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1
Ottman, Michael J. "Seeding Rate Effects on Durum Grain Protein Concentration." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/204099.
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It has been observed in other wheat growing regions that stands that are thin rarely have problems with low grain protein. The purpose of this study was to determine if this is indeed the case in Arizona. A study was conducted at Maricopa where the durum varieties Duraking, Minos, and Turbo were sown at rates from 30 to 360 lbs seed/acre. Seeding rate had no effect on grain protein or yield in this study. The reported effects of thin stands on grain protein may be related to low yield rather than seeding rate per se.
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Nolan, Eamon David. "Understanding and predicting grain nitrogen concentration in malting barley." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/29582.
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Grain nitrogen (N) concentration is a major quality criterion of malting barley for which there is a narrow range that producers must meet to satisfy market requirements (1.52 – 1.84 %). In recent years growers in Ireland have had difficulty producing grain with a high enough N concentration to meet these requirements using standard recommended agronomic regimes. The reasons for the lower than expected grain N concentrations are not known. There is interest from growers and maltsters in the development of a system to forecast likely grain N concentration from crop measurements made at or before flowering. A forecasting system would allow growers to identify crops at risk of falling below specification and to apply late N fertiliser if needed. It would also enable maltsters to plan grain intake and malting operations in advance of harvest. The aim of this project was to investigate the potential for predicting grain N concentrations of spring barley from crop and soil measurements made at ear emergence. The main objectives were to 1) investigate the relationships between measurements made at ear emergence and grain N concentration at harvest in order to identify which characteristics should be included as variables in multiple regression models to explain variation in grain N concentration, 2) to use the models with independent data sets to predict grain N concentration and test the accuracy of the predictions, 3) to quantify the recovery by the crop of fertiliser N applied at anthesis and its effects on grain N concentration and 4) to determine whether non-destructive techniques can provide estimates of crop growth and N content for use in the prediction models. Field experiments were established with plots of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare cv. SY Taberna) at one site in 2013 and two sites in 2014 representative of those employed in malting barley production in Ireland. Fertiliser N applications were varied over the range 0 – 210 kg N/ha (with dressings split between sowing and mid-tillering) to provide a range of crop growth and grain N concentrations. In some experiments additional applications of N were made at anthesis to quantify effects on grain N concentration and seed rate treatments (150, 300 and 600 seeds per m-2) imposed to test the accuracy of predictions of grain N concentration in crops of varying canopy structure. Destructive samples were taken to determine total crop N content and canopy N distribution at ear emergence and harvest. Measurements of soil mineral N availability, ear numbers per m-2 and the number of spikelets per ear were made at ear emergence. Final grain yield and quality were also determined at harvest. Grain N concentration is the quotient of grain N content and grain yield. Both grain N content and yield explained a significant amount of the variation in grain N concentration observed across sites and fertiliser N treatments indicating that estimates of both must be included in models to predict N concentration. Grain N content was strongly related to total crop N content at harvest (P < 0.001; R2 = 0.96), which in turn was related to canopy N content at ear emergence (P < 0.001; R2 = 0.94). Similarly, grain yield was strongly related to total crop biomass at harvest (P < 0.001; R2 = 0.83), which in turn was related to crop biomass at ear emergence (P < 0.001; R2 = 0.88). These results indicated that predictions of grain N concentration might be possible from measurements of crop N content and biomass at ear emergence and that the effects of variation in harvest index, nitrogen harvest index and post-anthesis N uptake on grain N concentration are likely to be negligible under normal agronomic conditions in Ireland. Weather conditions in 2013 were unusually dry and estimates of soil moisture deficit and available water capacity indicated that the crop was water stressed. In 2014 weather conditions were close to the long term averages for the sites. Multiple regression models using canopy N content and biomass at ear emergence as explanatory variables accounted for 91% of the variation in grain N concentration when data from 2014 were used and 80% when data from both 2013 and 2014 were combined. The models developed using data from plots sown at 300 seed per m-2 in 2014 were tested against independent data from plots sown at 150 seeds per m-2 in the same year and at the same sites to test the accuracy of predictions across plant populations and canopy structures. The models were also tested using data from experimental plots and commercial fields collected in 2015 to test the accuracy of predictions in a different year across a range of sites and varieties. Values of grain N concentration predicted from measurements at ear emergence were compared with actual grain N concentrations measured at harvest. The accuracy of predictions was good with an R2 of 0.80 and RMSE of 0.114 %N for the test across seed rates and R2 of 0.80 and RMSE 0.220 %N for the validation in 2015 across sites and varieties. In 2014, grain N concentrations were increased significantly by applications of additional N fertiliser at anthesis with apparent recoveries (increase in N content (kg) /kg fertiliser N applied) in grain averaging 50% over the range of application rates indicating scope for increasing grain N concentration in crops predicted to be at risk of not meeting malting specifications Non-destructive measurements displayed significant relationships with N content and biomass at GS 59 across a combination of sites and seasons. However, issues in performance relating to instrument saturation were obvious and estimates never produced more accurate predictions of grain N concentration than destructive sampling. The results show that grain N concentration of spring barley can be predicted with good accuracy from measurements of canopy N and crop biomass made at ear emergence when the weather conditions are comparable to the long term average for the region. As conditions of drought are rare in Ireland, the prediction models are a potentially valuable tool to aid crop management and post-harvest operations by growers and maltsters. Further testing will be needed before users can be confident in the reliability of predictions over years and a larger set of varieties.
3
Ottman, M. J. "Seeding Rate and Phosphorous Fertilizer Effects on Durum Grain Protein Concentration." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/201444.
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Pettersson, C. G. "Predicting malting barley protein concentration : based on canopy reflectance and site characteristics /." Uppsala : Dept. of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/200756.pdf.
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Ottman, Michael J. "Wheat and barley varieties for Arizona, 2015." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/581481.
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Bulman, Patrick G. M. "Management and cultivar effects on the yield and grain protein of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=41104.
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Spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is an important cereal crop in Quebec, where it is used as a crop for swine and poultry. Since barley is a better source of energy than protein, a protein supplement must be added to the feed. Consequently, the production of barley with high protein concentration in the grain (GPC) is desirable. Studies on intensive cereal management (ICM) practices in other countries have shown that high yields can be combined with a high GPC. From 1987 to 1990 three field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of ICM on the yields and GPC of six-rowed spring barley in Quebec. Our results describe the effects of individual ICM components (N fertilizer application, fungicide, and plant growth regulator) on the development of yield components and on GPC. In general, N had little effect on main stem yield spike$ sp{-1}$ and on tiller spikes m$ sp{-2}$. Possibly, plant density or environmental conditions may have imposed greater limitations on yield rather than N. Nitrogen treatments increased GPC generally by increasing the amount of protein grain$ sp{-1}$. Nitrogen treatments which increased the amount of protein grain$ sp{-1}$ increased the lysine and cyst(e)ine concentrations of the grain but decreased their concentration in the grain protein. The plant growth regulator ethephon increased GPC by increasing the amount of protein grain$ sp{-1}$, by decreasing the nonprotein content grain$ sp{-1}$, or by altering final grain size distribution. Ethephon often had damaging effects on yield. Large genotypic variation was observed for GPC, but could not be related to genotypic differences in N harvest index, total N accumulation, protein yield or post-anthesis N uptake and assimilation. Grain yield was weakly correlated with GPC. Examination of the cultivars grown from 1910 to 1988 showed that increases in grain yield were accompanied by increases in harvest index, total dry matter, and lodging resistance. Plant height was reduced over tim
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Östensson, Frida. "Grain protein content and its assocoation with the NAC-protein genes HvNAM1 and HvNAM2 in Nordic barley." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Biologi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-129390.
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Hunger is a problem faced by many people all over the world, and as the population grows, so does the need for food such as cereals. Because of this, the need for food with higher protein and nutrient content will be increasingly important. NAM-B1, a NAC-protein gene in wheat, has been shown to control the grain protein content and nutrient values, as well as senescence. In barley, two orthologous genes have been found, HvNAM1 and HvNAM2. This study focuses on Nordic barley accessions and how haplotypes of HvNAM1 and HvNAM2 correlate to the grain protein content (GPC) and nutrient content. No correlations between the different haplotypes of the HvNAM genes and the nutrient content and GPC were found. No differences in nutrient content and GPC were found in Nordic accessions originating from Sweden, Norway, Finland, or Denmark, nor were differences found for improvements status groups or for six-row barley and two-row barley. The Nordic accessions were shown to generally have high GPC when compared to control groups Karl and Lewis. However, even if the results of this study indicate that the HvNAM genes do not have major effects on the nutrient contents or GPC, Nordic barley might still be good material for plant improvement. Other factors such as other genes, environmental effects, and gene expression should therefore be investigated.
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Lilja, Sandra. "The association of the genes HvNAM1 and HvNAM2 with grain protein content in Nordic barley." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-119194.
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In barley, the GPC (Grain Protein Content) has proved to be of great importance for both feed, food and beer production. When it comes to feed and food, a high GPC is desirable since it indicates good nutritional values, while in beer production a low and stable GPC is needed to avoid beer chill haze. In previous studies a decrease in the GPC has been seen in different accessions of barley developed at different time periods during the last 100 years. The gene family HvNAM, including the genes HvNAM1 and HvNAM2, has in previous studies been shown to be important for the remobilization of nutrients towards the grains during the senescence and thus also for the GPC. In this study, 40 Nordic accessions from different improvement groups from the end of the 19th century until today have been analyzed for polymorphism in those genes. Statistical analyses has been conducted to investigate if there are any associations between the polymorph nucleotide positions and the nutritional values of grain protein, iron and zinc contents. However, no such associations were found. Instead some correlations could be seen between the nutrient content and thousand grain weight, a relative measurement of the grain size. In conclusion, since no polymorphisms were found to be associated to the nutritional value there might instead be a correlation between the gene expression and the nutritional value. Future work should thus focus on the gene expression of HvNAM1 and HvNAM2 in Nordic accessions of barley.
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Clarke, Matthew P. "Irrigation effects on growth, yield and quality of winter wheat as predicted by models and observed in field experiments." Thesis, University of Reading, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250648.
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Lotfollahi, Mohammad. "The effect of subsoil mineral nitrogen on grain protein concentration of wheat." Title page, table of contents and summary only, 1996. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phl882.pdf.
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Copy of author's previously published work inserted. Bibliography: leaves 147-189. This project examines the uptake of mineral N from the subsoil after anthesis and its effect on grain protein concentration (GPC) of wheat. The overall objective is to examine the importance of subsoil mineral N and to investigate the ability of wheat to take up N from the subsoil late in the season under different conditions of N supply and soil water availability. Greenhouse experiments investigate the importance of subsoil mineral N availability on GPC of wheat and the factors that contribute to the effective utilisation of N. The recovery of N from subsoil, the effect of split N application on GPC and short term N uptake by the wheat at different rooting densities are also studied.
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Riley, E. A., T. L. Thompson, S. A. White, and M. J. Ottman. "Late Season Tissue Tests for Critical Grain Protein Content in Durum, Maricopa, 1999." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/205158.
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Proper nutrient management is necessary for successful production of durum wheat in the desert. If grain protein content is less than 13 %, significant economic losses to growers can result. Late season nitrogen (N) fertilization can resolve this problem, but tissue test guidelines have not yet been established. The objectives of this study were to: (i) correlate NO₃-N in dried stem tissue with sap NO₃-N, (ii) determine the minimum NO₃-N concentration in lower stem tissue at heading associated with the critical grain protein content, and (iii) determine whether flag leaf head, or whole plant total N at heading can be used as indicators of N status. In November 1998 three varieties of durum wheat, Mohawk, Kronos, and Westbred 881, were planted at the Maricopa Agricultural Center. Five N rates (0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 lbs/A) were applied in four split applications. Each treatment was replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. Samples were collected from the lower stem, flag leaf head, and whole plant from each plot at heading and analyzed for total N. Grain yields ranged from 1937 to 6174 lbs /A for Mohawk, 1706 to 6161 lbs/A for Kronos, and 864 to 5162 lbs/A for Westbred 881. Grain protein content averaged 5.7% to 14.0% for Mohawk, 7.3% to 13.7% for Kronos, and 7.9% to 14.5% for Westbred 881. Correlation coefficients between stem NO₃-N and sap NO₃-N were 0.88 for Mohawk, 0.94 for Kronos, and 0.98 for Westbred 881. The critical NO₃-N concentration in the sap associated with >13% grain protein was 550 -770 ppm at heading for three varieties. Lower dried stem tissue critical NO₃-N concentration for Kronos was 4500 ppm NO₃-N, 4700 ppm NO₃-N for Mohawk, and 3600 ppm NO₃-N for Westbred 881 for a grain protein content of 13 %. Nitrogen concentration in flag leaves, heads, and whole plants were highly correlated with N rate. Therefore, N concentration in these tissues could potentially be used as indicators of late-season N status.
12
Riley, E. A., T. L. Thompson, S. A. White, and M. J. Ottman. "Late Season Tissue Tests for Critical Grain Protein Content in Durum, Maricopa, 1998." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/208251.
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Proper nutrient management is necessary for successful production of durum wheat in the desert. If grain protein content is less than 13 %, significant economic losses to growers can result. Late season nitrogen (N) fertilization can resolve this problem, but tissue test guidelines have not yet been established. The objectives of this study were to: (i) correlate NO₃-N in dried stem tissue with sap NO₃-N, (ii) determine the minimum NO₃-N concentration in lower stem tissue at heading associated with the critical grain protein content, and (iii) determine whether flag leaf head, or whole plant total N at heading can be used as indicators of N status. In November 1997 two varieties of durum wheat, Mohawk and Kronos, were planted at the Maricopa Agricultural Center. Five N rates (0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 lbs/A) were applied in four split applications. Each treatment was replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. Samples were collected from the lower stem, flag leaf head, and whole plant from each plot at heading and analyzed for total N. Grain yields ranged from 1663 to 6916 lbs/A for Mohawk and 1529 to 7060 lbs/A for Kronos. Maximum yields were achieved at 200 lbs N/A for both varieties. Grain protein content averaged 8.6% to 13.4% (Mohawk) and 9.1% to 13.8% (Kronos). Correlation coefficients between stem NO₃-N and sap NO₃-N were 0.96 for Mohawk and 0.97 for Kronos. Lower stem sap critical NO₃-N concentration in Kronos is 1100 ppm NO3 N and 1700 ppm NO₃-N for Mohawk at heading for a grain protein content of 13 %. Lower dried stem tissue critical NO₃-N concentration in Kronos is 5500 ppm NO₃-N and 7500 ppm NO₃-N for Mohawk for a grain protein content of 13 %. Nitrogen concentration in flag leaves, heads, and whole plants were highly correlated with N rate. Therefore, N concentration in these tissues could potentially be used as indicators of late-season N status.
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Ottman, Michael J. "Fluctuation in Lower Stem Nitrate Concentration in Small Grains, 2004." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/203640.
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Lower stem nitrate concentration is used as a guide for fertilization of small grains in Arizona. The objective of this study is to determine if the timing of stem sampling has an appreciable effect on stem nitrate and corresponding fertilizer recommendations. Durum and barley were grown at the Maricopa Agricultural Center and lower stems were analyzed for nitrate from 3-leaf to maturity. Stem nitrate concentration varied considerably between the 3-leaf and 2 node stages, but thereafter was relatively constant and low (averaged 765 ppm). Stem nitrate increased after rain or N application on a few occasions, but not consistently. In this study, the timing of the stem sampling could have affected fertilizer recommendations before the 2-node stage, but after the 2-node stage, fluctuations in stem nitrate would have resulted in relatively minor differences in fertilizer recommendations.
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Ottman, Michael J. "Fluctuation in Lower Stem Nitrate Concentration in Small Grains, 2005." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/203658.
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Lower stem nitrate concentration is used as a guide for fertilization of small grains in Arizona. The objective of this study is to determine if the timing of stem sampling has an appreciable effect on stem nitrate and corresponding fertilizer recommendations. Durum and barley were grown at the Maricopa Agricultural Center and lower stems were analyzed for nitrate from 3-leaf to maturity. Stem nitrate concentration varied considerably between the 3-leaf and preboot stages, but thereafter was relatively constant and low (averaged 736 ppm). In this study, the timing of the stem sampling could have affected fertilizer recommendations before the pre-boot stage, but afterwards fluctuations in stem nitrate would have resulted in relatively minor differences in fertilizer recommendations.
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Ottman, Michael J. "Fluctuation in Lower Stem Nitrate Concentration in Small Grains, 2006." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/203659.
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Lower stem nitrate concentration is used as a guide for fertilization of small grains in Arizona. The objective of this study is to determine if the timing of stem sampling has an appreciable effect on stem nitrate and corresponding fertilizer recommendations. Durum and barley were grown at the Maricopa Agricultural Center and lower stems were analyzed for nitrate from 3-leaf to maturity. The lower stem nitrate concentration initially climbed from 3000 ppm at 3-leaf to 10,000 ppm around the 2-node stage. It then gradually declined from the 2-node stage until maturity when it fell to less than 3000 ppm In this study, the timing of the stem sampling would not have affected fertilizer recommendations, although considerable fluctuation in stem nitrate concentration was measured.
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Ottman, Michael J., Stephen H. Husman, and Pat A. Clay. "Use of Tissue Testing to Prevent Low Grain Protein Content in Durum, 2003." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/203660.
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Low grain protein content in durum can be prevented by applying nitrogen fertilizer after heading. Tentative guidelines were established from previous research for nitrogen fertilizer applications after heading based on the lower stem nitrate content near heading. Ten commercial durum fields were selected for testing the use of these guidelines to ensure grain protein contents greater than 13%. Only one field had grain protein content less than 13% (12.83%), and this field had herbicide damage and had to be over-irrigated due to surface unevenness. The average protein content was 13.62% but the amount of nitrogen fertilizer actually applied by the growers after heading averaged 74.5 lbs N/acre, whereas the amount recommended by the tentative guidelines averaged 53.1 lbs N/acre. If the tentative guidelines had been followed, we estimate that the average grain protein content would have been about 13.04%. Our tentative nitrogen fertilizer recommendations based on stem samples near heading appear accurate, but another year of testing would add more certainty.
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Ottman, Michael J., Stephen H. Husman, and Pat A. Clay. "Use of Tissue Testing to Prevent Low Grain Protein Content in Durum, 2004." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/203661.
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Low grain protein content in durum can be prevented by applying nitrogen fertilizer after heading. Tentative guidelines were established from previous research for nitrogen fertilizer applications after heading based on the lower stem nitrate content near heading. Ten commercial durum fields were selected for testing the use of these guidelines to ensure grain protein contents greater than 13%. The average protein content was 14.00%, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer actually applied by the growers after heading averaged 44.5 lbs N/acre, whereas the amount recommended by the tentative guidelines averaged 41.5 lbs N/acre. If the tentative guidelines had been followed, we estimate that the average grain protein content would have been about 13.92%, and two fields would have been slightly below 13% protein (about 12.8% protein). Our tentative nitrogen fertilizer recommendations based on stem samples near heading appear accurate.
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Ottman, Michael J., and Stephen H. Husman. "Use of Tissue Testing to Prevent Low Grain Protein Content in Durum, 2005." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/203662.
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Low grain protein content in durum can be prevented by applying nitrogen fertilizer after heading. Tentative guidelines were established from previous research for nitrogen fertilizer applications after heading based on the lower stem nitrate content near heading. Three durum fields in Pinal County were selected for testing the use of these guidelines for ensuring grain protein contents greater than 13%. These fields were split into plots that either received late N fertilization after heading or not. The stem nitrate content at heading for two of the fields averaged 6337 ppm, indicating no need for late N fertilizer application to achieve grain protein content above 13%, and the grain protein content for these fields averaged 15.1% with or without late N fertilizer. The stem nitrate content at heading was 894 ppm for the third field, the stem nitrate guidelines called for a late N application of about 63 lbs N/a, and a late N application of 46 lbs N/a increased grain yield protein from 11.54 to 13.34%. Our tentative nitrogen fertilizer recommendations based on stem samples near heading appear accurate.
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Norberg, Amanda. "Differences in nutrient content between varieties of Nordic barley." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Biologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-138604.
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Grain protein content (GPC) in wheat has been found to be regulated by the gene NAM-B1. Homologues to the NAM-B1 gene have been found in barley, HvNAM-1 and HvNAM-2. Previous studies have found that base mutations in the NAM-1 gene at base position 544 might have an impact on GPC. Previous studies also found that landrace of barley showed higher GPC than cultivated barley, indicating that plant improvement might have affected base mutations and therefore GPC. I wanted to study if there are any nutritional differences in Nordic barley and if those differences might correlate with haplotypes. Comparisons of barley varieties from four Nordic countries, and two varieties from the US used as low and high GPC controls, did not show any significant differences depending on their origin country and no differences regarding plant improvement status between the countries. When sequencing Nordic barley varieties, five haplotypes were found for the gene HvNAM-1, and two haplotypes for the gene HvNAM-2. A low polymorphism for both genes indicate a strong natural selection for the consensus haplotype which might be preferable for Nordic climate with a short growing season and cold temperatures. Even though it is not clear what is the cause of the low polymorphism in Nordic barley varieties, they showed a generally higher nutrient content than barley varieties of the high GPC and may be suitable for breeding for a yield with a high nutrient content.
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Schmidt, Daiana. "Multi-method research strategy for understanding changes in barley grain protein composition and its relation to improved nutritional quality." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11137/tde-30092015-113900/.
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Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is the fourth largest produced cereal worldwide. About two thirds of barley production is used to animal feed. When used to feed monogastric animals, the main shortcoming of barley grains is the deficiency of essential amino acids, especially lysine, threonine and methionine. The unbalanced amino acid composition is due to the main storage protein, the hordeins, which account for about 50% of total grain protein content. The nitrogen fertilization promotes C-hordein expression and accumulation, the hordein subgroup with the lowest content of essential amino acids, and the highest content of non-essential amino acids. Due to the importance of grain protein content and composition in the end use grain quality the key objective of the present study was to obtain a detailed insight into synthesis and accumulation of barley grain proteins and their relation to improved nutritional quality. An integrated proteomic and transcriptomic analysis have been undertaken in a set of transgenic antisense barley lines with the grain protein profile altered in comparison to the non-transgenic line cv. Golden Promise. The results were presented in three manuscripts in the thesis (chapters 2, 3 and 4). The first manuscript (chapter 2) reported a new grain protein extraction method combined with multi-method protein evaluation, including biochemical quantification, amino acid composition, sodium dodecyl-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) couple with mass spectrometry (MS) identification and a gel free shotgun MS identification and relative quantification. The results showed the changeability of proteins between protein groups and the importance of choosing an adequate proteomic-based method for protein identification according to the complexity of protein mixtures. In the second manuscript (chapter 3) a differential protein profile of non-transgenic barley cv. Golden Promise and the transgenic antisense C-hordein barley lines was achieved by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) for salt soluble proteins and the differentially expressed proteins were identified by MS. The key results showed that the suppression of C-hordeins, the poor nutritional hordein subgroup, does not exclusively affects hordein synthesis and accumulation, and that the more balanced amino acid composition of these lines may be a consequence of distinct protein sources among different transgenic events, though a stable lysine-rich proteins upregulation occurs in all lines. In the third manuscript (chapter 4) the effects of nitrogen fertilization on hordein family at transcriptional and proteome level were assessed. The main results showed differential responses to N nutrition between non-transgenic and transgenic lines. In relation to C-hordein, specific C-hordein downregulation effect and in particular different responses to N were verified among subgroups of C-hordein multigene family in the transgenic line at transcriptional and proteomic level. In summary, the multi-method strategy used in the present work was successfully applied to obtain comprehensive information about barley grain proteins synthesis and accumulation and explain, at least in part, their relation to improved nutritional quality. These results can be useful in barley breeding programs aiming selective alterations of specific alleles/homologues to change amino acid composition by changing the relative proportions of the grain proteins in order to improve the barley grains nutritional quality.A cevada (Hordeum vulgare L.) é o quarto cereal mais produzido no mundo. Cerca de dois terços desta produção é utilizada na alimentação animal. A principal desvantagem dos grãos de cevada na alimentação de animais monogástricos é a deficiência de aminoácidos essenciais, principalmente lisina, treonina e metionina. Esta composição desfavorável ocorre devido à principal proteína de reserva dos grãos, as hordeínas, que representam cerca de 50% do teor total de proteína no grão. O nitrogênio promove a expressão e o acúmulo de C-hordeínas, o subgrupo com o menor teor de aminoácidos essenciais e o maior teor de aminoácidos não essenciais. Devido à importância do teor e composição de proteínas nos grãos na determinação de sua qualidade no uso final, o principal objetivo do presente trabalho foi obter uma visão detalhada sobre a síntese e acúmulo de proteínas de grãos de cevada e sua relação com a melhoria da qualidade nutricional. Análises proteômicas e transcriptômicas integradas foram realizadas em um conjunto de linhagens transgênicas de cevada com o perfil de proteínas de reserva alterados em comparação à linhagem não transgênica cv. Golden Promise. Os resultados foram apresentados na forma de três manuscritos (capítulos 2, 3 e 4). O primeiro (capítulo 2) descreveu um novo método de extração de proteínas dos grãos em combinação com métodos de estudo de proteínas diversos, incluindo a quantificação bioquímica, composição de aminoácidos, eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida-dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS-PAGE) seguido de identificação por espectrometria de massas (MS) e estratégia shotgun para identificação e quantificação relativa das proteínas. Os resultados mostram a mutabilidade das proteínas entre os diferentes grupos e a importância da escolha de um método adequado para a sua identificação de acordo com a complexidade das misturas proteicas. No segundo manuscrito (capítulo 3) o perfil proteico diferencial da linhagem não transgênica e transgênica foi obtido por eletroforese bidimensional (2-DE) para proteínas solúveis, e aquelas expressas diferencialmente foram identificadas por MS. Os resultados demonstram que a supressão das C-hordeínas não afeta exclusivamente a síntese e o acúmulo de hordeínas, e que a composição de aminoácidos mais equilibrada destas linhagens pode ser uma consequência de fontes de proteína distintas entre os diferentes eventos de transgenia, embora a regulação positiva de proteínas ricas em lisina foi estável. No terceiro manuscrito (capítulo 4) foram avaliados os efeitos da adubação nitrogenada sobre a família das hordeínas. Os resultados mostraram que as respostas foram diferentes entre as linhagens não transgênica e transgênica. Um efeito específico de supressão e respostas particulares foi verificado entre os subgrupos da família multigênica das C-hordeínas na linhagem transgênica. Em resumo, a estratégia de pesquisa multimétodo foi aplicada com sucesso na obtenção de informações abrangentes sobre a síntese e o acúmulo de proteínas nos grãos de cevada, e pelo menos em parte, explicou sua relação com a melhoria da qualidade nutricional. Esses resultados podem ser úteis em programas de melhoramento de cevada que visam alterações seletivas de alelos/homólogos específicos para alterar a composição de aminoácidos, através de mudanças nas proporções relativas das proteínas dos grãos.
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Monaghan, James Malcolm. "Physiological and genetical analysis of high grain protein concentration, high yield trait in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)." Thesis, Open University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361593.
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Heidlebaugh, Nancy Marie. "Analysis of nitrogen reallocation from senescing barley leaves characterization of the influence of a high-grain protein content locus on chromosome six, and molecular cloning and heterologous expression of a serine carboxypeptidase /." Thesis, Montana State University, 2008. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2008/heidlebaugh/HeidlebaughN0508.pdf.
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Ottman, Michael, and Tom Thompson. "Fertilizing Small Grains in Arizona." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/147019.
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6 pp.Guidelines for nitrogen fertilization of small grains are presented using crop need, calendar dates, or tissue testing. Relationship between grain protein and nitrogen fertilization is presented. Phosphorus, potassium, and other nutrients are also discussed.
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Rumiyati. "The effect of germination and food processing on the concentration and activity of bioactive compounds in Australian Sweet Lupin." Thesis, Curtin University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/780.
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Lupin is a grain legume which is high in protein and fibre, but low in fat and starch. Lupin also contains bioactive compounds such as phenolic compounds. Many studies have shown that a diet containing lupin has health benefits including reducing a number of risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome. However, studies examining the effect of germination of Australian Sweet Lupin (ASL) on its macronutrient, bioactive compounds and bioactivity are limited. Consequently the aim of the present study was to investigate the changes in the macronutrient composition and concentration of bioactive compounds in ASL during germination and how these changes were associated with in vitro bioactivity. The stability of bioactive compounds and their in vitro bioactivity was also investigated in muffins incorporated with germinated ASL flour (before and after baking).In the present study, the macronutrient composition (protein, crude fibre and fat) and bioactive compound concentration (phenolic compounds and phytosterols) of ASL following germination at 25°C and 90-95% relative humidity for 9 days were determined. Total phenolic compounds (TPC) were extracted from germinated ASL flour using methanol and aqueous solvents and the concentration was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Phytosterols in oil extracts were analyzed using gas-liquid chromatography. The radical scavenging activities toward 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) of the methanolic and oil extracts were also determined. Bioactivity related to bile acid binding in vitro of germinated ASL flour was also assessed. The changes in the pattern of ASL protein during germination were analysed using sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyachrilamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The changes in the protein pattern were then compared with the result of Angiotensine I Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity assay of the protein. Total protein extracts of germinated ASL flour were then fractionated into the protein isolate fraction and the soluble fraction. Both fractions were characterized for their activities including antioxidant activity, bile acid binding ability and ACE-inhibitory activity. ASL flour after germination for 7 days was chosen to be incorporated into muffin formulation at substitution levels of 2 - 8% of dried muffin weight. Physical characteristics of muffins including height, diameter, colour and texture (hardness, cohesiveness, springiness and chewiness) were measured instrumentally. Stability of the bioactive compounds and the antiradical activity of the incorporated muffins before and after baking were also investigated.Germination at day 9 resulted in significant increase in protein and crude fibre contents of ASL by 38% and 456% (db), respectively, and resulted in a substantial reduction in the lipid content of ASL by 71%. Germination also increased the concentration of total phenolic compounds in methanolic extracts of germinated ASL flours by about 700% compared to ASL flour of ungerminated seeds. The increased concentration of phenolic compounds was found to be associated with significant increased radical scavenging activity of the extracts. Concentration of the total phytosterols which was extracted from germinated ASL flour were also increased by 3 fold. The significant increase in phytosterol content in the oil may be associated with increasing in the antiradical activity of the oil. The main phytosterols in the oil extracted from germinated ASL flour are β-sitosterol (62%), campesterol (30%) and stigmasterol (8%). In the protein fraction, the high molecular weight proteins of ASL were not present following germination for 9 days. The change in the protein profile may be associated with the higher ACE inhibitory activity (antihypertensive in vitro) of germinated ASL flour. The protein isolated from germinated ASL flour had better antioxidant activity, while its soluble fraction was better in ACE inhibitory activity and bile acid binding property. The bile acid binding ability of germinated ASL flour had higher bile acid binding ability in vitro than ungerminated ASL flour.Furthermore, incorporation of germinated ASL flour up to 8% (db of muffins) into the muffin formulation influenced moisture, height, diameter, colour, hardness and cohesiveness of the muffins. This incorporation increased the total phenolic compounds, phytosterols content and antiradical activity of the muffins. The baking process at 190°C for 25 min did not substantially reduce the concentration of total phenolic compounds, phytosterols and the antiradical activity of the muffins.The present study found that germination led to an increase in protein and fibre contents and concentration of bioactive compounds of ASL. Germination also increased in vitro antioxidant activity, ACE inhibitory activity and bile acid binding ability of ASL.
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Taulemesse, François. "Analyse écophysiologique et génétique de l’absorption d’azote post-floraison chez le blé tendre (Triticum aestivum L.) en relation avec la concentration en protéines des grains." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF22581/document.
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La concentration en protéines des grains est un critère qualitatif majeur qui conditionne la valeur économique et technologique du blé tendre (Triticum aestivum L.). Cependant, la forte relation négative existant entre concentration en protéines et rendement en grains implique que l’amélioration de la concentration en protéines par une approche génétique soit complexe à atteindre sans impacter négativement le rendement. Pour contourner cette difficulté, il a été proposé qu’une sélection variétale basée sur l’écart à cette relation négative (nommé Grain Protein Deviation ; GPD) permette d’améliorer la concentration en protéines indépendamment du rendement. Au niveau physiologique, le GPD est fortement corrélé à la capacité des génotypes à absorber de l’azote après floraison indépendamment de la quantité d’azote déjà absorbée à floraison, suggérant que la satiété en azote soit à la base de son établissement. Envisager une sélection sur la base du GPD nécessite cependant d’acquérir des connaissances approfondies des mécanismes impliqués dans la régulation de l’absorption d’azote par la satiété en azote, qui permettraient de cibler précisément des traits simples à quantifier et robustement associés à cette capacité accrue d’accumulation de protéines dans les grains.Cette étude se base sur deux expérimentations conduites en conditions contrôlées et une expérimentation au champ. Dans chacune de ces expérimentations, différents niveaux de fertilisation ont été appliqués en pré-floraison afin d’obtenir des statuts azotés contrastés à floraison. L’effet du statut azoté à floraison sur l’absorption post-floraison a ensuite été observé dans différentes conditions de disponibilités d’azote après floraison. Des mesures physiologiques et moléculaires ont été réalisées en parallèle des mesures d’absorption d’azote.Nous avons mis en évidence que l’absorption d’azote post-floraison présente une dynamique élaborée qui suppose qu’elle est soumise à des régulations complexes. Parmi celles-ci, le statut azoté des plantes à floraison conditionne en grande part la quantité d’azote absorbée dans les jours qui suivent la floraison (PANUprécoce , de floraison à floraison + 250 degrés-jour). La quantité de PANUprécoce se présente comme un déterminant fort de la concentration en protéines des grains du fait de la forte corrélation positive observée entre ces deux traits en conditions contrôlées et au champ, et ce indépendamment du niveau de rendement. L’étude de deux génotypes robustement contrastés pour le GPD a montré qu’à statuts azotés équivalents, la quantité de PANUprécoce est sujette à des effets génétiques qui tendent à confirmer l’impact de la variabilité génétique de satiété en azote sur l’établissement du GPD.Ces travaux ont permis de proposer des marqueurs du GPD potentiellement valorisables en sélection. Au niveau physiologique, la croissance des tiges après floraison se présente comme un marqueur prometteur du GPD car ce trait est fortement corrélé à la PANUprécoce. Au niveau moléculaire, la concentration en nitrates des racines, également soumise à des effets génétiques, est proposée comme marqueur potentiel du fait de son rôle probable dans la régulation expressionnelle des gènes impliqués dans l’absorption et l’assimilation d’azoteGrain protein concentration is one of the major qualitative criteria of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) economic and technological value. However, the negative relationship existing between protein concentration and grain yield implies that grain protein concentration improvement is complex to achieve without detrimental effect on grain yield. Breeding programs based on the deviation to this negative relationship (Grain protein deviation of GPD) have been proposed to be a suitable strategy to improve grain nitrogen concentration without detrimental effects on yield. At a physiological level, GPD is strongly correlated with genotypes aptitude to uptake nitrogen after flowering independently of the nitrogen amount already taken up before this stage, suggesting that satiety for nitrogen could be involved in its establishment. Breeding for GPD implies however a more detailed knowledge of the processes implied in nitrogen uptake regulation by nitrogen plant satiety. This would allow targeting traits both simple to measure and robustly associated with this increased capacity to accumulate proteins in grains.The present study is based on two experiments carried on under controlled conditions and a third led under field conditions. In all experiments, various levels of pre-flowering fertilization were applied in order to obtain contrasted plant nitrogen status at flowering. Nitrogen status effect on post-flowering nitrogen uptake was observed under various post-flowering N availability conditions. Physiological and molecular measurements were carried out in parallel with uptake measurements.We highlighted that post-flowering nitrogen uptake has an elaborate dynamic, suggesting the involvement of complex regulations. Among these, plant nitrogen status at flowering determines to a great extent the amount of nitrogen taken up during the days following flowering (early PANU, from flowering to flowering +250 °C.days-1). Early PANU appears to be a strong determinant of grain protein concentration, as strong positive correlations were observed between these two traits both under controlled conditions and field conditions, independently of grain yield level. The study of two genotypes strongly contrasted for GPD highlighted that, despite comparable N status, early PANU is subjected to strong genetic variations which tend to identify N satiety as a determinant of GPD.The present study identified robust markers of GPD of potential use in plant breeding. At a physiological level, post flowering stem elongation appears to be a promising marker of GPD since this trait is strongly correlated with early PANU. At a molecular level, root nitrate concentration, a trait submitted to genetic variations, is also proposed as a marker of GPD because of its role in the expression regulation of the genes governing nitrogen uptake and assimilation
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Bogard, Matthieu. "Analyse génétique et écophysiologique de l'écart à la relation teneur en protéines - rendement en grains chez le blé tendre (Triticum aestivum L.)." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00679581.
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Le rendement en grains (Rdt) et la teneur en protéines (%Prot) sont deux cibles majeures dans les programmes de sélection variétale chez le blé car ces caractères contribuent à la valeur économique de cette culture. Malheureusement, leur amélioration simultanée est empêchée par la relation négative %Prot-Rdt. Il a été montré que l'écart à cette relation ("Grain Protein Deviation", GPD) est déterminé en partie génétiquement et serait utile pour modifier cette relation négative mais ses bases biologiques restent mal comprises à ce jour. Nous avons montré que le GPD est principalement relié à la variabilité génétique pour l'absorption d'azote post-floraison (ABSN) dans les conditions agro-climatiques du Nord-Ouest de l'Europe. Nous proposons que la variabilité génétique pour l'accès à l'azote du sol (architecture et fonctionnement racinaire) ou pour la régulation de ABSN par le statut azoté (transport et assimilation de l'azote) pourrait expliquer le GPD. Etant donné que le retardement de la sénescence durant la période post-floraison peut résulter en une augmentation de ABSN, nous avons analysé les déterminants génétique des relations entre durée de sénescence des feuilles après floraison et Rdt ou %Prot, observées au niveau phénotypique, en utilisant des données acquises sur une population de cartographie de blé cultivée au sein d'un large réseau expérimental. Une association positive entre durée de sénescence des feuilles après floraison et %Prot ou Rdt a été observée selon les environnements étudiés. Nous faisons l'hypothèse que l'impact d'un retardement de la sénescence des feuilles après floraison pourrait être modulé selon la disponibilité en azote durant cette période, ce qui conduirait à modifier la relation %Prot-Rdt selon les environnements étudiés. Enfin, des données obtenues sur trois populations de cartographie cultivées dans un large réseau expérimental ont permis de suggérer, après méta-analyse de QTL, des régions génomiques potentiellement utiles en sélection pour améliorer la %Prot sans diminuer le Rdt. Ceci a permis de mettre en avant des régions situées sur les chromosomes 2A et 3B. En particulier, la région située sur le 2A pourrait être reliée à la présence d'un gène codant pour une glutamine synthétase chloroplastique qui a été associée à la variabilité génétique pour %Prot chez le blé tendre dans une étude antérieure.
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Martin, Charles T. (Charles Tyler). "Economic feasibility of segregating grain by protein concentration while harvesting." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/30334.
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Price premiums and discounts are currently paid for various classes of wheat in the US marketplace. These premiums and the known heterogeneity of grain protein across landscapes beg the question of whether grain could be separated on the farm to maximize revenues. Theoretically, the concavity or convexity of a price function defines if an opportunity to segregate grain exists. Although this is true, prices in the market place are paid in stepped increments, which result in unique revenue maximizing solutions. This study was conducted to determine the economic feasibility of segregating wheat by protein content on the combine harvester during harvest. Both web-based and spreadsheet calculators were built to predict the best point in which to segregate a crop at, as well as define the protein level and quantity of each segregated volume of grain. The costs of segregation vary by operation, but fixed, variable, and opportunity costs are estimated to total $0.1739 bu⁻¹ if segregation is used every year. Revenue gains varied with the price schedule, field mean protein value, and the standard deviation of protein. Revenue gains increased in proportion to the size of a price step in a price schedule. Soft white winter wheat showed the greatest potential for segregation; however, on average yearly expected premiums are less than $.05 bu⁻¹, well below total variable costs. Price schedules occur which allow for profits of over $1.00 bu⁻¹ from segregation, although these are not the norm. Historically, on-combine grain segregation would not be economically feasible for the average producer. However, under certain supply and demand conditions, premiums occur that would make on-combine grain segregation profitable. Individuals will have to evaluate the feasibility on a case-by-case basis.Graduation date: 2013
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McKendry, Anne Leslie. "Physiology and genetics of grain protein concentration and grain yield in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)." 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/18113.
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Lotfollahi, M. "The effect of subsoil mineral nitrogen on grain protein concentration of wheat / by Mohammad Lotfollahi." 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/18896.
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Copy of author's previously published work inserted.Bibliography: leaves 147-189.
xxi, 189 leaves : ill. (some col.) ; 30 cm.
Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library.
This project examines the uptake of mineral N from the subsoil after anthesis and its effect on grain protein concentration (GPC) of wheat. The overall objective is to examine the importance of subsoil mineral N and to investigate the ability of wheat to take up N from the subsoil late in the season under different conditions of N supply and soil water availability. Greenhouse experiments investigate the importance of subsoil mineral N availability on GPC of wheat and the factors that contribute to the effective utilisation of N. The recovery of N from subsoil, the effect of split N application on GPC and short term N uptake by the wheat at different rooting densities are also studied.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Soil Science, 1997
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Trümper, Christina. "Studies about Fusarium infection of emmer and naked barley during grain ripening and the post-harvest period." Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0023-994B-5.
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Friesen, Orville David. "The effect of enzyme supplementation on the bioavailable energy and protein and lipid digestibilities of wheat, barley, oats, and rye grain for the young broiler chick." 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/17582.
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PAVLOVÁ, Ivana. "Hodnocení vybraných obilovin v konvenčním a ekologickém zemědělství z pohledu obsahu bílkovin a dopadu na emise skleníkových plynů." Master's thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-375808.
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Agriculture is, after fossil fuels, the second largest producer of greenhouse gas emissions, which are responsible for global climate change, and it is necessary to look for ways to reduce this environmental load. Cereals are the most cultivated crops in the world, so it is appropriate to examine their share of this load. The aim of the thesis was to evaluate and compare the environmental aspects of the cultivation of selected cereals (wheat, rye and barley) in the conventional and ecological farming system. The resulting environmental load was first calculated on 1 kg of grain, and then the load was recalculated to a load of 1 kg of protein contained in grain of selected cereals. Protein content in grain is one of the grain quality indicators. A simplified LCA method has been used for the environmental load calculations. This method is used for environmental impact assessments and covers the whole life cycle of the product.