Journal articles on the topic 'Barley grain protein concentration'
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1
Boila, R. J., S. C. Stothers, and L. D. Campbell. "The relationships between the concentrations of individual amino acids and protein in wheat and barley grain grown at selected locations throughout Manitoba." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 76, no. 2 (June 1, 1996): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas96-025.
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The concentrations of protein and individual amino acids were determined in the grain from three cultivars of wheat and three cultivars of barley, each grown at 12 locations throughout Manitoba over 3 consecutive years. Protein concentration differed (P < 0.05) among the cultivars of wheat but not (P > 0.05) among cultivars of barley. Although the concentrations of several amino acids differed (P < 0.05) among cultivars of wheat or barley the differences among cultivars of each grain were not considered to be critical in relation to the requirements for indispensable amino acids for swine or poultry. The percentage of an ammo acid in the DM of wheat and barley increased (P < 0.05) linearly with an increase in percentage of protein in the grain. The wide range of r2 (0.29 to 0.88) obtained for this amino acid-protein relationship may be due to the different effect of environment (location and year of growth) on the concentration of individual amino acids, compared to protein, among cultivars of wheat or barley. The percentage of total variance due to an interaction between cultivar and environment was low for protein but was several fold higher for individual amino acids. The error in the prediction of amino acid concentrations with regression equations may be no different than the error associated with predicting the mean concentrations of amino acids in the protein of wheat or barley as g (100 g protein)−1, and obtained from tabulations of analyses. However, regression equations for lysine in wheat and barley did account for the significant (P < 0.05) decrease in concentration of lysine in the protein as the percentage of protein in these grains increased. Key words: Grain, wheat, barley, protein, amino acids, Manitoba
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Bleidere, Māra, Zaiga Jansone, Ilze Grunte, and Ida Jakobsone. "Biochemical Composition of Spring Barley Grain Pearled to Varying Degrees." Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences. 71, no. 6 (December 1, 2017): 468–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/prolas-2017-0082.
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Abstract Differences in biochemical composition in dehulled and pearled grain samples affected by the various degrees of pearling were studied for spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Twelve covered spring barley and two hulless genotypes were examined. Commercial samples of pearled barley were included for comparison. Covered barley grain samples were pearled using a small-scale barley pearler to obtain dehulled and pearled barley grain products with pearling percentage of 12% and 30%, respectively. Significant differences were observed in the chemical composition between dehulled grain and pearled grain. As the outer layers of the covered grain were removed to a greater degree by pearling, crude protein content, crude ash, total phenolic concentration and radical scavenging activity in the pearled grain significantly decreased (p < 0.001), while starch concentration increased, without changes in the β-glucans concentration. The concentration of phenolic compounds in the dehulled barley grain samples were 1.30 to 1.61 times higher than for pearled grains. There was a significant (p < 0.01) correlation determined among values of dehulled and pearled grain of different barley genotypes in crude protein, starch, and β-glucan content, but no relationship was found in total phenolic content and radical scavenging activity.
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Majore, Kristīne, Vita Šterna, Māra Bleidere, Sanita Reidzāne, and Inga Ciproviča. "In-Vitro Study on Fermentation Characteristics of Different Hulless Barley Cultivar Flakes." Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences. 75, no. 6 (December 1, 2021): 438–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/prolas-2021-0065.
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Abstract Barley (Hordium vulgare L.) grain is an important food ingredient due to the presence of essential compounds like β-glucans, proteins, resistant starch, phenolic compounds etc. β-glucans are able to lower cholesterol level in blood plasma and the glycaemic index, to enhance lipid metabolism and to reduce the risk of colon cancer. Hulless barley cultivars are more suitable to the human diet, because the hulls can be easily removed, as well as minimal grain processing in food production contributes to the full benefit of the whole grain. Several studies show that hulless grains have a higher digestible energy, and they have higher protein content compared to hulled grains. Different cultivars have unique composition and physical properties. The hulless barley cultivars are less studied than hulled barley and oats. The aim of this study was to evaluate the fermentation characteristics of flakes of different hulless barley cultivars in vitro and to analyse the fermentation pattern of β-glucans and proteins. Samples of six hulless barley cultivar flakes with different β-glucan (4.17–6.59%), soluble dietary fibre (18.1–32.0%) and resistant starch (0.74–10.65%) content were boiled in water 10 min, and the obtained porridge samples were treated under in vitro fementation conditions. The concentration of fermented porridge solids as well as β-glucans and proteins was measured. The concentration of undigested solids varied from 38.3 to 61.0% depending on barley cultivar. The concentration of protein was not significantly changed, but β-glucan concentration was significantly decreased after in vitro digestion comparing to indigestible samples.
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See, Deven, Vladimir Kanazin, Ken Kephart, and Tom Blake. "Mapping Genes Controlling Variation in Barley Grain Protein Concentration." Crop Science 42, no. 3 (2002): 680. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2002.0680.
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See, Deven, Vladimir Kanazin, Ken Kephart, and Tom Blake. "Mapping Genes Controlling Variation in Barley Grain Protein Concentration." Crop Science 42, no. 3 (May 2002): 680–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2002.6800.
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Legzdiņa, Linda, Vija Strazdiņa, Indra Beinaroviča, and Ruta Muceniece. "Effect of Genotype and Farming System on Concentration of Mineral Elements in Organically and Conventionally Grown Cereals/ Genotipa Un Saimniekoðanas Sistçmas Ietekme Uz Minerâlvielu Saturu Bioloìiski Un Konvencionâli Audzçtos Graudaugos." Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences. 68, no. 3-4 (August 1, 2014): 148–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/prolas-2014-0017.
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Abstract About half of the human population suffers from deficiency of mineral elements, mostly iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn). The purpose of the research was to compare the concentration of Fe and Zn in grain of 19 spring barley (in Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes and the concentration of Zn and manganese (Mn) in grain of 19 winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes grown in organic and conventional management systems during two growing seasons. The average concentration of Fe in barley ranged from 32.51-86.85 mg·kg-1 and was higher under conventional management (p < 0.001); the effect of genotype was significant (p = 0.014). The average concentration of Zn in barley ranged 16.79-48.51 mg·kg-1 and was significantly higher under the organic system (p < 0.001); in wheat it was 21.52-29.89 mg·kg-1 with no difference between the management systems; the effect of genotype was significant (p = 0.03 and p < 0.001 for barley and wheat, respectively). The average concentration of Mn in wheat ranged from 24.63-36.07 mg·kg-1 and was higher under the conventional system (p < 0.001); significant differences between genotypes were observed (p < 0.001). Barley and wheat genotypes with higher concentrations of the investigated elements were identified for use in breeding for improvement of grain quality. Zn concentration correlated negatively with grain yield and positively with grain protein concentration.
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NOVIKOV, N. N., A. A. ZHARIKHINA, and N. E. SOLOVYEVA. "GRAIN QUALITY FORECASTING BY AMINO ACID CONCENTRATION IN THE LEAF JUICE." Izvestiâ Timirâzevskoj selʹskohozâjstvennoj akademii, no. 1 (2021): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/0021-342x-2021-1-29-41.
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Field experiments with soft wheat and malting barley, conducted on sod-podzolic medium loamy soil showed that under the influence of increasing rates of nitrogen nutrition in the leaf juice in the first stem node phase, the concentration of amino acids decreases. This fact is confirmed by high correlation coefficients. There is also a close correlation between the concentration of amino acids in the leaf juice, plant productivity and grain quality indicators. Wheat showed a close negative correlation of the concentration of amino acids in the leaf juice with the weight of 1000 grains, the total content of proteins and gluten in the grain, as well as gliadin and glutenin proteins, and a close positive correlation with the content of water-soluble, non-extractable proteins in the grain and the activity of proteases. The concentration of amino acids in the malting barley leaf juice was negatively correlated with the total content of proteins in the grain, the amount of gordeins, the total activity of amylases, and positively correlated with the test value indicators, grain extractivity, and the content of water-soluble proteins in the grain. The research results indicate that the concentration of amino acids in the leaf juice in the first stem node phase provides for a fairly accurate diagnoctics of nitrogen nutrition and prediction of the quality of soft wheat and malting barley grains.
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Hackett, R. "Effect of nitrogen fertiliser application timing on grain yield and grain protein concentration of spring barley." Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research 58, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ijafr-2019-0005.
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AbstractThere is relatively little recent information regarding the effect of timing of fertiliser N application to spring barley on grain yield and grain protein concentration (GPC) under Irish conditions. The objectives of this work were to examine the effects of a) timing of the first N application to spring barley (at sowing or at crop emergence), b) altering the proportion of the total N allocation that is applied in the first of two applications and c) delaying a portion of the total N dose until after the tillering phase on grain yield and GPC of spring barley. Twenty experiments were carried out over four seasons (2011–2014) in the south and south-east of Ireland. Results indicated that there was little consistent difference, in terms of grain yield or GPC between applying the first N at sowing compared to where the initial N application was made at crop emergence. Similarly, altering the proportion of N applied in the first application, irrespective of whether the first application was at sowing or at crop emergence, had little effect on either yield or GPC. Delaying the application of a portion (0.2) of the total N until after the tillering stage also had little consistent effect on either yield or GPC. It is concluded that where the majority of N is applied to spring barley before the end of the tillering stage, altering the timing of applications or the proportion of the total applied in each application will have limited effect on grain yield or GPC.
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Birch, C. J., S. Fukai, and I. J. Broad. "Estimation of responses of yield and grain protein concentration of malting barley to nitrogen fertiliser using plant nitrogen uptake." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 48, no. 5 (1997): 635. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a96094.
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The effect of nitrogen application on the grain yield and grain protein concentration of barley was studied in 13 field trials covering a wide range of soil N conditions over 4 years at locations in south-eastern Queensland. The main objectives of the study were to quantify the response of barley to N application rate over a range of environmental conditions, and to explain the response in terms of soil mineral N, total N uptake, and N distribution in the plants. Barley made efficient use of N (60 kg grain/kg N) until grain yield reached 90% of maximum yield. Grain protein concentration did not increase to levels unacceptable for malting purposes until grain yield exceeded 85–90% of maximum yield. Nitrogen harvest index was generally high (above 0·75), and did not decrease until the total N supply exceeded that necessary for maximum grain yield. Rates of application of N for malting barley should be determined on the basis of soil analysis (nitrate-N) to 1 m depth and 90% of expected maximum grain yield, assuming that 17 kg N is taken up per tonne of grain produced. It can further be assumed that the crop makes full use of the nitrate N to 1 m present at planting, provided the soil is moist to 1 m. A framework relating grain yield to total N uptake, N harvest index, and grain N concentration is presented. Further, total N uptake of fertilised barley is related to N uptake without fertiliser, fertiliser application rate, and apparent N recovery. The findings reported here will be useful in the development of barley simulation models and decision support packages that can be used to aid N management.
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Pokharel, Bhanu Bhakta, Parbati Adhikari, Shailendra Thapa, and Shashi Ram Sharma. "Identification of micronutrient-rich germplasms of barley for mid-hills and Terai region of Nepal." Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources 5, no. 1 (December 27, 2022): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/janr.v5i1.50541.
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Zinc and iron deficiencies, common in many parts of the world, having risk factors that raise the burden of disease with high child and adult mortality. Breeding efforts for exploring barley grains with higher zinc and iron are underway. A study was conducted during the normal barley growing season of 2017 to identify the barley genotypes with higher concentration of protein, starch, iron and zinc for the mid-hill and Terai conditions of Nepal. An augmented block design was followed, and two improved varieties i.e., Bonus and Solu Uwa were used as repeated checks. The average grain protein, starch, zinc, and iron content were 11.9%, 55.6%, 47.4 mg/kg and 41.4 mg/kg at Dailekh and 11.3%, 53.3%, 46.6 mg/kg and 39.9 mg/kg at Rampur, respectively. The grain protein content was found up to 19.8% (AM-55, AM-45, AM-88 at Dailekh) and 16.6% (AM-81, AM-77, AM-98 at Rampur). Similarly, the highest grain zinc content was found 97 mg/kg (AM-6, AM-138 and AM-125 at Dailekh) and 92 mg/kg (AM-226, AM-99 and AM-227 mg/kg at Rampur). The highest iron content 71 mg/kg ( AM-2, AM-43, AM-4 at Dailekh) and 63 mg/kg (AM-90, AM-168 and AM-92 at Rampur). The identified genotypes with higher grain elements concentration are valuable resources for Nepal's barley breeding program that helps develop quality and nutritious barley varieties.
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Šterna, Vita, Dalija Segliņa, Inta Krasnova, Tatjana Ķince, Zaiga Jansone, and Māra Bleidere. "Sprouted Hulless Barley Grains and their Application Possibilities for the Functional Sweet Snacks Development." Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences. 76, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/prolas-2022-0018.
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Abstract Currently, consumption of confectionery continues to grow, and there is a tendency to supplement snacks with ingredients that can be considered as functional products. The aim of this study was to evaluate the benefits of sprouted barley grains and their potential use in barley-fruit-vegetable snack production. Several samples of sweet bars with hulless barley variety ‘Kornelija’ flour and sprouted, crushed barley grain, dried fruit and vegetables were prepared. The chemical composition including the concentration of biologically active compounds (total concentration of phenols, flavonoids and tannins, as well as antioxidant activity) of untreated and sprouted grains was determined. The results showed that protein concentration of barley-fruit-vegetable bars varied from 8.65% to 10.85% and ß-glucans concentration varied from 0.77% to 2.19%. Their nutritional value varied from 1079.33 to 1430.41 kJ. Total fibre concentration of unsprouted, 24 h and 36 h sprouted grains was 26.30%, 25.80%, and 24.60%, respectively. Total phenol concentration of unsprouted barley grains was on average 273.14 mg·100 g−1 and flavonoid concentration was 290.25 mg·100 g−1, and for sprouted grains — 258.98 mg·100 g−1 and 256.19 mg·100 g−1, respectively. The evaluators preferred bars made from ground sprouted hulless barley grains ‘Kornelija’ — 7.4, according to the sensory analysis — hedonic scale.
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Boonchoo, S., S. Fukai, and Suzan E. Hetherington. "Barley yield and grain protein concentration as affected by assimilate and nitrogen availability." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 49, no. 4 (1998): 695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a97103.
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Two types of experiments were conducted with the malting barley cv. Grimmett to examine how assimilate and nitrogen (N) availability at different growth stages determined yield and grain protein concentration (GPC) in south-east Queensland. In one series of experiments, plants were sown in April, June, and August so that they would experience different growing conditions, and responses to N application rate were examined. Another experiment examined response of growth, yield, and GPC to variation of assimilate production pre and post anthesis, caused by the canopy manipulation treatments of opening, closure, and 50% shading at 3 different growth stages. Without N application all 3 sowings produced similar yields (1·9-2·3 t/ha), but when N was applied, yield was higher and responded more to applied N in the June sowing than in the other sowings.The different responses of grain yield to N application rate among the 3 sowing dates were not due to differences in N uptake but to the efficiency of N use; with favourable temperatures throughout crop growth, the crop sown in June utilised N most eciently to develop a large number of grainsand to produce sufficient as similates to fill these grains. When yield had a positive response to low N application rates, then there was generally no response of GPC, whereas when there was no response of grain yield to further rate of N application then GPC increased. The results of the second experiment show that N uptake depended on plant N demand at early stages of growth when N was still available in the soil, but total N content of tops at maturity was similar among canopy manipulation treatments. Canopy opening at any stage of growth tended to increase tiller number, leaf area index, and above-ground dry matter, but the effect was greater attillering stage which produced the highest yield because of the greatest number of heads. Shading reduced yield at all stages, but particularly at pre-anthesis. Shading and canopy closure during grain filling reduced grain yield, but with similar N uptake these treatments significantly increased GPC .These results indicate that GPC depends on both assimilate and N availability to grain, and GPC can increase sharply when grain yield is reduced with low assimilate availability as a result of adverse growing conditions. Responses of grain yield to applied N depended on environmental conditions, particularly the patterns of air temperature during growth, and the crop utilised N more efficiently to produce higher yield when it was not exposed to extreme temperatures during the latter stages of growth.
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Eagles, HA, AG Bedggood, JF Panozzo, and PJ Martin. "Cultivar and environmental effects on malting quality in barley." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 46, no. 5 (1995): 831. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9950831.
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Improvements in malting quality are important if barley from south-eastern Australia is to remain competitive on export markets. Grain is desired that will produce high levels of malt extract and diastatic power but has moderate levels of grain protein. To examine cultivar and environmental effects, especially nitrogen (N) fertilizer, on levels of malting quality parameters and their correlations, seven cultivars of barley were grown in a fallow and pea stubble rotation with five levels of N fertilizer in the Wimmera region of Victoria in 1990 and 1991. The first season was relatively dry and warm, while the second was wetter and cooler. Grain yield and malt extract were markedly lower in 1990 than 1991, and grain protein concentration, grain screenings and diastatic power were significantly higher. Grain protein and diastatic power increased almost linearly with increasing N application, with a higher rate of increase in 1990 than in 1991. Malt extract declined almost linearly with increasing N application, but the change in rate of decline between seasons was less than the change of rate of increase of grain protein. Environmental correlations between protein concentration and malt extract, and between malt extract and diastatic power, were negative. They were close to -1.0 when the environmental factor varying was restricted to N fertilizer, but were of a smaller absolute magnitude when seasons and rotations were also allowed to vary. In contrast, genotypic correlations were of intermediate magnitude. Broad-sense heritabilities for malt extract and diastatic power were relatively high, even with such contrasting seasons. This indicates that it should be possible to develop cultivars for south-eastern Australia which have high malt extract and high diastatic power at low protein levels. However, applications of N fertilizer that raise grain protein concentration will reduce malt extract, with the effect much greater in drier, warmer seasons.
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Dalal, R. C., W. M. Strong, E. J. Weston, J. E. Cooper, and G. A. Thomas. "Prediction of grain protein in wheat and barley in a subtropical environment from available water and nitrogen in Vertisols at sowing." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 37, no. 3 (1997): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea96126.
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Summary. In many subtropical environments, cereal crops develop and mature largely on residual water in the soil. This research involves evaluation of the impact of plant available nitrogen (N) and water in soil at sowing on grain protein in wheat and barley in such a subtropical environment. Estimates of grain protein concentration of wheat (cv. Hartog) were made using plant available water and available N (soil nitrate-N and fertiliser N, where applied) at sowing using data obtained from an experiment conducted at Warra, Queensland, from 1987 to 1995. Treatments included: grass + legume leys of 4-year duration followed by continuous wheat with 0 or 50 kg N/ha.year applied as urea at sowing; 2-year rotation of lucerne and wheat; 2-year rotation of annual medics and wheat; 2-year rotation of chickpea and wheat, no-tillage wheat; and conventional tillage wheat. Fertiliser N as urea was applied to both no-tillage wheat and conventional tillage wheat at 0, 25 and 75 kg N/ha.year. The conventional tillage wheat also received N at 12.5 and 50 kg N/ha.year. Estimates of wheat grain yield required both rainfall during the fallow period or plant available water in the soil profile at sowing and rainfall from sowing to anthesis and, therefore, it could not be predicted precisely at sowing. Increasing plant available water (mm) in soil at sowing linearly reduced grain protein. In comparison, available N at sowing increased grain protein curvilinearly from 10.0% at 50 kg N/ha to 14.5% at 200 kg N/ha (0–120 cm depth). Variation in grain protein concentration was best accounted for by the available water : available N ratio at 0–90, 0–120 or 0–150 cm depths. The protein concentrations of wheat (cv. Hartog) grown in 1996 at Warra and Nindigully, and wheat (cv. Cunningham) grown from 1991 to 1995 at Billa Billa, and barley (cv. Tallon) grown in 1996 at Nindigully and Formartin, Queensland, were successfully predicted using the relationship between the available water : available N ratio and wheat grain protein concentration developed using data from Warra during 1987–95. Thus, available water should be matched by N supply at sowing to ensure the production of Prime Hard grade wheat and malting grade barley in the subtropical environment. As a ‘rule of thumb’, for 0–120 cm depth of soil sampling, each millilitre of available water matched with each kilogram of N per hectare of available N, at sowing, would produce about 13% protein wheat in this semi-arid region. It requires only 0.5 kg of N/ha for each millilitre of available water in 0–120 cm depth of soil to produce malting grade barley of about 10.5% protein concentration. Available water in soil at sowing can be approximated with rainfall during the fallow period, with rainfall (mm) : available N (kg/ha for 0–120 cm depth) ratios of 3.7 and 7.4 for respective 13 and 10.5% grain protein concentrations for both wheat and barley.
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Canci, Paulo C., Lexingtons M. Nduulu, Ruth Dill‐Macky, Gary J. Muehlbauer, Donald C. Rasmusson, and Kevin P. Smith. "Genetic Relationship between Kernel Discoloration and Grain Protein Concentration in Barley." Crop Science 43, no. 5 (September 2003): 1671–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2003.1671.
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Song, M. K., and J. J. Kennelly. "Effects of ammonia concentration and microbial population on in vitro degradation of 14C-labelled dietary proteins." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 71, no. 1 (March 1, 1991): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas91-014.
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Rumen fluid from two nonlactating cows fed barley silage and rolled barley grain based concentrates (75:25 on a dry matter basis) was incubated for 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4 h with 14C-labelled soybean meal (SBM), fish meal (FM) and corn gluten meal (CGM) to examine the effects of ammonia concentration and protein solubility on rate and extent of protein degradation by total mixed ruminal microorganisms (TMM) or mixed ruminal bacteria (MB). Proteins were labelled by reductive methylation. Ammonia concentration in control ruminal fluid was 4.0 mg dL−1; graded levels of 1 M (NH4)2SO4 were added to achieve ammonia concentrations of 10, 20, and 30 mg dL−1 ruminal fluid. Soluble protein was extracted with borate-phosphate buffer (pH 7.8). Removal of protozoa reduced the extent of protein degradation. However, relative to bacteria, protozoa appeared to play a minor role in protein degradation. Rate and extent of protein degradation was not influenced by ammonia concentration, but was highly correlated with protein solubility. Therefore, it is concluded that ammonia concentration is not the primary factor regulating proteolytic activity of rumen microorganisms, rather their activities may depend upon the solubility and physico-chemical properties of proteins. Key words: In vitro, ammonia concentration, protein degradation, microbial population
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Schlau, N., L. Duineveld, W. Z. Yang, T. A. McAllister, and M. Oba. "Precision processing barley grain did not affect productivity of lactating dairy cows." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 93, no. 2 (June 2013): 261–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas2012-133.
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Schlau, N., Duineveld, L., Yang, W. Z., McAllister, T. A. and Oba, M. 2013. Precision processing barley grain did not affect productivity of lactating dairy cows. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 93: 261–268. This study evaluated the effects of precision processing (PP; processing based on kernel size) barley grain on ruminal fermentation and productivity of lactating dairy cows. Twenty multiparous Holstein cows, including eight ruminally cannulated cows, were used in a replicated 4×4 Latin square design with 21-d periods. Diets contained light barley grain processed precisely using a narrow roller setting (LB), heavy barley processed precisely using a wide roller setting (HB), processed HB and LB mixed at equal proportions (PP), or equal parts of light and heavy barley grain processed at a single narrow roller setting (CON). All diets consisted of 40% barley grain, 40% barley silage, and 20% of a supplement premix. Comparisons were made between LB and HB to evaluate the effect of barley quality, and between PP and CON to evaluate the effect of precision processing. Dry matter intake, sorting index, ruminal fermentation characteristics, and nutrient digestibility were not affected by diet. In addition, milk yield and concentrations of milk fat, protein, and lactose were not different, although milk urea nitrogen concentration was greater for PP vs. CON and for LB vs. HB. These results suggest that precision processing barley grain based on kernel size may not drastically affect ruminal fermentation and milk production in lactating dairy cows.
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Gomez-Sanchez, Andrea, M. Estrella Santamaria, Pablo Gonzalez-Melendi, Aleksandra Muszynska, Christiane Matthess, Manuel Martinez, and Isabel Diaz. "Repression of barley cathepsins, HvPap-19 and HvPap-1, differentially alters grain composition and delays germination." Journal of Experimental Botany 72, no. 9 (January 17, 2021): 3474–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erab007.
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Abstract During barley germination, cysteine proteases are essential in the mobilization of storage compounds providing peptides and amino acids to sustain embryo growth until photosynthesis is completely established. Knockdown barley plants, generated by artificial miRNA, for the cathepsins B- and F-like HvPap-19 and HvPap-1 genes, respectively, showed less cysteine protease activities and consequently lower protein degradation. The functional redundancy between proteases triggered an enzymatic compensation associated with an increase in serine protease activities in both knockdown lines, which was not sufficient to maintain germination rates and behaviour. Concomitantly, these transgenic lines showed alterations in the accumulation of protein and carbohydrates in the grain. While the total amount of protein increased in both transgenic lines, the starch content decreased in HvPap-1 knockdown lines and the sucrose concentration was reduced in silenced HvPap-19 grains. Consequently, phenotypes of HvPap-1 and HvPap-19 artificial miRNA lines showed a delay in the grain germination process. These data demonstrate the potential of exploring the properties of barley proteases for selective modification and use in brewing or in the livestock feeding industry.
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Emebiri, L. C., D. B. Moody, J. F. Panozzo, K. J. Chalmers, J. M. Kretschmer, and G. A. Ablett. "Identification of QTLs associated with variations in grain protein concentration in two-row barley." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 54, no. 12 (2003): 1211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar03006.
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Grain protein concentration (GPC) is arguably the most important factor when marketing malting barleys. Excessively high and excessively low GPC are both undesirable for malting and brewing. GPC variation is influenced to a high degree by the environment and exhibits relatively large genotype × environment interaction. Identification of molecular markers linked to genes influencing GPC would allow barley breeders to select for GPC independent of environmental effects. A genetic linkage map with 270 markers was constructed to identify the genetic basis for variation in GPC, using 180 doubled haploid lines from a cross of VB9524 and ND11231*12. The parental genotypes were chosen on the basis of their known low GPC phenotype and their lack of common ancestry. A combination of composite interval and multiple-trait quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping approach allowed the identification of QTLs with specific impact on GPC, and those likely to depend on or be influenced by variations in grain yield and heading date. The study identified a major QTL with a 'stable' and specific effect on GPC and located near the centromeric region of chromosome 5H. The QTL accounted for ~21% of the phenotypic variation in this trait. The allele for reduced GPC at this region was inherited from the ND11231*12 parent, with additive effect of ~1% in GPC. Additional QTLs with minor effects (5–10% explained variation) were also detected on chromosome 2H, 4H, and 7H. The parent VB9524 was the source of the low GPC alleles at these regions.
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Koenig, K. M., K. A. Beauchemin, and L. M. Rode. "Effect of protein source on microbial protein synthesis and nutrient digestion in beef cattle fed barley grain-based diets." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 84, no. 3 (September 1, 2004): 481–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a03-108.
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Four British cross heifers fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were used in an experiment designed as a 4 × 4 Latin square. The basal diet was composed of 90% barley grain concentrate and 10% barley silage (DM basis) with either no protein supplementation (13.6% CP), or an additional 1.2% CP (% of DM) in the form of urea, canola meal (CM) or blood meal (BM). Ruminal ammonia N concentration was highest (P < 0.05) for the urea-supplemented diet (111 ± 18 mg N L-1), but no differences were observed among the control, CM- or BM-supplemented diets (59 to 78 mg N L-1; P > 0.05). Ruminal pH averaged 5.78 and was not affected by protein source (P = 0.97). Canola meal and BM tended (P < 0.10) to increase microbial N flow by 31 g N d-1 or 21% above the control diet. The response of microbial N flow to urea supplementation was intermediate between the control and true protein sources (P > 0.10). Ruminal OM and starch digestion were not affected by the dietary treatments (P > 0.10). In conclusion, barley grain-based finishing diets supplemented with protein sources of varying ruminal degradabilities increased microbial protein supply, but the improvement in microbial protein synthesis had no effect on diet fermentability. Key words: Protein supplements, microbial proteins, barley, beef cattle
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Sedlář, O., J. Balík, J. Černý, L. Peklová, and K. Kubešová. "Dynamics of the nitrogen uptake by spring barley at injection application of nitrogen fertilizers ." Plant, Soil and Environment 59, No. 9 (September 5, 2013): 392–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/76/2013-pse.
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Influence of CULTAN system (controlled uptake long term ammonium nutrition) on the nitrogen uptake by spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) was observed at 5-year small-plot field experiments under conditions of the Czech Republic (central Europe). Nitrogen uptake by CULTAN-fertilized plants was more even during vegetation period probably due to delayed term of fertilizer application. Nitrogen concentration in the aboveground biomass at BBCH 51 and in straw had no effect on grain yield. Post-heading nitrogen uptake as well as contribution of nitrogen translocation to total nitrogen in grain did not differ among both nitrogen fertilization treatments. Increase in grain size of spring barley by the CULTAN system can be explained by tendency to lower number of ears per area rather than by prolonged nitrogen uptake from soil. Lower protein content in grain of CULTAN-fertilized spring barley can be caused by increase in grain retained on a 2.5 mm sieve and also decrease in total nitrogen concentration in above-ground biomass at BBCH 51. No significant effect of CULTAN treatment on nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen uptake efficiency was recorded. Significantly higher nitrogen utilization efficiency at CULTAN treatment could be explained by lower grain protein content compared to conventional treatment.
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Khalili, H., A. Sairanen, K. Hissa, and P. Huhtanen. "Effects of type and treatment of grain and protein source on dairy cow performance." Animal Science 72, no. 3 (June 2001): 573–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800052103.
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AbstractThe effects of different types of energy or protein supplementation on performance of cows given grass silage-based diets were studied. The possibility of maintaining high energy intakes by using different grain sources, barley or maize, or by the use of the physical processing of the barley was investigated. In addition, the relative quality of rapeseed meal as a protein supplement compared with alternative protein supplements was examined. In experiment 1 16 Finnish Holstein-Friesian cows were used in a cyclic change-over design experiment with eight diets and four 21- day periods. The concentrate supplements comprised a 2 ✕ 2 ✕ 2 factorial arrangement of two grain sources (barley (B) and maize (M)) given either ground (T–) or steam-rolled (T+), each supplemented with either rapeseed expeller (R) or a mixture of maize gluten and soya-bean meal (GS). Grass silage was givenad libitumand concentrates at a rate of 11·2 kg DM per day. M supplements increased milk, milk protein and lactose output (P< 0·05) and decreased milk urea concentration (P< 0·01) compared with B supplements. Blood β-hydroxy-butyrate (BHB) and plasma urea concentrations were higher (P< 0·01) for B than M diets. R supplements increased silage intake, energy-corrected milk yield and milk protein output and concentration (P< 0·05) compared with GS supplements. Steam-rolled grain decreased food intake, blood BHB (P< 0·05) and plasma and milk urea concentrations (P< 0·001). Steam rolling improved organic matter digestibility (grain ✕ processing interaction,P< 0·05) with M but not with B supplements.In experiment 2 four Finnish Holstein-Friesian cows fitted with rumen cannula were used in a balanced complete change-over design to evaluate ground or steam-rolled barley (T– v. T+) and two protein treatments (rapeseed expeller, R or a mixture of maize gluten/soya-bean meal/sugar beet solubles, GSS). Cows were given concentrates at 11·2 kg dry matter (DM) per day and offered grass silagead libitum. There were no differences (P> 0·05) in food intake, digestibility or milk production and composition between treatments. Plasma urea concentrations (P< 0·01) and molar proportion of butyrate (P< 0·05) in rumen fluid were decreased with R compared with GSS supplements. The results showed that replacing B with M grain resulted in minor increases in milk production. Steam rolling of grain did not influence animal performance. Among the protein supplements R increased animal performance compared with GS supplement.
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Grant, C. A., L. E. Gauer, L. D. Bailey, and D. T. Gehl. "Protein production and nitrogen utilization by barley cultivars in response to nitrogen fertilizer under varying moisture conditions." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 71, no. 4 (October 1, 1991): 997–1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps91-142.
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In a 3-yr field experiment, six barley cultivars — one conventional height malting type, two semidwarf, two conventional height, and one short feed type — were grown at three sites, with six nitrogen application rates ranging from 0 to 200 kg ha−1, to determine the effects of cultivar and N level on N utilization under varying moisture conditions. Nine site-years of data were divided into three levels, low, moderate, and high, based on estimated moisture supply. As moisture level increased, protein concentration of the barley cultivars decreased, while protein yield and total N uptake increased. Cultivars with higher grain yield tended to be lower in protein concentration, but higher in protein yield, total N uptake and N use efficiency than those with lower grain yields. Differences among the cultivars in protein concentration were greater at low than high moisture levels, while differences due to N application were greater at high than low moisture levels. Within the range of N applied, nitrogen use efficiency decreased at high N levels under low and moderate moisture conditions, but was relatively constant at high moisture levels. Protein concentration response to N applications differed slightly among cultivars at all moisture levels, but cultivar by N level interactions in protein yield response only occurred under high moisture conditions. Cultivars respond similarly to N applications in terms of straw N concentration, total N uptake and N use efficiency. Key words: N, nitrogen, barley (Hordeum vulgare), moisture, protein, N use efficiency
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Campbell, L. D., R. J. Boila, and S. C. Stothers. "Variation in the chemical composition and test weight of barley and wheat grain grown at selected locations throughout Manitoba." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 75, no. 2 (June 1, 1995): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas95-035.
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Cultivars of wheat (n = 8) and barley (n = 6) were grown at 12 locations throughout Manitoba over 3 consecutive years. Test weight (TWT = weight of whole grain per volume), and the concentrations of protein, starch, fat, NDF and ADF in the grain from wheat and barley differed (P < 0.05) among cultivars of each grain. Correlation coefficients between measurements were calculated for barley: TWT vs. starch, r = 0.43; TWT vs. NDF, r = −0.66; TWT vs. ADF, r = −0.51; starch vs. NDF, r = −0.49; and they were also calculated for wheat: TWT vs. protein plus starch, r = 0.26; TWT vs. NDF, r = −0.44; TWT vs. ADF, r = −0.31; protein vs. starch, r = −0.50. Variation for TWT and the concentrations of protein, starch, fat, NDF and ADF in the grain from barley and wheat were due both to differences among cultivars and the effect of environment (location and year of growth) on those differences among cultivars. Effects of environment differed among measurements. Variance due to the interaction between cultivar, and location and year of growth (cultivar × environmental variance) was 7.5 and 14.0% of total variance (total variance = environmental variance plus cultivar × environmental variance) for protein in barley and wheat, respectively. Cultivar × environmental variance was also low and ranged from 24.0 to 35.4% of total variance for starch, NDF and ADF in barley and for ADF in wheat. The lower the percentage of cultivar × environmental variance the more predictable were the differences for a measurement among cultivars of a grain across environments. Key words: Grain, wheat, barley, composition, test weight, Manitoba
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Příkopa, M., R. Richter, J. Zimolka, and R. Cerkal. "The influence of the year, fore-crops and fertilisation on yield and content of crude protein in spring barley." Plant, Soil and Environment 51, No. 3 (November 19, 2011): 144–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3567-pse.
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In the years 2001–2003 in field trials we studied the effects of the conditions of year, fore-crops (winter wheat, sugarbeet, grain maize) and optimalization of the nutritional status on the yield and crude protein content in the grain of spring barley. From the analysis of the plants we can see that dry matter production and nutrient concentration in the plants were influenced by the conditions of the year and the fore-crop. After sugar beet, the growth of the dry matter was intensive and the concentrations of nutrients per one plant were higher as early as in the initial stages of vegetation. The yields in the years 2001 and 2002 corresponded with these results while the highest yields were seen after the sugar beet. Due to the extreme lack of precipitation, the best fore-crop in 2003 was maize. While the dose of 50 kg N/ha increased the yields after maize, after wheat it reduced the yields and increased the crude protein content in the grain.
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Ortiz, Luis T., Susana Velasco, Jesús Treviño, Beatriz Jiménez, and Almudena Rebolé. "Changes in the Nutrient Composition of Barley Grain (Hordeum vulgare L.) and of Morphological Fractions of Sprouts." Scientifica 2021 (July 20, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9968864.
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The objectives of the current study were (1) to evaluate the effect of sprouting on protein, amino acids, fats, fatty acids, starch, total soluble carbohydrates, and ß-D-glucan content of barley grains and (2) to know the content of these nutrients in the morphological fractions of sprouts: green shoot, residual structure of sprouted grain (RSSG), residual structure of sprouted grain plus unsprouted grain (RSSG plus UG), and root fractions and to determine the proportion of each of these fractions (on fresh and dry basis) in the sprout biomass. Barley grain was sprouted in a commercial germination chamber for a period of 6 days. Raw grain was used as a control. Results showed that crude protein, ether extract, total soluble carbohydrates, and cellulose content increased, whereas starch and ß-D-glucan content decreased in sprouted when compared with the control grain. Amino acid and fatty acid profiles were also affected. Thus, aspartic acid, threonine, alanine, valine, isoleucine, lysine, and tryptophan content increased and only that of glutamic acid decreased after sprouting. Regarding fatty acids, an increase in the relative concentration of C18 : 0 and C18:3n-3 and a decrease in that of C18:1n-9 were detected. Partitioning of sprouted barley into three morphological component fractions showed that the residual structures of sprouted grains plus unsprouted grain fraction made up 82.9% and 93.6% of sprout biomass, on fresh and DM basis, respectively, and the remainder was provided by the root fraction, 10.3% and 3.2%, respectively, and by the green shoot fraction, 6.8% and 3.1%, respectively. The three morphological fractions differed in the content of the most analyzed nutrients.
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Feizollahi, Ehsan, Basheer Iqdiam, Thava Vasanthan, Malinda S. Thilakarathna, and M. S. Roopesh. "Effects of Atmospheric-Pressure Cold Plasma Treatment on Deoxynivalenol Degradation, Quality Parameters, and Germination of Barley Grains." Applied Sciences 10, no. 10 (May 20, 2020): 3530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10103530.
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Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the major trichothecene mycotoxins commonly found in grains, in particular barley. This study focused on the reduction of DON concentration on barley samples using atmospheric cold plasma (ACP) treatment. The effects of moisture content, post-treatment storage, and relative humidity of air on DON degradation on barley were evaluated. Additionally, the germination and the quality parameters of barley, including protein content, β-glucan, and moisture content, were evaluated. The results showed that ACP treatment for 6 and 10 min reduced DON concentration by 48.9% and 54.4%, respectively. No significant differences were observed in the DON degradation levels by increasing the moisture content of barley from 9.5 to 15.7 g water/100 g sample and relative humidity of air from 12 to 60%. Steeping of barley grains without subsequent drying prior to ACP treatment significantly increased the degradation rate of DON by ACP due to the presence of water on the grain surface. No significant differences were observed for the tested quality parameters of barley in comparison with control samples. This study shows that ACP may offer an effective DON reduction in barley without affecting the quality attributes. However, ACP treatment parameters should be optimized to achieve a better DON reduction efficacy.
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Ledvinka, Harris D., Mehdi Toghyani, Daniel K. Y. Tan, Ali Khoddami, Ian D. Godwin, and Sonia Y. Liu. "The Impact of Drought, Heat and Elevated Carbon Dioxide Levels on Feed Grain Quality for Poultry Production." Agriculture 12, no. 11 (November 14, 2022): 1913. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12111913.
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Climate change has wide-reaching consequences for agriculture by altering both the yield and nutritional composition of grains. This poses a significant challenge for the poultry industry which relies on large quantities of high-quality feed grains to support meat and egg production. The existing literature shows that elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations (eCO2), heat and drought overall reduce grain yield and quality. However, these results are inconsistent, with some studies reporting small or large decreases and others even indicating potential improvements. These variations may occur because many studies only investigate one climate factor at a time, without considering interactions between factors. Additionally, most studies investigate just one grain type, rather than comparing grains and their morphophysiological differences. The present review offers a novel approach by investigating how eCO2, heat and drought interactively affect both the yield and nutritional composition of four key animal feed grains: wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), maize (Zea mays L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolour L. Moench). The photosynthetic pathway is a key determinant of a plant’s response to climate factors, so this review compares grains with both C3 photosynthesis (wheat and barley) and C4 photosynthesis (maize and sorghum). The present review found that eCO2 may promote starch synthesis in C3 grains of wheat and barley, thereby improving grain yield but diluting protein, lipid, vitamin and mineral concentrations. This potential yield improvement is further counteracted by heat and drought which limit the photosynthetic rate. Unlike wheat and barley, C4 photosynthesis is not CO2-limited, so neither the yield nor the nutritional quality of maize and sorghum are significantly affected by eCO2. On the other hand, heat stress and drought reduce photosynthesis in maize and sorghum and may offer minimal increases in nutrient concentrations. This review highlights that while eCO2 may increase the yield of wheat and barley grains, this effect (i) dilutes nutrient concentration, (ii) is counteracted by heat and drought, and (iii) does not benefit C4 grains maize and sorghum. An additional novel insight is offered by discussing how the impacts of climate change on animal feed production may be mitigated using alternative crop management practices, plant breeding, feed processing and enzyme supplementation.
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Mirzaei-Alamouti, H., A. Mohammad, M. Vazirigohar, P. Rezamand, and M. Mansouryar. "Effect of protein level and grain source on milk production, nutrient digestibility and ruminal fermentation in primiparous Holstein cows." Journal of Agricultural Science 158, no. 8-9 (November 2020): 767–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859621000095.
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AbstractThis study investigated whether the interaction of protein level and grain type can affect milk production, nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation in primiparous Holstein cows. Four dietary treatments were used: high-protein with barley as the only grain source, HP-B; (2) high-protein with an equal mix of barley and maize, HP-BM; (3) low-protein with barley as the only grain source, LP-B and (4) low-protein with equal proportions of barley and maize, LP-BM. High-protein diets showed no improvement in milk or protein yield compared with low-protein, but barley and maize mix diets increased energy-corrected milk yield and fat yield compared with barley-only diets. The highest total apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and neutral detergent fibre was observed for LP-BM whereas HP-BM showed the greatest crude protein digestibility. Treatment had no effect on total volatile fatty acid concentrations, molar proportion of acetate and propionate and acetate to propionate ratio. The lowest ruminal pH was observed for LP-B. High-protein diets resulted in greater concentrations of ammonia nitrogen (N), urinary N, blood and milk urea nitrogen compared with low-protein diets, whereas low-protein diets showed better nitrogen utilization efficiency. This study showed that primiparous lactating cows do not benefit from high-protein diets with different fermentation rates of grain sources, but barley and maize diets may improve milk production performance, ruminal fermentation and pH under the present dietary conditions. The current results on milk production performance should be interpreted with caution due to the small number of cows used (eight in each treatment).
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Fuller, M. F., A. Cadenhead, D. S. Brown, A. C. Brewer, M. Carver, and R. Robinson. "Varietal differences in the nutritive value of cereal grains for pigs." Journal of Agricultural Science 113, no. 2 (October 1989): 149–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600086706.
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SUMMARYEstimates were made of the dry matter (DM) yield and N content of cereal grains harvested from trial plots. They included 236 combinations of variety and treatment, with 13 varieties of winter wheat grown under six husbandry regimes, 14 varieties of spring barley under three husbandry regimes and ten varieties of winter barley under 11 husbandry regimes. The husbandry included timing and rate of fertilizer application, use of growth regulator and fungicide, and seed rate.For all three cereals, there were highly significant positive associations between grain N content (g/kg DM) and grain DM yield (t/ha) when individual varieties were grown under different conditions. The regression coefficients were: winter wheat 2·28, spring barley 0·74 and winter barley 1·06. When varieties were compared under constant husbandry, the association between N content and yield was negative; the regression coefficients were: winter wheat – 1·53, spring barley –1·14 and winter barley –1·21.The contents of lysine, threonine, isoleucine and valine were examined in 19 samples of winter wheat, 19 of spring barley and 21 of winter barley. Each cereal type included a comparison of varieties under one husbandry regime and a comparison of husbandry regimes in one variety.The amino acid composition of wheat protein changed little with either variety or treatment. In spring and winter barley, lysine concentration in grain protein (g/16 g N) decreased with increases in grain N which arose from additional fertilizer N. There were similar decreases in threonine, isoleucine and valine in winter barley, but varietal differences in grain N were not associated with significant changes in the amino acid composition of grain protein.The nutritive values of spring barley, winter barley and winter wheat were compared in digestion and N balance studies in growing pigs. A subset often samples was examined which included, for each cereal type, high- and low-protein varieties, each (except for spring barley) grown with high or low rates of applied fertilizer N.Apparent digestibility of dry matter measured at the terminal ileum was similar (0·67–0·70) in all three types of cereal but there was a tendency for the DM of high-protein varieties to be digested better than that of low-protein varieties. Over the whole digestive tract, the apparent digestibility of the DM of wheat was higher (0·83) than that of barley (0·75).The apparent digestion of the starch of all samples was virtually complete (0·98) by the end of the ileum; the remainder was digested in the large intestine.The apparent digestibility of N up to the terminal ileum was significantly higher for wheat than for barley, and significantly higher in high- than in low-protein varieties. Over the whole gastro-intestinal tract, the difference between the cereals was even larger; a greater proportion of wheat N than of barley N was digested in the large intestine.The rate of N fertilizer application did not significantly affect the apparent digestibility of any amino acid but there were significant differences amongst the cereal types in the apparent digestibility of seven amino acids. The amino acids in high-protein varieties were, on average, 6 % more digestible than those in low-protein varieties.When allowance was made for the endogenous flow of amino acids, some of the differences between cereals and between high- and low-protein varieties disappeared but some significant differences remained.The biological value (BV) of wheat protein (0·43) was significantly lower than that of barley protein (mean 0·57). When pigs were fed wheat as the sole protein source, the higher N content of wheat compensated for its lower BV. There were no significant differences in the rates of N retention between pigs fed on wheat or barley.
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EMEBIRI, L. C., and D. B. MOODY. "Potential of low-protein genotypes for nitrogen management in malting barley production." Journal of Agricultural Science 142, no. 3 (June 2004): 319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859604004332.
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Nitrogen (N) levels in the soil and N fertilization are among the major factors that affect grain protein concentration (GPC) in malting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). The use of inherently low protein cultivars might be an advantage in conditions of excessive soil N or in situations where N is applied to maximize yield. In the present study, eight malting barley genotypes were grown under dryland and irrigated conditions to compare their response to four rates of nitrogen (N) application (0, 30, 60 and 120 kg/ha). The trials were carried out in 1998 and 1999 at a site in the Wimmera region of Victoria, Australia, which has a Mediterranean-type environment. Seasonal differences accounted for a large proportion of the observed variation in GPC, but had little influence on variation in grain yield. Nitrogen application significantly increased grain yield and GPC, and decreased kernel weight and plumpness. The rate of response for grain protein was higher under dryland than irrigated conditions, but the genotype-by-nitrogen interaction was not significant under both conditions. To further characterize genotypic response, the method of pattern analysis was used to identify groups of genotypes showing a similar pattern in their response to N application and to relate the patterns to available knowledge about the inherent GPC of their grains. The eight genotypes were clustered into three entry groups, corresponding to low, moderate and high-protein genotypes. There was little difference among groups in the rate of response to N application. However, the genotype group with inherently low GPC maintained the lower protein over those with higher grain protein at the different rates of N application. Under dryland conditions, the low-protein genotypes tended to have less plump kernels with increasing rates of N application than the respective high-protein group.
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Polishchuk, S., E. Kyrdohlo, L. Mykhalska, B. Morgun, S. Pokhylko, О. Rybalka, and V. Schwartau. "Quantification of trace elements Fe, Zn, Mn, Se in hull-less barley grain." Agricultural Science and Practice 3, no. 1 (April 15, 2016): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/agrisp3.01.049.
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Aim. To explore the content of trace elements (TE), most valuable for human health – iron, zinc, manganese and selenium – in cultivars and breeding lines of hull-less barley, and to check the impact of abiotic environ- mental factors on TE accumulation in the grain of Achilles cultivar. Methods. Trace elements content was measured using ICP-MS Agilent 7700x. Results. The content of vital TE was determined in 26 samples of hull-less barley grain. The increased concentration of TE was observed in the samples with brown, blue and black caryopsis. The absence of dependence between abiotic environmental factors and TE accumulation was demonstrated using Achilles cultivar, presented by six different repeats. The correlation between the content of protein and that of iron in grain was established. Conclusions. White grain barley cultivars and lines are infe- rior in the content of Fe, Zn, Mn, and Se comparing to genotypes with brown, blue or black grain. The presence or absence of a fi lm on a hull-less barley grain has almost no impact on the amount of TE, which, as expected, are located in the aleurone layer and the germ of caryopsis. It was proven that the content of Fe, Zn, Mn in the Achilles grain almost did not change regardless of abiotic environmental factors. A high correlation, r = 0.87, Р > 0.05−0.001, was found between the content of protein and Fe in grain.
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McKenzie, R. H., A. B. Middleton, and E. Bremer. "Fertilization, seeding date, and seeding rate for malting barley yield and quality in southern Alberta." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 85, no. 3 (July 1, 2005): 603–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p04-152.
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Weather conditions are often unfavourable for malting barley quality in southern Alberta, but agronomic practice may improve the probability of attaining acceptable quality. The objective of this study was to determine optimum agronomic practice (cultivar, fertilization, seeding date and seeding rate) for yield and quality of malting barley in southern Alberta. Field trials were conducted at 12 dryland sites and 2 irrigated sites over a 3-yr period (2001–2003). At each site, five experiments were conducted with the following treatments: (1) N rate (0, 40, 80, 120, and 160 kg N ha-1), (2) P rate (0, 6.5, 13 and 19.5 kg P ha-1), (3) K rate (0, 25 and 50 kg K ha-1), (4) S rate (0, 10, and 20 kg S ha-1), and (5) seeding date (three dates at 10-d intervals) and seeding rate (150, 200, 250, 300, and 350 viable seeds m-1). Seven cultivars were included in the first experiment and two cultivars were included in the remainder of the experiments. Maximum grain yields were achieved when fertilizer + available soil N (estimated from unfertilized grain N yield) exceeded 31 kg N Mg-1 maximum grain yield, whereas protein concentrations were usually acceptable if fertilizer + available soil N was between 25 and 40 kg N Mg-1 maximum grain yield. Higher N rates generally reduced kernel size. Cultivar differences in N response were negligible. Application of P, K, or S did not affect malt yield or quality. Seeding delays of ≈ 20 d reduced grain yields by an average of 20%, with relatively greater yield declines under drought stressed conditions. Delayed seeding did not affect or slightly increased grain protein concentration. Kernel size was both increased and decreased by delayed seeding. Increased seeding rates from 150 to 350 viable seeds m-2 generally provided small yield gains, slight reductions in grain protein concentration and reduced kernel size. The most beneficial agronomic practices for malt barley production in southern Alberta were early seeding and application of N fertilizer at rates appropriate to the expected availability of moisture and soil N. Key words: Hordeum vulgare, nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur, protein, plump kernels
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Granzin, B. C. "Effects of supplement grain type and level of feeding on the milk production of early-lactation Holstein - Friesian cows grazing temperate and tropical pastures." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 44, no. 8 (2004): 735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea03042.
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Two experiments were undertaken to examine the effects of supplement grain type (barley v. maize) and level of feeding [4.5 v. 8.1 kg dry matter (DM)/cow.day] on the milk production, nutrient intake and rumen fermentation of cows grazing swards of biennial ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum cv. Concord), prairie grass (Bromus willdenowii cv. Matua) (expt 1) or kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum cv. Common) (expt 2). There were no interactions (P>0.05) between grain type and level of feeding (G × L) on milk production, liveweight change or condition score in either experiment. When the main effects were examined, feeding maize as opposed to barley resulted in higher milk protein concentrations (P = 0.001) in both experiments (2.96 v. 2.83% and 2.91 v. 2.71% for expts 1 and 2, respectively), higher milk fat concentration (P = 0.001; 3.85 v. 3.36%) and daily milk fat yield per cow (P = 0.029; 875 v. 791 g) in experiment 1, and higher daily yield (P = 0.004) of milk protein in experiment 2 (618 v. 578 g). In both experiments, feeding increased supplement resulted in higher (P<0.05) daily yields per cow of milk (24.1 v. 22.0 L and 23.6 v. 20.1 L for expts 1 and 2, respectively) and milk protein (703 v. 637 g and 646 v. 550 g for expts 1 and 2, respectively), and lower (P<0.05) milk fat concentrations (3.46 v. 3.76% and 3.25 v. 3.57% for expts 1 and 2, respectively). In both experiments, there were no G × L interactions (P>0.05) on pasture intake, neutral detergent fibre digestibility or rumen concentrations of ammonia or volatile fatty acids. There were G × L interactions on organic matter digestibility (P = 0.019) in experiment 1 and on starch digestibility (P = 0.003) in experiment 2, with cows fed 4.5 kg DM/day of barley having higher organic matter digestibility, and cows fed either level of barley having higher starch digestibility. In both experiments, feeding more supplement reduced (P>0.05) daily pasture intake per cow (13.3 v. 11.3 kg DM and 9.9 v. 8.3 kg DM for expts 1 and 2, respectively). Feeding barley rather than maize caused higher starch digestibility (P = 0.006) in experiment 1 (93.0 v. 89.8%), and higher organic matter digestibility (P = 0.021) and neutral detergent fibre digestibility (P = 0.009) in experiment 2 (70.8 v. 69.3% and 62.9 v. 59.7%, for organic matter digestibility and neutral detergent fibre digestibility, respectively). Feeding maize rather than barley reduced (P = 0.034) rumen molar proportion of butyrate (16.1 v. 17.6 mol %) in experiment 1. These experiments show that feeding supplements based on maize, as opposed to barley can: increase the milk fat concentration and yield of cows grazing temperate pastures; increase the milk protein yield of cows grazing tropical pastures; and increase the milk protein concentration of cows grazing either temperate or tropical pastures.
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Robaina, A. C., C. Grainger, P. Moate, J. Taylor, and J. Stewart. "Responses to grain feeding by grazing dairy cows." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 38, no. 6 (1998): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea97087.
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Summary. Two experiments were conducted on feeding grain supplements to dairy cows during summer. In experiment 1, dairy cows in mid–late lactation were offered one of 2 pasture allowances (about 20 and 40 kg DM/cow.day) with and without a supplement of a grain mix (5 kg of a 70 : 30 mixture of barley and lupins). This experiment was conducted twice over 2 consecutive summer–autumn periods (years 1 and 2). Milk yields were higher at the high pasture allowance and with grain feeding. The marginal response to grain feeding (kg milk/kg grain DM consumed) was 0.7 at both pasture allowances in year 1, and 1.1 and 0.8 at the low and high pasture allowance, respectively, in year 2. Diet had no significant effect on milk composition. Pasture intake was reduced by supplementary feeding and the level of substitution depended on pasture allowance. The alkane-based and sward sampling techniques were used to estimate pasture intake and diet digestibility. Estimates of pasture substitution, based on measurements made with the alkane technique, were 0.3 and 0.6 kg DM reduction in pasture/kg DM grain consumed at the low and high pasture allowance, respectively, in both years. In year 1, the pasture substitution measured with the pasture difference method was 1 kg pasture DM/kg grain DM at both pasture allowances. In year 2, estimates of substitution calculated using the pasture difference method were 0.2 and 0.5 kg pasture DM/kg grain DM at the low and high pasture allowance respectively. In the second experiment (year 3), the effects of level of feeding barley on pasture intake, diet digestibility and milk production were measured during summer. The 4 levels of grain consumed were 0, 1.8, 3.4 and 6.7 kg barley DM/cow. day. Higher grain intake resulted in higher milk yield, higher protein concentration and yields of fat, protein and lactose. Milk yield responses per kilogram of barley diminished from 1.6 at the low barley intake to 0.8 kg milk/kg barley DM at the highest barley intake. It is suggested that higher levels of substitution and a potentially less efficient use of grain contributed to the poorer production responses at higher levels of grain feeding.
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Wales, W. J., D. W. Dellow, and P. T. Doyle. "Protein supplementation of cows grazing limited amounts of paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum Poir.)-dominant irrigated pasture in mid-lactation." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 40, no. 7 (2000): 923. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00020.
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Two experiments were undertaken in summer to investigate production responses by dairy cows offered paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum Poir.)-dominant irrigated pasture to the inclusion of protein supplements with different rumen degradable protein characteristics in cereal grain-based concentrates. In experiment 1, cows in mid lactation were offered limited amounts of herbage, at an allowance of 28 kg DM/cow. day together with 8.0 kg DM/cow. day of a pelleted supplement containing: (i) mainly barley and wheat; (ii) barley, wheat and canola meal; or (iii) barley, wheat and cottonseed meal for 35 days. The 3 supplements were formulated to have similar in vitro DM digestibilities. In experiment 2 aspects of rumen function were measured in 9 rumen fistulated lactating cows, individually fed indoors on paspalum-dominant herbage harvested daily with a finger bar mower. Cows were offered the same amount of supplements for 28 days. Pasture intakes were similar to those of the grazing cows in experiment 1. In experiment 1, there were no effects (P>0.05) of dietary treatment on herbage intake (10.2 kg DM/cow. day) or selection of nutrients from herbage. The concentration of crude protein in the total diet consumed was lower (P<0.05) for the barley + wheat treatment (137 g/kg DM), compared with the barley + wheat + canola meal and barley + wheat + cottonseed meal treatments, which were 179 and 183 g/kg DM, respectively. In vitro DM digestibility of the feed consumed by cows was similar across the treatments, and all diets contained greater than 400 g neutral detergent fibre/kg DM, indicating there were no limitations due to dietary fibre. There were no significant effects (P>0.05) of dietary treatments on milk production (21.8 kg/cow. day), milk fat concentration (34.1 g/kg) or milk protein concentration (29.8 g/kg). Urea-N was higher (P<0.01) in the milk of cows fed the barley + wheat + canola meal and the barley + wheat + cottonseed meal treatments compared with the barley + wheat treatment. In experiment 2, rumen fluid pH was higher in cows consuming barley + wheat pellets than in cows consuming barley + wheat + canola meal on most sampling occasions. Rumen ammonia-N concentration was lowest in the barley + wheat treatment and highest in the barley + wheat + canola meal treatment. When cows grazing paspalum-dominant irrigated pasture were supplemented with 8 kg DM of a cereal-based supplement, metabolisable protein was calculated to be present in sufficient quantities to support at least 22 kg milk/cow. day and, hence, was not limiting milk production. It is concluded that protein supplements offered to cows in mid-lactation, grazing irrigated pastures in summer, are unlikely to give a milk production response beyond that achieved with cereal grain.
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Rodenhuis, Mary A., Faithe E. Keomanivong, Marc L. Bauer, and Kendall C. Swanson. "Effect of grain type and dried distillers grains plus solubles oil concentration on site of digestion in cattle fed finishing diets." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 98, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 368–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2017-0164.
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The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of grain type (rolled corn vs. rolled barley) and oil concentration of dried corn distillers grains plus solubles (DDGS; moderate = 7.9% vs. low = 4.5% ether extract) on site of digestion. Seven ruminally and duodenally cannulated Holstein steers (716 ± 8.9 kg) were used in a 4 × 7 Youden square with experimental periods of 24 d. True ruminal organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP) digestibility (% of intake) as well as intestinal (% of entering duodenum) and total tract starch digestibility was greater (P ≤ 0.03) in steers fed diets containing barley than in steers fed diets containing corn. Ruminal disappearance and ruminal, intestinal, and total tract OM, CP, and starch digestibility were not influenced (P ≥ 0.11) by feeding diets containing DDGS with differing oil concentration. Total tract lipid digestibility (%) was greater (P < 0.001) in steers fed diets containing moderate-oil DDGS than low-oil DDGS. These data indicate that including a low-oil DDGS, as compared with a moderate-oil DDGS, in finishing diets containing rolled corn or rolled barley does not influence intake or site of digestion of nonlipid components.
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Kong, D., T. M. Choo, P. Narasimhalu, P. Jui, T. Ferguson, M. C. Therrien, K. M. Ho, and K. W. May. "Variation in starch, protein, and fibre of Canadian barley cultivars." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 75, no. 4 (October 1, 1995): 865–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps95-143.
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Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is a major feed in the Maritime region of Canada, but information on the chemical composition of barley cultivars grown in the Maritimes is lacking. Therefore, a study was undertaken to determine if starch, protein, neutral-detergent fibre (NDF), and acid-detergent fibre (ADF) of barley vary from region to region in Canada and to determine if barley cultivars that originated from Eastern Canada exhibit different chemical composition than those that originated from Western Canada. The chemical composition of two-row and six-row, covered and hulless, and feed and malting cultivars were also compared. Seventy-five cultivars were tested in eight environments (i.e. Charlottetown, Ottawa, Brandon, and Bentley in 1991 and 1992). These cultivars were classified into eight classes in four comparisons: eastern vs. western, two-row vs. six-row, hulless vs. covered, and feed vs. malting. Charlottetown grains were relatively low in protein, high in starch, and intermediate in NDF and ADF in comparison with grains produced at the other three locations. This suggests that more research in cultivar development and crop management is needed to increase the protein concentration of barley in the Maritimes. On average, two-row cultivars contained more starch and less fibre than six-row cultivars. Eastern two-row cultivars contained more protein than western two-row cultivars. As expected, hulless barleys contained more starch and protein, but less fibre than covered barleys. Canadian barley cultivars exhibited considerable variation in chemical composition. The cultivar x environment interaction was much smaller than the cultivar effect. Therefore, it is important to identify barley cultivars with high nutritional quality for use in commercial production. Key words: Barley, Hordeum vulgare L., cultivars, starch, protein, fibre
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Przulj, Novo, Vojislava Momcilovic, Jasmina Simic, and Milan Mirosavljevic. "Effect of growing season and variety on quality of spring two-rowed barley." Genetika 46, no. 1 (2014): 59–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1401059p.
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Quality of barley consists of precisely defined grain quality attributes (grain weight, grading, grain protein concentration, etc.) and malt quality attributes (extract, viscosity, Kolbach index, etc.). Barley quality attributes are quantitatively inherited and greatly affected by environmental factors such as temperature, available water, nitrogen fertilizer and soil type. The main objective of this study was to determine the effects of genotype and growing conditions (year) on grain and malt quality attributes in barley grown under field conditions in the Pannonian zone. The eight spring two-row barley varieties were studied during a seven growing seasons (1998-2004) on the location Novi Sad (45?20'N, 15?51'E, 86 m asl). The growing season predominantly affected variation of the all studied grain and malt quality attributes of spring barley where its percentage of variance was 35.2%, 20.2%, 32.5%, 25.4%, 30.9%, 31.2%, and 38.5% for grain weight (GW), grading (GRA), grain protein content (GPC), viscosity (VIS), Kolbach index (KOL), Hartong number (HAR) and extract content (EXT), respectively. The interaction of GxE comprised of 28.4%, 64.5%, 38.2%, 54.0%, 39.6%, 41.2% and 23.7% of variation for GW, GRA, GPC, VIS, KOL, HAR and EXT, respectively. The genetic component of variance ranged from 11.1% for GRA to 35.0% for EXT. The heritability was the lowest for GRA-0.54 and the highest for EXT-0.91. Across growing seasons GW ranged from 39.6 to 46.1g, GRA from 76.7 to 91.1%, GPC from 12.1 to 13.5g 100-1g dm, VIS from 1.44 till 1.61m.Ps, KOL from 32.5 to 42,9%, HAR from 31.9 to 45.9VZ 45?C and EXT from 76.3 to 80.3% dm. Out of seven growing seasons EXT was acceptable in four ranging from79.2 to 81.4% dm. Although growing conditions in the Pannonian zone are less favorable for malting barley production in relation to western Europe it does not exclude malting barley production with acceptable quality in the Pannonian zone environments. The varieties Scarlett and Viktor performed quite acceptable quality in the Pannonian zone and may be recommended for commercial production in this region for malt industry.
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Dreccer, M. F., C. Grashoff, and R. Rabbinge. "Source-sink ratio in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) during grain filling: effects on senescence and grain protein concentration." Field Crops Research 49, no. 2-3 (February 1997): 269–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4290(96)01002-7.
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Peltonen, Jari, Ari Virtanen, Jaakko Helenius, Juha Suopelto, Kari Kittilä, and Esko Eloranta. "Determination of barley nitrogen status with chlorophyll meter for high β-amylase in grains." Agricultural and Food Science 4, no. 5-6 (December 1, 1995): 495–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72625.
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The production of β-amylase is of great importance in two-rowed spring barley cv. Kymppi (Hordeum vulgare L.) in the Finland, where long-day conditions favour high enzyme activities. Nitrogen (N) fertilization of a crop is the main means of manipulating barley β-amylase activity for industrial purposes. In this study, leaf chlorophyll content determined with a portable chlorophyll meter (Minolta SPAD-502) in the field, was used to predict N availability of cv. Kymppi for β-amylase production. Critical chlorophyll meter readings (SPAD values) were calculated from data deriving from experiments with various N fertilizer levels using the Cate-Nelson procedure. According to the results of this study it can be stated that the critical SPAD values at pollination (i.e. pollen grains on well-developed stigmatic hairs, GS 52-58) are 37 SPAD units for grain yield and 41 SPAD units for β-amylase activity. The optimum grain yield occurred at 41 SPAD units and optimum P-amylase activity was reached at 45 SPAD units. Determination of leaf chlorophyll content using the chlorophyll meter led to more appropriate fertilizer application recommendations and subsequently increased β-amylase activity in grains. Grain protein concentration could be an effective diagnostic tool for post-harvest evaluation of grain β-amylase activity in cv. Kymppi.
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Brennan, R. F., and K. W. Jayasena. "Increasing applications of potassium fertiliser to barley crops grown on deficient sandy soils increased grain yields while decreasing some foliar diseases." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 58, no. 7 (2007): 680. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar06286.
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Most sandy soils used for cropping in south-western Australia (SWA) have now become potassium (K) deficient due to removal of K in hay and grain, so it is now profitable to apply K fertiliser to most barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) crops in the region. Leaf diseases of barley crops in the region have increased in recent years particularly in the in medium to high (350–600 mm annual average rainfall) areas of SWA. Seventeen field experiments were undertaken to determine the effect of applications of K fertiliser, either the chloride (KCl) or sulfate source (K2SO4), on grain yield increases and on the percentage leaf area diseased (%LAD) when diseases were controlled or not controlled by fungicide sprays. Maximum grain yield of barley was achieved where adequate K fertiliser (~8–22 kg K/ha) was applied and leaf diseases were controlled by fungicide. Applying increasing amounts of applied K fertiliser (0–120 kg K/ha) to barley decreased the %LAD by powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei Syn.) and spot-type net blotch (Pyrenophora teres f. maculata (Sacc.) Shoem.) and increased grain yield. By contrast, when leaf rust (Puccinia hordei G. Otth) was present the %LAD was unaffected by K application. When powdery mildew was the major disease, larger increases in grain yields and larger reductions in %LAD were obtained when KCl was used instead of K2SO4. About twice as much K fertiliser as K2SO4 was required for 90% maximum grain yield compared with KCl where powdery mildew was present. Applying larger amounts (>40 kg K/ha) of K fertiliser than required to achieve maximum grain yields did not further reduce %LAD by powdery mildew. There were no significant differences between the 2 sources of K fertiliser on the %LAD by spot-type net blotch. Generally, the percentage protein content and hectolitre weight of grain were unaffected by K fertiliser. Potassium fertiliser decreased the percentage grain < 2.5 mm (known locally as screenings) and control of the foliar leaf diseases by applications of fungicide resulted in a decrease in protein content and screenings and increased hectolitre weight of barley grain. The concentration of K in dried shoots that was related to 90% of the maximum shoot yield (critical diagnostic K) decreased as the plant matured, and was ~41 g/kg at Z22, ~30 g/kg at Z32, ~20 g/kg at Z40, and ~15 g/kg at Z59. The concentration of K in dried shoots which was related to 90% of the grain yield (critical prognostic K) decreased as plant matured, and was similar to critical diagnostic K values. Leaf disease had little effect on critical concentrations of K at early growth stages (Z22 and Z32).
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Ingvordsen, Cathrine H., René Gislum, Johannes R. Jørgensen, Teis N. Mikkelsen, Anders Stockmarr, and Rikke B. Jørgensen. "Grain protein concentration and harvestable protein under future climate conditions. A study of 108 spring barley accessions." Journal of Experimental Botany 67, no. 8 (February 17, 2016): 2151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erw033.
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Nair, J., G. B. Penner, P. Yu, H. A. (Bart) Lardner, T. A. McAllister, D. Damiran, and J. J. McKinnon. "Evaluation of canola meal derived from Brassica juncea and Brassica napus on rumen fermentation and nutrient digestibility by feedlot heifers fed finishing diets." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 96, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 342–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2015-0184.
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Five yearling heifers (387 ± 6.5 kg) were utilized in a 5 × 5 Latin square to evaluate the substitution of canola meal (CM) derived from Brassica (B.) napus and B.juncea seed for barley grain on feed intake and nutrient utilization. The control diet (CONTROL) consisted of 88.3% barley grain, 4.4% barley silage, and 7.3% supplement [dry matter (DM) basis]. The four CM treatments included 10% and 20% B.napus or B.juncea meal, with CM replacing barley grain. Dry matter intake was not affected (P > 0.05) by treatment. Total duration and area under rumen pH 5.8, 5.5, and 5.2 increased (P < 0.05) with greater inclusion of CM, regardless of type. Cattle fed 20% CM had elevated rumen ammonia-N concentration and urinary N excretion. Cattle fed B. juncea meal exhibited greater (P < 0.05) apparent nutrient digestibility compared with those fed B. napus meal. In conclusion, meal derived from B. napus or B. juncea can be used to replace barley grain at levels up to 20% (DM) in finishing diets without compromising rumen fermentation or total tract nutrient digestibility. However, animal performance and possible economic benefits need to be balanced against the increasing N excretion resulting from over-feeding protein to cattle.
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SALO, T., J. ESKELINEN, and L. JAUHIAINEN. "Reduced fertiliser use and changes in cereal grain weight, test weight and protein content in Finland in 1990-2005." Agricultural and Food Science 16, no. 4 (December 4, 2008): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.2137/145960607784125375.
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Since 1995 the Finnish Agri-Environmental Program has set limits for nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertiliser application rates in agriculture. The decrease in N and P fertiliser recommendations, and especially the decrase in N and P amounts applied in practice, has raised the question of whether N and P application rates are too low to produce high quality yields. The test weight, 1000 grain weight and protein concentrations measured in 19902005 by the Cereal Inspection Unit of the Finnish Food Safety Authority were analysed against soil type, location and NP fertiliser data. The purpose of this study was to document and statistically analyse changes in fertiliser use, important quality factors and the connection between fertiliser use and grain quality of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), oats (Avena sativa L.), winter rye (Secale cereale L.) as well as spring and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Applications of N and P fertiliser, test weight and 1000 grain weight have decreased in Finland since 1990-1994. Protein content began to decrease in 19951999, but then increased in 20002005. The statistical analysis showed that reduced N application rates are associated with lower test weight, 1000 grain weight and grain protein concentration. In addition, low P application rates were associated with reduced 1000 grain weight and protein concentration in some instances, although protein concentration also increased in winter wheat grain. The magnitude of grain quality reduction was not solely explicable through N and P application rates. During the observation period many other factors changed in Finnish cereal production and, for example, the decrease in cereal prices, increase of reduced tillage and low investments in drainage and liming could have been associated with decreased grain quality.;
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Gibreel, Amera, James R. Sandercock, Jingui Lan, Laksiri A. Goonewardene, Ruurd T. Zijlstra, Jonathan M. Curtis, and David C. Bressler. "Fermentation of Barley by Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Examination of Barley as a Feedstock for Bioethanol Production and Value-Added Products." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 5 (December 29, 2008): 1363–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01512-08.
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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to examine the ethanol yield potential of three barley varieties (Xena, Bold, and Fibar) in comparison to two benchmarks, corn and wheat. Very high gravity (VHG; 30% solids) fermentations using both conventional and Stargen 001 enzymes for starch hydrolysis were carried out as simultaneous saccharification and fermentation. The grains and their corresponding dried distiller's grain with solubles (DDGS) were also analyzed for nutritional and value-added characteristics. A VHG traditional fermentation approach utilizing jet-cooking fermentation revealed that both dehulled Bold and Xena barley produced ethanol concentrations higher than that produced by wheat (12.3, 12.2, and 11.9%, respectively) but lower than that produced by corn (13.8%). VHG-modified Stargen-based fermentation of dehulled Bold barley demonstrated comparable performance (14.3% ethanol) relative to that of corn (14.5%) and wheat (13.3%). Several important components were found to survive fermentation and were concentrated in DDGS. The highest yield of phenolics was detected in the DDGS (modified Stargen 001, 20% solids) of Xena (14.6 mg of gallic acid/g) and Bold (15.0 mg of gallic acid/g) when the hull was not removed before fermentation. The highest concentration of sterols in DDGS from barley was found in Xena (3.9 mg/g) when the hull was included. The DDGS recovered from corn had the highest concentration of fatty acids (72.6 and 77.5 mg/g). The DDGS recovered from VHG jet-cooking fermentations of Fibar, dehulled Bold, and corn demonstrated similar levels of tocopherols and tocotrienols. Corn DDGS was highest in crude fat but was lowest in crude protein and in vitro energy digestibility. Wheat DDGS was highest in crude protein content, similar to previous studies. The barley DDGS was the highest in in vitro energy digestibility.
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Falcon, Celeste M., Richard Horsley, Gongshe Hu, Thomas Blake, and Kevin P. Smith. "Mapping QTLs for Grain Protein Concentration and Agronomic Traits under Different Nitrogen Levels in Barley." Crop Science 59, no. 1 (January 2019): 68–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2018.03.0208.
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MISIR, R., and R. BLAIR. "BIOTIN BIOAVAILABILITY FROM PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTS AND CEREAL GRAINS FOR WEANLING PIGS." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 68, no. 2 (June 1, 1988): 523–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas88-058.
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The biological availability of biotin in canola meal (CM), cereal grain, cereal grain plus CM, and soybean meal (SBM) was estimated, using 140 pigs in the 10- to 20-kg weight range. In exp. I, pigs (six/treatment) were individually housed and fed a basal casein-cornstarch diet with 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 or 250 μg d-biotin kg−1 to generate data for a dose-response curve based on plasma biotin concentration. Other pigs were fed CM, SBM or soyprotein isolate (SPI) included in the diet. In exp. II, pigs were housed in pairs and four pairs were fed diets based on cereal grain or cereal grain plus CM. Results (exp. I) showed a higher correlation between daily biotin intake and plasma biotin (r = 0.835, P < 0.01) than on growth rate (r = 0.627, P < 0.05). The regression for plasma biotin (Y) on biotin intake (X) computed from the linear portion of the curve (i.e., 0-200 μg added biotin kg−1) was[Formula: see text]Biotin bioavailability in various feedstuffs was highest for corn (101.2%), followed by SBM (85.5%), CM (70.9%), and wheat (33.3%), triticale (25.9%), sorghum (25.1%) and barley (24.0%). Key words: Biotin bioavailability, protein supplements, cereal grains, swine
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Smith, D. L., B. L. Ma, S. Leibovitch, S. Lussier, and W. E. Maloba. "Comparison of crop management effects on spring barley cultivars grown on three soil types in southwestern Quebec." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 73, no. 4 (October 1, 1993): 927–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps93-123.
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There may be potential to increase grain yield and/or quality of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under the short crop-growing season conditions of Southwestern Quebec with intensive cereal management (ICM) practices similar to those used successfully in Europe. A field experiment was conducted for 4 yr (1987–1990) at the Macdonald Campus of McGill University to evaluate the applicability of ICM (140 kg N ha−1, 480 g a.i. ethephon ha−1, 70 g triadimefon ha−1 and 10-cm row spacing) vs. conventional cereal management (CCM) (70 kg N ha− and 20-cm row spacing) on spring barley. Four barley cultivars (Cadette, Joly, Laurier and Leger) were grown on three soil types: Bearbrook clay, St. Bernard loam and Chicot loamy sand. Grain yields of most cultivars were either unchanged or decreased 5–30% by ICM whereas Laurier occasionally yielded better under ICM than CCM. A general increase in spikes m−2 that resulted from ICM was largely offset by a reduction in grains per spike. Although ICM increased crude protein concentrations in grain and straw, use of 15N-labelled fertilizer showed a lower N recovery rate. The results indicated that yield response to ICM was inconsistent and was influenced to a large extent by prevailing weather and soil conditions. The ICM package tested is not applicable in this region. Key words: Conventional cereal management (CCM), intensive cereal management (ICM), 15N, nitrogen recovery, protein, soil type, spring barley
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McAllister, T. A., Y. Dong, L. J. Yanke, H. D. Bae, K. J. Cheng, and J. W. Costerton. "Cereal grain digestion by selected strains of ruminal fungi." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 39, no. 4 (April 1, 1993): 367–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m93-054.
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The ruminal fungi Orpinomyces joyonii strain 19-2, Neocallimastix patriciarum strain 27, and Piromyces communis strain 22 were examined for their ability to digest cereal starch. All strains digested corn starch more readily than barley or wheat starch. Orpinomyces joyonii 19-2 exhibited the greatest propensity to digest starch in wheat and barley, whereas the digestion of these starches by N. patriciarum 27 and P. communis 22 was limited. Media ammonia concentrations were lower when fungal growth was evident, suggesting that all strains assimilate ammonia. Fungi formed extensive rhizoidal systems on the endosperm of corn, but O. joyonii 19-2 was the only strain to form such systems on the endosperm of wheat and barley. All strains penetrated the protein matrix of corn but did not penetrate starch granules. Starch granules from all three cereals were pitted, evidence of extensive digestion by extracellular amylases produced by O. joyonii 19-2. Similar pitting was observed on the surface of corn starch granules digested by N. patriciarum 27 and P. communis 22, but not on wheat and barley starch granules. The ability of ruminal fungi to digest cereal grains depends on both the strain of fungus and the type of grain. The extent to which fungi digest cereal grain in the rumen remains to be determined.Key words: ruminal fungi, cereal grain, starch digestion, ruminant.