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1
Rana, Md Rasel, Md Masudul Karim, Md Juiceball Hassan, Md Alamgir Hossain, and Md Ashraful Haque. "Grain filling patterns of barley as affected by high temperature stress." Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 15, no. 2 (December 29, 2017): 174–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v15i2.35059.
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Grain filling determines the grain weight, a major component of grain yield in cereals. Grain filling in barley depends on current assimilation and culm reserves (mainly water-soluble carbohydrates). Nowadays barley is facing heat stress problem which is mostly responsible to reduce the yield of barley. A field experiment was conducted at the Field Lab, Department of Crop Botany, BangladeshAgriculturalUniversity, Mymensingh during November 2015 to March 2016 to study the grain filling patterns and the contributions of culm reserves to grain yield under heat stress. The experiment consisted of two factors—barley cultivars and heat stress. The heat stress was imposed by late sowing. The tillers were sampled once a week during grain filling period to determine the changes in dry weights of different parts, viz., leaves, culm with sheath, spikes, and grains; and to examine the contribution of culm reserves to grain yield. The results in the experiment revealed that the grain yield was reduced by 22-28% due to the stress. The grain yield varied from 52 to 150 g m−2 with the mean of 102 g m−2 under control while it varied from 37 to 116 g m−2 with the mean of 75 g m−2 under heat stress. Among the cultivars studied BARI Barley5, BARI Barley2 and BARI Barley1, seemed as high yielders while BARI Barley3, BARI Barley4, BARI Barley6 as the low yielders under heat stress treatment. The reduction in grain yield was attributable mainly to lighter grain weight due to the stress. Heat stress drastically reduced the grain filling duration by 45–50%. However, the stress increased the grain filling rate by 6–53%. The amount of reserves remobilized to grain varied among the cultivars ranging from 4.8 to 12.77 mg spike−1 in control and from 1.73 to 6.25 mg spike−1 in stressed plants. The stressed barley plants exhibited lower accumulation of reserves in culm but they showed almost its complete remobilization to the grain. The contribution of culm reserves to grain yield varied from 1.13 to 19.52%, and 1.09 to 2.11% in control and in stressed plants, respectively. In conclusion, culm reserve is the important attributes in grain yield in Bangladeshi barley cultivars but the contribution remains almost unaffected due the post-anthesis heat stress.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 15(2): 174-181, December 2017
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Naz, Shama, Qiufang Shen, Jonas Lwalaba Wa Lwalaba, and Guoping Zhang. "Genotypic Difference in the Responses to Nitrogen Fertilizer Form in Tibetan Wild and Cultivated Barley." Plants 10, no. 3 (March 22, 2021): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10030595.
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Nitrogen (N) availability and form have a dramatic effect on N uptake and assimilation in plants, affecting growth and development. In the previous studies, we found great differences in low-N tolerance between Tibetan wild barley accessions and cultivated barley varieties. We hypothesized that there are different responses to N forms between the two kinds of barleys. Accordingly, this study was carried out to determine the response of four barley genotypes (two wild, XZ16 and XZ179; and two cultivated, ZD9 andHua30) under 4Nforms (NO3−, NH4+, urea and glycine). The results showed significant reduction in growth parameters such as root/shoot length and biomass, as well as photosynthesis parameters and total soluble protein content under glycine treatment relative to other N treatments, for both wild and cultivated barley, however, XZ179 was least affected. Similarly, ammonium adversely affected growth parameters in both wild and cultivated barleys, with XZ179 being severely affected. On the other hand, both wild and cultivated genotypes showed higher biomass, net photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll and protein in NO3− treatment relative to other three N treatments. It may be concluded that barley undisputedly grows well under inorganic nitrogen (NO3−), however in response to the organic N wild barley prefer glycine more than cultivated barely.
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Baek, Seul Gi, Mi-Jeong Lee, Ju-Young Nah, Soo Bin Yim, Jung-Hye Choi, Jang Nam Choi, Ja Yeong Jang, Jung-Wook Yang, and Theresa Lee. "Effect of Milling on Reduction of Fusarium Mycotoxins in Barley." Research in Plant Disease 29, no. 4 (December 31, 2023): 384–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5423/rpd.2023.29.4.384.
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Milling can affect the distribution of mycotoxins in small grains. To investigate the effects on barley, seven hulled barley and three naked barley samples naturally contaminated with trichothecenes and zearalenone were obtained and milled at commonly used rates. Both barleys were simultaneously contaminated with deoxynivalenol and its acetyl derivatives (98.1–2,197.8 μg/kg), nivalenol and its acetyl derivative (468.5–3,965.1 μg/kg), and zearalenone (4.1–274.2 μg/kg). Milling hulled barleys at a rate of 67% reduced the mycotoxins in the grain by 90.9% for deoxynivalenol, 87.7% for nivalenol, and 93.2% for zearalenone. The reduction in naked barleys (milled at a rate of 70%) was slightly lower than in hulled barleys, with 88.6% for deoxynivalenol, 80.2% for nivalenol, and 70.1% for zearalenone. In both barleys, the acetyl derivatives of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol were reduced by 100%. However, barley bran had significantly higher mycotoxin concentrations than the pre-milled grains: bran from hulled barley had a 357% increase in deoxynivalenol, 252% increase in nivalenol, and 169% increase in zearalenone. Similarly, bran from naked barley had a 337% increase in deoxynivalenol, 239% increase in nivalenol, and 554% increase in zearalenone. These results show that mycotoxins present in the outer layers of barley grain can be effectively removed through the milling process. As milling redistributes mycotoxins from the grain into the bran, however, it shows that advance monitoring of barley bran is recommended when using barley bran for human or animal consumption.
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Ren, Xifeng, Yonggang Wang, Songxian Yan, Dongfa Sun, and Genlou Sun. "Population genetics and phylogenetic analysis of the vrs1 nucleotide sequence in wild and cultivated barley." Genome 57, no. 4 (April 2014): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/gen-2014-0039.
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Spike morphology is a key characteristic in the study of barley genetics, breeding, and domestication. Variation at the six-rowed spike 1 (vrs1) locus is sufficient to control the development and fertility of the lateral spikelet of barley. To study the genetic variation of vrs1 in wild barley (Hordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneum) and cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare), nucleotide sequences of vrs1 were examined in 84 wild barleys (including 10 six-rowed) and 20 cultivated barleys (including 10 six-rowed) from four populations. The length of the vrs1 sequence amplified was 1536 bp. A total of 40 haplotypes were identified in the four populations. The highest nucleotide diversity, haplotype diversity, and per-site nucleotide diversity were observed in the Southwest Asian wild barley population. The nucleotide diversity, number of haplotypes, haplotype diversity, and per-site nucleotide diversity in two-rowed barley were higher than those in six-rowed barley. The phylogenetic analysis of the vrs1 sequences partially separated the six-rowed and the two-rowed barley. The six-rowed barleys were divided into four groups.
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Wise, I. L., R. J. Lamb, and M. A. H. Smith. "Susceptibility of hulled and hulless barley (Gramineae) to Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)." Canadian Entomologist 134, no. 2 (April 2002): 193–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent134193-2.
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AbstractModern hulless wheats, Triticum aestivum L., are more susceptible to the wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin), than the hulled, wild, ancestral species. Hulless cultivars of barley, Hordeum vulgare L., are becoming more widely grown in western Canada than in the past. Hulled and hulless cultivars of two-rowed and six-rowed barleys were tested for their susceptibility to wheat midge, to determine if this midge might become a serious pest of barley and to assess which plant traits might affect host suitability. In the field, larval populations on 10 barley cultivars were much lower than on wheat. In the laboratory, when the flag leaf sheath was peeled back to expose preflowering spikes, female midges readily oviposited on spikes of barley, although less so on younger spikes. Few larvae were able to develop on barley when eggs were laid after spikes had flowered. All barleys completed flowering, or nearly so, before spikes emerged from the flag leaf sheath, with two-rowed cultivars flowering earlier than six-rowed barleys. No differences in larval densities were found between hulless and hulled barleys, and therefore, factors other than the hulled trait must account for reduced susceptibility of barley. Because barley flowers within the flag leaf sheath, its period of susceptibility to infestation is much shorter than for wheat, as evidenced by reduced infestation of earlier-flowering two-rowed cultivars compared with later-flowering six-rowed cultivars. Also, the tight closure of the leaf-like glumes that form the florets of barley probably makes access to young seeds more difficult for newly hatched larvae than is the case for wheat. At comparable crop growth stages, larval densities on all the barleys were < 10% of those on spring wheat. The introduction of hulless barley for production in Canada is unlikely to increase wheat midge damage on barley to an economic level.
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ROTTER, B. A., R. R. MARQUARDT, W. GUENTER, C. BILIADERIS, and C. W. NEWMAN. "IN VITRO VISCOSITY MEASUREMENTS OF BARLEY EXTRACTS AS PREDICTORS OF GROWTH RESPONSES IN CHICKS FED BARLEY-BASED DIETS SUPPLEMENTED WITH A FUNGAL ENZYME PREPARATION." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 69, no. 2 (June 1, 1989): 433–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas89-048.
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The effects of in vitro extracting conditions on the viscosity of different barley cultivars were determined (exps. 1–3). Then, the relationship between three in vitro viscosity assays (method I, raw barley-HCl-KCl buffer; method II, autoclaved barley-H2O; and method III, raw barley-H2O) was compared with the performance of chicks fed barley-based diets supplemented with fungal enzyme (exp. 4). A significant three-way interaction (P < 0.0001) among fineness of grind, extraction method and barley cultivar showed that viscosity values for different barleys were not uniformly affected by the other two factors. Part of this differential response was eliminated by the use of finely ground barley (< 0.5-mm-mesh screen). When the three extracting methods were compared, method I gave higher readings than method II for high-viscosity barleys, and the reverse was true for low-viscosity barleys. The ranking of the barleys remained the same. Method III gave the lowest viscosity values, perhaps due to active endogenous β-glucanases in water extracts of the raw barley. When different barley cultivars were extracted by method I and subjected to different shear rates the viscosity differences were much more pronounced at the lower shear rates, particularly for high-viscosity barleys. Finally, the same seven barleys were compared in a feeding trial with chickens. The improvement in weight gain due to supplementation with a crude enzyme preparation from Trichoderma viride (Cellulase Tv) ranged from 2 to 41 % (P < 0.05). Similar improvements were obtained for feed consumption, feed-to-gain ratio and dry matter retention (P < 0.05). The highest simple correlation coefficients were between the viscosity of barleys that had been extracted by method I, measured at low shear rates, and relative weight gain (r = 0.97, week 1 plus week 2). The correlation coefficients using low shear rate data were slightly higher than those with high shear rate data. These results indicate that most pronounced differences among barleys were obtained with finely ground samples (<0.5 mm), extracted for one hour at 38 °C, using a low pH 1.5 buffer (method I) and assayed at low shear rates. Under these conditions the viscosity data reflected the antinutritive properties of barley, which in turn were reduced or abolished by adding a crude enzyme preparation to the diet. Key words: Viscosity, barley extracts, chicks, fungal enzyme
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Běláková, Sylvie, Tomáš Foltýn, Natálie Belcredi Březinová, Marek Pernica, Rastislav Boško, Zdeněk Svoboda, and Karolína Benešová. "Determination of gushing potential of barley." KVASNY PRUMYSL 67, no. 6 (December 15, 2021): 548–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18832/kp2021.67.548.
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A new control method for the determination of the malting barley susceptibility to gushing was developed. The method is based on the modified Carlsberg test (MCT) after prior stimulation of barley with substances that promote the germination process. Barleys from the harvest of 2020 and malts produced from them were used to develop and verify the method. The selection of barleys was based on the results of gushing potential detected in the produced malts. To optimise and verify the method, the barley variety Sunshine with a high gushing potential of both barley (139±33 g) and malt (144±13 g), and the barley variety Pionier with zero gushing potential of both barley and malt were used. Malt was produced from the Lodestar barley variety with a high content of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol. Gushing of the malt was 127±10 g. The gushing potential in barley was determined by the MCT method after prior stimulation of germination. For comparison, the gushing potential was also determined by the MCT method without stimulation of germination. It was proved that stimulation of germination is a key process for correct determination of the susceptibility of barley to gushing. The newly developed method was used for the determination of the gushing potential of five barleys from the harvests of 2020 and 2021. Control gushing determination of five malt samples was performed using the MCT method. An agreement between the measured data was found.
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NEWMAN, C. W., M. ØVERLAND, R. K. NEWMAN, K. BANG-OLSEN, and B. PEDERSEN. "PROTEIN QUALITY OF A NEW HIGH-LYSINE BARLEY DERIVED FROM RISØ 1508." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 70, no. 1 (March 1, 1990): 279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas90-033.
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Ca 700202 is a cultivar produced from Risø 1508 in a high-lysine barley breeding program at the Carlsberg Research Center, Copenhagen DK. Two crops of normal (Bomi and Triumph) and high-lysine (Risø 1508 and Ca 700202) barleys were evaluated in two growth and nitrogen balance studies with rats. Barleys were formulated into isonitrogenous, isocaloric diets and fed to 10 weanling male rats in a 21-d growth study and five similar rats in a 9-d nitrogen balance. Average lysine content of Ca 700202 and Risø 1508 (g 16 g−1N) were 47.1 and 40.2% higher, respectively, than the average of the normal barleys. Rats fed Ca 700202 and Risø 1508 consumed more (P < 0.0001) feed than those fed the normal barleys. Final body weights, 21-d gains, feed per unit gain (F:G) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were superior (P < 0.0001) for rats fed high-lysine compared to the normal barleys. Normal barleys had more digestible protein than high lysine barleys (P < 0.01). Biological value (BV) of Ca 700202 protein was 99.2% compared to 95.9% for Risø 1508 in trial I and 88.2% compared to 85.6% in Trial II which were higher (P < 0.01) than the BV of the protein for normal barley. Net protein utilization (NPU) of rats fed the high-lysine barley was 9% higher (P < 0.01) than the NPU of rats fed the normal barleys. The Ca 700202 barley cultivar yielded 91% of reference barleys but produced a 27% increase in lysine yield per plot. Key words: Protein, amino acids, Hordeum vulgare L., rats, barley
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Baik, B. K., and Z. Czuchajowska. "Barley in udon noodles Tallarines elaborados con cebada." Food Science and Technology International 3, no. 6 (December 1997): 423–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/108201329700300604.
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Abraded (up to 20%) ground naked non-waxy and waxy barleys were blended with wheat flours. Amylograph peak temperatures of wheat/barley blends (85:15) decreased by 1.5 °C with non- waxy barley and by 3.5 °C with waxy barley. Peak viscosities of wheat flours was increased by the addition of non-waxy barley and decreased by the addition of waxy barley. Adding either non-waxy or waxy barley increased breakdown viscosities. Texture profile analysis (TPA) para meters of udon noodles prepared from wheat-barley blends were largely unaffected by non-waxy barley, but were lowered by waxy barley and by potato, corn or barley starches. Whereas incor poration of increasingly abraded non-waxy barley had little effect on the TPA parameters of udon noodles, addition of increasingly abraded waxy barley decreased hardness and chewiness of udon noodles. A shorter cooking time is required to cook noodles from wheat-barley blends (as indicated by lower peak viscosity temperatures and more open internal structures of noodles, as seen by scanning electron microscopy) than from wheat flour. Extent of colour darkening of udon noodles was reduced as the added barley flours were obtained from increasingly abraded grain.
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Stockinger, Eric J. "The Breeding of Winter-Hardy Malting Barley." Plants 10, no. 7 (July 11, 2021): 1415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10071415.
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In breeding winter malting barley, one recurring strategy is to cross a current preferred spring malting barley to a winter barley. This is because spring malting barleys have the greatest amalgamation of trait qualities desirable for malting and brewing. Spring barley breeding programs can also cycle their material through numerous generations each year—some managing even six—which greatly accelerates combining desirable alleles to generate new lines. In a winter barley breeding program, a single generation per year is the limit when the field environment is used and about two generations per year if vernalization and greenhouse facilities are used. However, crossing the current favored spring malting barley to a winter barley may have its downsides, as winter-hardiness too may be an amalgamation of desirable alleles assembled together that confers the capacity for prolonged cold temperature conditions. In this review I touch on some general criteria that give a variety the distinction of being a malting barley and some of the general trends made in the breeding of spring malting barleys. But the main objective of this review is to pull together different aspects of what we know about winter-hardiness from the seemingly most essential aspect, which is survival in the field, to molecular genetics and gene regulation, and then finish with ideas that might help further our insight for predictability purposes.
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HOCKETT, E. A. "RELATIONSHIP OF ADVENTITIOUS ROOTS AND AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS IN BARLEY." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 66, no. 2 (April 1, 1986): 257–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps86-040.
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The number of adventitious roots of two- and six-row barleys (Hordeum vulgare L.) grown under irrigation at Bozeman, Montana in 1970 and 1971, was related to yield and other agronomic characteristics. Adventitious roots were counted shortly before heading and at maturity and correlated with 15 agronomic characteristics. Adventitious root number was not correlated with yield of barley, except for two out of six cases in two-row barley. Roots per tiller, per plant and per square metre were all positively correlated with each other. The number of kernels per spike increased as roots per tiller increased but decreased with a high number of tillers per plant. Kernel plumpness and numbers of tillers were negatively correlated in two-row barley, but not in six-row barley. Cultivars differed significantly in yield and adventitious root number. Six-row barley had more roots per tiller but fewer tillers per square metre than two-row barley. Roots per tiller and roots per square metre measurements had the best repeatability between years for six-row barley, but no root measurements were consistent over years for the two-row type. Tillers per plant measurements for both two-row and six-row barleys and tillers per square metre for just two-row barley were consistent over years. Tiller and root number interact and are usually positively related. The genetic variation for root number shown here could be used in crosses for selection of superior genotypes.Key words: Barley, Hordeum vulgare, adventitious roots, subcrown internode, yield components, seeding rate
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Edney, M. J., T. M. Choo, D. Kong, T. Ferguson, K. M. Ho, K. W. May, and R. A. Martin. "Kernel colour varies with cultivars and environments in barley." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 78, no. 2 (April 1, 1998): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p97-052.
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Kernel colour is an important marketing trait for both malting and feed barleys. Therefore a study was initiated to investigate the kernel colour of 75 Canadian barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars at three locations (Charlottetown, Ottawa and Bentley) across Canada in 1991 and 1992. Kernel colour was measured by an Instrumar Colormet Spectrocolorimeter. Kernel colour was found to be brighter at the two locations in eastern Canada (Charlottetown and Ottawa) than at the location in western Canada (Bentley). Two-row cultivars on average were more discoloured than six-row cultivars; eastern two-row were more discoloured than western two-row. Covered barleys were less discoloured than hulless barleys in five of the six environments, but covered barleys at Bentley in 1992 were more discoloured than hulless barleys. Kernel discolouration appeared to be associated with susceptibility to net blotch for six-row cultivars. More studies are needed on kernel discolouration of barley. Key words: Barley, Hordeum vulgare, kernel colour
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Xing, Jinjin, Zhaomin Li, Wenhui Zhang, and Pengjie Wang. "The Composition, Structure, and Functionalities of Prolamins from Highland Barley." Molecules 28, no. 14 (July 11, 2023): 5334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28145334.
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The composition, structure, and functionalities of prolamins from highland barley were investigated. These parameters were compared with those of the commonly applied prolamins (zein). There are more charged and hydrophilic amino acids in highland barely prolamins than zein. The molecular weight of highland barely prolamins was between 30 and 63 kDa, which was larger than that of zein (20 and 24 kDa). The main secondary structure of highland barely prolamins was β-turn helices, while α-helical structures were the main secondary structure in zein. The water holding capacity, thermal stability, emulsifying capacity, and stability of prolamins from highland barley were significantly higher than in zein, while the opposite results were observed for oil absorption capacity between the two. The diameter of fibers prepared using highland barely prolamins was almost six times that of zein, while highland barely prolamins formed ribbon structures instead of fibers. Therefore, the results provide guidance for applications of prolamins from highland barley.
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Zhi-Yuan, Niu, G. L. Campbell, R. S. Bhatty, and B. G. Rossnagel. "Comparison of Condor and CDC Richard hulless barleys for broiler chicks." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 75, no. 3 (September 1, 1995): 489–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas95-073.
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Five Condor and five CDC Richard hulless barley samples, representing a range in crude protein (12.4–15.3%), were fed to broiler chicks in β-glucanase-supplemented diets formulated to be moderately limiting in crude protein (18% CP). The barley varieties had comparable mean CP (Condor, 13.8%; CDC Richard, 14.1%) and starch (Condor, 56.4%; CDC Richard, 57.5%), although Condor was somewhat higher in β-glucan content (3.5 vs. 2.8%; P < 0.10). There were no differences (P > 0.05) in body weight or feed conversion among chicks fed the two barleys, indicating that protein utilization was similar in broiler chicks fed Condor and those fed CDC Richard hulless barleys. Key words: Hulless barley, chicks, protein, β-glucanase
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Yakovleva, O. V. "Aluminum resistance of malting barley." Proceedings on applied botany, genetics and breeding 182, no. 4 (December 17, 2021): 126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.30901/2227-8834-2021-4-126-131.
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Background. Barley is the second cereal crop in Russia in terms of its importance and production volume. It is used for food, feed, and industrial purposes. The production of malting barley in Russia exceeds 1.5 million tons; each year the area under this crop increases by 10–15%, reaching 600,000– 800,000 hectares. Barleys suitable for brewing must have certain physicochemical and technological properties. The main requirements for raw materials are presented in GOST 5060-86 (state standard for malting barley). An important condition for obtaining sustainable harvests is the development and utilization of cultivars resistant to a set of edaphic stressors. The purpose of this work was searching for resistant cultivars for use in targeted breeding.Materials and methods. The material for the study included 161 spring barley cultivars for brewing from the collection of plant genetic resources held by VIR. The laboratory assessment of aluminum tolerance in barley accessions was carried out at the initial phases of plant growth and development, using the method of calculating root and shoot length indices. The tested malting barley was classified into five resistance groups.Results and conclusions. Cultivars resistant to Al3+ ions were identified among different ecogeographic groups of malting barleys. The trait had a wide range of variability in terms of both the root length index (0.17–0.95) and shoot length index (0.47–0.99). Accessions with high resistance to ionic (Al3+) stress can be used in barley breeding targeted at the development of high-yielding malting cultivars most adapted to harmful environmental factors.
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MÄKELÄ, P., and S. MUURINEN. "Uniculm and conventional tillering barley accessions under northern growing conditions." Journal of Agricultural Science 150, no. 3 (July 18, 2011): 335–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185961100058x.
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SUMMARYAt high northern latitudes, growing seasons are short with long days. In these conditions, tillering is an unwanted trait in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), because the grains on tillers develop later than those on the main stem and are often harvested before they are fully mature, leading to reductions in overall quality. Hence, the uniculm growth habit has been considered an interesting option for boreal barley production. The aim of the present study was to determine the differences in the yield formation of conventional tillering and uniculm barley, using two pairs of near-isogenic lines and two controls. Uniculm and conventional tillering barley were grown in three experiments conducted at Suitia Experimental Farm, University Helsinki, Finland during 1999–2001. Samples were collected frequently to monitor the biomass and leaf area accumulation. Water-soluble carbohydrate content was analysed at anthesis and at maturity in different plant parts. At maturity, the numbers of spikes/plant and grains/spike were calculated and grain yield weighed. The grain yield of the uniculm barleys was stable over these growing seasons, but it was only half that of the conventional barley cultivars due to the absence of spike-bearing tillers, lower spike grain number and spike weight. In addition, the ability to transport photosynthesized carbohydrates to grains may have been reduced. Thus, it seems that uniculm barleys do not provide further improvement in barley yield.
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Naeem, Muhammad, Noman Mehboob, Muhammad Farooq, Shahid Farooq, Shahid Hussain, Hayssam M. Ali, and Mubshar Hussain. "Impact of Different Barley-Based Cropping Systems on Soil Physicochemical Properties and Barley Growth under Conventional and Conservation Tillage Systems." Agronomy 11, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11010008.
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This two-year study observed the influence of various barley-based cropping systems on soil physicochemical properties, allometric traits and biomass production of barley sown under different tillage systems. Barley was cultivated in different cropping systems (CS), i.e., fallow-barley (fallow-B), maize-barley (maize-B), cotton-barley (cotton-B), mungbean-barley (mungbean-B) and sorghum-barley (sorghum-B) under zero tillage (ZT), minimum tillage (MT), strip tillage (ST), conventional tillage (CT) and bed-sowing (BS). Interaction between different CS and tillage systems (TS) positively influenced soil bulk density (BD), total porosity, available phosphorus (P), ammonical and nitrate nitrogen (NH4-N and NO3-N), available potassium (K), allometric traits and biomass production of barley. The highest soil BD along with lower total porosity were noted in ZT leading to lesser leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration (LAD), specific leaf area (SLA), crop growth rate (CGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) of barley. Nonetheless, bed-sown barley produced the highest biomass due to better crop allometry and soil physical conditions. The highest postharvest soil available P, NH4-N, NO3-N, and K were recorded for zero-tilled barley, while BS followed by CT recorded the lowest nutrient contents. Barley in mungbean-B CS with BS produced the highest biomass, while the lowest biomass production was recorded for barely sown in fallow-B cropping system with ZT. In conclusion, barley sown after mungbean (mungbean-B cropping system) with BS seems a pragmatic choice for improving soil fertility and subsequently soil health.
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Colmsee, Christian, Sebastian Beier, Axel Himmelbach, Thomas Schmutzer, Nils Stein, Uwe Scholz, and Martin Mascher. "BARLEX – the Barley Draft Genome Explorer." Molecular Plant 8, no. 6 (June 2015): 964–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molp.2015.03.009.
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Kong, D., T. M. Choo, P. Narasimhalu, P. Jui, T. Ferguson, M. C. Therrien, K. M. Ho, and K. W. May. "Variation in starch, protein, and fibre of Canadian barley cultivars." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 75, no. 4 (October 1, 1995): 865–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps95-143.
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Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is a major feed in the Maritime region of Canada, but information on the chemical composition of barley cultivars grown in the Maritimes is lacking. Therefore, a study was undertaken to determine if starch, protein, neutral-detergent fibre (NDF), and acid-detergent fibre (ADF) of barley vary from region to region in Canada and to determine if barley cultivars that originated from Eastern Canada exhibit different chemical composition than those that originated from Western Canada. The chemical composition of two-row and six-row, covered and hulless, and feed and malting cultivars were also compared. Seventy-five cultivars were tested in eight environments (i.e. Charlottetown, Ottawa, Brandon, and Bentley in 1991 and 1992). These cultivars were classified into eight classes in four comparisons: eastern vs. western, two-row vs. six-row, hulless vs. covered, and feed vs. malting. Charlottetown grains were relatively low in protein, high in starch, and intermediate in NDF and ADF in comparison with grains produced at the other three locations. This suggests that more research in cultivar development and crop management is needed to increase the protein concentration of barley in the Maritimes. On average, two-row cultivars contained more starch and less fibre than six-row cultivars. Eastern two-row cultivars contained more protein than western two-row cultivars. As expected, hulless barleys contained more starch and protein, but less fibre than covered barleys. Canadian barley cultivars exhibited considerable variation in chemical composition. The cultivar x environment interaction was much smaller than the cultivar effect. Therefore, it is important to identify barley cultivars with high nutritional quality for use in commercial production. Key words: Barley, Hordeum vulgare L., cultivars, starch, protein, fibre
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Hardy, B., and K. Benford. "Performance of Growing/Finishing Pigs Fed Diets based on Manitou (6-Row Barley)." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1992 (March 1992): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600022431.
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It is common practice for feed barley to be purchased on sample specific weight. It can be argued that this historic measurement may give a misleading indication of its energy and feeding value. If this were to be true, then 6-row barleys which have a number of agronomic advantages, including high yields, could be discriminated against when compared to the more common 2-row barleys. Manitou is such a 6-row barley, which has out-yielded the best performing 2-row varieties by 6% in England (NIAB Recommended List 1991), and by 28% in Scotland (Scotland Agricultural Colleges Recommended List 1991). Trials were undertaken to compare Manitou and Marinka (2-row barley) at similar thousand grain weights (TGW), but different specific weights (sp.wt), with growing and finishing pigs.
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Casas, A. M., S. Yahiaoui, F. Ciudad, and E. Igartua. "Distribution of MWG699 polymorphism in Spanish European barleys." Genome 48, no. 1 (February 1, 2005): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g04-091.
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The STS marker MWG699/TaqI is closely linked to the vrs1 locus and has been proposed as a marker of domestication in barley. This study included 257 cultivated barleys of both two- and six-rowed varieties, mainly from the western Mediterranean region. These included many landraces from the Spanish barley core collection, Moroccan landraces, and a set of accessions from other European countries. Restriction analysis of amplified DNA revealed three alleles, as previously described. Most of the two-rowed entries had the same allele, type K. Six-rowed entries showed both types A and D. Indeed, type D was widespread among Spanish landraces and commercial varieties from central Europe. It was also found in some two-rowed landraces originating from Spain and Morocco. Barleys with the D haplotype were predominantly winter types, whereas the A haplotype was evenly distributed among spring and winter types. These results support the existence of two different genetic sources among six-rowed Spanish landraces.Key words: barley, origin, SBCC, Spanish barley core collection, haplotype.
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WORKIE, Dejene Mamo, Abiro Tigabie MERSHA, Yehuala Kesa MESELU, and Amsalu Abie ZELEKE. "Potato-Barley Double Cropping in Bimodal Rainfall Areas of Central Highlands of Ethiopia." International Journal of Environmental, Sustainability, and Social Science 5, no. 1 (January 31, 2024): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.38142/ijesss.v5i1.871.
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In Ethiopia, barley and potato are the most important food security crop. Despite their importance, the production and productivity of these crop are low due to several reasons. Potatoes and barley are growing alternatively in the study area year after year, and the area has the potential for bimodal rainfall distribution both in the short and main seasons. The short-season rain is suitable for potatoes, and the main season is for barley production. An evaluation of double cropping was tested to grow those crops in a double cropping system in Belge and in the main season in 2014. Based on the result of the evaluation and farmers' interest in the activities, the pre-scaling up of the barley-potato double cropping system was done in 2015, and 6-tone potato and 0.75-tone malt barely seed were used on three hectares of farmers land. Sample data were taken from both double and comparable farmer's fields of single cropping systems to show the yield advantage of double cropping compared with a single production system. An average of 46.4 t/ha of potato and 3.6 t/ha of malt barley yield from double cropping and 3.2t/ha of malt barely from single cropping were obtained during the main season. The net benefits of double cropping in monetary value were found to be 197,244.36 Ethiopian Birr. To sustain and strengthen the seed production and marketing of potato and barely double cropping technologies, training, experience sharing, and supply of early-generation seed for cooperatives are recommended as intervention options for sustainable production.
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Fleury, M. D., M. J. Edney, L. D. Campbell, and G. H. Crow. "Total, water-soluble and acid-soluble arabinoxylans in western Canadian barleys." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 77, no. 2 (April 1, 1997): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p96-033.
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Non-starch polysaccharides, such as β-glucan and arabinoxylan, are often implicated as a cause of the poor feeding value of barley for poultry. Levels of arabinoxylan in Canadian barley types, though, have not been thoroughly investigated. Total, water-extract and acid-extract arabinoxylan levels were determined for six-rowed (covered), two-rowed (covered) and hulless (both six- and two-rowed) barley (Hordeum vulgare) cultivars and genotypes grown in the 1991 Western Canadian Barley Cooperative Program. Analyses were performed using a dichromatic modification of the orcinol method. The six-rowed barley types contained significantly greater total, water-extract and acid-extract arabinoxylan concentrations than hulless or two-rowed types (P < 0.05). In hulless barley, total (P < 0.01), water-extract (P < 0.01), and acid-extract (P < 0.05) levels of arabinoxylan were, respectively, less than, greater than and similar to levels of arabinoxylan in samples of two-rowed barley. Environment had a significant effect on levels of water-extract (P < 0.01) and acid-extract (P < 0.05) arabinoxylan. Genetic differences affected the arabinoxylan content of cultivars and genotypes within each of the barley types (P < 0.05). Levels of acid-extract arabinoxylan were positively correlated with the viscosities of acid extracts of the barleys (P < 0.001). Key words: Arabinoxylan, barley, viscosity, acid-extract, pentosans
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Indore, Navnath S., Digvir S. Jayas, Chithra Karunakaran, Jarvis Stobbs, Viorica F. Bondici, Miranda Vu, Kaiyang Tu, and Omar Marinos. "Study of Microstructural, Nutritional, and Biochemical Changes in Hulled and Hulless Barley during Storage Using X-ray and Infrared Techniques." Foods 12, no. 21 (October 27, 2023): 3935. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12213935.
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Four varieties of barley (Esma, AC Metacalf, Tradition, and AB Cattlelac), representing four Canadian barley classes, were stored at 17% moisture content (mc) for 8 week. Stored barely was characterized using synchrotron X-ray phase contrast microcomputed tomography, synchrotron X-ray fluorescence imaging, and mid-infrared spectroscopy at the Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon. The deterioration was observed in all the selected varieties of barley at the end of 8 week of storage. Changes due to spoilage over time were observed in the grain microstructure and its nutrient distribution and composition. This study underscores the critical importance of the initial condition of barley grain microstructure in determining its storage life, particularly under unfavorable conditions. The hulled barley varieties showed more deterioration in microstructure than the hulless varieties of barley, where a direct correlation between microstructural changes and alterations in nutritional content was found. All selected barley classes showed changes in the distribution of nutrients (Ca, Fe, K, Mn, Cu, and Zn), but the two-row AC Metcalf variety exhibited more substantial variations in their nutrient distribution (Zn and Mn) than the other three varieties during storage. The two-row class barley varieties showed more changes in biochemical components (protein, lipids, and carbohydrates) than the six-row class varieties.
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Kouadria, R., M. Bouzouina, B. Lotmani, and S. Soualem. "Unraveling the role of endophytic fungi in barley salt-stress tolerance." Hellenic Plant Protection Journal 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hppj-2023-0002.
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Summary Salinity is an agricultural and eco-environmental problem worldwide that decreases crop production. Endophytic fungi have been shown to improve plant tolerance to stressful conditions. The purpose of the paper is to examine the efficiency of Embellisia phragmospora, Fusarium equiseti and Fusarium graminearum to improve tolerance of pot-grown barley in greenhouse under different levels of soil salinity (2.5, 8 and 14dS/m) by estimating growth, relative water content, mineral nutrition, photosynthetic pigments biosynthesis, proline and sugar levels. Results showed that E. phragmospora increased barley emergence rate to 66.7% compared to 60% recorded by non-colonized barley under 14dS/m soil salinity. The tested endophytes increased barley root length, shoot and root dry weights under salt stress. Endophytic fungi reduced Na+ accumulation and improved K+ uptake in barely under salinity. Fusarium equiseti and F. graminearum-inoculated barley increased proline content under salinity. Fusarium graminearum-colonized barley showed the highest sugar content under salt stress. Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of endophytic fungi bio-inoculation in improvement of barley tolerance to salt stress, which qualify them to be a potent tool to provide substantial benefits to crops for sustainable agriculture.
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Lukina, K. A., O. N. Kovaleva, and I. G. Loskutov. "Naked barley: taxonomy, breeding, and prospects of utilization." Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding 26, no. 6 (October 9, 2022): 524–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/vjgb-22-64.
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This review surveys the current state of taxonomy, origin, and utilization prospects for naked barley. The cultivated barley Hordeum vulgare L. incorporates the covered and naked barley groups. Naked barleys are divided into six-row naked barley (convar. сoeleste (L.) A. Trof.) and two-row naked barley (convar. nudum (L.) A. Trof.). The groups include botanical varieties differing in the structural features of spikes, awns, floret and spikelet glumes, and the color of kernels. The centers of morphogenesis for naked barley are scrutinized employing archeological and paleoethnobotanical data, and the diversity of its forms. Hypotheses on the centers of its origin are discussed using DNA marker data. The main areas of its cultivation are shown, along with possible reasons for such a predominating or exclusive distribution of naked barley in highland areas. Inheritance of nakedness and mechanisms of its manifestation are considered in the context of new data in genetics. The biochemical composition of barley grain in protein, some essential and nonessential amino acids, β-glucans, vitamins, and antioxidants is described. Naked barley is shown to be a valuable source of unique combinations of soluble and insoluble dietary fibers and polysaccharides. The parameters limiting wider distribution of naked barley over the world are emphasized, and breeding efforts that could mitigate them are proposed. Pathogen-resistant naked barley accessions are identified to serve as promising sources for increasing grain yield and quality. Main stages and trends of naked barley breeding are considered and the importance of the VIR global germplasm collection as the richest repository of genetic material for the development of breeding is shown.
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Konishi, T., and S. Matsuura. "Geographic differentiation in isozyme genotypes of Himalayan barley (Hordeum vulgare)." Genome 34, no. 5 (October 1, 1991): 704–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g91-108.
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Isozyme variation among Himalayan barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) landraces was surveyed at seven loci, using 650 accessions collected from different regions. Large genetic diversities were detected at the Est1, Est2, and Est4 loci for esterase and at the Aat3 locus for aspartate aminotransferase. However, only a few variations were observed at the Pgd1 and Pgd2 loci for phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and no variation was found at the Aat2 locus. The allelic combinations observed were not randomly distributed in the Himalayas: a geographic trend was closely related to covered and naked types of barley. The covered barleys were frequently distributed in southern regions of the Himalayas and were characterized principally by the Al-Fr-At genotype at the Est1-Est2-Est4 multilocus, combined with the Mo allele at the Aat3 locus. The naked barleys were found mainly in northern regions, and most of them possessed the genotypes Ca-Un-Nz or Pr-Fr-At, together with the Eg allele. Such a nonrandom allelic distribution provides useful information for further analysis aimed at considering the history of cultivated barley in the Himalayas.Key words: Himalayan barley, genetic diversity, isozymes, geographic distribution.
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Salem Alsaffar, Raed. "Analysis of the Genetic Distance of Several Generations of Barley (Hordeum valulgare L) by RAPD-PCR Technique." Bionatura 8, no. 1 (March 15, 2023): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/rb/2023.08.01.23.
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Random-amplified-polymorphic-DNA(RAPD) was assayed to detect the genetic variation of 6 barley generations from Iraq. Four primers generated a total of 17 scoreable bands in RAPD analysis) and resolving power, the three polymorphic primers differed (Rp). The use of RAPD marker systems to detect the genetic distance among barley generation was discovered to be beneficial. The RAPD dendrograms indicate a diverse grouping of 6 barely specimens, although we did see that certain groups were identical in several cases. As a result, the RAPD molecular markers reveal two genetic groups in the few specimens examined. Keywords. Barley, Genetic variation, RAPD-PCR.
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Zeybek, A., and F. Yiğit. "Assessment of powdery mildew resistance in wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum L.) populations in the aegean region of Turkey." Phytoprotection 83, no. 3 (April 12, 2005): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/706235ar.
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In a study of resistance to powdery mildew, we investigated three populations of Hordeum spontaneum using leaf segment test. For comparison of the reactions, we used 44 barley lines as differentials representing most of the resistance used in barley breeding. The H. spontaneum accessions were infected with 21 isolates selected for their reactions on the differential barleys. The results of H. spontaneum collections did not show any similarities with differential barleys used. Resistance reactions were very rare. There was no resistance to 13 out of the 21 isolates. Horizontal resistance was noticed in most of H. spontaneum lines.
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Taddese, Girma, Abrham Eshete, Demekech Wondaferew, Kidist Ababu, and Sherif Gashaw. "Effect of barley (Hordeumvulgare L.) and fababean (Viciafabae L.) intercropping on barley and fababean yield components." Forestry Research and Engineering: International Journal 3, no. 1 (January 17, 2019): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/freij.2019.03.00071.
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Fababean and barley intercropping promotes efficient use of land, and minimize the agricultural inputs. Legume intercropped with cereal fixes molecular nitrogen from air. Understanding this, fababean and barley experiment was conducted at Debre Birhan University Research Station, Ethiopia. The treatments were sole barely (control),Sole fababean (control), 1 row barley with 1 row fababean, 2 row barley with 1 row fababean and 1 row barley with 2 row fababean. The design of the experiment was randomized block design. The result showed that tiller number of barley plant was statically significant in control, 3, and 5 treatments. Similar trend was observed in 1, 3 and 5 treatments for spike length. There was highly significant correlation between fresh and dry weight of barley and it was high in 3 and 5treatments. Similar trend was observed on tiller number and plant height in treatments 3 and 5. Significant mean difference was recorded for fresh weight in 2, 3, 4 and 5 treatments. Fababean branching was significant in treatments 2, 3 and 4.Correlation between fresh and dry weight of fababean, branch, and pod and root nodules numbers showed statistically significant differences. Branch number of fababean correlates significantly with pod and root nodules numbers. Fresh and dry weight of fababean in treatment 2 was the highest of all treatments.
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Abdullaev, R. A., O. V. Yakovleva, I. A. Kosareva, E. E. Radchenko, and B. A. Batasheva. "SCREENING OF POWDERY MILDEW RESISTANT BARLEY ACCESSIONS FROM ETHIOPIA FOR TOLERANCE TO ABIOTIC STRESSORS." Proceedings on applied botany, genetics and breeding 180, no. 4 (January 8, 2020): 152–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.30901/2227-8834-2019-4-152-158.
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Background. Analyzing the adaptive potential of cultivated barley with the aim of using new genotypes selected and developed in the process of work is a priority trend in scientific research. The Ethiopian barleys adapted to a variety of soil and climate conditions are characterized by many valuable biological and agronomic traits. Of particular value are genotypes that combine resistance to harmful organisms and environmental stressors.Materials and methods. The collection accessions of Ethiopian barley possessing powdery mildew resistance were studied for tolerance to adverse edaphic factors (chloride salinity and high content of toxic aluminum ions in the soil). Resistance to abiotic stressors was assessed in laboratory experiments. In the study of salt tolerance, a ‘roll-based’ assessment technique was used, which takes into account the inhibition of root growth under salt (NaCl) stress conditions, compared with the reference conditions without salinization. Aluminum sensitivity of barley accessions was diagnosed in the early stages of plant development using the root test.Results and conclusions. A polymorphism of Ethiopian barleys for resistance to adverse edaphic factors was revealed. Twentyone new sources of barley resistance to toxic aluminum ions were identified, of which accessions k-8552 and k-22933 were classified as highly resistant. Accessions k-17554, k-19975, k-20029, k-20048, k-22752, k-23450 and k-25009 proved resistant to soil salinization. Barley accessions k-17554, k-22752 and k-25009 were characterized by complex resistance to powdery mildew, toxic aluminum ions, and chloride soil salinity.
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Xia, Hu, Bo Yu, Yanting Yang, Yan Wan, Liang Zou, Lianxin Peng, Lidan Lu, and Yuanhang Ren. "The Quality Evaluation of Highland Barley and Its Suitability for Chinese Traditional Tsampa Processing." Foods 13, no. 4 (February 18, 2024): 613. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods13040613.
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The physicochemical traits of highland barley prominently affect the quality of Tsampa. To find out the relevance between the physicochemical properties of raw material and the texture parameters of processed products, twenty-five physicochemical traits and ten quality parameters for seventy-six varieties of highland barley were measured and analyzed. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the physicochemical indexes for highland barleys of various colors. The dark highland barley generally has more fat, protein, total dietary fiber, phenolic, Mg, K, Ca, and Zn and less amylose, Fe, Cu, and Mo than light colored barley. Then, these highland barleys were made into Tsampa. A comprehensive quality evaluation model based on the color and texture parameters of Tsampa was established through principal component analysis. Then, cluster analysis was used to classify the tested samples into three edible quality grades predicated on the above evaluation model. At last, the regression analysis was applied to establish a Tsampa quality predictive model according to the physicochemical traits of the raw material. The results showed that amylose, protein, β-Glucan, and a* and b* could be used to predict the comprehensive quality of Tsampa. The predicted results indicated that 11 of 14 validated samples were consistent with the actual quality, and the accuracy was above 78.57%. Our study built the approach of the appropriate processing varieties evaluation. It may provide reference for processing specific highland barley.
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DON, MUTHANTHIRIGE, LALITH CHANDARA NISHANTHA, XIAN ZHAO, DIDDUGODAGE CHAMILA JEEWANI, GUANGWEI XING, JIANXIN BIAN, XIAOJUN NIE, and WEINING SONG. "Comparative analysis of β-glucan content in wild and cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare)." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 88, no. 7 (July 19, 2018): 1092–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v88i7.81589.
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β-glucan is an important element found in cereal cell walls, which is tremendously beneficial to human health and significant in industrial produce. Although some studies have been performed to investigate the β-glucan content in cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), little is known about it in wild barley, particularly the difference of β-glucan content between wild and cultivated varieties. In this study, β-glucan contents in wild barley from Fertile Crescent, Central Asia, Tibet, and cultivated varieties from the representative regions worldwide were systematically investigated and compared using the mixed-linkage β-glucan assay. Results showed that the mean β-glucan content of wild accessions and cultivated varieties were 5.17 % and 3.81 %, and the Coefficient of Variation (CV %) is 24.18 % and 18.11 % respectively. When statistically analysed, there was a significant variation (p≤ 0.001) of β-glucan content in wild and cultivated barely samples and, wild barley showed higher β-glucan content and higher genetic variation. This study provides the elite germplasm for barley β-glucan genetic improvement programs, and also shed light to trace barley domestication in relation to grain metabolite view.
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Jana, S., and L. N. Pietrzak. "Comparative assessment of genetic diversity in wild and primitive cultivated barley in a center of diversity." Genetics 119, no. 4 (August 1, 1988): 981–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/119.4.981.
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Abstract Wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum K.) and indigenous primitive varieties of cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), collected from 43 locations in four eastern Mediterranean countries, Jordan, Syria, Turkey and Greece, were electrophoretically assayed for genetic diversity at 16 isozyme loci. Contrary to a common impression, cultivated barley populations were found to maintain a level of diversity similar to that in its wild progenitor species. Apportionment of overall diversity in the region showed that in cultivated barley within-populations diversity was of higher magnitude than the between-populations component. Neighboring populations of wild and cultivated barleys showed high degree of genetic identity. Groups of 3 or 4 isozyme loci were analyzed to detect associations among loci. Multilocus associations of varying order were detected for all three groups chosen for the analysis. Some of the association terms differed between the two species in the region. Although there was no clear evidence for decrease in diversity attributable to the domestication of barley in the region, there was an indication of different multilocus organizations in the two closely related species.
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Zveinek, I. A., R. A. Abdullaev, B. A. Batasheva, and E. E. Radchenko. "Variability of the period between germination and heading in spring barley accessions from Dagestan." Proceedings on applied botany, genetics and breeding 181, no. 1 (April 12, 2020): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.30901/2227-8834-2020-1-24-29.
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Background. The genetic variability of the period between the germination and heading phases was analyzed in barley accessions from the Republic of Dagestan planted in the southern area of Dagestan (Derbent) and the Northwest of Russia (Pushkin, St. Petersburg). Testing barley development rates under contrasting climate conditions of Russia makes it possible to assess the paratypic variability and a norm of reaction in the tested accessions in order to identify environmentally adaptable plant forms useful for breeding.Materials and methods. Under spring sowing, 173 spring barley accessions were studied for the duration of the period from germination to heading. To compare the earliness of accessions planted at two sites with different sowing schedules, “the rate by which the germination-to-heading period of an accession exceeded its minimum value across the sample” was used as a criterion for calculations.Results and conclusions. Accession k-15013 was the earliest at both test sites during two years of studying. In Dagestan, accessions k-11439 and k-11475 with a low norm of reaction in 2016 and 2017 were also identified as early. Environmental conditions were found to have a significant effect on the development rate of barley accessions in Derbent and St. Petersburg. Dagestani barleys in the North-west of Russia ripened earlier than in the south of Dagestan during all the years of study. Vernalization temperatures proved to be the main factor affecting maturation schedules of local Dagestani barleys in the area of their distribution. A longer day and the absence of high temperatures in St. Petersburg contributed to the earliness of barley accessions.
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Cian, Raúl Esteban, Antonela Guadalupe Garzón, Micaela Albarracín, and Silvina Rosa Drago. "Barley and Malt as Base Ingredients for the Production of New Bio-Functional Foods." Recent Progress in Nutrition 03, no. 03 (September 19, 2023): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/rpn.2303018.
Full textAbstract:
This work aimed to evaluate the chemical composition, bioactive compounds (phenolics and γ-aminobutyric acid, GABA), and antioxidant properties of different barley varieties (Overture, Charles, Sinfonía, Montoya, and Andreia) and their malts to weigh up them as potential ingredients for producing new bio-functional foods. For this, five barleys and five malts obtained from them were studied. Regarding chemical composition, total starch was the main component (≈62%) of barleys followed by total dietary fiber (≈22.6%) and proteins (≈9.5%). Potassium and phosphorus were the most abundant elements, with mean values being 3746.1 and 3679.1 g 100g<sup>-1</sup>d.w., respectively. Regarding the free amino acid profile, the proportion of hydrophobic free amino acids was higher than that of branched-chain amino acids or sulfur-containing amino acids and the mean value of GABA was 8.8 mg 100g<sup>-1</sup>. Ferulic acid was the most abundant free phenolic acid detected in the different barleys, followed by coumaric acid. All barley extracts showed ABTS and DPPH inhibitory activities and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). As expected, total starch, total dietary fiber, and crude fat contents of malts were lower than those found for barley. However, the malting process increased GABA, ferulic acid, hydrophobic free amino acids, branched-chain amino acids, and sulfur amino acid contents. Additionally, the antioxidant properties of malts were higher than those obtained for barleys. Barley flour could be successfully used as a bio-functional ingredient in many foods. Furthermore, given the high content of soluble solids (mainly carbohydrates, antioxidant compounds such as free phenolic acids and free amino acids, and GABA), malted flours would be novel ingredients for preparing beverages with bio-functional properties.
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Zhou, Bing, Zhao Jin, Paul Schwarz, and Yin Li. "Impact of Genotype, Environment, and Malting Conditions on the Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Content in US Malting Barley." Fermentation 6, no. 2 (April 29, 2020): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation6020048.
Full textAbstract:
The phenolic content and antioxidant potential of malting barley are important in brewing. The objective of our study was to investigate the effects of barley genotype, growing environment, and malting conditions on the total phenolic content and antioxidant activities of malting barley grown in North America. Eight barley cultivars grown at three locations over three years were used. For the malting study, a single barley cultivar, separated into different kernel size fractions, was germinated for various periods of time and then processed by kilning or freeze-drying. Total phenolic content (TPC) and some of the antioxidant activities, including DPPH, ABTS, and superoxide anion radical scavenging activities, reducing power, and iron (II) chelating activity, were significantly impacted by the barley genotype, growth environment, and their interactions. The TPC and most antioxidant activities were also influenced by malting conditions and were generally higher in the malted barleys of the thin kernel size fraction, four-day germination, and in samples processed by kilning, when compared to the plumper kernel size fractions, one and two days of germination, and freeze-dried samples, respectively. There were interactions between malting parameters, and stepwise regression analysis was used to suggest the contribution of each parameter to the TPC and antioxidant activities.
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Narasimhalu, P., D. Kong, T. M. Choo, K. M. Ho, T. Ferguson, M. C. Therrien, K. W. May, and P. Jui. "Effects of environment and cultivar on total mixed-linkage β-glucan content in eastern and western Canadian barleys (Hordeum vulgare L.)." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 75, no. 2 (April 1, 1995): 371–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps95-062.
Full textAbstract:
Two-row and six-row barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars, originating from eastern and western Canada were grown in six environments across Canada. The grain was studied for the effects of environment and cultivar on the total mixed-linkage β-glucan content (TBG, g hg−1 DM). Environment significantly affected TBG content in barley. TBG content differed among the 32 eastern or 43 western Canadian cultivars but the mean TBG for the eastern cultivars was not different from the mean of western cultivars. All eastern cultivars were hulled-feed types, and their TBG ranged from 3.31 in Micmac to 4.09 in Birka for two-row barleys, and from 3.78 in OAC Kippen to 4.41 in Maskot for six-row barleys. Western hulled cultivars which included feed and malt types, contained TBG ranging from 3.37 in Manley to 4.14 in Betzes for two-row barleys, and from 3.71 in Heartland to 4.42 in Tankard for six-row barleys. The two-row hulless cultivar, Condor, contained more TBG (4.69) than the other two hulless cultivars, CDC Richard (3.91) and Scout (3.85). The six-row hulless cultivars, CDC Buck and Tupper, were equal in TBG (4.35). The mean TBG was lower for the two- than six-row barleys (3.7 vs. 4.0), and a broader range for TBG in the two- (3.31–4.55) than six-row barleys (3.71–4.42) suggesed the greater possibility of producing low and high TBG barleys from the two-row cultivars. Canadian cultivars contained between 3.31 and 4.55 g TBG hg−1 DM, and there is a need to develop feed-type barleys containing a third less than the minimum TBG, and food-type barleys containing a third more than the maximum TBG. Key words: Barley, Hordeum vulgare cultivars, β-glucan
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Gougerdchi, Vahideh, Sara Dezhsetan, Mohammad Ali Ebrahimi, Behzad Sadeghzadeh, and Sona Savari. "Using SSR Markers For Assessment Genetic Diversity And Detection Drought Escape Candidate Genes In Barley Lines (Hordeum Vulgare L.)." Plant Breeding and Seed Science 70, no. 1 (December 1, 2014): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/plass-2015-0009.
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Abstract Assessment of genetic diversity using molecular markers is one of the primary and important steps in breeding programs. In this study, genetic diversity of 52 barley lines evaluated using 68 SSR primer pairs and 47 primer pairs produced clear and polymorphic banding pattern. In general, 153 polymorphic alleles detected. The number of observed polymorphic alleles varied from 2 to 9, with an average of 3.26 alleles per locus. Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) ranged from 0.07 to 0.81, with an average of 0.45. In this research, SSR markers differentiated the studied lines efficiently. Using cluster analysis, studied barley lines divided into two groups. Genetic diversity was relatively corresponding with geographical origins, because the lines related to a country somewhat diverged from each other. Two-rowed Iranian and Chinese barleys classified in one subgroup. Also, most six-rowed barleys classified in one subgroup. Association mapping analysis was used to identify candidate genes for drought escape in barley lines and 16 informative markers were identified after which confirmation in other tests could be suitable for marker assisted breeding drought escape.
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Bilgic, Hatice, Seungho Cho, David F. Garvin, and Gary J. Muehlbauer. "Mapping barley genes to chromosome arms by transcript profiling of wheat–barley ditelosomic chromosome addition lines." Genome 50, no. 10 (October 2007): 898–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g07-059.
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Wheat–barley disomic and ditelosomic chromosome addition lines have been used as genetic tools for a range of applications since their development in the 1980s. In the present study, we used the Affymetrix Barley1 GeneChip for comparative transcript analysis of the barley cultivar Betzes, the wheat cultivar Chinese Spring, and Chinese Spring – Betzes ditelosomic chromosome addition lines to physically map barley genes to their respective chromosome arm locations. We mapped 1257 barley genes to chromosome arms 1HS, 2HS, 2HL, 3HS, 3HL, 4HS, 4HL, 5HS, 5HL, 7HS, and 7HL based on their transcript levels in the ditelosomic addition lines. The number of genes assigned to individual chromosome arms ranged from 24 to 197. We validated the physical locations of the genes through comparison with our previous chromosome-based physical mapping, comparative in silico mapping with rice and wheat, and single feature polymorphism (SFP) analysis. We found our physical mapping of barley genes to chromosome arms to be consistent with our previous physical mapping to whole chromosomes. In silico comparative mapping of barley genes assigned to chromosome arms revealed that the average genomic synteny to wheat and rice chromosome arms was 63.2% and 65.5%, respectively. In the 1257 mapped genes, we identified SFPs in 924 genes between the appropriate ditelosomic line and Chinese Spring that supported physical map placements. We also identified a single small rearrangement event between rice chromosome 9 and barley chromosome 4H that accounts for the loss of synteny for several genes.
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ROTTER, R. G., A. A. FROHLICH, R. R. MARQUARDT, and D. ABRAMSON. "COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF TOXIN-FREE AND TOXIN-CONTAINING MOLD-CONTAMINATED BARLEY ON CHICK PERFORMANCE." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 69, no. 1 (March 1, 1989): 247–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas89-028.
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Three chick (Single Comb White: Leghorn) growth trials were conducted using chemically characterized, toxin-free mold-contaminated barley samples naturally contaminated with Penicillium cyclopium and Aspergillus flavus fungi. The concentrations of fungal (mold) material in the samples, estimated by chemical analysis, ranged from about 1 to 16%. Compared to a mold-free barley control, the mold-contaminated barleys were generally higher in percent protein, ash and ADF, but had much lower bushel weights and percent fat and starch. The first trial compared the effects of feeding mold-free barley and 30% (wt/wt) of the 16% mold-contaminated barley in combination with 0, 2 and 4 ppm ochratoxin A (OA) on chick performance and nutrient digestion. Relative to controls, the average decreases in feed consumption (RFC) and weight gain (RWG) for birds fed the mold-contaminated barley were 50 and 80%, respectively. In contrast, 4 ppm of OA caused corresponding reductions of 22 and 30%, while in combination, mold and OA reduced performance slightly more than the mold alone. Similarly, apparent dry matter (DM), fat and protein digestibilities for birds fed mold-contaminated barley decreased 16.7, 37.7 and 13.7, respectively, compared to controls, but only 10.7, 21.5 and 12.0% for those fed 4 ppm OA. A second trial compared mold-contaminated barley samples from different sources with different degrees of contamination. Decreases in RFC and RWG were directly related (R2 = 0.96) to the mold concentration of the diet. The final study examined the effect on chick performance of incorporating increasing dietary concentrations of heavily contaminated (16% mold) mold-contaminated barley. As in trial 1, RFC and RWG were markedly affected by increasing dietary mold-contaminated barley. For example, the presence of only 15% (wt/wt) of the heavily contaminated mold-contaminated barley in the diet caused reductions of 20 and 30% in RFC and RWG, respectively. Apparent DM, fat and protein digestibilities again were all significantly (P < 0.0001) reduced by the mold. The results indicate the mold-contaminated barley can have a serious detrimental effect on chick performance, even when no toxins are detectable. Nutrient digestibility data suggest that antinutritive agent(s) in the mold-contaminated barley act to impair utilization of dietary nutrients rather than only those of the affected barley. Factors affecting diet palatability may also be involved. Key words: Mold, toxin-free, mycotoxin, ochratoxin A, barley, chick performance, apparent nutrient digestibility
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Al-Karaki, Ghazi N., and M. Al-Hashimi. "Green Fodder Production and Water Use Efficiency of Some Forage Crops under Hydroponic Conditions." ISRN Agronomy 2012 (December 26, 2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/924672.
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The objectives of this study were to evaluate five forage crops (alfalfa (Medicago sativa), barley (Hordeum vulgare), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), and wheat (Triticum aestivum)) for green fodder production and water use efficiency under hydroponic conditions. The experiment has been conducted under temperature-controlled conditions (24 ± 1°C) and natural window illumination at growth room of Soilless Culture Laboratory, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain. The results showed that green forage can be produced in 8 days from planting to harvest using hydroponic technique. Highest values for green fresh yields were recorded for the crops cowpea, barley, and alfalfa which gave 217, 200, and 194 tons/ha, respectively. However, only cowpea and barley crops gave the highest green dry yield, but not alfalfa. Barely crop used water more efficiently than the other four tested crops when produced about 654 kg fresh matter/m3 water in comparison to 633, 585, 552, and 521 kg fresh matter/m3 water for cowpea, sorghum, wheat, and alfalfa, respectively. No significant differences between barley and cowpea for water use efficiency were noted. It can be concluded from this study that barley crop can be considered the best choice for production of hydroponic green fodder with less water consumption.
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Close, T. J. "The Barley Microarray. A Community Vision and Application to Abiotic Stress." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 41, No. 4 (November 21, 2011): 144–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3660-cjgpb.
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A microarray chip representing approximately 20 000 barley unigenes was produced as part of a USA project entitled “An integrated physical and expression map of barley for Triticeae improvement”. The content of the chip was derived from more than 400 000 barley “Expressed Sequence Tag” (EST) sequences received from cooperators inUSA,Germany,Australia,Japan,Scotland, andFinland, plus about 1000 sequences retrieved from the GenBank nr database or GrainGenes. All EST sequences were trimmed to high quality regions, contaminants were identified and removed, and the remaining information was compiled using the CAP3 assembly program. A “stringent” assembly (paralogs separated) contained about 53 000 “unigenes” (the sum of contigs plus singletons), among which about 50% had reliable 3' ends and were therefore suitable for chip content. From these, probe sets were designed and the “Barley1” chip fabricated by Affymetrix. Complete details on the content of the barley microarray, and enhanced probe-set annotations, can be obtained using the software HarvEST:Barley, available from http://harvest.ucr.edu. The availability of an Affymetrix barley microarray has facilitated the study of gene expression on a large scale. Replicated experiments have revealed commonalities and differences between responses to abiotic stresses, and inherent differences between barley genotypes. The design and a brief summary of the results of drought stress experiments are stated.
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Baum, Bernard R. "Classification of cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare). 2. Elaboration of cultivar groups." Canadian Journal of Botany 65, no. 10 (October 1, 1987): 2152–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b87-297.
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Two barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivar groups were established from 329 world-representative accessions of named cultivars scored for 37 morphometric characters. The two groups are similar to the popular division of two rowed and six rowed, one group containing mostly two-rowed barleys but also a few of the other kind and the second group mostly six rowed barleys together with some two-rowed. Both groups include naked and covered types, "iregular," "deficiens," and other types. The implications of the two groups for barley cultivar nomenclature are discussed. The two cultivar groups were discerned by the application of various hierarchical cluster analyses in combination with three different stopping rules as indicators to cluster numbers, supported by classificatory discriminant analysis with cross validation, and their relationships illustrated by canonical discriminant analyses.
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Dodig, Dejan, Vesna Kandić, Miroslav Zorić, Emilija Nikolić-Đorić, Ana Nikolić, Beba Mutavdžić, Dragan Perović, and Gordana Šurlan-Momirović. "Comparative kernel growth and yield components of two- and six-row barley (Hordeum vulgare) under terminal drought simulated by defoliation." Crop and Pasture Science 69, no. 12 (2018): 1215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp18336.
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Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is often grown in sites with low rainfall and high temperature during grain filling. Because spike architecture is one of basic footprints of barley domestication, the importance of spikes in adaptation to different environments or abiotic stresses can be hypothesised. In order to compare different barley spike types in terms of kernel growth and yield components, we tested 15 two-row and 10 six-row winter genotypes in eight environments where terminal drought was simulated by defoliation at 7 days after heading (7 DAH). Control plants were grown intact. On average, two-row genotypes outyielded six-row genotypes by 17% under control conditions and 33% under simulated late drought. Observations of kernel dry weights from 7 DAH through to harvest maturity at 5-day intervals were regressed onto a measure of thermal time. After preliminary evaluation of four nonlinear (S-shaped) models for kernel dry-weight accumulation, the ordinary logistic model was deemed the most appropriate in most cases and was finally applied to all plant-growth curves. Four parameters were estimated from the logistic model. Whereas two earliness estimators (inflection point and thermal time needed to reach maximum kernel weight) were similar for the two barley types, maximum kernel weight (Ymax) and mean rate of kernel growth (RG) were higher (P<0.05) in two-row than in six-row barleys. Differences in Ymax and RG among six-row barley genotypes were greater between control and defoliation treatments than between years, whereas among two-row barley genotypes, differences between years were greater, suggesting better stability of six-row types and better drought tolerance of two-row types in the tested barley set.
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Zveinek, I. A., R. A. Abdullaev, B. A. Batasheva, and E. E. Radchenko. "The effect of responses to vernalization, photoperiodism, and earliness per se of barley accessions from Dagestan on the duration of the period from shooting to heading." Proceedings on applied botany, genetics and breeding 182, no. 2 (July 1, 2021): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.30901/2227-8834-2021-2-24-33.
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Background. Paratypic variability of the development rates of barley accessions from the Republic of Dagestan was analyzed for five years in the Northwe st of Russia (Pushkin, St. Petersburg) and in the North Caucasus (Derbent, Dagestan). Responses to vernalization, photoperiodism and earliness per se were tested in contrasting environments to assess their effect on barley development. Such studies make it possible to identify valuable adaptable plant forms in the barley germplasm collection for further use in breeding practice.Materials and methods. In Dagestan, the duration of the period from shooting to heading was measured for 12 samples of barley accessions in winter and spring sowing trials. Twenty samples sown in spring in both regions were compared. An empirical indicator of plant development rate was used for barley: the criterion “the number of days by which the period from shooting to heading of an accession exceeds the minimum across a sample” (DPSH).Results and conclusions. Early barley accessions with a low norm of responsiveness were identified: k-3772, k-15013, k-15034, k-15036, k-15186, k-15192, k-21803 and k-23785 – they combined weak sensitivity to a short photoperiod and vernalizing temperatures, so they are promising for breeding in regions where the length of the growing season is a limiting factor. The effect of the responses of barley accessions from Dagestan to vernalization and a short photoperiod on the duration of the period from shooting to heading was on average 8 (5.1–10.6) days and on their earliness per se 6 (4.8–8.2) days. Paratypic variability reflects the range of variation for these indicators. In Dagestan, vernalization temperatures and insensitivity to a short day are the main factors determining the earliness of local barleys in their native environment.
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Tang, Jianhua, Cong Xie, Wenping Chang, Zhenyang Quan, and Xiangli Ding. "Characteristics of Highland Barley-Wheat Composite Flour and Its Effect on the Properties of Coating Batter and Deep-Fried Meat." Foods 12, no. 21 (October 26, 2023): 3923. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12213923.
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Highland barley flour-based coating batter has rarely been reported, although highland barley flour is promising due to its high β-glucan and amylose content. In this study, highland barley flour was used to substitute 40% to 80% of wheat flour to form a highland barely-wheat composite flour used in the coating batter. The characteristics of the highland barley-wheat composite flour and its effect on the properties of coating batter and deep-fried meat were analyzed. Results showed that the composite flour significantly improved water holding capacity, oil absorbing capacity, and water solubility index. In contrast, no significant change was observed in the water absorption index or swelling power. The incorporation of highland barley flour significantly changed the pasting properties of the composite flour. Compared with the wheat flour, the viscosity and the pickup of the coating batter made with composite flour increased from 4905 Pa·s and 0.53% to more than 12,252 Pa·s and 0.63%, respectively, and its water mobility decreased. These changes were closely related to the substitution rate of highland barley flour. The composite flour significantly increased the moisture content from 27.73% to more than 33.03% and decreased the oil content of the crust from 19.15% to lower than 16.44%, respectively. It decreased L* and increased a* of the crust and decreased the hardness, adhesiveness, and springiness of the deep-fried meat. A spongy inner structure with a flatter surface was formed in all composite flour-based crusts, and the substitution rate influenced the flatness of the crust. Thus, highland barley flour could be used for batter preparation with partial substitution, enhancing the quality of deep-fried meat and acting as an oil barrier-forming ingredient for fried batter foods.
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Eticha, Firdissa, Emmerich Berghofer, and Heinrich Grausgruber. "Utilization of barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) landraces in the highlands of West Shewa, Ethiopia." Plant Genetic Resources 7, no. 02 (November 4, 2008): 154–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262108123474.
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In Ethiopia, barley is used to make various types of foods, and home-made and industrial beverages. The various kinds of end-use of barley grain by rural people in two districts of West Shewa are reported. According to farmers, no other cereal crop can be processed into so many different forms of food. At least 17 kinds of foods and beverages, which are consumed in the form of whole-grain snacks, sauces, soups, drinks and baked foods, were reported. Some are mainly served on special occasions like annual ceremonies and cultural gatherings, while others are served as main dishes. Black- and purple-grained barleys are preferred for malting and home-made alcoholic drinks, whereas white-grained types are used for baking and roasting. Each landrace has its own inherent property that makes it suitable for at least one end-use. Since ancient times, barley foods are also known to farmers as remedies and traditional medicines for many kinds of diseases. The various kinds of utilizations of barley and its value in the socio-cultural lifestyles of farmers play vital roles for the on-farm maintenance of different landraces in West Shewa.
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Mařík, P. "Winter barley Lester." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 47, No. 2 (June 2, 2011): 81–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/52/2011-cjgpb.
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Stemberková, L., and I. Langer. "Spring barley Aksamit." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 43, No. 4 (January 7, 2008): 151–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6046-cjgpb.
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