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Journal articles on the topic 'Barrie Levad'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Encina-Tutuy, AJ, SE Martínez, CE Barrios, MS Dho, MA Romero, and CNH Zini-Carbone. "Oral health promotion at Esperanza neighborhood, Corrientes." Revista de la Facultad de Odontología 31, no. 3 (December 15, 2021): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.25014/revfacodont271.2020.31.3.35.

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The subject Preventive Clinical Practice I of the Faculty of Dentistry of the National University of the Northeast developed the university extension project "Oral health Promotion atEsperanza neighborhood, Corrientes".The activities were donein the "Virgen de Itaty" primary school. Oral hygiene and healthy feeding habits were promoted, as well as providing dental servicesin field conditions to 63 students.The results obtained lead to the realization of new Promotion and Health Education activities, providing knowledge and tools in favor of the society.

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2

Hertz, Marianne M., Tom G. Bolwig, Philippe Grandjean, and Erik Westergaard. "Lead poisoning and the blood-brain barrier." Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 63, no. 5 (January 29, 2009): 286–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.1981.tb00782.x.

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3

Frisk, Philip. ""Barbie Doll"." Radical Teacher 113 (February 14, 2019): 31–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/rt.2019.579.

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4

Pfeffer, P., W. Zawadzki, and K. Dybko. "Controlled electron transmission by lead chalcogenide barrier potential." Semiconductor Science and Technology 36, no. 4 (March 18, 2021): 045023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6641/abeb4f.

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5

Blaydon, Diana C., and David P. Kelsell. "Defective channels lead to an impaired skin barrier." Journal of Cell Science 127, no. 20 (September 1, 2014): 4343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.154633.

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6

Shafai, T. S. "Schottky barrier characterization of lead phthalocyanine/aluminium interfaces." Thin Solid Films 517, no. 3 (December 2008): 1200–1203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2008.06.009.

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7

Shi, Lewis Zhichang, and Wei Zheng. "Early lead exposure increases the leakage of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, in vitro." Human & Experimental Toxicology 26, no. 3 (March 2007): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327107070560.

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The cell type constructing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCB) is entirely different, ie, endothelia in BBB and epithelia in BCB. Nonetheless, both barriers share a common character - the tight junctions (TJ) between adjacent cells. This study investigated the consequence of lead (Pb) exposure on the tightness of BCB. In an in vitro BCB transwell model, using immortalized choroidal epithelial Z310 cells, we found that early exposure to Pb (prior to the formation of tight barrier) at 5 and 10 μM, significantly reduced the tightness of BCB, as evidenced by a 20% reduction in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) values ( P <0.05), and >20% increase in the paracellular permeability of [14C]sucrose ( P <0.05). Exposure to Pb after the formation of tight barrier, however, did not cause any detectable barrier dysfunction. RT-PCR and Western blot analyses on typical TJ proteins revealed that Pb exposure decreased both the mRNA and protein levels of claudin-1, with the membrane-bound claudin-1 more profoundly affected than cytosolic claudin-1. Pb exposure, however, had no significant effect on ZO1 and occludin. These data suggest that Pb exposure selectively alters the cellular level of claudin-1, which, in turn, reduces the tightness and augments the permeability of tight blood-CSF barrier. The immature barrier appears to be more vulnerable to Pb toxicity than the mature, well-developed, brain barrier, the fact possibly contributing to Pb-induced neurotoxicity among young children.

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8

Yin, Bo, John Cavin, Dong Wang, Daniel Khan, Meikun Shen, Craig Laing, Rohan Mishra, and Bryce Sadtler. "Fluorescence microscopy of single lead bromide nanocrystals reveals sharp transitions during their transformation to methylammonium lead bromide." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 7, no. 12 (2019): 3486–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8tc06470a.

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Single-nanocrystal fluorescence microscopy reveals that the immiscibility between PbBr₂ and CH₃NH₃PbBr₃ crystals imposes the limiting energetic barrier for nanocrystal conversion.

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9

Baggerman, A. F. J., and F. J. H. Kessels. "Cracking Behaviour during Au‐Au TAB Inner Lead Bonding." Microelectronics International 10, no. 2 (February 1, 1993): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb044496.

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Tape automated bonding (TAB) is an interconnection technique for integrated circuits (ICs) with a small lead pitch and a thin assembly thickness. During inner lead bonding the flying (Au plated Cu) leads of the TAB foil are connected to the Au bumps on the bondpads of an IC. The Au bumps are deposited in the openings of a thick Novolac based resist layer by electroplating. The resist is coated on a sputtered TiW‐Au metallisation; TiW is the barrier layer between Au bump and Al bondpad. Bonding of the leads to the Au bumps requires substantial plastic deformation of the bump and lead. As a result of this deformation, the TiW barrier layer underneath the bump may crack easily. A theoretical model has been used to describe the occurrence of these cracks. This theoretical model is compared with experimental results of deformation and cracking behaviour by visual inspection of the TiW barrier and the etched cross‐sections. Separate (single point) and simultaneous (gang) bonding techniques, different gold plating baths and TAB tapes are used to study the cracking behaviour.

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10

Bonnici, Maximilian, Henry Greene, and Isabelle Bonnici. "Barriers for Clean Energy Projects." Journal of Clean Energy Technologies 9, no. 2 (April 2021): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/jocet.2021.9.2.256.

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Clean energy may offer a more environmentally friendly outcome than fossil fuels. However, clean energy is beset by uncertainties when the sun does not shine through and the wind does not blow. Worse still, science has not yet overcome scalability issues that are compounded by lack of technological knowhow on how to store solar and wind energy. The electrical “green-outs” of August 2020 in California are a reminder that without storage facilities for clean energy, utilities are driven to spot markets for electricity rendered from traditional sources of energy as economic setbacks occur due to compromised supplies of electricity. Without means of energy storage, new technology cannot fully replace the old. One can only hope that the dream to build a future based on renewable energy will lead to discoveries that will overcome scalability and storage issues.

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11

Yanamandra, Kaushik, Rakesh K. Behera, Atef Daoud, and Nikhil Gupta. "Migration Barrier Estimation of Carbon in Lead for Lead–Acid Battery Applications: A Density Functional Theory Approach." Solids 3, no. 2 (March 22, 2022): 177–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/solids3020012.

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Recent efforts towards developing novel lead electrodes involving carbon and lead composites have shown potential for increasing the cycle life of lead–acid (LA) batteries used to store energy in various applications. In this study, first-principles calculations are used to examine the structural stability, defect formation energy, and migration barrier of C in Pb for LA batteries. Density functional theory with the GGA-PBE functional performed the best out of various functionals used for structural stability calculations. Furthermore, with the complete incorporation of C in the Pb matrix, the results show that C is energetically preferred to be at the octahedral interstitial (CiOcta) site in the FCC structure of Pb. Additionally, climbing-image nudged elastic band calculations show a minimum energy pathway for C diffusing from a stable octahedral site to the adjacent octahedral site assisted by a tetrahedral intermediate site. Therefore, the minimum energy pathway for C migration is envisioned to be CiOcta→ CiTetra→CiOcta, where the total energy barrier is observed to be ~90% and more than 100% lower than the CiTetra→CiTetra and CiOcta→CiOcta barriers, respectively.

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12

Widyani, Donafeby, and Joseph Chen. "Marketer as a Barbie Game Changer." International Journal of Science, Technology & Management 2, no. 5 (September 30, 2021): 1918–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.46729/ijstm.v2i5.349.

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This paper addresses issues about how the Barbie doll can provide an unrealistic vision of how women should look and what marketers can do about it. Barbie is a well-known doll that has become a role model for girls. However, Barbie dolls have attracted much criticism. Studies found that Barbie shapes the body image of young girls and possibly creates body dissatisfaction and low self-esteem among girls. Body dissatisfaction can lead to eating disorders and low self-esteem can lead to depressive behavior. Answering that phenomenon, Barbie launched Barbie Fashionista that has a diverse body type. However, Girls still tend to choose thinner Barbie. Barbie’s marketer should encourage girls to play more with a more realistic body image Barbie such as curvy, tall, and petite, and encourage the children to feel good about their bodies.

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13

Nor Hanipah, Zubaidah, Suriya Punchai, Heath J. Antoine, Stacy A. Brethauer, Philip R. Schauer, and Ali Aminian. "Removal of Gastric Band Does Not Always Lead to Significant Weight Gain." Bariatric Surgical Practice and Patient Care 15, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 102–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/bari.2018.0010.

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14

Abdel Aal, Emad E., and Mohamed M. Hefny. "Formation of Barrier Oxide Film on Lead in Borate Solutions." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 59, no. 6 (1994): 1305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19941305.

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Galvanostatic anodization of lead in borate solutions reveals that lead can form a barrier type oxide film. The rate of growth, R, fulfils the empirical relation, R = aib within the current density i range from 1.16 .10-4 to 3.19 .10-4 A cm-2. The magnitudes of the parameters a and b are 6.9 . 103 and 1.6, respectively, it has been found that the high field approximation is applicable for the oxide growth on lead. The coefficients of the dependence of R on solution temperature, T, pH and borate ion concentration, c, viz. (∂R/∂T), (∂R/∂pH) and (∂R/∂log c) are -18 . 10-4, -0.13 and 0.41, respectively.

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15

Madsen, Lynnette D., and Louise Weaver. "Examination of barrier layers for lead zirconate titanate thin films." Journal of Electronic Materials 21, no. 1 (January 1992): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02670926.

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16

Lan, Tao, Bao-chun Chen, Li-ping Fu, Zhi-juan Li, Xiang-jun Wu, and Nai-qiang Cui. "Liver Cirrhosis and Intestinal Bacterial Translocation." Infection International 3, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ii-2017-0088.

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Abstract Intestinal barrier dysfunction, facilitating translocation of bacteria and bacterial products, plays an important role in the pathophysiology of liver cirrhosis and its complications. Intestinal defense system including microbial barrier, immunologic barrier, mechanical barrier, chemical barrier, plays an important role in the maintenance of intestinal function. Under normal circumstances, the intestinal barrier can prevent intestinal bacteria through the intestinal wall from spreading to the body. Severe infection, trauma, shock, cirrhosis, malnutrition, immune suppression conditions, intestinal bacteria and endotoxin translocation, can lead to multiple organ dysfunction. The intestinal microflora is not only involved in the digestion of nutrients, but also in local immunity, forming a barrier against pathogenic microorganisms. The derangement of the gut microflora may lead to microbial translocation, defined as the passage of viable microorganisms or bacterial products from the intestinal lumen to the mesenteric lymph nodes and other extraintestinal sites. In patients with cirrhosis, primary and intestinal flora imbalance, intestinal bacterial overgrowth, intestinal mucosal barrier dysfunction, endotoxemia is associated with weakened immunity.

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17

Noel, Nakita K., Samuel D. Stranks, Antonio Abate, Christian Wehrenfennig, Simone Guarnera, Amir-Abbas Haghighirad, Aditya Sadhanala, et al. "Lead-free organic–inorganic tin halide perovskites for photovoltaic applications." Energy Environ. Sci. 7, no. 9 (2014): 3061–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ee01076k.

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Perovskite solar cells based on abundant low cost materials promise to compete on performance with mainstream PV. Here we demonstrate lead-free perovskite solar cells, removing a potential barrier to widespread deployment.

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18

Roszkowski, Martin, and Johannes Bohacek. "Stress does not increase blood–brain barrier permeability in mice." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 36, no. 7 (May 4, 2016): 1304–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0271678x16647739.

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Several studies have reported that exposure to acute psychophysiological stressors can lead to an increase in blood–brain barrier permeability, but these findings remain controversial and disputed. We thoroughly examined this issue by assessing the effect of several well-established paradigms of acute stress and chronic stress on blood–brain barrier permeability in several brain areas of adult mice. Using cerebral extraction ratio for the small molecule tracer sodium fluorescein (NaF, 376 Da) as a sensitive measure of blood–brain barrier permeability, we find that neither acute swim nor restraint stress lead to increased cerebral extraction ratio. Daily 6-h restraint stress for 21 days, a model for the severe detrimental impact of chronic stress on brain function, also does not alter cerebral extraction ratio. In contrast, we find that cold forced swim and cold restraint stress both lead to a transient, pronounced decrease of cerebral extraction ratio in hippocampus and cortex, suggesting that body temperature can be an important confounding factor in studies of blood–brain barrier permeability. To additionally assess if stress could change blood–brain barrier permeability for macromolecules, we measured cerebral extraction ratio for fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (70 kDa). We find that neither acute restraint nor cold swim stress affected blood–brain barrier permeability for macromolecules, thus corroborating our findings that various stressors do not increase blood–brain barrier permeability.

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19

De Souza, Roger A., and Denis Barboni. "Iodide-ion conduction in methylammonium lead iodide perovskite: some extraordinary aspects." Chemical Communications 55, no. 8 (2019): 1108–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cc09236b.

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20

Bayoumi, Eman E., Mahmoud O. Abd El-Magied, Emad A. Elshehy, Bahig M. Atia, Karem A. Mahmoud, Lilly H. Khalil, and Ashraf A. Mohamed. "Lead–bismuth tungstate composite as a protective barrier against gamma rays." Materials Chemistry and Physics 275 (January 2022): 125262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2021.125262.

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21

Sargent, J. D., M. Dalton, T. A. Stukel, S. Roda, and R. Klein. "Easily applied barrier method reduces lead contamination of capillary blood specimens." Clinical Chemistry 40, no. 2 (February 1, 1994): 341–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/40.2.341.

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22

Chan, K. C., Z. W. Zhong, and K. W. Ong. "Study of under bump metallisation barrier layer for lead‐free solder." Soldering & Surface Mount Technology 15, no. 2 (August 2003): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09540910310479521.

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23

Dawber, Matthew, and J. F. Scott. "Calculation of schottky barrier height of platinum/lead zirconate titanate interface." Integrated Ferroelectrics 38, no. 1-4 (January 2001): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10584580108016929.

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24

Chen, Mengdie, Yuyu Liu, Shanbai Xiong, Moucheng Wu, Bin Li, Zheng Ruan, and Xiaobo Hu. "Dietary l-tryptophan alleviated LPS-induced intestinal barrier injury by regulating tight junctions in a Caco-2 cell monolayer model." Food & Function 10, no. 5 (2019): 2390–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9fo00123a.

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The intestinal epithelial layer forms a barrier through cell–cell tight junctions and breaking or even slightly disrupting this barrier can lead to serious pathological consequences, including infection and inflammation.

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25

Yuan, Jie, Jinting Wang, and Shoubiao Zhu. "Effects of Barriers on Fault Rupture Process and Strong Ground Motion Based on Various Friction Laws." Applied Sciences 10, no. 5 (March 2, 2020): 1687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10051687.

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A barrier may induce a supershear rupture on a fault. This paper focuses on two questions: One is whether the existence of a barrier accelerates the propagation speed of a whole fault rupture, and the other is what are the effects of friction laws and strength of a barrier on the rupture propagation process. For these purposes, classical slip-weakening, rate-state, and modified slip-weakening friction laws are employed to simulate the effect of a barrier on the fault rupture process. The simulation results showed that the rupture speed of the fault obviously decreases when the rupture front propagates to the barriers, and the rupture speed obviously increases when the rupture front leaves barriers. It was also found that a barrier on a fault may induce a supershear rupture via the rate-state friction law. The simulation results also showed that with the increase of barrier strength, the rupture speed near barriers fluctuates more and more; when the barrier strength exceeds a certain level, a supershear rupture area appears on the fault; with the increase of barrier strength, the propagation distance of the rupture at supershear wave velocity correspondingly increases. In addition, with the increase of barrier strength, the overall rupture duration of the fault slightly increases. This indicates that a barrier cannot shorten the total duration of a fault rupture. Though a barrier will lead to a supershear rupture, it just regulates the distribution of the rupture speed on the fault surface. Moreover, with the increase of barrier strength, the peak ground acceleration caused by rupture through the barrier also increases, indicating that the existence of a barrier may lead to the intensification of seismic hazards.

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26

Chen, Tianran, Benjamin J. Foley, Changwon Park, Craig M. Brown, Leland W. Harriger, Jooseop Lee, Jacob Ruff, Mina Yoon, Joshua J. Choi, and Seung-Hun Lee. "Entropy-driven structural transition and kinetic trapping in formamidinium lead iodide perovskite." Science Advances 2, no. 10 (October 2016): e1601650. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1601650.

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A challenge of hybrid perovskite solar cells is device instability, which calls for an understanding of the perovskite structural stability and phase transitions. Using neutron diffraction and first-principles calculations on formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3), we show that the entropy contribution to the Gibbs free energy caused by isotropic rotations of the FA+ cation plays a crucial role in the cubic-to-hexagonal structural phase transition. Furthermore, we observe that the cubic-to-hexagonal phase transition exhibits a large thermal hysteresis. Our first-principles calculations confirm the existence of a potential barrier between the cubic and hexagonal structures, which provides an explanation for the observed thermal hysteresis. By exploiting the potential barrier, we demonstrate kinetic trapping of the cubic phase, desirable for solar cells, even at 8.2 K by thermal quenching.

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27

Yang, Li, Li Xiaoyan, and Peng Yao. "The effect of vacancy on the interfacial diffusion in Cu/Sn lead-free solder joints." Soldering & Surface Mount Technology 31, no. 1 (February 18, 2019): 28–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ssmt-03-2018-0010.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the diffusion behaviors of different atoms at the Cu/Cu3Sn interface and the vacancy formation energy, diffusion energy barrier and vacancy diffusion activation energy. Design/methodology/approach The diffusion behaviors of different atoms at the Cu/Cu3Sn interface are analyzed, and the vacancy formation energy, diffusion energy barrier and vacancy diffusion activation energy are obtained using molecular dynamics simulation. The nudged elastic band method is used to evaluate diffusion energy barrier for Cu/Cu3Sn system. Findings It is found that the vacancies in the Cu/Cu3Sn interface promote the interfacial diffusion, and the formation energy of Cu vacancy in the Cu crystal is larger than that in Cu3Sn crystal. In addition, the formation energies of Cu1 vacancy and Cu2 vacancy are close to each other in Cu3Sn crystal, and they are all less than the formation energy of Sn vacancy. Furthermore, the vacancy diffusion barrier and vacancy diffusion activation energy of the Cu/Cu3Sn interface are calculated, and the results show that the vacancy diffusion activation energy of Sn was higher than that of Cu. Finally, by comparison of diffusion activation energies of different diffusion mechanisms, Cu→Cu1vac is the most possible migration path at all temperatures. Originality/value It is concluded that the vacancies in Cu/Cu3Sn interface promote interfacial diffusion, and the activation energy of vacancy diffusion in most diffusion mechanisms decreases with the increase of temperature.

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28

Ding, Weikai, Yousef Sultan, Shumei Li, Wenjun Wen, Bangjun Zhang, Yiyi Feng, Junguo Ma, and Xiaoyu Li. "Neurotoxicity of Chronic Co-Exposure of Lead and Ionic Liquid in Common Carp: Synergistic or Antagonistic?" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 11 (June 3, 2022): 6282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23116282.

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Previous studies have indicated that the harmful heavy metal lead (Pb) contamination in aquatic systems has caused intelligence development disorders and nervous system function abnormalities in juveniles due to the increased permeability of the blood–brain barrier. Ionic liquids (ILs) are considered “green” organic solvents that can replace traditional organic solvents. Studies have found the presence of ILs in soil and water due to chemical applications or unintentional leakage. Therefore, what would happen if Pb interacted with ILs in a body of water? Could ILs enable Pb to more easily cross the blood–brain barrier? Therefore, we examined the combined exposure of Pb and ILs in common carp at low concentration (18.3 mg L−1 of Pb(CH3COO)2•3 H2O and 11 mg L−1 of the IL 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium chloride, 5% of their LC50) for 28 days in the present study. The result of a neurobehavioral assay showed that chronic exposure of lead at lower concentrations significantly altered fish movement and neurobehaviors, indicating that lead exposure caused neurotoxicity in the carp. Increases in the neurotransmitter dopamine levels and injuries in the fish brain accounted for neurobehavioral abnormalities induced by lead exposure. Moreover, we also found that lead could easily cross the blood–brain barrier and caused significant bioaccumulation in the brain. Particularly, our study indicated that the ionic liquid could not synergistically promote blood–brain barrier permeability and hence failed to increase the absorption of lead in the fish brain, suggesting that the combined exposure of lead and ILs was not a synergistic effect but antagonism to the neurotoxicity. The results of this study suggested that ILs could recede the Pb induced neurotoxicity in fish.

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29

Ribeiro, André, André Mota, Margarida Soares, Carlos Castro, Jorge Araújo, and Joana Carvalho. "Lead (II) Removal from Contaminated Soils by Electrokinetic Remediation Coupled with Modified Eggshell Waste." Key Engineering Materials 777 (August 2018): 256–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.777.256.

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Electrokinetic remediation deserves particular attention in soil treatment due to its peculiar advantages, including the capability of treating fine and low permeability materials, and achieving consolidation, dewatering and removal of salts and inorganic contaminants like heavy metals in a single stage. In this study, the remediation of artificially lead (II) contaminated soil by electrokinetic process, coupled with Eggshell Inorganic Fraction Powder (EGGIF) permeable reactive barrier (PRB), was investigated. An electric field of 2 V cm-1was applied and was used an EGGIF/soil ratio of 30 g kg-1 of contaminated soil for the preparation of the permeable reactive barrier (PRB) in each test. It was obtained high removal rates of lead in both experiments, especially near the cathode. In the normalized distance to cathode of 0.2 it was achieved a maximum removal rate of lead (II) of 68, 78 and 83% in initial lead (II) concentration of 500 mg-1, 200 mg-1 and 100 mg-1, respectively. EGGIF (Eggshell Inorganic Fraction) proved that can be used as permeable reactive barrier (PRB) since in all the performed tests were achieved adsorptions yields higher than 90%.

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30

Ali, Syed Zahid, Saad Farooq, Qurat Ul Ane Gillani, Roy Arslan Ahmed, Syed Muzaffar Hussain, Saif ur Rasool, Shehna Farooq, and Sami Ur Rahman. "Possible mechanisms involved in neurological manifestation of COVID-19: A short review." Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 10, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/jsir.2021.10301.

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COVID-19 resulted in a pandemic causing respiratory infection due to the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It started from the Wuhan city of China in mid-December 2019 and then spread all over the world in a very short time. COVID19 is mainly responsible for acute respiratory syndrome however, there are reports of involvement of some neurological symptoms and conditions wise; headache, dizziness, fatigue, insomnia, confusion and myalgia, encephalitis etc. The severe neurological effects consist of acute ischemic stroke, cerebral hemorrhage, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, subarachnoid hemorrhage, acute necrotizing hemorrhagic encephalopathy, meningitis/encephalitis, and acute Guillain-Barre Syndrome. Neurological conditions could be due to the entrance of the virus into the brain via nasal passage through the olfactory bulb or the initiation of a storm of cytokines that cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). It can also have a long-term effect in the form of demyelination of neurons which can lead to neurodegenerative diseases. This review deals with the general mechanisms which might be involved in the entrance of COVID-19 into the brain and its possible effects.

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31

DeMeester, Tom R. "Evolving Concepts of Reflux: The Ups and Downs of the LES." Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 16, no. 5 (2002): 327–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2002/652650.

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The common denominator for virtually all episodes of gastroesophageal reflux in health and disease is the loss of the barrier that confines the gastric environment to the stomach. Factors important in the function of the barrier are its pressure, length and position. In early reflux disease, overeating, gastric distention, delayed emptying and aerophagia lead to transient losses of the barrier. A permanent loss results from inflammatory injury to the muscle of the barrier with free flow of gastric juice into the esophageal body and its subsequent injury. Corrective therapy requires augmentation or restoration of barrier function.

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32

Kafila, Rachma Noor, Popy Puspitasari, and Ratna Dwi Wulandari. "The Correlation between Work Barrier with Employee’s Discipline on Occupational Safety and Health." Indonesian Journal of Occupational Safety and Health 9, no. 2 (August 19, 2020): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ijosh.v9i2.2020.142-153.

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Introduction: Hospital as one of the health services in Indonesia is required to implement the development of human resources or health workers in health services. Conducting hospital coach should be specific to build on certain aspects. The coaching can be done by looking at aspects that are lacking in the assessment of human resources. Wiyung Sejahtera Surabaya Hospital has a decision of discipline that decreased from year to year. Researcher needed see any factor that can lead to low employees’ discipline. One factor that can contribute was the job barrier felt by the employees. This study aimed to determine the relationship of work barriers as one of the employees’ benchmark in the hospital on the employees’ performance level at Wiyung Sejahtera Surabaya Hospital. Method: The type of this research was quantitative research with an analytic observational method. Based on the time, this research used a cross-sectional design. The population in this study was the employees of Wiyung Sejahtera Surabaya hospital with 80 samples taken through proportional sampling technique. The independent and dependent variables of this research were work barriers and work discipline. Data were analyzed using Kendall's tau-b test to determine the correlation between the two variables. Results: The results obtained that the work barrier had a negative significant correlation to the discipline of employees in the Wiyung Sejahtera Surabaya hospital. The higher the obstacle of work owned by employees in the hospital, the lower the discipline of the employees. Conclusion: The barriers can lower the discipline of employees at the hospital.Keywords: discipline, occupational health and safety, work barriee

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33

ASHRAF, SOHAIL, and ARSHALOOZ J. RAHMAN. "GUILLAIN BARRE SYNDROME;." Professional Medical Journal 20, no. 03 (March 25, 2013): 348–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2013.20.03.708.

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Background: Guillian Barre Syndrome is a polyradiculopathy characterized by symmetric ascending paralysis andareflexia. It affects all age groups and both sexes with an unpredictable outcome. Objectives: The aims of this study were to identify thevarious diseases presenting as Acute Flaccid Paralysis and notice clinical features and outcome of cases of Guillian Barre Syndrome.Materials and Methods: Retrospective analysis of 53 patients presenting as Acute Flaccid Paralysis was done. Clinical features andlaboratory investigations of 39 patients of Guillian Barre syndrome were reviewed. Results: Among all cases of Acute Flaccid Paralysis,Guillian Barre syndrome formed the bulk of the cases (73.6%).It was more common in females and in age group of 10 years or below. Inmajority of the cases, rapid onset of weakness was the initial symptom. Mortality was 100% in patients who had respiratory muscleinvolvement and who required mechanical ventilation. Conclusions: In our study the main factor causing death in a case of Guillian Barresyndrome was bulbar involvement requiring mechanical ventilation. Early recognition of the prognostic factors may lead to decreasedmortality in case of Guillian Barre syndrome.

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Qin, Liu, Yue Xing Liu, Yu Mei Ding, Zhi Wei Jiao, and Wei Min Yang. "The Gas Barrier Property and Structure of Rubber Nano-Laminated Composites." Key Engineering Materials 561 (July 2013): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.561.30.

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This article mainly introduced the structure and the principle of gas barrier of the rubber nano-laminated composite materials with alternating layer structure and excellent gas barrier property. Due to the fact that the barrier resin material was dispersed in matrix rubber evenly and parallelly in nanometer, the phase structure lead to the existence of multipath movement and deep penetration in the composite materials, thus the permeability coefficient of composite materials were reduced significantly. So the rubber nano-laminated composite materials owned excellent gas barrier performance.

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da Silva, Lúcia Daniel Machado. "Evaluation of ACP Derma Barrier Cream in the Healing Process of Induced Wounds in Dogs." Open Access Journal of Veterinary Science & Research 7, no. 2 (2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajvsr-16000229.

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The treatment of skin lesions comes up against the difficulty of the treatment due to the animal's temperament, causing stress and reluctance to administer medication, which may lead the tutor to interrupt the treatment. Knowing that coconut water has therapeutic properties that benefit tissue regeneration, we aimed to evaluate the healing activity of ACP Derma barrier cream, a coconut water-based product, to measure the degree of repair of the wound and to compare the evolution of the healing process, through macroscopic evaluations of the wounds. Five dogs were used in which 3 circular incisions were made on their backs. Wounds were treated with the 3 ointments (ACP, CMR® and Vetaglós®) and were macroscopically evaluated in the periods of 4, 7, 10 and 14 days of treatment. There were significant reductions in the wound area up to the 14th day, resulting in a satisfactory healing of the ointments used. ACP Derma was shown to be superior in terms of adherence to the lesion and showed effective potential for wound healing in dogs, equivalent to treatment with commercial ointments, making it a more cost-effective therapeutic option.

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van Vliet, E. A., S. da Costa Araujo, S. Redeker, R. van Schaik, E. Aronica, and J. A. Gorter. "Blood-brain barrier leakage may lead to progression of temporal lobe epilepsy." Brain 130, no. 2 (February 1, 2007): 521–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awl318.

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Zhabin, A. G., N. S. Samsonova, and V. A. Todria. "THE KVAISI BARRIER REEF AND THE KVAISI LEAD-ZINC DEPOSIT, GEORGIAN SSR." International Geology Review 27, no. 1 (January 1985): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00206818509466388.

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Lin, T. Y., C. N. Liao, and Albert T. Wu. "Evaluation of Diffusion Barrier Between Lead-Free Solder Systems and Thermoelectric Materials." Journal of Electronic Materials 41, no. 1 (September 9, 2011): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11664-011-1740-8.

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Strużyńska, Lidia, Michał Walski, Roman Gadamski, Beata Dabrowska-Bouta, and Urszula Rafałowska. "Lead-induced abnormalities in blood-brain barrier permeability in experimental chronic toxicity." Molecular and Chemical Neuropathology 31, no. 3 (August 1997): 207–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02815125.

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Shubina, Olga S., and Natalia A. Dudenkova. "The effect of lead intoxication on the hematoplacental barrier of white rats." Vestnik of the Mari State University. Chapter “Agriculture. Economics” 8, no. 4 (2022): 426–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.30914/2411-9687-2022-8-4-426-433.

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Schoultz, Ida, and Åsa Keita. "Cellular and Molecular Therapeutic Targets in Inflammatory Bowel Disease—Focusing on Intestinal Barrier Function." Cells 8, no. 2 (February 22, 2019): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells8020193.

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The human gut relies on several cellular and molecular mechanisms to allow for an intact and dynamical intestinal barrier. Normally, only small amounts of luminal content pass the mucosa, however, if the control is broken it can lead to enhanced passage, which might damage the mucosa, leading to pathological conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It is well established that genetic, environmental, and immunological factors all contribute in the pathogenesis of IBD, and a disturbed intestinal barrier function has become a hallmark of the disease. Genetical studies support the involvement of intestinal barrier as several susceptibility genes for IBD encode proteins with key functions in gut barrier and homeostasis. IBD patients are associated with loss in bacterial diversity and shifts in the microbiota, with a possible link to local inflammation. Furthermore, alterations of immune cells and several neuro-immune signaling pathways in the lamina propria have been demonstrated. An inappropriate immune activation might lead to mucosal inflammation, with elevated secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines that can affect the epithelium and promote a leakier barrier. This review will focus on the main cells and molecular mechanisms in IBD and how these can be targeted in order to improve intestinal barrier function and reduce inflammation.

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Aghapour, Mahyar, Niki D. Ubags, Dunja Bruder, Pieter S. Hiemstra, Venkataramana Sidhaye, Fariba Rezaee, and Irene H. Heijink. "Role of air pollutants in airway epithelial barrier dysfunction in asthma and COPD." European Respiratory Review 31, no. 163 (March 23, 2022): 210112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0112-2021.

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Chronic exposure to environmental pollutants is a major contributor to the development and progression of obstructive airway diseases, including asthma and COPD. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the development of obstructive lung diseases upon exposure to inhaled pollutants will lead to novel insights into the pathogenesis, prevention and treatment of these diseases. The respiratory epithelial lining forms a robust physicochemical barrier protecting the body from inhaled toxic particles and pathogens. Inhalation of airborne particles and gases may impair airway epithelial barrier function and subsequently lead to exaggerated inflammatory responses and airway remodelling, which are key features of asthma and COPD. In addition, air pollutant-induced airway epithelial barrier dysfunction may increase susceptibility to respiratory infections, thereby increasing the risk of exacerbations and thus triggering further inflammation. In this review, we discuss the molecular and immunological mechanisms involved in physical barrier disruption induced by major airborne pollutants and outline their implications in the pathogenesis of asthma and COPD. We further discuss the link between these pollutants and changes in the lung microbiome as a potential factor for aggravating airway diseases. Understanding these mechanisms may lead to identification of novel targets for therapeutic intervention to restore airway epithelial integrity in asthma and COPD.

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Coondoo, Indrani, Neeraj Panwar, Reddithota Vidyasagar, and Andrei L. Kholkin. "Defect chemistry and relaxation processes: effect of an amphoteric substituent in lead-free BCZT ceramics." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, no. 45 (2016): 31184–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cp06244j.

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Kamenshchikov, Mikhail, Alexander Solnyshkin, Igor Pronin, and Alexey Belov. "The influence of polarization on properties of the potential barrier at metal-ferroelectric interface." Processing and Application of Ceramics 13, no. 3 (2019): 277–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pac1903277k.

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The barrier properties of a capacitor heterostructure based on a ferroelectric lead zirconate-titanate were investigated by using the methods of current-voltage and voltage-capacitance characteristics. The variable values of the potential barrier on the PZT-Pt interface were determined by the C-V method (from 0.5 to 1.6 eV) and the I-V method (from 0.5 to 0.7 eV). The spontaneous polarization influence on the potential barrier at the PZT-Pt interface was estimated.

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Bhattacharyya, D., A. Lüker, Q. Zhang, and P. B. Kirby. "Structural evaluation of sol–gel derived lead strontium titanate diffusion barrier for integration in lead zirconate titanate transducer design." Thin Solid Films 518, no. 12 (April 2010): 3382–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2009.10.120.

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Baganina, A. E., D. Y. Paleev, and Anton A. Kazantsev. "Attenuation of Acoustic Waves in Metal Barriers." Applied Mechanics and Materials 756 (April 2015): 482–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.756.482.

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The paper presents numerical solution of the problem of acoustic waves attenuation in metal barriers. We investigated separately the plates from steel, lead or copper as metal barriers. The acoustic wave attenuation was compared after passing the barrier, depending on the quantity of plates of the particular barrier and the distance between them.

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Woertink, Julia, Erik Reddington, Inho Lee, Yi Qin, Jonathan Prange, Pedro Lopez Montesinos, Jui-Ching Lin, et al. "Copper, Nickel, and Lead-Free Solder Electroplating Solutions for Pillar and Micro-Pillar Capping Applications." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2013, DPC (January 1, 2013): 001417–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2013dpc-wp16.

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Control of height-uniformity, morphology, and interfacial properties is critical to achieving high-yield, high-reliability Copper Pillar and Copper Micro-Pillar capped structures for flip-chip and 3D Packaging applications. The plating chemistries selected for electrolytic copper, barrier layer, and lead-free solder deposition significantly affect these properties. A range of copper plating chemistries is evaluated for plating performance and deposit properties for 20um diameter and 75um diameter pillar plating. Height uniformity, pillar shape, surface morphology, and physical properties are compared. These electroplated copper pillars are then evaluated for compatibility with barrier layers and lead-free solder capping. Post-reflow IMC formation, interfacial properties, and micro-voiding phenomena are studied and the effect of the plating chemistry on the overall compatibility of layers in stacked structures is discussed.

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Li, Jian Yi, Ruben J. Boado, and William M. Pardridge. "Blood—Brain Barrier Genomics." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 21, no. 1 (January 2001): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004647-200101000-00008.

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The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is formed by the brain microvascular endothelium, and the unique transport properties of the BBB are derived from tissue-specific gene expression within this cell. The current studies developed a gene microarray approach specific for the BBB by purifying the initial mRNA from isolated rat brain capillaries to generate tester cDNA. A polymerase chain reaction–based subtraction cloning method, suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH), was used, and the BBB cDNA was subtracted with driver cDNA produced from mRNA isolated from rat liver and kidney. Screening 5% of the subtracted tester cDNA resulted in identification of 50 gene products and more than 80% of those were selectively expressed at the BBB; these included novel gene sequences not found in existing databases, ESTs, and known genes that were not known to be selectively expressed at the BBB. Genes in the latter category include tissue plasminogen activator, insulin-like growth factor-2, PC-3 gene product, myelin basic protein, regulator of G protein signaling 5, utrophin, IκB, connexin-45, the class I major histocompatibility complex, the rat homologue of the transcription factors hbrm or EZH1, and organic anion transporting polypeptide type 2. Knowledge of tissue-specific gene expression at the BBB could lead to new targets for brain drug delivery and could elucidate mechanisms of brain pathology at the microvascular level.

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Lum, H., and A. B. Malik. "Regulation of vascular endothelial barrier function." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 267, no. 3 (September 1, 1994): L223—L241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.1994.267.3.l223.

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The increase in endothelial permeability in response to inflammatory mediators such as alpha-thrombin and histamine is accompanied by cell rounding and interendothelial gap formation, implicating that the predominant transport pathway is a diffusive one [i.e., via cellular junctions (paracellular transport)]. However, the possible contribution by vesicle-mediated transport (i.e., via albumin binding protein gp60) to the overall permeability increase needs investigation. Regulation of paracellular transport in endothelial cells is associated with modulation of actin-based systems which anchor the cell to its neighbor or extracellular matrix, thus maintaining endothelial integrity. At the cell-cell junctions, actin is linked indirectly to the plasma membrane by linking proteins (e.g., vinculin, catenins, alpha-actinin) to cadherins, which function in homophilic intercellular adhesion. Cadherins may also play a role in regulating the formation of tight junctions, which also may be associated with actin. At endothelial focal contacts, the transmembrane receptors (integrins) for matrix proteins are linked to actin via linking proteins (i.e., vinculin, talin, alpha-actinin). In response to inflammatory mediators, second messengers signal two regulatory pathways which modulate the actin-based systems, which may lead to impairment of the endothelial barrier integrity. One pathway is based on protein kinase C (PKC) isozyme-specific phosphorylation of linking proteins at the cell-cell and cell-matrix junctions. The increased phosphorylation is associated with actin reorganization, cell rounding, and increased paracellular transport. The other is the activation of myosin light-chain kinase, (MLCK), which causes an actin-myosin-based contraction that may lead to a centripetal retraction of endothelial cells. Current research is in the identification of protein substrates of PKC isozymes, the specific role of their phosphorylation in barrier function, and determining the precise role of MLCK in modulation of endothelial barrier function.

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Khaskhoussi, Amani, Giacomo Risitano, Luigi Calabrese, and Danilo D’Andrea. "Investigation of the Wettability Properties of Different Textured Lead/Lead-Free Bronze Coatings." Lubricants 10, no. 5 (May 3, 2022): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10050082.

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Hydraulic components are often subjected to sliding contacts under starved or mixed lubrication. The condition of starved lubrication occurs during the start-up phase of the hydraulic machines or at low working temperature, causing friction and wear of components such as the cylinder block or the valve plate. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the hydrophobicity and oleophilic behavior of lead/lead-free bronze coatings under different texture conditions obtained by varying the diameter and the density of the dimples. The wettability tests were performed using sessile drop tests with oil and water liquids. The dimple parameters were analyzed using confocal microscopy, while the XRF analyses were performed to evaluate the composition of the bronze coatings. Based on the wettability measurements using oil and water, it was possible to assess that the porous surface acted as oil reservoirs that could prolong the life of lubricating oil layer, and may have resulted in a superior wear resistance. Furthermore, a relevant hydrophobicity was highlighted, suggesting that the surface texturing promoted the water-repellent barrier action on the surface. The experimental results showed that the discrepancy in surface properties in oil and water was raised when using the lead bronze coating. These coupled oleophilic and hydrophobic behaviors could play a beneficial role in sustaining the durability of a lubricating oil layer under a condition of continuous water-droplet impact.

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