with a secondary K_L^0 beam at Jlab would complement the information one can obtain from K^- p scattering data to constrain the theoretical models. We have presented our prediction for this reaction employing some of our models, concluding that, as more contributions are taken into account in the interaction kernel and more data are included in the fit, the predicted values are closer to the only two available experimental points of this reaction. None of these two data points have been used in any fitting procedure. This prediction seems to point out towards the reliability of our parametrizations, particularly the WT+NLO+Born (η chan) one, which we consider our best pure chiral model. In order to improve the description of the experimental K^- p⟶KΞ and K^- p⟶ηΛ scattering data, it is also possible to considerate the inclusion of high-spin resonances in such processes. Since they are the most sensitive reactions to the NLO terms, this could also lead to modifications of the NLO parameters. In this way, we can study the stability and accuracy of the parameters present in the models. This is performed in the third chapter of this thesis. We first allowed for the explicit contribution of the high spin hyperon resonances Σ(2030) and Σ(2250) to the K^- p⟶KΞ amplitudes, aiming at establishing an appropriate amount for the background, which in this work is associated to the chiral contributions, and, hence, obtaining more reliable values of the associated low energy constants. The resonant amplitude has been calculated by applying the Rarita-Schwinger method while the chiral amplitude has been obtained employing a lagrangian with a WT and NLO contribution giving rise to the NLO+RES model. Since the resonant terms introduce an angular dependence in the amplitudes, we also attempt the description of the KΞ differential cross sections. We find the resonant terms to have a double benefit. On the one hand, they allow for a reasonable overall description of the scattering data, including the total and the differential cross sections of the KΞ production reactions. On the other hand, by absorbing certain structures of the cross section, the inclusion of resonant contributions permit finding a more stable solution and therefore more precise values of the low energy constants of the chiral unitary model. Then, we have performed a similar study for WT+NLO+Born (η chan) model, which we consider our best chiral model. In contrast to the study carried out previously, this model has been constrained with additional data (K^- p⟶ηΣ^0,ηΛ cross-section data), meaning that, since the K^- p⟶ηΛ reaction is also very senstive to the NLO terms, the corresponding NLO coefficients are more reliable. This makes the analysis of stability acquire a more decisive character. Aiming for this, we have extended the resonant contributions to the K^- p⟶ηΛ process, particularly we have taken into account the contribution of the Λ(1890) resonance which has also been incorporated to the K^- p⟶KΞ amplitudes, in addition to the Σ(2030) and Σ(2250) resonances. The results obtained confirm the previous findings: there is a notable improvement of the agreement with the experimental data and the parameters take similar values to the ones corresponding to the model without resonances. This stability is specially marked for most of the NLO coefficients. Having proved the effects of the isospin filtering processes on the NLO coefficients, in Chapter 4 we have shown that the Λ_b⟶J/ψ ηΛ decay and, particularly, the Λ_b⟶J/ψ KΞ one provide very valuable information concerning the meson-baryon interaction in the S=-1 and isospin I=0 sector. The dynamics of the reaction, where the light quarks of the Λ_b play a spectator role, is such that it filters I=0 in the final state. This is so because the "u" and "d" quarks in the Λ_b baryon necessarily couple to I=0 and the weak decay favors the b⟶cc ̅s transition, so there is an s-quark at the end of the weak process, which together with the "ud" pair in I=0 gives a total isospin I=0. Thus, these decays may offer complementary information to that obtained from K^- p⟶KΞ scattering data, where both isospin 0 and 1 contributions combine to give the final results. Our study is based on the models WT+NLO (Model 1) and WT+NLO+Born (η chan) (Model 2) developed in this thesis to describe the K^- p scattering. Both models produce quite different invariant mass distributions for the decay of the Λ_b into KΞ and ηΛ states, which are in turn quite different also from phase space, indicating the sensitivity of these processes to the strong internal dynamics. The differences between models are more visible in the Λ_b⟶J/ψ KΞ decay process. The reason stems from the fact that the decay into ηΛ can proceed at tree level, while the selectivity of the Λ_b decay processes producing the J/ψ does not allow the formation of a KΞ pair in a primary step. This is only produced through rescattering of the K ̅N and ηΛ primary components. Thus the Λ_b⟶J/ψ KΞ reaction is directly proportional to the meson-baryon scattering amplitude, concretely to the ηΛ⟶KΞ and K ̅N⟶KΞ components in I=0, which can lead to a marked pattern of interferences. These models also predict sizable differences for the Λ_b decay in the energy region of KΞ and ηΛ production, reflecting that the I=0 component of the meson-baryon interaction, which is the one playing a role in the Λ_b decay processes studied here, is not very well constrained by the fitting to K^- p⟶KΞ data. The recent finding of two structures in the J/ψ p invariant mass distribution of the Λ_b⟶J/ψ K^- p decay, associated to two pentaquark states, together with its plausible explanation in terms of a previously predicted hidden charm baryon molecular state, prompted us to study the decay of the Λ_b into J/ψ ηΛ final states. The Λ_b⟶J/ψ ηΛ decay, being a coupled channel of the Λ_b⟶J/ψ K^- p one, will occur with similar strength and one could observe, in the J/ψ Λ invariant mass spectrum, possible strange partners of the two non-strange pentaquark states reported by LHCb collaboration. We recall that when the hidden charm N^* resonances were theoretically predicted as molecular states in several unitary approaches, some partner hidden charm strange Λ^* states were also found. We have taken advantage of this finding and have predicted what signal should one of these states leave in the ηΛ and J/ψ Λ invariant mass distributions of the Λ_b⟶J/ψ ηΛ reaction. We have found that, taking the values of the couplings of the hidden charm Λ^* state to the D ̅^(0*) Ξ_c^' and J/ψ Λ channels obtained in the unitary approaches, one should observe clear and sizable peaks in the J/ψ Λ mass distribution of the Λ_b⟶J/ψ ηΛ decay. We have studied the dependence of our results on reasonable changes in the parameters of the models involved in our description of the process, as well as on the unknown properties of the speculated hidden charm strange pentaquark. We have observed that, while there appear changes in the position of the peak and in the shapes of the distributions, a resonance signal in the J/ψ Λ invariant mass spectrum is clearly seen in all the cases. This gives us confidence that such an experiment should result into a successful proof of the existence of this new state and we encourage the experimental analysis of this decay channel, for which our theoretical study predicts a similar strength than for the Λ_b⟶J/ψ K^- p reaction already analyzed by LHCb. The present work is our first step toward building a more complete chiral model in S=-1 sector to help analyze the forthcoming more precise data in the KΞ production. In addition, the findings and the features observed in this study indicate that the actual measurement of the complementary observables analyzed here would provide valuable information, novel so far, that would enrich our knowledge of the meson-baryon interaction and help us make progress in our understanding of hadron dynamics.
En esta tesis se ha estudiado la interacción mesón-barión en onda S en el sector de extrañeza -1 empleando un lagrangiano de SU(3) hasta segundo orden, implementando la unitarización en canales acoplados. La condición indispensable para llevar a cabo un estudio de este tipo, forzosamente, pasa por fijar el valor de los coeficientes presentes en los términos de segundo orden, los cuales no poseen un valor bien determinado. Generalmente, las constantes de baja energía de los lagrangianos efectivos se obtienen mediante procesos de ajuste a los datos experimentales disponibles. Tradicionalmente, en este sector de extrañeza, dichos parámetros se ajustaban a los datos experimentales de la dispersión K^- p a los canales πΣ, K ̅N, πΛ, así como a las razones entre secciones eficaces en el umbral de producción K^- p: γ, R_n y R_c; y a los precisos valores del corrimiento y la anchura parcial del estado 1s del hidrógeno kaónico obtenido por la colaboración SIDDHARTA. Lo novedoso en nuestra tesis es la inclusión de datos experimentales procedentes de la reacción de dispersión K^- p⟶K^+ Ξ^-,K^0 Ξ^0 en los procesos de ajuste. La motivación para ello se debe a la especial sensibilidad de estas reacciones a los términos de órdenes superiores, ya que estas reacciones no proceden de manera directa mediante el término WT que es el dominante a primer orden. A esto se le suma el hecho que las contribuciones que provienen de la redispersión de los canales acoplados no son capaces de reproducir adecuadamente los datos experimentales. Dado lo anterior, nos centramos en estudiar los efectos producidos por la inclusión sistemática en el lagrangiano de los términos de segundo orden ("NLO") y los de Born sobre las constantes de baja energía, particularmente sobre los coeficientes de "NLO". La principal diferencia entre los modelos que se obtienen de los ajustes se refleja en las componentes de isospín de la sección eficaz total de las reacciones que aquí se estudian. Así pues, para comprobar la fiabilidad de estos modelos, se llevaron a cabo nuevos ajustes teniendo en cuenta datos experimentales procedentes de reacciones de filtrado de isospín. Adicionalmente, se han estudiado la estabilidad y la precisión de los parámetros obtenidos de los ajustes añadiendo contribuciones resonantes de manera fenomenológica a aquellas amplitudes de dispersión asociadas a las reacciones que son especialmente sensibles a las correcciones de segundo orden. Debe destacarse que las contribuciones resonantes han proporcionado una mejora del acuerdo entre los modelos teóricos y los datos experimentales. La desintegración de Λ_b dando lugar a estados que contienen una partícula J/ψ junto con un par mesón-barión resulta ser un proceso muy interesante para extraer información sobre los parámetros de "NLO" a energías más altas. Además, el proceso Λ_b⟶J/ψ ηΛ nos ha permitido estudiar las implicaciones que tendría la posible existencia de un homólogo extraño del pentaquark con encanto escondido P_c (4450). Las conclusiones y el análisis de cada capítulo están descritos en los párrafos siguientes. El Capítulo 2 está dedicado al estudio del papel que juegan los términos de "NLO" y los de Born, así como la relevancia de ciertas reacciones para obtener parametrizaciones más fiables de los coeficientes de "NLO". Al principio, comparamos diferentes ajustes que se basaban en cálculos unitarizados empleando núcleos de interacción que incluían o no los términos de "NLO" y para los cuales se tenían en cuenta o no los datos experimentales de la reacción de dispersión K^- p⟶KΞ. Fruto de los resultados obtenidos de todas estas posibles combinaciones, y más particularmente de la excelente reproducción de los datos experimentales lograda por el modelo WT+NLO, se mostró por vez primera que los términos de "NLO" del lagrangiano quiral son absolutamente necesarios para reproducir los datos experimentales de las reacciones K^- p⟶KΞ. De este modo, se evidenció la sensibilidad del segundo orden del lagrangiano a dichas reacciones. Dada esta sensibilidad junto con el hecho que los datos existentes de la reacción de dispersión K^- p⟶KΞ son limitados y que tienen asociada una gran incertidumbre, para poder dar una respuesta definitiva sobre los valores de los parámetros de "NLO" se requerirían datos experimentales más precisos. Después, contrariamente a lo que se asumió a cerca del efecto negligible de los términos de Born, demostramos que estas contribuciones no pueden menospreciarse en las reacciones K^- p⟶KΞ. Las significativas diferencias en los coeficientes de "NLO" entre la nueva parametrización obtenida para el modelo WT+NLO+Born y la que se obtuvo para el modelo WT+NLO confirmaron el hecho anterior. A pesar de esto, no se apreció ninguna mejora en la precisión de los parámetros ni en el χ_(d.o.f)^2. Este resultado nos permitió entender cómo dos parametrizaciones tan diferentes pueden tener una bondad del ajuste tan similar: la inclusión o no de los términos de Born puede modificar notablemente la descomposición en componentes de isospín de la sección eficaz total de la reacción K^- p⟶KΞ debido a su sensibilidad a los términos de orden superior. Tales diferencias entre las componentes de isospín nos llevan a pensar que si nuestros modelos se ajustan a datos experimentales procedentes de reacciones que actúan como selectores de isospín podremos extraer valores más realistas para los parámetros presentes en el lagrangiano. La mayoría de los datos experimentales empleados en nuestros ajustes vienen de la dispersión protón-antikaón y, consecuentemente, contienen contribuciones tanto de componentes de isospín I=0 como de I=1 siendo las únicas excepciones los canales π^0 Σ^0,πΛ, que filtra isospín 0 y 1 respectivamente. Así pues, se decidió ampliar el número de observables empleados en los ajustes añadiendo datos experimentales de las reacciones de dispersión K^- p⟶ηΛ,ηΣ^0, las cuales tienen solamente una única componente de isospín para sus secciones eficaces, i. e., isospín 0 y 1 respectivamente. Todos estos esfuerzos culminaron con la obtención del modelo WT+NLO+Born (η chan) que, hasta donde sabemos, es el único capaz de reproducir razonablemente bien los datos de la dispersión K^- p a todos los posibles canales del sector S=-1. Respecto a los parámetros de este modelo, se puede destacar el papel relevante de estos nuevos datos experimentales a la hora de obtener unos valores muy homogéneos y precisos para las constantes de "NLO" junto con unas constantes de substracción cuyos valores se acercan más a los valores naturales. A la vista de estos resultados, la inclusión en los ajustes de nuevas reacciones donde se filtre el isospín podría favorecer la obtención de valores más realistas para las constantes de baja energía. La propuesta para medir la reacción K_L^0 p⟶K^+ Ξ^0 en I=1 empleando el haz secundario de K_L^0 en Jlab podría suponer una fuente de información complementaria a la dispersión K^- p. Se ha presentado una predicción para esta reacción empleando algunos de nuestros modelos de la cual se concluye que, cuantas más contribuciones se tienen en cuenta en el núcleo de interacción y más datos experimentales se incluyen en los ajustes, más cerca estamos de reproducir los dos únicos puntos disponibles para esta reacción. Hay que remarcar que ninguno de estos puntos se ha utilizado en los ajustes. A la luz de estos resultados, parece que nuestros parámetros toman cada vez valores más confiables, particularmente los del modelo WT+NLO+Born (η chan), al cual consideramos nuestro mejor modelo quiral puro. Con la intención de mejorar la descripción de los datos experimentales de las reacciones K^- p⟶KΞ y K^- p⟶ηΛ, se incluyeron resonancias de spin alto en estos procesos. Como estas reacciones son las más sensibles a los términos de "NLO", este hecho podría inducir modificaciones en los valores de los coeficientes de "NLO". De este modo, podemos estudiar la estabilidad y precisión de los parámetros presentes en los modelos. Este estudio se llevó a cabo en el Capítulo 3. La primera parte de este estudio consistió en la inclusión explícita de los hyperones de spin alto Σ(2030) y Σ(2250) en la amplitud de dispersión K^- p⟶KΞ, con la intención de fijar una contribución quiral con la cual los términos resonantes puedan interferir para reproducir adecuadamente las estructuras mostradas por los datos experimentales sin tener que forzar a los parámetros de "NLO" a tomar valores sobrestimados. Para calcular la amplitud resonante, hemos utilizado el método de Rarita-Schwinger, mientras que la amplitud quiral se ha calculado empleando un lagrangiano con los términos WT y NLO dando lugar a un nuevo modelo, NLO+RES. Como los términos resonantes introducen una dependencia angular en las amplitudes, se decidió aprovechar este hecho para reproducir los datos experimentales de la sección eficaz diferencial con un acuerdo razonable dadas las limitaciones del modelo para ello. De aquí se puede concluir que la inclusión de términos resonantes cumple una doble función. Por un lado, nos permite obtener una mejora global en la descripción de los datos de dispersión, tanto los de las secciones eficaces totales como los de las diferenciales en las reacciones de producción KΞ. Por otro lado, absorbiendo ciertas estructuras de las secciones eficaces, la inclusión de términos resonantes permite encontrar mínimos más estables y, por consiguiente, valores más precisos de las constantes de baja energía del modelo quiral unitario. Seguidamente, realizamos un estudio similar para el modelo WT+NLO+Born (η chan). Comparado con el anterior, este modelo ha sido ajustado a datos experimentales adicionales (datos de las secciones eficaces K^- p⟶ηΣ^0,ηΛ). Como esta última reacción también es sensible a las contribuciones de "NLO", sus correspondientes coeficientes serán más confiables. Esto hace que el estudio de la estabilidad adquiera un carácter más decisivo. Con esta motivación, se han extendido las contribuciones resonantes a los procesos K^- p⟶ηΛ, teniendo en cuenta para este caso particular solo la contribución de la resonancia Λ(1890). Esta última resonancia ha sido también incorporada, junto con las ya empleadas Σ(2030) y Σ(2250), a las amplitudes de dispersión K^- p⟶KΞ. Los resultados obtenidos confirman lo que ya se había observado con anterioridad: hay una notable mejora en la reproducción de los datos experimentales y los parámetros adquieren valores similares a los del correspondiente modelo sin resonancias. Esta estabilidad es especialmente remarcable para la mayoría de los coeficientes de "NLO". Habiendo demostrado los efectos de los procesos que filtran isospín sobre los coeficientes de "NLO", en el Capítulo 4 se muestra que la desintegración Λ_b⟶J/ψ ηΛ y, particularmente, la Λ_b⟶J/ψ KΞ proporcionan una información interesante relativa a la interacción mesón-barión en el sector S=-1 y I=0. La dinámica de esta reacción, en la cual los quarks ligeros que conforman la Λ_b actúan como espectadores, es tal que filtra el I=0 en los estados finales. Esto es así, ya que los quarks "u" y "d" en el barión Λ_b se acoplan necesariamente a isospín 0 y la desintegración débil favorece la transición b⟶cc ̅s; quedando, por lo tanto, un quark "s" al final del proceso débil, el cual tiene isospín 0 que junto al anterior par "ud" darán un isospín total I=0. Así pues, estas desintegraciones podrían ofrecer información complementaria a la que se obtiene de los datos de la reacción de dispersión K^- p⟶KΞ cuyas componentes de isospín I=0 y I=1 se combinan para dar los resultados finales. Basamos nuestro estudio en los modelos WT+NLO (Model 1) y WT+NLO+Born (η chan) (Model 2) que han sido desarrollados en esta tesis para describir la dispersión K^- p. Las distribuciones de masa invariante producidas por ambos modelos son diferentes para las desintegraciones de Λ_b a los estados KΞ y ηΛ, siendo a su vez bastante diferentes respecto al espacio fásico, indicando la sensibilidad de estos procesos a la dinámica interna de la interacción fuerte en los estados finales. La diferencia entre modelos es mucho más apreciable en el proceso de desintegración Λ_b⟶J/ψ KΞ. La razón se deriva del hecho que la desintegración en ηΛ puede proceder de manera directa ("tree level"), mientras que para la desintegración de Λ_b que da lugar a una J/ψ no permite una formación del par KΞ directamente, a no ser que este se produzca vía la redispersión de los componentes primarios K ̅N y ηΛ. Por tanto, la reacción Λ_b⟶J/ψ KΞ es directamente proporcional a la amplitud de dispersión mesón-barión, concretamente a las componentes de I=0 correspondientes a ηΛ⟶KΞ y K ̅N⟶KΞ cuya interferencia puede dar lugar a patrones muy marcados. Estos modelos también predicen diferencias notables para las desintegraciones Λ_b en las regiones de energía donde se producen los pares KΞ y ηΛ, poniendo de manifiesto que la componente de I=0 de la interacción mesón-barión, que es la única posible por provenir de la desintegración Λ_b, no está bien fijada por los ajustes a los datos experimentales de las reacciones K^- p⟶KΞ. Las dos estructuras halladas recientemente en la distribución de masa invariante J/ψ p de la desintegración Λ_b⟶J/ψ K^- p que han sido asociadas a dos estados de pentaquark, con su plausible explicación en términos de un estado molecular con un barión y un par cc ̅, nos llevaron a estudiar la desintegración de la Λ_b en los estados finales J/ψ ηΛ. La desintegración Λ_b⟶J/ψ ηΛ, que puede conectarse en canales acoplados a la desintegración Λ_b⟶J/ψ K^- p, podría tener lugar con la misma intensidad y sería posible observar, en su distribución de masa invariante J/ψ Λ, un posible compañero extraño de los dos estados de pentaquarks observados por la colaboración LHCb. Conviene tener presente que cuando las resonancias N^* de encanto escondido fueron teóricamente predichas como estados moleculares utilizando varios métodos basados en la unitarización, algunos compañeros extraños como los estados Λ_b fueron encontrados. Aprovechando esta información, hemos predicho qué tipo de señal dejarían estos estados en las distribuciones de masa invariante ηΛ y J/ψ Λ de la reacción Λ_b⟶J/ψ ηΛ. Hemos visto que tomando los valores de las constantes de acoplamiento del estado Λ^* de encanto escondido a los canales D ̅^(0*) Ξ_c^' y J/ψ Λ obtenidos por los métodos basados en la unitarización, uno observaría una señal clara y con un apreciable pico en la distribución de masa invariante J/ψ Λ de la desintegración Λ_b⟶J/ψ ηΛ. También se estudió la dependencia de nuestros resultados a cambios razonables en los parámetros que caracterizaban los modelos involucrados en nuestra descripción del proceso, así como la dependencia en las posibles propiedades de dicho pentaquark. En todos los tests que se realizaron, la señal resonante seguía siendo claramente visible en la distribución de masa invariante J/ψ Λ. Esto nos hace pensar que en el caso que se llevara a cabo tal experimento podría dar prueba de la existencia de este nuevo estado. Este trabajo ha sido un primer paso hacia la construcción de un modelo quiral más completo en el sector S=-1 que nos será útil para analizar los venideros datos más precisos de la producción KΞ. Además, los hallazgos y características observados en este estudio indican que la medida de observables analizados aquí proporcionaría una información valiosa, hasta ahora novedosa, que enriquecería nuestro conocimiento de la interacción mesón-barión y nos ayudaría a progresar en la comprensión de la dinámica de los hadrones.

Includes supplemental material
This report contains analysis that shows that existing technology exists to improve Maritime Interdiction Operations (MIO) by approximately 30%. Furthermore, analysis contained herein will aid MIO planning for future operations. Since MIOs are an inherently dangerous, but necessary activity with far reaching implications to theater political and economic dynamics, this improvement is of great interest. MIO is a Naval solution to the problems of smuggling weapons, explosives, people and narcotics. MIO, when employed correctly has the potential to save lives and limit economic/political damage.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Manoel de Barros, poeta que estreou na literatura brasileira na década de 1930, tem na imagem poética e na metalinguagem os principais pontos de força de sua poesia. Mais que isso, ressaltamos que existe em sua obra uma imbricação tensional entre os espaços imagético e metalinguístico, uma vez que o poeta funde estes espaços de linguagem, fazendo do poema uma espécie de suporte para a crítica na medida em que injeta nas malhas do discurso poético seu pensamento crítico. Observamos, também, que a repetição excessiva e combinada de alguns procedimentos de elaboração poética gera uma macroestrutura que caracteriza a linguagem construída pelo poeta, sendo que consideramos a fusão dos espaços figurativo e metapoético como procedimento predominante desta estrutura. Nesse sentido, propomos um estudo que se concentra nas funções e efeitos, gerados pela repetição, que singularizam a poesia de Barros. Tal estudo visa, ainda, sistematizar uma Poética, uma vez que a linguagem acaba por configurar-se enquanto código palimpséstico marcado pela convivência das atividades crítica e criativa, bem como pela repetição de ideias pontuais acerca do poético. Para tanto, partimos da investigação detida de uma seleção de poemas da obra toda do autor, e estabelecemos um amplo diálogo com fundamentos da modernidade lírica.
Manoel de Barros, poet who debuted on Brazilian literature in 1930, has in the poetic image and in metalanguage the main strength points of his poetry. More than that, we emphasize that there is in his work a tensional interlink between the image and the metalinguistic spaces, once the poet merges these language spaces, making the poem some sort of support for the criticism to the extent that he injects in the poetic discourse his critical thought. We notice, also, that the excessive and combined repetition of some poetic elaboration procedures creates a macrostructure that characterizes the language built by the poet, as we consider the fusion of figurative and metapoetic spaces as a predominant procedure of such structure. To this end, we propose a study that focuses on the functions and effects, generated by the repetition, that singles out the poetry of Barros. Such study aims, still, to systematize a Poetics, once the language turns out to be configured as a palimpsestic code, marked by the coexistence of the critical and creative activities, as well as by the repetition of punctual ideas about the poetic. To do such, we start from a thorough investigation of a selection of poems from the complete works of the author, and establish a broad dialogue with the fundamentals of the lyric modernity.

Orientador: Susanna Busato
Banca: Kelcilene Grácia-Rodrigues
Banca: Antônio Donizeti Pires
Banca: Maria Heloísa Martins Dias
Banca: Sérgio Vicente Motta
Resumo: Manoel de Barros, poeta que estreou na literatura brasileira na década de 1930, tem na imagem poética e na metalinguagem os principais pontos de força de sua poesia. Mais que isso, ressaltamos que existe em sua obra uma imbricação tensional entre os espaços imagético e metalinguístico, uma vez que o poeta funde estes espaços de linguagem, fazendo do poema uma espécie de suporte para a crítica na medida em que injeta nas malhas do discurso poético seu pensamento crítico. Observamos, também, que a repetição excessiva e combinada de alguns procedimentos de elaboração poética gera uma macroestrutura que caracteriza a linguagem construída pelo poeta, sendo que consideramos a fusão dos espaços figurativo e metapoético como procedimento predominante desta estrutura. Nesse sentido, propomos um estudo que se concentra nas funções e efeitos, gerados pela repetição, que singularizam a poesia de Barros. Tal estudo visa, ainda, sistematizar uma Poética, uma vez que a linguagem acaba por configurar-se enquanto código palimpséstico marcado pela convivência das atividades crítica e criativa, bem como pela repetição de ideias pontuais acerca do poético. Para tanto, partimos da investigação detida de uma seleção de poemas da obra toda do autor, e estabelecemos um amplo diálogo com fundamentos da modernidade lírica
Abstract: Manoel de Barros, poet who debuted on Brazilian literature in 1930, has in the poetic image and in metalanguage the main strength points of his poetry. More than that, we emphasize that there is in his work a tensional interlink between the image and the metalinguistic spaces, once the poet merges these language spaces, making the poem some sort of support for the criticism to the extent that he injects in the poetic discourse his critical thought. We notice, also, that the excessive and combined repetition of some poetic elaboration procedures creates a macrostructure that characterizes the language built by the poet, as we consider the fusion of figurative and metapoetic spaces as a predominant procedure of such structure. To this end, we propose a study that focuses on the functions and effects, generated by the repetition, that singles out the poetry of Barros. Such study aims, still, to systematize a Poetics, once the language turns out to be configured as a palimpsestic code, marked by the coexistence of the critical and creative activities, as well as by the repetition of punctual ideas about the poetic. To do such, we start from a thorough investigation of a selection of poems from the complete works of the author, and establish a broad dialogue with the fundamentals of the lyric modernity
Doutor

Dissertação (mestrado)-Universidade de Brasília, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Literatura, 2011.
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Este trabalho analisa algumas características da obra poética de Manoel de Barros a partir da postura autoexplicativa de seu texto. Com base em alguns aspectos da fenomenologia, apoiados também na proposta de monologismo bakhtiniano, busca-se teorizar a respeito dessa poesia, marcando elementos estruturantes dessa obra. _______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
This work analyzes some characteristics of the poetic work of Manoel de Barros from the self explanatory stance of his text. Based on some aspects of phenomenology, also supported on Bakhtin's proposal of monologism, we seek to theorize about this poetry, marking the structuring elements of that work.

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Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
Ethnopedological studies have been devoted mainly to agriculture, paying little attention to other aspects (e.g. pottery) of land use. The main objective of this work was to describe and analyse local knowledge and practices among peasant potters, as related to some soils that they use as ceramic resource, in a rural village (Chã da Pia) in Northeast Brazil. Peasant soil knowledge was described and analysed through an adaptation of classic ethnoscientific techniques, attempting to articulate emic and etic data, following Marques s Comprehensive Ethnoecology. Five soil profiles were formally described by researchers (etic approach) near pits where local people obtain pottery clay. Later, peasant artisans where asked to indicate the soil categories or materials they recognized in those same soil profiles (emic approach). Samples collected during both emic and etic approaches were used to describe and analyse the soils existing near these clay sources. Peasant potters recognized variations between the topsoil and subsurface soil. They were capable of distinguishing, identifying and naming, their way, some soil materials arranged in layers ( capas ) along the soil profile: terra (earth), piçarro (gravel), cabeça do barro (clay head), barro de loiça (ceramic clay), and pedra mole (soft rock). The multi-layered arrangement of these materials along the soil profiles was similar to the arrangement of the horizons as described in formal pedology. Nonetheless, local potters did not seem to know about pedogenetic relationships among these layers. Discriminant-canonical analysis, based on chemical, physical and morphological soil features, has shown clear distinctions between the agricultural topsoil and subsurface layers from where ceramic resources may be collected. It also made possible to demonstrate physical, chemical and morphological similarity among some soil materials (as distinguished by local potters) and the pedogenetic horizons where these materials are normally found. Barro de loiça is the main ceramic resource obtained from local soils. It was found mainly as part of the the 2Bt horizon in Eutric Planosols and Haplic Solonetz. The making of ethnopedological studies in different social and pedological environments could be an aid to the advancement of formal soil knowledge, also giving an opportunity to understanding and valuing local soil knowledge and management.
Os estudos etnopedológicos têm enfocado, prioritariamente, o uso agrícola dos solos, dando pouca atenção a outros campos de comportamento, tais como a cerâmica artesanal. Este trabalho teve como objetivo descrever e avaliar os conhecimentos e práticas de um grupo de artesãos camponeses ( loiceiros ), produtores de cerâmica utilitária ( loiça de barro ), sobre alguns solos que eles utilizam como recurso cerâmico em uma comunidade rural no Agreste Paraibano, Nordeste do Brasil. O saber pedológico camponês foi descrito e analisado através de técnicas adaptadas da etnociência clássica, buscando articular as abordagens emicista e eticista, com base na Etnoecologia Abrangente de Marques. Cinco perfis de solo foram descritos por agrônomos-pesquisadores (abordagem eticista) junto a barreiros de onde a população local extrai o barro-de-loiça . Posteriormente, solicitou-se a alguns camponeses que indicassem e nomeassem, nesses mesmos locais, os materiais de solo que fossem capazes de reconhecer (abordagem emicista). Amostras coletadas em ambas as abordagens foram usadas para caracterização morfológica, física e química desses solos. Os artesãos camponeses pesquisados reconheceram diferenças entre a camada arável e a sub-superfície do solo, sendo também capazes de distinguir, identificar e nomear, ao seu modo, alguns materiais de solo distribuídos em capas (camadas) superpostas ao longo do perfil, tais como: terra , piçarro , cabeça do barro , barro de loiça e pedra mole . O arranjo dessas camadas mostrou-se semelhante à distribuição dos horizontes nas descrições pedológicas formais, mas os loiceiros não demonstraram conhecimento de relações pedogenéticas entre partes do perfil. A análise discriminante canônica, baseada em propriedades físicas, químicas e morfológicas dos solos, mostrou diferenças entre as capas associadas à camada arável e aquelas mais profundas, que servem eventualmente como fonte de material cerâmico. Do mesmo modo, demonstrou-se similaridade entre alguns materiais de solo reconhecidos em capas e os horizontes pedogenéticos onde, normalmente, se situam esses mesmos materiais. Barro de loiça é o principal material de solo usado como recurso cerâmico pelos loiceiros e corresponde, localmente, a uma parte do horizonte Bt de solos classificados como Planossolo Nátrico Órtico e Planossolo Háplico Eutrófico. A realização de estudos etnopedológicos em diferentes contextos sociais e pedológicos pode contribuir para o avanço do conhecimento pedológico formal e para uma melhor compreensão e valorização dos sistemas locais de conhecimento e uso de solos.

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CNPq
Esta dissertação propõe a investigação comparativa das produções de Manoel e Martha Barros através da análise das obras escolhidas para compor o corpus da pesquisa: Poeminha em língua de brincar; Cantigas por um passarinho à toa e Memórias inventadas para crianças. A partir da análise, buscamos refletir acerca de questões como: a concepção de infância; renovação de perspectivas; primitivismo; efetividade da ilustração de obras poéticas e a influência editorial na produção de livros infanto-juvenis. Além disso, procuramos mostrar a necessidade de criação de novos olhares dentro da Crítica Literária, bem como a inserção e inversão de valores. Com o intuito de conquistar profunda compreensão da poética e da linguagem de Manoel de Barros e também investigar a expressividade da poética dentro das obras de Martha Barros, primeiramente contextualizamos a pesquisa dentro do universo da criança. O primeiro capítulo é dedicado a refletir sobre o papel da criança na família e na sociedade ao longo dos séculos, discutindo, ao mesmo tempo, o desenvolvimento da literatura infanto-juvenil. Logo após, procuramos apontar os traços infantis nas obras de Manoel e de Martha Barros. Posteriormente a toda esta contextualização, inicia a análise do corpus. Nossa intenção é de contribuir na área dos estudos interartísticos e o enriquecimento da fortuna crítica de Manoel e Martha Barros, pai e filha.
This dissertation proposes a comparative research of production of Manuel and Martha Barros by analyzing the works chosen to compose the corpus of our research: Poeminha em língua de brincar; Cantigas por um passarinho à toa e Memórias inventadas para crianças. From this analysis we reflect on issues such as: the conception of childhood; renewal prospects; primitivism; effectiveness illustration of poetic works and the editorial influence in the production of children's books. Also, we tried to show the need to create new perspective of the Literary Criticism and the insertion and inversion of values. In order to gain deep understanding of poetic and Manoel de Barros language and to investigate the expression of poetic in the works of Martha Barros, first contextualize the research within the child's universe. The first chapter is dedicated to reflect on the role of the child in the family and in society over the centuries, arguing at the same time, the development of children's literature. Soon after, we tried to point out the infantile traits in the works of Manuel and Martha Barros. Later all this contextualization begins analysis of the corpus. Our intention is to contribute in the area of interartísticos studies and enriching the critical fortune of Manuel and Martha Barros, father and daughter.

Global and local climate patterns may affect barren-ground caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus) populations. I predicted global climate changes to be correlated with periods of population decline, and local changes to be more pronounced on the habitat of caribou with a declining population. In chapter 1, the Arctic Oscillation (AO), changes in normalized difference vegetation index and phenology were used as measures of global and local climate. In chapter 2 environmental variables and caribou presence points were used to build Maxent habitat models. There was no consistent correlation with the positive AO phase and periods of population decline, or phenology trends and the habitat of caribou with a declining population. Maxent models underestimated the amount of suitable habitat spatially and failed to model suitable habitat temporally. This thesis is the first to look at a range of density-independent variables over a long time period and model suitable habitat for multiple herds.