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Academic literature on the topic 'Barley grain protein concentration'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Barley grain protein concentration"

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Boila, R. J., S. C. Stothers, and L. D. Campbell. "The relationships between the concentrations of individual amino acids and protein in wheat and barley grain grown at selected locations throughout Manitoba." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 76, no. 2 (June 1, 1996): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas96-025.

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The concentrations of protein and individual amino acids were determined in the grain from three cultivars of wheat and three cultivars of barley, each grown at 12 locations throughout Manitoba over 3 consecutive years. Protein concentration differed (P < 0.05) among the cultivars of wheat but not (P > 0.05) among cultivars of barley. Although the concentrations of several amino acids differed (P < 0.05) among cultivars of wheat or barley the differences among cultivars of each grain were not considered to be critical in relation to the requirements for indispensable amino acids for swine or poultry. The percentage of an ammo acid in the DM of wheat and barley increased (P < 0.05) linearly with an increase in percentage of protein in the grain. The wide range of r2 (0.29 to 0.88) obtained for this amino acid-protein relationship may be due to the different effect of environment (location and year of growth) on the concentration of individual amino acids, compared to protein, among cultivars of wheat or barley. The percentage of total variance due to an interaction between cultivar and environment was low for protein but was several fold higher for individual amino acids. The error in the prediction of amino acid concentrations with regression equations may be no different than the error associated with predicting the mean concentrations of amino acids in the protein of wheat or barley as g (100 g protein)−1, and obtained from tabulations of analyses. However, regression equations for lysine in wheat and barley did account for the significant (P < 0.05) decrease in concentration of lysine in the protein as the percentage of protein in these grains increased. Key words: Grain, wheat, barley, protein, amino acids, Manitoba
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Bleidere, Māra, Zaiga Jansone, Ilze Grunte, and Ida Jakobsone. "Biochemical Composition of Spring Barley Grain Pearled to Varying Degrees." Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences. 71, no. 6 (December 1, 2017): 468–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/prolas-2017-0082.

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Abstract Differences in biochemical composition in dehulled and pearled grain samples affected by the various degrees of pearling were studied for spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Twelve covered spring barley and two hulless genotypes were examined. Commercial samples of pearled barley were included for comparison. Covered barley grain samples were pearled using a small-scale barley pearler to obtain dehulled and pearled barley grain products with pearling percentage of 12% and 30%, respectively. Significant differences were observed in the chemical composition between dehulled grain and pearled grain. As the outer layers of the covered grain were removed to a greater degree by pearling, crude protein content, crude ash, total phenolic concentration and radical scavenging activity in the pearled grain significantly decreased (p < 0.001), while starch concentration increased, without changes in the β-glucans concentration. The concentration of phenolic compounds in the dehulled barley grain samples were 1.30 to 1.61 times higher than for pearled grains. There was a significant (p < 0.01) correlation determined among values of dehulled and pearled grain of different barley genotypes in crude protein, starch, and β-glucan content, but no relationship was found in total phenolic content and radical scavenging activity.
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Majore, Kristīne, Vita Šterna, Māra Bleidere, Sanita Reidzāne, and Inga Ciproviča. "In-Vitro Study on Fermentation Characteristics of Different Hulless Barley Cultivar Flakes." Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences. 75, no. 6 (December 1, 2021): 438–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/prolas-2021-0065.

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Abstract Barley (Hordium vulgare L.) grain is an important food ingredient due to the presence of essential compounds like β-glucans, proteins, resistant starch, phenolic compounds etc. β-glucans are able to lower cholesterol level in blood plasma and the glycaemic index, to enhance lipid metabolism and to reduce the risk of colon cancer. Hulless barley cultivars are more suitable to the human diet, because the hulls can be easily removed, as well as minimal grain processing in food production contributes to the full benefit of the whole grain. Several studies show that hulless grains have a higher digestible energy, and they have higher protein content compared to hulled grains. Different cultivars have unique composition and physical properties. The hulless barley cultivars are less studied than hulled barley and oats. The aim of this study was to evaluate the fermentation characteristics of flakes of different hulless barley cultivars in vitro and to analyse the fermentation pattern of β-glucans and proteins. Samples of six hulless barley cultivar flakes with different β-glucan (4.17–6.59%), soluble dietary fibre (18.1–32.0%) and resistant starch (0.74–10.65%) content were boiled in water 10 min, and the obtained porridge samples were treated under in vitro fementation conditions. The concentration of fermented porridge solids as well as β-glucans and proteins was measured. The concentration of undigested solids varied from 38.3 to 61.0% depending on barley cultivar. The concentration of protein was not significantly changed, but β-glucan concentration was significantly decreased after in vitro digestion comparing to indigestible samples.
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See, Deven, Vladimir Kanazin, Ken Kephart, and Tom Blake. "Mapping Genes Controlling Variation in Barley Grain Protein Concentration." Crop Science 42, no. 3 (2002): 680. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2002.0680.

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See, Deven, Vladimir Kanazin, Ken Kephart, and Tom Blake. "Mapping Genes Controlling Variation in Barley Grain Protein Concentration." Crop Science 42, no. 3 (May 2002): 680–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2002.6800.

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Legzdiņa, Linda, Vija Strazdiņa, Indra Beinaroviča, and Ruta Muceniece. "Effect of Genotype and Farming System on Concentration of Mineral Elements in Organically and Conventionally Grown Cereals/ Genotipa Un Saimniekoðanas Sistçmas Ietekme Uz Minerâlvielu Saturu Bioloìiski Un Konvencionâli Audzçtos Graudaugos." Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences. 68, no. 3-4 (August 1, 2014): 148–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/prolas-2014-0017.

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Abstract About half of the human population suffers from deficiency of mineral elements, mostly iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn). The purpose of the research was to compare the concentration of Fe and Zn in grain of 19 spring barley (in Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes and the concentration of Zn and manganese (Mn) in grain of 19 winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes grown in organic and conventional management systems during two growing seasons. The average concentration of Fe in barley ranged from 32.51-86.85 mg·kg-1 and was higher under conventional management (p < 0.001); the effect of genotype was significant (p = 0.014). The average concentration of Zn in barley ranged 16.79-48.51 mg·kg-1 and was significantly higher under the organic system (p < 0.001); in wheat it was 21.52-29.89 mg·kg-1 with no difference between the management systems; the effect of genotype was significant (p = 0.03 and p < 0.001 for barley and wheat, respectively). The average concentration of Mn in wheat ranged from 24.63-36.07 mg·kg-1 and was higher under the conventional system (p < 0.001); significant differences between genotypes were observed (p < 0.001). Barley and wheat genotypes with higher concentrations of the investigated elements were identified for use in breeding for improvement of grain quality. Zn concentration correlated negatively with grain yield and positively with grain protein concentration.
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NOVIKOV, N. N., A. A. ZHARIKHINA, and N. E. SOLOVYEVA. "GRAIN QUALITY FORECASTING BY AMINO ACID CONCENTRATION IN THE LEAF JUICE." Izvestiâ Timirâzevskoj selʹskohozâjstvennoj akademii, no. 1 (2021): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/0021-342x-2021-1-29-41.

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Field experiments with soft wheat and malting barley, conducted on sod-podzolic medium loamy soil showed that under the influence of increasing rates of nitrogen nutrition in the leaf juice in the first stem node phase, the concentration of amino acids decreases. This fact is confirmed by high correlation coefficients. There is also a close correlation between the concentration of amino acids in the leaf juice, plant productivity and grain quality indicators. Wheat showed a close negative correlation of the concentration of amino acids in the leaf juice with the weight of 1000 grains, the total content of proteins and gluten in the grain, as well as gliadin and glutenin proteins, and a close positive correlation with the content of water-soluble, non-extractable proteins in the grain and the activity of proteases. The concentration of amino acids in the malting barley leaf juice was negatively correlated with the total content of proteins in the grain, the amount of gordeins, the total activity of amylases, and positively correlated with the test value indicators, grain extractivity, and the content of water-soluble proteins in the grain. The research results indicate that the concentration of amino acids in the leaf juice in the first stem node phase provides for a fairly accurate diagnoctics of nitrogen nutrition and prediction of the quality of soft wheat and malting barley grains.
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Hackett, R. "Effect of nitrogen fertiliser application timing on grain yield and grain protein concentration of spring barley." Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research 58, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ijafr-2019-0005.

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AbstractThere is relatively little recent information regarding the effect of timing of fertiliser N application to spring barley on grain yield and grain protein concentration (GPC) under Irish conditions. The objectives of this work were to examine the effects of a) timing of the first N application to spring barley (at sowing or at crop emergence), b) altering the proportion of the total N allocation that is applied in the first of two applications and c) delaying a portion of the total N dose until after the tillering phase on grain yield and GPC of spring barley. Twenty experiments were carried out over four seasons (2011–2014) in the south and south-east of Ireland. Results indicated that there was little consistent difference, in terms of grain yield or GPC between applying the first N at sowing compared to where the initial N application was made at crop emergence. Similarly, altering the proportion of N applied in the first application, irrespective of whether the first application was at sowing or at crop emergence, had little effect on either yield or GPC. Delaying the application of a portion (0.2) of the total N until after the tillering stage also had little consistent effect on either yield or GPC. It is concluded that where the majority of N is applied to spring barley before the end of the tillering stage, altering the timing of applications or the proportion of the total applied in each application will have limited effect on grain yield or GPC.
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Birch, C. J., S. Fukai, and I. J. Broad. "Estimation of responses of yield and grain protein concentration of malting barley to nitrogen fertiliser using plant nitrogen uptake." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 48, no. 5 (1997): 635. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a96094.

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The effect of nitrogen application on the grain yield and grain protein concentration of barley was studied in 13 field trials covering a wide range of soil N conditions over 4 years at locations in south-eastern Queensland. The main objectives of the study were to quantify the response of barley to N application rate over a range of environmental conditions, and to explain the response in terms of soil mineral N, total N uptake, and N distribution in the plants. Barley made efficient use of N (60 kg grain/kg N) until grain yield reached 90% of maximum yield. Grain protein concentration did not increase to levels unacceptable for malting purposes until grain yield exceeded 85–90% of maximum yield. Nitrogen harvest index was generally high (above 0·75), and did not decrease until the total N supply exceeded that necessary for maximum grain yield. Rates of application of N for malting barley should be determined on the basis of soil analysis (nitrate-N) to 1 m depth and 90% of expected maximum grain yield, assuming that 17 kg N is taken up per tonne of grain produced. It can further be assumed that the crop makes full use of the nitrate N to 1 m present at planting, provided the soil is moist to 1 m. A framework relating grain yield to total N uptake, N harvest index, and grain N concentration is presented. Further, total N uptake of fertilised barley is related to N uptake without fertiliser, fertiliser application rate, and apparent N recovery. The findings reported here will be useful in the development of barley simulation models and decision support packages that can be used to aid N management.
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Pokharel, Bhanu Bhakta, Parbati Adhikari, Shailendra Thapa, and Shashi Ram Sharma. "Identification of micronutrient-rich germplasms of barley for mid-hills and Terai region of Nepal." Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources 5, no. 1 (December 27, 2022): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/janr.v5i1.50541.

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Zinc and iron deficiencies, common in many parts of the world, having risk factors that raise the burden of disease with high child and adult mortality. Breeding efforts for exploring barley grains with higher zinc and iron are underway. A study was conducted during the normal barley growing season of 2017 to identify the barley genotypes with higher concentration of protein, starch, iron and zinc for the mid-hill and Terai conditions of Nepal. An augmented block design was followed, and two improved varieties i.e., Bonus and Solu Uwa were used as repeated checks. The average grain protein, starch, zinc, and iron content were 11.9%, 55.6%, 47.4 mg/kg and 41.4 mg/kg at Dailekh and 11.3%, 53.3%, 46.6 mg/kg and 39.9 mg/kg at Rampur, respectively. The grain protein content was found up to 19.8% (AM-55, AM-45, AM-88 at Dailekh) and 16.6% (AM-81, AM-77, AM-98 at Rampur). Similarly, the highest grain zinc content was found 97 mg/kg (AM-6, AM-138 and AM-125 at Dailekh) and 92 mg/kg (AM-226, AM-99 and AM-227 mg/kg at Rampur). The highest iron content 71 mg/kg ( AM-2, AM-43, AM-4 at Dailekh) and 63 mg/kg (AM-90, AM-168 and AM-92 at Rampur). The identified genotypes with higher grain elements concentration are valuable resources for Nepal's barley breeding program that helps develop quality and nutritious barley varieties.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Barley grain protein concentration"

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Ottman, Michael J. "Seeding Rate Effects on Durum Grain Protein Concentration." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/204099.

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It has been observed in other wheat growing regions that stands that are thin rarely have problems with low grain protein. The purpose of this study was to determine if this is indeed the case in Arizona. A study was conducted at Maricopa where the durum varieties Duraking, Minos, and Turbo were sown at rates from 30 to 360 lbs seed/acre. Seeding rate had no effect on grain protein or yield in this study. The reported effects of thin stands on grain protein may be related to low yield rather than seeding rate per se.
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Nolan, Eamon David. "Understanding and predicting grain nitrogen concentration in malting barley." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/29582.

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Grain nitrogen (N) concentration is a major quality criterion of malting barley for which there is a narrow range that producers must meet to satisfy market requirements (1.52 – 1.84 %). In recent years growers in Ireland have had difficulty producing grain with a high enough N concentration to meet these requirements using standard recommended agronomic regimes. The reasons for the lower than expected grain N concentrations are not known. There is interest from growers and maltsters in the development of a system to forecast likely grain N concentration from crop measurements made at or before flowering. A forecasting system would allow growers to identify crops at risk of falling below specification and to apply late N fertiliser if needed. It would also enable maltsters to plan grain intake and malting operations in advance of harvest. The aim of this project was to investigate the potential for predicting grain N concentrations of spring barley from crop and soil measurements made at ear emergence. The main objectives were to 1) investigate the relationships between measurements made at ear emergence and grain N concentration at harvest in order to identify which characteristics should be included as variables in multiple regression models to explain variation in grain N concentration, 2) to use the models with independent data sets to predict grain N concentration and test the accuracy of the predictions, 3) to quantify the recovery by the crop of fertiliser N applied at anthesis and its effects on grain N concentration and 4) to determine whether non-destructive techniques can provide estimates of crop growth and N content for use in the prediction models. Field experiments were established with plots of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare cv. SY Taberna) at one site in 2013 and two sites in 2014 representative of those employed in malting barley production in Ireland. Fertiliser N applications were varied over the range 0 – 210 kg N/ha (with dressings split between sowing and mid-tillering) to provide a range of crop growth and grain N concentrations. In some experiments additional applications of N were made at anthesis to quantify effects on grain N concentration and seed rate treatments (150, 300 and 600 seeds per m-2) imposed to test the accuracy of predictions of grain N concentration in crops of varying canopy structure. Destructive samples were taken to determine total crop N content and canopy N distribution at ear emergence and harvest. Measurements of soil mineral N availability, ear numbers per m-2 and the number of spikelets per ear were made at ear emergence. Final grain yield and quality were also determined at harvest. Grain N concentration is the quotient of grain N content and grain yield. Both grain N content and yield explained a significant amount of the variation in grain N concentration observed across sites and fertiliser N treatments indicating that estimates of both must be included in models to predict N concentration. Grain N content was strongly related to total crop N content at harvest (P < 0.001; R2 = 0.96), which in turn was related to canopy N content at ear emergence (P < 0.001; R2 = 0.94). Similarly, grain yield was strongly related to total crop biomass at harvest (P < 0.001; R2 = 0.83), which in turn was related to crop biomass at ear emergence (P < 0.001; R2 = 0.88). These results indicated that predictions of grain N concentration might be possible from measurements of crop N content and biomass at ear emergence and that the effects of variation in harvest index, nitrogen harvest index and post-anthesis N uptake on grain N concentration are likely to be negligible under normal agronomic conditions in Ireland. Weather conditions in 2013 were unusually dry and estimates of soil moisture deficit and available water capacity indicated that the crop was water stressed. In 2014 weather conditions were close to the long term averages for the sites. Multiple regression models using canopy N content and biomass at ear emergence as explanatory variables accounted for 91% of the variation in grain N concentration when data from 2014 were used and 80% when data from both 2013 and 2014 were combined. The models developed using data from plots sown at 300 seed per m-2 in 2014 were tested against independent data from plots sown at 150 seeds per m-2 in the same year and at the same sites to test the accuracy of predictions across plant populations and canopy structures. The models were also tested using data from experimental plots and commercial fields collected in 2015 to test the accuracy of predictions in a different year across a range of sites and varieties. Values of grain N concentration predicted from measurements at ear emergence were compared with actual grain N concentrations measured at harvest. The accuracy of predictions was good with an R2 of 0.80 and RMSE of 0.114 %N for the test across seed rates and R2 of 0.80 and RMSE 0.220 %N for the validation in 2015 across sites and varieties. In 2014, grain N concentrations were increased significantly by applications of additional N fertiliser at anthesis with apparent recoveries (increase in N content (kg) /kg fertiliser N applied) in grain averaging 50% over the range of application rates indicating scope for increasing grain N concentration in crops predicted to be at risk of not meeting malting specifications Non-destructive measurements displayed significant relationships with N content and biomass at GS 59 across a combination of sites and seasons. However, issues in performance relating to instrument saturation were obvious and estimates never produced more accurate predictions of grain N concentration than destructive sampling. The results show that grain N concentration of spring barley can be predicted with good accuracy from measurements of canopy N and crop biomass made at ear emergence when the weather conditions are comparable to the long term average for the region. As conditions of drought are rare in Ireland, the prediction models are a potentially valuable tool to aid crop management and post-harvest operations by growers and maltsters. Further testing will be needed before users can be confident in the reliability of predictions over years and a larger set of varieties.
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Ottman, M. J. "Seeding Rate and Phosphorous Fertilizer Effects on Durum Grain Protein Concentration." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/201444.

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Pettersson, C. G. "Predicting malting barley protein concentration : based on canopy reflectance and site characteristics /." Uppsala : Dept. of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/200756.pdf.

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Ottman, Michael J. "Wheat and barley varieties for Arizona, 2015." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/581481.

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Bulman, Patrick G. M. "Management and cultivar effects on the yield and grain protein of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=41104.

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Spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is an important cereal crop in Quebec, where it is used as a crop for swine and poultry. Since barley is a better source of energy than protein, a protein supplement must be added to the feed. Consequently, the production of barley with high protein concentration in the grain (GPC) is desirable. Studies on intensive cereal management (ICM) practices in other countries have shown that high yields can be combined with a high GPC. From 1987 to 1990 three field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of ICM on the yields and GPC of six-rowed spring barley in Quebec. Our results describe the effects of individual ICM components (N fertilizer application, fungicide, and plant growth regulator) on the development of yield components and on GPC. In general, N had little effect on main stem yield spike$ sp{-1}$ and on tiller spikes m$ sp{-2}$. Possibly, plant density or environmental conditions may have imposed greater limitations on yield rather than N. Nitrogen treatments increased GPC generally by increasing the amount of protein grain$ sp{-1}$. Nitrogen treatments which increased the amount of protein grain$ sp{-1}$ increased the lysine and cyst(e)ine concentrations of the grain but decreased their concentration in the grain protein. The plant growth regulator ethephon increased GPC by increasing the amount of protein grain$ sp{-1}$, by decreasing the nonprotein content grain$ sp{-1}$, or by altering final grain size distribution. Ethephon often had damaging effects on yield. Large genotypic variation was observed for GPC, but could not be related to genotypic differences in N harvest index, total N accumulation, protein yield or post-anthesis N uptake and assimilation. Grain yield was weakly correlated with GPC. Examination of the cultivars grown from 1910 to 1988 showed that increases in grain yield were accompanied by increases in harvest index, total dry matter, and lodging resistance. Plant height was reduced over tim
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Östensson, Frida. "Grain protein content and its assocoation with the NAC-protein genes HvNAM1 and HvNAM2 in Nordic barley." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Biologi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-129390.

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Hunger is a problem faced by many people all over the world, and as the population grows, so does the need for food such as cereals. Because of this, the need for food with higher protein and nutrient content will be increasingly important. NAM-B1, a NAC-protein gene in wheat, has been shown to control the grain protein content and nutrient values, as well as senescence. In barley, two orthologous genes have been found, HvNAM1 and HvNAM2. This study focuses on Nordic barley accessions and how haplotypes of HvNAM1 and HvNAM2 correlate to the grain protein content (GPC) and nutrient content. No correlations between the different haplotypes of the HvNAM genes and the nutrient content and GPC were found. No differences in nutrient content and GPC were found in Nordic accessions originating from Sweden, Norway, Finland, or Denmark, nor were differences found for improvements status groups or for six-row barley and two-row barley. The Nordic accessions were shown to generally have high GPC when compared to control groups Karl and Lewis. However, even if the results of this study indicate that the HvNAM genes do not have major effects on the nutrient contents or GPC, Nordic barley might still be good material for plant improvement. Other factors such as other genes, environmental effects, and gene expression should therefore be investigated.
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Lilja, Sandra. "The association of the genes HvNAM1 and HvNAM2 with grain protein content in Nordic barley." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-119194.

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In barley, the GPC (Grain Protein Content) has proved to be of great importance for both feed, food and beer production. When it comes to feed and food, a high GPC is desirable since it indicates good nutritional values, while in beer production a low and stable GPC is needed to avoid beer chill haze. In previous studies a decrease in the GPC has been seen in different accessions of barley developed at different time periods during the last 100 years. The gene family HvNAM, including the genes HvNAM1 and HvNAM2, has in previous studies been shown to be important for the remobilization of nutrients towards the grains during the senescence and thus also for the GPC. In this study, 40 Nordic accessions from different improvement groups from the end of the 19th century until today have been analyzed for polymorphism in those genes. Statistical analyses has been conducted to investigate if there are any associations between the polymorph nucleotide positions and the nutritional values of grain protein, iron and zinc contents. However, no such associations were found. Instead some correlations could be seen between the nutrient content and thousand grain weight, a relative measurement of the grain size. In conclusion, since no polymorphisms were found to be associated to the nutritional value there might instead be a correlation between the gene expression and the nutritional value. Future work should thus focus on the gene expression of HvNAM1 and HvNAM2 in Nordic accessions of barley.
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Clarke, Matthew P. "Irrigation effects on growth, yield and quality of winter wheat as predicted by models and observed in field experiments." Thesis, University of Reading, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250648.

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Lotfollahi, Mohammad. "The effect of subsoil mineral nitrogen on grain protein concentration of wheat." Title page, table of contents and summary only, 1996. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phl882.pdf.

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Copy of author's previously published work inserted. Bibliography: leaves 147-189. This project examines the uptake of mineral N from the subsoil after anthesis and its effect on grain protein concentration (GPC) of wheat. The overall objective is to examine the importance of subsoil mineral N and to investigate the ability of wheat to take up N from the subsoil late in the season under different conditions of N supply and soil water availability. Greenhouse experiments investigate the importance of subsoil mineral N availability on GPC of wheat and the factors that contribute to the effective utilisation of N. The recovery of N from subsoil, the effect of split N application on GPC and short term N uptake by the wheat at different rooting densities are also studied.
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Book chapters on the topic "Barley grain protein concentration"

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Lotfollahi, M., and M. J. Malakouti. "The effect of split nitrogen application on grain protein concentration of wheat." In Plant Nutrition, 340–41. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47624-x_164.

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Bedoussac, Laurent, Étienne-Pascal Journet, Henrik Hauggaard-Nielsen, Christophe Naudin, Guénaëlle Corre-Hellou, Loïc Prieur, Erik Steen Jensen, and Eric Justes. "Eco-functional Intensification by Cereal-Grain Legume Intercropping in Organic Farming Systems for Increased Yields, Reduced Weeds and Improved Grain Protein Concentration." In Organic Farming, Prototype for Sustainable Agricultures, 47–63. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7927-3_3.

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Badea, Ana, and Champa Wijekoon. "Benefits of Barley Grain in Animal and Human Diets." In Cereal Grains [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97053.

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Barley (Hordeum vulgare L) is one of the major cereal grains grown in temperate countries and ranked globally as the fourth largest grain crop. Currently, it is produced in more than 100 countries around the world with a global production of approximatively 159 million tonnes and 51 million hectares in 2019. The production and value-added barley products impact breweries, food processors, feed mills, and livestock operations. Barley grain is used primarily as an energy and protein source in beef cattle diets and as a malt source for alcoholic beverages, especially in the beer industry. Also, barley is used in bread, soups, stews, and health products since the barley grain is rich in several health-boosting components. As such, barley is high in protein, fibre, vitamins and natural bioactive antioxidants such as phenolics and lipids. However the studies of bioactive and nutritional properties of barley and the utilization of the crop as a functional food in animal and human diet is still limited. The work herein provides a review covering world production, end-use and processing, nutritional attributes, and will advocate its potential as a functional food for animal and human health and its role in preventing some chronic diseases.
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Archana, Preetam Verma, and Nalini Pandey. "Impact of Inadequate Concentration of Boron in Seed Storage Proteins Content in Oilseed Crops." In Grain and Seed Proteins Functionality. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95873.

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For the estimation of Impact of inadequate concentration of boron in seed storage proteins content in oilseed crops, a sand culture experiment was designed and all the three crops i.e. soyabean, mustard and linseed were grown under sufficient and insufficient boron treatment till maturity. Seed germination and seed storage protein concentration was determined in seeds after the harvesting of crops. Earlier oilseed crops like soyabean, mustard and linseed are cultivated for oil production but at this time these crops are reliable source of protein also and are real asset for human dietary protein. The storage protein present in seeds varies from ~10% (in cereals) to 40% (in certain legumes and oilseeds) of dry weight. Seeds contain one or more groups of proteins that are present in high amounts and that serve to provide a store of amino acids and sulfur required during germination and seedling growth. Quality of seeds is driven by the total protein content present in the form of storage reserve in seeds. There are major four types of storage proteins known as- globulins (insoluble in water), albumins (soluble in water), prolamins (soluble in alcohol) and glutelins (soluble in dilute acid and alkaline medium). Globulins and albumins are the major storage seed proteins of legumes and oilseed crops whereas prolamins and glutelins are mostly found in cereal seeds. Functionally boron is crucial micronutrient for a considerable amount of agricultural yield. Seed reserves (proteins, carbohydrates, starch, lipids) of post harvested seeds are depended on the appropriate boron supply during cropping. Boron insufficiency in oilseed crops found to be an inhibitory factor for seed vigor and seed quality. So this chapter deals with the effect of boron deprivation on seed quality in terms of germination capacity and seed storage protein reserves in the post harvested seeds of soybean, mustard and linseed.
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Muitire, Clemence, Casper Kamutando, and Martin Moyo. "Building Stress Resilience of Cereals under Future Climatic Scenarios: ‘The Case of Maize, Wheat, Rice and Sorghum’." In Cereal Grains [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96608.

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World population is projected to reach 10 billion by 2050 and the phenomenon is expected to cause a surge in demand for food, feed and industrial raw materials. Cereals (i.e., carbohydrate-rich grain crops) are the most widely grown and consumed crops worldwide. All cereals combined provide approximately 56% and 50% of global energy and protein needs, respectively. Maize, wheat, rice, barley and sorghum are the most produced and consumed cereals, globally. These are widely grown across the world from the tropics to the temperate regions. Although efforts are being done by governments, research organizations and academic institutions to increase productivity of these important crops, huge yield deficits still exist. Climate induced biotic (e.g., pests and diseases) as well as abiotic stresses (especially; heat and drought) are widely regarded as the key yield-constraining factors of most cereal crops. Given the contribution of cereals in global food and nutrition security, improvements in productivity of cereal production systems is mandatory if livelihoods are to be guaranteed. This chapter discusses the global production and utilization of four of the major global cereals, limiting factors to their productivity and possible solutions to the production constraints.
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Dobocha, Dereje, and Debela Bekele. "Faba Bean Agronomic and Crop Physiology Research in Ethiopia." In Legumes [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101542.

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Faba bean is an important pulse crop in terms of protein source, area coverage, and volume of annual production in Ethiopia. The aim of this paper is to assess the agronomic and crop physiology investigations in the past two decades in Ethiopia. The production limiting factors of this crop are low input usage, natural disasters, depletion of macronutrients, and unavailability of essential nutrients. Phosphorus is among the main limiting nutrients in soil systems in Ethiopia. Seed yield and biomass yield of faba bean were increased from 1338 to 1974 kg/ha and from 3124 to 4446 kg/ha when phosphorous was changed from 0 to 52 kg/ha, respectively at Holeta whereas application of 40 kg P ha − 1 resulted in higher grain yield (6323 kg ha−1) and 3303 kg ha−1 at Lemu-Bilbilo and Bore highlands, respectively. The highest grain yield of 32 kg ha−1 was obtained from the application of 92 kg P2O5 ha−1 at Sekela district while application of 46 kg P2O5 ha−1 resulted in a substantial increase in seed yield over unfertilized plots on vertisols of Ambo. On the other hand, the results suggest that using starter nitrogen from 0 to 27 kg/ha has marginally increased faba bean yield but, a farther increase of nitrogen has indicated deteriorate of yield at Arsi zone. Proper plant populations play a crucial role in enhancing faba bean production. Planting faba bean at 30 cm × 15 cm spacing gave the highest grain yield in Duna district while it was 30 × 7.5 cm at vertisols of Ambo University research farm. Significantly higher seed yield (4222 kg/ha) was observed in the 40 cm inter-row spacing as compared to 50 cm inter-row spacing, which gave the lowest seed yield per hectare (3138 kg/ha) on fluvisols of Haramaya University. Intercropping and crop rotation are cropping systems that can increase soil fertility and crop yield. Intercropping of faba bean with barley at Debre Birhan increased land equivalent ratio than both crops when planted as sole. An additional income of 18.5% and 40% was gained than planting sole faba bean and wheat, respectively at Kulumsa. Faba bean can fix about 69 kg/ha nitrogen in Northern Ethiopia. Generally, the current review results showed that only limited studies in organic and bio fertilizer, plant density, and cropping systems were done on faba bean in Ethiopia. Hence, studies regarding soil acidity, organic fertilizer, and secondary plus micronutrient impacts on faba bean production and productivity along soil types and weather conditions need great attention in the future in Ethiopia.
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Hibbert, D. Brynn. "Metrological Traceability." In Quality Assurance in the Analytical Chemistry Laboratory. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195162127.003.0011.

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The ability to trace a measurement result to a reference value lies at the heart of any measurement. Traceability is part of standards governing laboratory practice, such as ISO/IEC 17025 and Good Laboratory Practice (see chapter 9), as a mandatory property of a measurement result, yet as a concept, traceability of a chemical measurement result is poorly understood. It is either taken for granted, often without much foundation, or ignored altogether. Why is traceability so important? How have we been able to ignore it for so long? The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) has applied itself to this problem and a definitive discussion on metrological traceability in chemistry will be published. In this chapter I use the term “metrological traceability” to refer to the property of a measurement result that relates the result to a metrological reference. The word “metrological” is used to distinguish the concept from other kinds of traceability, such as the paper trail of documentation, or the physical trail of the chain of custody of a forensic sample. When the term “traceable standard” is used to refer to a calibration material, for example, the provenance of the material is not at issue, but the quantity value embodied in the standard. In explaining the importance of metrological traceability, I return to the discussions about chemical measurement (chapter 1). The concentration of a chemical is never measured for its own sake, but for a purpose, which often involves trade, health, environmental, or legal matters. The ultimate goal is achieved by comparing the measurement result with another measurement result, with a prescribed value, a legal or regulatory limit, or with values amassed from the experience of the analyst or client. In trading grain, for example, if exported wheat is analyzed by both buyer and seller for protein content, they should be confident that they will obtain comparable measurement results; in other words, results for the same sample of wheat should agree within the stated measurement uncertainties. If the results do not agree, then one party or the other will be disadvantaged, the samples will have to be remeasured, perhaps by a third-party referee, at cost of time and money.
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"Hockett TABLE 4 Broad and Narrow Sense Heritability and Genetic Advance Estimates for Grain Yield Components and Other Agronomic Characteristics Since 1964 Heritability" Broad sense Narrow sense Genetic advanceb Number Number Number Average Range references Average Range references Average Range references Characteristic (%) (%) reviewed (%) (%) reviewed (%) (%) reviewed Grain yield 44 5-93 26 27 0-54 11 23 3-46 10 Spike number 49 3-98 24 34 14-66 9 33 4-113 12 Kernels/spike 64 15-99 23 39 2-91 12 28 3-71 8 Kernel weight 63 24-99 22 43 13-78 10 12 2-22 9 Heading date 74 19-100 17 60 34-92 6 10 1-23 9 Lodging score 66 41-88 5 27 6-38 3 123 1 Plant height 66 4-99 30 41 8-73 13 15 1-44 11 Grain protein 53 5-98 14 32 8-76 4 16 5-22 3 Grain plumpness 62 34-90 5 43 24-58 3 18 11-24 2 Diastatic power Barley 82 55-94 5 58 23-94 3 20 Malt 68 50-86 2 Extract Barley 59 43-71 3 12 8-16 211 Malt 57 46-69 3 Spike length 66 3-98 17 50 44-56 5 20 4-34 8 'Computations were most often on the plot basis, but some were on a plant or trial mean basis. 'Given as percentage of the mean. Source: Ref. 15. barley [41] and have been used to produce homozygous sp. spontaneum and bulbosum have about 3000 and 600 lines and study segregation ratios and linkage values in ga-ascensions, respectively [46,47]. The locations of the ma-metes produced by F1 plants (haploids); produce aneu-jor base germplasm collections are shown in Table 5. ploids (triploids); and attempt to produce commercial, 2n = Working germplasm collections are found in Brazil, Bul-4x = 28 chromosome barleys (autotetraploids). Individual garia, the Czech Republic, England, Germany, Slovakia, pairs of barley chromosomes have been added to the chro-Syria, the Netherlands, the United States, and Russia [48]. mosome complement of wheat [41] and used to make ge-Many composite crosses of barley are maintained in the netic and evolutionary studies of barley. Figure 8 shows a United States, with CCXLVII being the last one assigned a micrograph of barley chromosomes. number by the USDA-ARS collection [49]. A new strategy to physically relate RFLP-based genetic Recent attempts have been made to set up "core" col-linkage maps with cytological markers of the barley chro-lections of barley germplasm [50,51]. Selection of these mosomes has been devised by Sorokin et al. [44]. Morpho-genotypes can be divided into four steps: (1) definition of logically distinct translocation chromosome were mi-domain, (2) division into genetically distinct types, (3) al-croisolated, and their DNA was used as a template for location of entries over types, and (4) choice of entries polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers. [51]. Cross [50] has integrated both simply inherited phe-A recent review of these techniques in cereals is given by notypically obvious markers with electrophoretic patterns Kunzel and Korzun [45]. in setting up a core collection. D. Germplasm Resources 2. Wide Crosses Reviews describing the wide crosses made in barley are 1. Collections given by von Bothmer [47,52] and Fedak [53,54]. The ori-About 25,000 barley landraces plus 25,000 breeder lines gin, taxonomy, and related species of barley are described and cultivars are preserved in collections of barley [52], as are the incompatibility, mechanisms, and cytoge-throughout the world [46]. In addition, the wild H. vulgare netics of wild barley crosses [53]. There is a general lack." In Handbook of Cereal Science and Technology, Revised and Expanded, 104–10. CRC Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420027228-12.

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"maize, 1.4-2.7%; of waxy barley, 2.1-8.3%; and of waxy swell only slightly in cold water. Granules differ in size rice 0-2.3%; thus the range of amylose contents of the and shape among plants. For example, corn starch has an waxy wheats is comparable to that of other waxy cereal average diameter of about 15 1.1,M, wheat starch has a bi-grains. Biochemical features of starch from waxy wheats modal size distribution of 25-40 and 5-10 [tm, potato are similar to those of waxy maize [71]. starch has an average size of 40 WTI, and rice starch has an Starch from barley contains 22-26% amylose, the rest average size of 5µm [99]. being amylopectin [28]. However, samples of 11-26% The particle sizes of starch granules have recently re-amylose are known, and starch from waxy barley contains ceived much attention because of their important roles in only 0-3% amylose, while high-amylose starches contain determining both the taste and mouthfeel of fat substitutes up to 45%. and the tensible properties of degradable plastic films. Amylose content of rice is categorized as very low Daniel and Whistler [39] reported that small-granule (0-9%), low (9-20%), intermediate (20-25%), or high starch about 2 !um in diameter, or similar in size to the lipid (25-33%) [124]. The amylose content of long grain rice micelle, had advantages as a fat substitute. Lim et al. [117] ranges from 23 to 26%, while medium grain ranges from investigated the use of starches of different particle size in 15 to 20% and short grain ranges from 18 to 20% [103]. degradable plastic film. They reported that a linear correla-Oat amylose content (16-27%) is similar to that of tion between film thickness and particle size and an in-wheat starch, but oat amylose is more linear and oat amy-verse linear correlation between film thickness and particle lopectin is more branched than that found in wheat [121]. size. Small-granule starches may also be used as face pow-Most sorghum starch is similar in composition to corn der or dusting powder, as a stabilizer in baking powder, and contains 70-80% branched amylopectin and 21-28% and as laundry-stiffening agents. amylose [127]. However, waxy or glutinous sorghum con-The size of the wheat starch granule is 1-30 lam, the tains starch with 100% amylopectin and has unique prop-size distribution being bimodal. Such a bimodal size distri-erties similar to waxy corn [158]. Badi et al. [11] reported bution is characteristic of wheat starch, as well as of rye 17% amylose in starch from one pearl milled population. and barley starches. Wheat starch consists of two basic Gracza [69] reviewed the minor constituents of starch. forms: small spherical granules (about 5-10 wri) and larg-Cereal starches contain low levels of lipids. Usually, the er lenticular granules (about 25-4011m). The small B-gran-lipids associated with starch are polar lipids. Generally, the ules are spherical and have a diameter of less than 10 wrt; level of lipids in cereal starch is between 0.5 and 1%. Be-a mean value of about 4 lam has been reported. The large sides low levels of other minerals, starches contain phos-A-granules are lenticular and have a diameter greater than phorus and nitrogen. In the cereals, phosphorus occurs 10 lam, with a mean 14.11.1m. In reality, the granules have a mostly in the form of phospholipids. The nitrogen is gener-continuous distribution of granule size within the range ally considered to be present as protein, but it may also be designated for that starch. Amylose and amylopectin are a constituent of the lipid fraction. intermixed and distributed evenly throughout the granule. The interaction between amylose and lipids is more Many believe that the composition and properties of small powerful by far than that between amylopectin and lipids and large granules are similar, but this is a subject of some [55]. It is well established that polar lipids (e.g., mono-argument and the subject of many research studies [42]. glycerides, fatty acids, and similar compounds) form a hel-Kulp [110] evaluated the fundamental and bread-mak-ical inclusion complex with the amylose molecule, be-ing properties of small wheat starch granules and com-tween the hydrocarbon chain of the lipid and the interior of pared them with those of regular starch. Small granules the amylose helix. were found to be lower in iodine affinity, indicating differ-ences in amylose levels or some fundamental structural differences. Gelatinization temperature ranges, water-binding capacities, and enzymic susceptibilities of small Starch is laid down in the shape of particles in special amy-granules were higher than those of regular ones. loplast cells in the plant. These particles are called gran-Rice has one of the smallest starch granules of cereal ules, and they are the means by which the plant stores en-grains, ranging in size from 3 to 5 pm in the mature grain, ergy for the carbohydrate in a space-saving way, but also to although the small granules of wheat starch are almost the make the energy easily accessible when the seed germi-same size [33]. The small granule size of that starch results nates [57]. One starch granule is synthesized in each amy-in physical properties that make it useful as a dusting flour loplast, and the shape and size of a starch granule is typical in bakeries. Rice starch amyloses have degree of polymer-of its botanical origin. ization (DP) values of 1000-1100 and average chain Starch granules are relatively dense, insoluble, and lengths of 250-320. These structural properties of amylose." In Handbook of Cereal Science and Technology, Revised and Expanded, 405–32. CRC Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420027228-41.

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Conference papers on the topic "Barley grain protein concentration"

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Filatov, A. N., and V. K. Khramoy. "Influence of soil treatment methods on grain and protein productivity of barley variety Cherio." In Растениеводство и луговодство. Тимирязевская сельскохозяйственная академия, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1762-4-2020-71.

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When replacing plowing with disk tillage, there is a steady downward trend in the yield of barley grain, but the differences are not always reliable. On average, the decrease was 5.7%. In arid conditions, the use of minimal tillage leads to a decrease in the protein content in the grain of barley, and in conditions of increased moisture, to an increase. With traditional tillage, there was a tendency to an increase in protein harvest with grain harvest,
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Kosolapov, Vladimir, Halyaf Ishmuratov, Valentina Kosolapova, and Zinaida Zverkova. "ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF THE USE OF YOUNG CATTLE PROTEIN FEED FROM BARLEY-PEA MIXTURES." In Multifunctional adaptive feed production. ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2020-22-70-109-114.

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An assessment is made of the protein nutritional value of silage and crushed grain prepared from a mixture of barley and peas, as well as an assessment of the quality of protein feed from these mixtures. It has been determined that the greatest economic effect can be obtained by using a biological preparation for silage and crushed grain treatment to animals rations.
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Kulikov, D. S., V. V. Kolpakova, V. A. Gulakova, R. V. Ulanova, and L. V. Chumikina. "Biotechnological processes of pea grain processing to produce concentrated protein preparations." In CURRENT STATE, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRARIAN SCIENCE. Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33952/2542-0720-2020-5-9-10-92.

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A mathematical model has been developed for the dependence of the solubility of pea flour protein on technological factors (concentration of enzyme preparations, duration of fermentation, hydromodule). The optimal technological parameters were determined at 1 + 2 stages of fermentation (concentration of enzyme preparations 170 units/g of DS or 1.5 %/g of protein, duration of fermentation was 4 hours, water module 1:15), at which the solubility and yield of pea protein reached 60 % of total content in raw materials. New information has been obtained on the effect of ultrasonic treatment on a suspension of pea flour to increase protein yield by 23–24 % compared with a control sample with an ultrasound wave amplitude of 10 microns and a processing time of 3 minutes, the final solubility is 83–84 %. The resulting protein product was characterized by high protein content, complementary amino acid composition; it is recommended for use in food purposes.
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Kosolapov, Vladimir, Halyaf Ishmuratov, Valentina Kosolapova, and Zinaida Zverkova. "EFFECT OF THE USE OF FEED FROM BARLEY AND PEAS ON MEAT BULLS PRODUCTIVITY." In Multifunctional adaptive feed production. ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2020-22-70-104-108.

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Reconnaissance experiments were conducted to evaluate the productive effect of diets for young cattle. The diets consist of silage prepared from peas and barley in the ratio of 50: 50 and 25: 75, as well as from crushed grain these crops. Mixed crop cultivation is recommended for use in feed production. The average daily gain in live weight of gobies grown on such diets is 927–996 g, slaughter yield is up to 58.8%, and the protein content in the longest muscle of the back is 21.93–23.63%.
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L'Hocine, Lamia, Allaoua Achouri, Emily Mason, and Mélanie Pitre. "Allergenicity risk assessment of glabrous canaryseed as novel food protein source." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/hyzq5376.

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Glabrous canaryseed, a novel cereal grain, is emerging as a valuable source of plant proteins due to its high content in protein (22%). This true cereal was approved for human consumption in Canada and the United States, and as part of the regulatory safety assessment, its allergenic potential was evaluated. Canaryseed was found to be gluten-free and thus, suitable for individuals with celiac disease, however, possible allergic cross-reactivity between canaryseed and wheat was also revealed. Based on these findings, a cautionary labelling alluding to the potential of allergic reaction is requested on canaryseed food products, and further research to clarify the relationship between canary seed proteins and known wheat allergens was recommended. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to further assess the immunological cross-reactivity risks of canary seed to phylogenetically related grains, including wheat and oat, using wheat-allergic sera IgE based 1D and 2D- immunoblots and ELISA, followed by proteomic/bioinformatics identification of IgE-binding proteins. The results demonstrated extensive serological cross-reactivity between wheat, oat and canaryseed proteins, where the less abundant protein fractions showed the strongest IgE-binding. The in-gel tryptic digestion and LC-MS/MS identification of the IgE-binding canaryseed proteins showed high homology to proteins from wheat, barley, oat and Brachypodium distachyon (also known as stiff brome), which all belong to the Pooideae botanical subfamily. A majority of the IgE-binding proteins were mostly minor metabolic enzymes or uncharacterized proteins. Low sequence homology was observed for the 11-12S globulin storage proteins. Positive serological testing cannot ascertain allergic reaction to canaryseed, it does not rule out, however, the risks for wheat, oat or barley sensitized atopic population. Clinical oral food challenge remains the ultimate tool to conclude on the allergenicity of canaryseed. Until then, these data serve the reinforcement of the regulatory requirement to use allergen precautionary labeling for products containing canaryseed proteins.
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Ishmuratov, Halyaf. "FEEDING OF GRAIN OF CEREALS TREATED WITH HEAT AND UREA TO NEW COWS." In Multifunctional adaptive feed production. ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2020-22-70-115-12.

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In the preserved grain, urea, when subjected to hydrolysis, secretes am-MIAC, protecting it from self-heating and spoilage, and the other part of it goes to ammonium compounds, thereby increasing the protein nutrition of the grain. Processing of grain with urea contributed to a decrease in the concentration of protein, both soluble — by 3.24%, and cleavable-by 4.01%, compared with the control. The cost of processing 1 ton of grain with urea is 1.72 times cheaper than conventional drying. The profitability of milk production increased by 26.62%.
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Fletcher, Rich. "Modifying oil and protein quality in hemp using modern conventional breeding approaches." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/ugom7222.

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Cannabis sativa. has been cultivated as a source of high-quality fiber, nutritious grain and physiologically active molecules for thousands of years. Marijuana and hemp are both phenotypes of C. sativa, differentiated on the concentration of the psychoactive molecule delta-9-tetrahydocannabinol (THC) present in female flowers. Hemp, by definition, synthesizes less than 0.3% THC whereas all other plants would qualify as marijuana. Hemp grain is 30% lipid with a fatty acid composition elevated in omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, particularly gamma-linolenic acid. Hemp is also recognized for a high protein content and well-balanced amino acid profile, making its protein properties comparable to soy. Cultivation of hemp in the United States ceased during the 1940s because the species became classified under Federal law as a Schedule 1 drug. As a result, no breeding of the species as a field crop occurred in the U.S. until the Agriculture Act of 2014 paved the way for its reintroduction to the agricultural landscape. To fill this void, New West Genetics has been employing traditional breeding approaches supported by modern statistical genomics to develop hemp varieties adapted to large-scale production in the United States. In concert, special focus has been paid to modifying lipid and protein profiles to improve the value of the grain upon receipt by processors. The talk will focus on these modifications and their value to both the food and feed market.
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Byrdwell, William, and Hari Kiran Kotapati. "Fast chromatography with dual parallel mass spectrometry for lipidomic analysis and regioisomer quantification of pulse lipids." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/kxye7490.

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Pulses are seeds produced from legumes. More specifically, the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) defines pulses as “Leguminosae crops harvested exclusively for their grain, including dry beans, peas and lentils”. This excludes oilseeds, such as soybeans and peanuts. Pulses are well known for their high content of protein and fiber. Most pulses do not contain a lot of oil, and there is not abundant information in the literature on pulse oil triglycerides, or triacylglycerols (TAGs). But pulses are consumed in large quantities in diets around the globe, so even lower amounts of oil in highly consumed pulses means that the composition of the pulse oil is important to the normal diet. We developed a 10-minute method for analysis of pulse oils using fast UHPLC for separation followed by dual parallel mass spectrometry (MS) for detection and quantification of the separated TAGs. Atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) MS was used for fat-soluble vitamin (FSV) quantification and for TAG regioisomer quantification and electrospray ionization (ESI) coupled to high-resolution accurate-mass (HRAM) MS was used for lipidomic identification and quantification of TAG molecular species and regioisomers. Calibration standards contained low levels of FSVs, but high levels of TAGs for better quantification of the bulk oil extracted by the Folch method. The TAG calibration standards were comprised of two different regioisomers, representing alternating concentration levels, thereby allowing fragment ratio calibration curves of regioisomers to be constructed along with the normal quantification calibration curves (regioisomer calibration curve within each quantification calibration curve). We found that FSV calibration curves were linear with high correlation coefficients (r2), while TAG calibration curves were best modeled as power functions and gave lower correlation coefficients. The pulse TAGs were rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, which further adds to the already well-known nutritional benefits of pulses.
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Reports on the topic "Barley grain protein concentration"

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Feldman, Moshe, Eitan Millet, Calvin O. Qualset, and Patrick E. McGuire. Mapping and Tagging by DNA Markers of Wild Emmer Alleles that Improve Quantitative Traits in Common Wheat. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7573081.bard.

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The general goal was to identify, map, and tag, with DNA markers, segments of chromosomes of a wild species (wild emmer wheat, the progenitor of cultivated wheat) determining the number, chromosomal locations, interactions, and effects of genes that control quantitative traits when transferred to a cultivated plant (bread wheat). Slight modifications were introduced and not all objectives could be completed within the human and financial resources available, as noted with the specific objectives listed below: 1. To identify the genetic contribution of each of the available wild emmer chromosome-arm substitution lines (CASLs) in the bread wheat cultivar Bethlehem for quantitative traits, including grain yield and its components and grain protein concentration and yield, and the effect of major loci affecting the quality of end-use products. [The quality of end-use products was not analyzed.] 2. To determine the extent and nature of genetic interactions (epistatic effects) between and within homoeologous groups 1 and 7 for the chromosome arms carrying "wild" and "cultivated" alleles as expressed in grain and protein yields and other quantitative traits. [Two experiments were successful, grain protein concentration could not be measured; data are partially analyzed.] 3. To derive recombinant substitution lines (RSLs) for the chromosome arms of homoeologous groups 1 and 7 that were found previously to promote grain and protein yields of cultivated wheat. [The selection of groups 1 and 7 tons based on grain yield in pot experiments. After project began, it was decided also to derive RSLs for the available arms of homoeologous group 4 (4AS and 4BL), based on the apparent importance of chromosome group 4, based on early field trials of the CASLs.] 4. To characterize the RSLs for quantitative traits as in objective 1 and map and tag chromosome segments producing significant effects (quantitative trait loci, QTLs by RFLP markers. [Producing a large population of RSLs for each chromosome arm and mapping them proved more difficult than anticipated, low numbers of RSLs were obtained for two of the chromosome arms.] 5. To construct recombination genetic maps of chromosomes of homoeologous groups 1 and 7 and to compare them to existing maps of wheat and other cereals [Genetic maps are not complete for homoeologous groups 4 and 7.] The rationale for this project is that wild species have characteristics that would be valuable if transferred to a crop plant. We demonstrated the sequence of chromosome manipulations and genetic tests needed to confirm this potential value and enhance transfer. This research has shown that a wild tetraploid species harbors genetic variability for quantitative traits that is interactive and not simply additive when introduced into a common genetic background. Chromosomal segments from several chromosome arms improve yield and protein in wheat but their effect is presumably enhanced when combination of genes from several segments are integrated into a single genotype in order to achieve the benefits of genes from the wild species. The interaction between these genes and those in the recipient species must be accounted for. The results of this study provide a scientific basis for some of the disappointing results that have historically obtained when using wild species as donors for crop improvement and provide a strategy for further successes.
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