Journal articles on the topic 'Barley – Breeding; Barley – Genetics'
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1
Ren, Xifeng, Yonggang Wang, Songxian Yan, Dongfa Sun, and Genlou Sun. "Population genetics and phylogenetic analysis of the vrs1 nucleotide sequence in wild and cultivated barley." Genome 57, no. 4 (April 2014): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/gen-2014-0039.
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Spike morphology is a key characteristic in the study of barley genetics, breeding, and domestication. Variation at the six-rowed spike 1 (vrs1) locus is sufficient to control the development and fertility of the lateral spikelet of barley. To study the genetic variation of vrs1 in wild barley (Hordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneum) and cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare), nucleotide sequences of vrs1 were examined in 84 wild barleys (including 10 six-rowed) and 20 cultivated barleys (including 10 six-rowed) from four populations. The length of the vrs1 sequence amplified was 1536 bp. A total of 40 haplotypes were identified in the four populations. The highest nucleotide diversity, haplotype diversity, and per-site nucleotide diversity were observed in the Southwest Asian wild barley population. The nucleotide diversity, number of haplotypes, haplotype diversity, and per-site nucleotide diversity in two-rowed barley were higher than those in six-rowed barley. The phylogenetic analysis of the vrs1 sequences partially separated the six-rowed and the two-rowed barley. The six-rowed barleys were divided into four groups.
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Stockinger, Eric J. "The Breeding of Winter-Hardy Malting Barley." Plants 10, no. 7 (July 11, 2021): 1415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10071415.
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In breeding winter malting barley, one recurring strategy is to cross a current preferred spring malting barley to a winter barley. This is because spring malting barleys have the greatest amalgamation of trait qualities desirable for malting and brewing. Spring barley breeding programs can also cycle their material through numerous generations each year—some managing even six—which greatly accelerates combining desirable alleles to generate new lines. In a winter barley breeding program, a single generation per year is the limit when the field environment is used and about two generations per year if vernalization and greenhouse facilities are used. However, crossing the current favored spring malting barley to a winter barley may have its downsides, as winter-hardiness too may be an amalgamation of desirable alleles assembled together that confers the capacity for prolonged cold temperature conditions. In this review I touch on some general criteria that give a variety the distinction of being a malting barley and some of the general trends made in the breeding of spring malting barleys. But the main objective of this review is to pull together different aspects of what we know about winter-hardiness from the seemingly most essential aspect, which is survival in the field, to molecular genetics and gene regulation, and then finish with ideas that might help further our insight for predictability purposes.
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Lukina, K. A., O. N. Kovaleva, and I. G. Loskutov. "Naked barley: taxonomy, breeding, and prospects of utilization." Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding 26, no. 6 (October 9, 2022): 524–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/vjgb-22-64.
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This review surveys the current state of taxonomy, origin, and utilization prospects for naked barley. The cultivated barley Hordeum vulgare L. incorporates the covered and naked barley groups. Naked barleys are divided into six-row naked barley (convar. сoeleste (L.) A. Trof.) and two-row naked barley (convar. nudum (L.) A. Trof.). The groups include botanical varieties differing in the structural features of spikes, awns, floret and spikelet glumes, and the color of kernels. The centers of morphogenesis for naked barley are scrutinized employing archeological and paleoethnobotanical data, and the diversity of its forms. Hypotheses on the centers of its origin are discussed using DNA marker data. The main areas of its cultivation are shown, along with possible reasons for such a predominating or exclusive distribution of naked barley in highland areas. Inheritance of nakedness and mechanisms of its manifestation are considered in the context of new data in genetics. The biochemical composition of barley grain in protein, some essential and nonessential amino acids, β-glucans, vitamins, and antioxidants is described. Naked barley is shown to be a valuable source of unique combinations of soluble and insoluble dietary fibers and polysaccharides. The parameters limiting wider distribution of naked barley over the world are emphasized, and breeding efforts that could mitigate them are proposed. Pathogen-resistant naked barley accessions are identified to serve as promising sources for increasing grain yield and quality. Main stages and trends of naked barley breeding are considered and the importance of the VIR global germplasm collection as the richest repository of genetic material for the development of breeding is shown.
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Gougerdchi, Vahideh, Sara Dezhsetan, Mohammad Ali Ebrahimi, Behzad Sadeghzadeh, and Sona Savari. "Using SSR Markers For Assessment Genetic Diversity And Detection Drought Escape Candidate Genes In Barley Lines (Hordeum Vulgare L.)." Plant Breeding and Seed Science 70, no. 1 (December 1, 2014): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/plass-2015-0009.
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Abstract Assessment of genetic diversity using molecular markers is one of the primary and important steps in breeding programs. In this study, genetic diversity of 52 barley lines evaluated using 68 SSR primer pairs and 47 primer pairs produced clear and polymorphic banding pattern. In general, 153 polymorphic alleles detected. The number of observed polymorphic alleles varied from 2 to 9, with an average of 3.26 alleles per locus. Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) ranged from 0.07 to 0.81, with an average of 0.45. In this research, SSR markers differentiated the studied lines efficiently. Using cluster analysis, studied barley lines divided into two groups. Genetic diversity was relatively corresponding with geographical origins, because the lines related to a country somewhat diverged from each other. Two-rowed Iranian and Chinese barleys classified in one subgroup. Also, most six-rowed barleys classified in one subgroup. Association mapping analysis was used to identify candidate genes for drought escape in barley lines and 16 informative markers were identified after which confirmation in other tests could be suitable for marker assisted breeding drought escape.
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Pickering, R., A. Johnston P, and B. Ruge. "Importance of the Secondary Genepool in Barley Genetics and Breeding. I. Cytogenetics and Molecular Analysis." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 40, No. 3 (November 23, 2011): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3702-cjgpb.
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There have been no plant breeding developments using species from the tertiary genepool of cultivated barley for breeding or genetics since the VIII<sup>th</sup> International Barley Genetics Symposium in 2000. Hence, the first part of this review describes progress since 2000 in developing and characterising recombinant lines derived from hybridisations between the sole species in the secondary genepool, Hordeum bulbosum L., and cultivated barley, Hordeum vulgare L. The topics discussed in part I are cytogenetics and molecular analysis of recombinant lines.
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Sreenivasulu, Nese, Andreas Graner, and Ulrich Wobus. "Barley Genomics: An Overview." International Journal of Plant Genomics 2008 (March 13, 2008): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/486258.
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Barley (Hordeum vulgare), first domesticated in the Near East, is a well-studied crop in terms of genetics, genomics, and breeding and qualifies as a model plant for Triticeae research. Recent advances made in barley genomics mainly include the following: (i) rapid accumulation of EST sequence data, (ii) growing number of studies on transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome, (iii) new modeling techniques, (iv) availability of genome-wide knockout collections as well as efficient transformation techniques, and (v) the recently started genome sequencing effort. These developments pave the way for a comprehensive functional analysis and understanding of gene expression networks linked to agronomically important traits. Here, we selectively review important technological developments in barley genomics and related fields and discuss the relevance for understanding genotype-phenotype relationships by using approaches such as genetical genomics and association studies. High-throughput genotyping platforms that have recently become available will allow the construction of high-density genetic maps that will further promote marker-assisted selection as well as physical map construction. Systems biology approaches will further enhance our knowledge and largely increase our abilities to design refined breeding strategies on the basis of detailed molecular physiological knowledge.
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Yakovleva, O. V. "Aluminum resistance of malting barley." Proceedings on applied botany, genetics and breeding 182, no. 4 (December 17, 2021): 126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.30901/2227-8834-2021-4-126-131.
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Background. Barley is the second cereal crop in Russia in terms of its importance and production volume. It is used for food, feed, and industrial purposes. The production of malting barley in Russia exceeds 1.5 million tons; each year the area under this crop increases by 10–15%, reaching 600,000– 800,000 hectares. Barleys suitable for brewing must have certain physicochemical and technological properties. The main requirements for raw materials are presented in GOST 5060-86 (state standard for malting barley). An important condition for obtaining sustainable harvests is the development and utilization of cultivars resistant to a set of edaphic stressors. The purpose of this work was searching for resistant cultivars for use in targeted breeding.Materials and methods. The material for the study included 161 spring barley cultivars for brewing from the collection of plant genetic resources held by VIR. The laboratory assessment of aluminum tolerance in barley accessions was carried out at the initial phases of plant growth and development, using the method of calculating root and shoot length indices. The tested malting barley was classified into five resistance groups.Results and conclusions. Cultivars resistant to Al3+ ions were identified among different ecogeographic groups of malting barleys. The trait had a wide range of variability in terms of both the root length index (0.17–0.95) and shoot length index (0.47–0.99). Accessions with high resistance to ionic (Al3+) stress can be used in barley breeding targeted at the development of high-yielding malting cultivars most adapted to harmful environmental factors.
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Riaz, Asad, Farah Kanwal, Andreas Börner, Klaus Pillen, Fei Dai, and Ahmad M. Alqudah. "Advances in Genomics-Based Breeding of Barley: Molecular Tools and Genomic Databases." Agronomy 11, no. 5 (May 2, 2021): 894. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11050894.
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Barley is the fourth most important cereal crop and has been domesticated and cultivated for more than 10,000 years. Breeding climate-smart and stress-tolerant cultivars is considered the most suitable way to accelerate barley improvement. However, the conventional breeding framework needs to be changed to facilitate genomics-based breeding of barley. The continuous progress in genomics has opened up new avenues and tools that are promising for making barley breeding more precise and efficient. For instance, reference genome assemblies in combination with germplasm sequencing to delineate breeding have led to the development of more efficient barley cultivars. Genetic analysis, such as QTL mapping and GWAS studies using sequencing approaches, have led to the identification of molecular markers, genomic regions and novel genes associated with the agronomic traits of barley. Furthermore, SNP marker technologies and haplotype-based GWAS have become the most applied methods for supporting molecular breeding in barley. The genetic information is also used for high-efficiency gene editing by means of CRISPR-Cas9 technology, the best example of which is the cv. Golden Promise. In this review, we summarize the genomic databases that have been developed for barley and explain how the genetic resources of the reference genome, the available state-of-the-art bioinformatics tools, and the most recent assembly of a barley pan-genome will boost the genomics-based breeding for barley improvement.
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Kozachenko, M. R., K. V. Zuieva, N. I. Vasko, P. M. Solonechny, and S. I. Sviatchenko. "Selection-genetic features of spring barley varieties in a system of diallel crosses." Faktori eksperimental'noi evolucii organizmiv 27 (September 1, 2020): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/feeo.v27.1308.
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Aim. Establishment of breeding-genetic features of spring barley varieties, their parentals components and hybrids generated via diallel crossing scheme and the efficiency of creating new source material for the crop breeding on their basis. Methods. Breeding and genetic. Statistical (variance, variational, correlation). Responsive. Path analysis. Genetic analyses. Results. Establishing the features of morphological and biological indicators, the level of adaptability, variability, correlation, path analysis, inheritance, combining ability on the basis of varieties and their parent components of spring barley. As a result of the research, the breeding value of varieties as sources of valuable traits was determined and a new source material and a variety of spring barley were created. Conclusions. Selection-genetic features of quantitative traits of spring barley varieties and their parental components have been established. Varieties as sources of valuable traits have been identified. Valuable lines have been created as source material for breeding, as well as barley variety.
Keywords: barley, morpho-biological and genetic features of characters, breeding value, line, variety.
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Kosová, K., J. Chrpová, and V. Šíp. "Recent advances in breeding of cereals for resistance to barley yellow dwarf virus." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 44, No. 1 (March 28, 2008): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6/2008-cjgpb.
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The review focuses on recent progress in the breeding of small grain cereals (barley, wheat, oats) for resistance to the barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV). First, the symptomatology of barley yellow dwarf (BYD) disease is briefly described and the genome of BYDV, its serotypes and mechanisms of its replication and translation in host plants are characterized. Great attention is paid to the description of resistance genes and sources of BYDV resistance that are currently used in some breeding programmes of barley, wheat and oats. In barley, the introduction of the Ryd2 gene into high-yielding cultivars is still desirable. An example of recent success reached in a European programme aimed at a pyramiding of resistance genes is the registration of the Italian feeding barley cultivar Doria, carrying resistance genes Ryd2, rym4 and Rdg1. The release of this cultivar resulted from the cooperation between EICR, Fiorenzuola d’Arda and CRI in Prague-Ruzyně in the field of virus resistance. Finally, some experiments employing transgenic techniques in the construction of resistant plants are mentioned. In conclusion, the advantages and disadvantages of classical breeding methods using crossing and transgenic techniques are compared and newly arising approaches are discussed.
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Germán S, E. "Breeding Malting Barley under Stress Conditions in South America." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 40, No. 4 (November 23, 2011): 140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3713-cjgpb.
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The annual average area sown with barley (Hordeum vulgare) in South America during 1999–2003 was 795 000 ha. In Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Uruguay, two-rowed spring cultivars are used mostly for malt production. Research has been developed in private malting companies and official institutions supported by the industry. In Argentina, tolerance to drought and heat stress during grain filling are important in drier areas. Yield and malt extract had been improved in cultivars released from 1940 to 1998. In Brazil, progress in grain yield, grain size, malting quality, early maturity, and resistance to net blotch, powdery mildew, and leaf rust has been achieved by EMBRAPA and malting companies. Higher tolerance to soil acidity and resistance to spot blotch are required. Since 1976, malting barley breeding in INIA-Chile has improved grain yield, grain size, beer production efficiency, and resistance to scald, net blotch, stripe rust, and leaf rust. Uruguay produces high quality malt exported mainly to Brazil. Malting companies have released locally bred and introduced cultivars since the early 1970’s. Initiated in 1988, INIA-Uruguay breeding program has improved yield, malting quality, and lodging and disease resistance. Fusarium head blight is a new challenge for research in Brazil and Uruguay. Information regarding malting barley production, the most important stresses in different areas of production, and breeding progress under South American conditions is provided.
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Kozachenko, M. R., A. G. Naumov, N. I. Vasko, P. N. Solonechnyi, O. V. Solonechna, O. Ye Vazhenina, and A. V. Zymohliad. "Genetic patterns of breeding upon creation of the first Ukrainian waxy barley cultivar Shedevr." Faktori eksperimental'noi evolucii organizmiv 24 (August 30, 2019): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/feeo.v24.1087.
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Aim. The study’s purpose was to establish genetic patterns of waxy barley breeding on the basis of determination of genetic and breeding characteristics of accessions with different fractional composition of starch during 10/11-year cycles of the breeding process upon creation of waxy barley cultivars. Methods. Analysis of variance, calculus of variations, correlation analysis, genetic and breeding methods were used to investigate peculiarities of genotypes in topcross, diallel and pair-crossing designs. Results. The important scientific problem concerning establishment of genetic patterns of waxy spring barley breeding was solved. We determined morpho-biological features, variability, correlations and genetic peculiarities of inheritance, heritability, genetic variation and combining ability for quantitative traits of plants as well as for amylopectin content in starch of F1 hybrids derived from forms with different fractional composition of starch. As a result of establishing the patterns, the effectiveness of creation of valuable lines and waxy barley cultivar Shedevr with amylopectin starch was demonstrated. Conclusions. The morpho-biological, breeding and genetic peculiarities of plant traits with different fractional composition of starch were determined. On this basis, the genetic patterns of waxy barley breeding were established, and the first Ukrainian waxy barley cultivar Shedevr (with amylopectin starch) was created.
Keywords: Hordeum vulgare L., accession, cultivar, amylopectin starch, genetic peculiarities.
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Dreiseitl, Antonín. "Specific Resistance of Barley to Powdery Mildew, Its Use and Beyond: A Concise Critical Review." Genes 11, no. 9 (August 21, 2020): 971. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11090971.
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Powdery mildew caused by the airborne ascomycete fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh) is one of most common diseases of barley (Hordeum vulgare). This, as with many other plant pathogens, can be efficiently controlled by inexpensive and environmentally-friendly genetic resistance. General requirements for resistance to the pathogens are effectiveness and durability. Resistance of barley to Bgh has been studied intensively, and this review describes recent research and summarizes the specific resistance genes found in barley varieties since the last conspectus. Bgh is extraordinarily adaptable, and some commonly recommended strategies for using genetic resistance, including pyramiding of specific genes, may not be effective because they can only contribute to a limited extent to obtain sufficient resistance durability of widely-grown cultivars. In spring barley, breeding the nonspecific mlo gene is a valuable source of durable resistance. Pyramiding of nonspecific quantitative resistance genes or using introgressions derived from bulbous barley (Hordeum bulbosum) are promising ways for breeding future winter barley cultivars. The utilization of a wide spectrum of nonhost resistances can also be adopted once practical methods have been developed.
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Zveinek, I. A., R. A. Abdullaev, B. A. Batasheva, and E. E. Radchenko. "The effect of responses to vernalization, photoperiodism, and earliness per se of barley accessions from Dagestan on the duration of the period from shooting to heading." Proceedings on applied botany, genetics and breeding 182, no. 2 (July 1, 2021): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.30901/2227-8834-2021-2-24-33.
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Background. Paratypic variability of the development rates of barley accessions from the Republic of Dagestan was analyzed for five years in the Northwe st of Russia (Pushkin, St. Petersburg) and in the North Caucasus (Derbent, Dagestan). Responses to vernalization, photoperiodism and earliness per se were tested in contrasting environments to assess their effect on barley development. Such studies make it possible to identify valuable adaptable plant forms in the barley germplasm collection for further use in breeding practice.Materials and methods. In Dagestan, the duration of the period from shooting to heading was measured for 12 samples of barley accessions in winter and spring sowing trials. Twenty samples sown in spring in both regions were compared. An empirical indicator of plant development rate was used for barley: the criterion “the number of days by which the period from shooting to heading of an accession exceeds the minimum across a sample” (DPSH).Results and conclusions. Early barley accessions with a low norm of responsiveness were identified: k-3772, k-15013, k-15034, k-15036, k-15186, k-15192, k-21803 and k-23785 – they combined weak sensitivity to a short photoperiod and vernalizing temperatures, so they are promising for breeding in regions where the length of the growing season is a limiting factor. The effect of the responses of barley accessions from Dagestan to vernalization and a short photoperiod on the duration of the period from shooting to heading was on average 8 (5.1–10.6) days and on their earliness per se 6 (4.8–8.2) days. Paratypic variability reflects the range of variation for these indicators. In Dagestan, vernalization temperatures and insensitivity to a short day are the main factors determining the earliness of local barleys in their native environment.
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Kaya, Yuksel, and Ramazan Ayranci. "Breeding barley for quality in Turkey." Genetika 48, no. 1 (2016): 173–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1601173k.
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We evaluated a total of 411 genotypes, including 334 breeding lines with 77 checks from Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Breeding Program of Turkey (BBPT), based upon their grain yield (GY) and quality traits (namely protein content-PC, acid detergent fiber-ADF, thousand kernel weight-TKW, kernel size-KS and test weight-TW), during the 5 consecutive cropping seasons, from 2007-2008 to 2011-2012. Broad-sense heritability (H) values for quality traits were moderate (0.57-0.65), while it was low (0.43) for grain yield. Accordingly, grain physical features (namely TW, KS and TKW) were positively significantly correlated with GY, but negatively significantly correlated with PC. Results of our study showed that selection for GY and quality traits was less efficient than we expected, due to undesirable multi-variate correlations such as GY vs PC and low to moderate H values. Therefore, we tried to put suggestions forward to the BBPT, by following discussing about our ability to select for high GY and acceptable quality in barley.
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HAGBERG, A. "PRODUCTION OF DUPLICATIONS IN BARLEY BREEDING." Hereditas 48, no. 1-2 (September 2, 2009): 243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1962.tb01810.x.
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Kosová, K., P. Vítámvás, M. O. Urban, J. Kholová, and I. T. Prášil. "Breeding for enhanced drought resistance in barley and wheat – drought-associated traits, genetic resources and their potential utilization in breeding programmes." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 50, No. 4 (November 27, 2014): 247–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/118/2014-cjgpb.
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Drought represents the most devastating abiotic stress factor worldwide. It severely limits plant growth and development as well as agricultural characteristics including the final yield. The aim of this review is to summarise recent results of the breeding of barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Triticum aestivum; T. durum) for improved resistance to drought stress. First, drought-associated terms and definitions are outlined and plant strategies to cope with drought are presented. A brief overview of plant physiological mechanisms involved in water uptake and release is provided. Photosynthesis-related parameters (CO<sub>2</sub> availability and associated features such as ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activity, <sup>13</sup>C discrimination activity, water use efficiency) are discussed due to the crucial role of plant leaf stomata in both photosynthesis and water management. The second part describes the present state of research on drought resistance-associated traits in barley and wheat. Different strategies of plant water management aimed at maximising the final yield under various types of drought stress are discussed. Possibilities of the detection, identification and characterization of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in barley and wheat germplasm are discussed and the future approaches to breeding for enhanced drought resistance as a complex physiological and agronomical trait are outlined.
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Yang, Tao, Yawen Zeng, Juan Du, Shuming Yang, and Xiaoying Pu. "Genetic analysis of four main flavonoids in barley grain." Bangladesh Journal of Botany 48, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 231–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v48i2.47498.
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Genetic analysis of 4 major flavonoids in barley interspecific hybrids which were used as parents for half diallel crossingwas carried out. Compared with seven parents, the highest general combining ability of catechin content was Clipper barley, the higest general combining ability (GCA) of myricetin content were Schooner barley and Huangchangguang barley, the highest general combining ability of quercetin content were Ziguangmang barley and Kuanying barley, the highest general combining ability of kaempferol content were Ziguangmang barley and Schooner barley, the highest general combining ability of flavonoids are Schooner barley and Huangchangguang barley. The hybrid combination of a good matching were Clipper barley, Schooner barley, Ziguangmang barley and Kuanying barley, as a comprehensive general combining ability, specific combining ability, and combinations of which can be used as flavonoids in barley breeding.
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Powell, W. "Diallel analysis of barley anther culture response." Genome 30, no. 2 (April 1, 1988): 152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g88-026.
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The genetics of barley microspore development in culture was examined by means of diallel analysis. The frequency of microspore derived green and albino plant production was shown to be under genetic control. This genotypic limitation to microspore development will limit the application of anther culture techniques to barley breeding programmes. However, significant additive genetic effects were detected for the characters measured and indicate that the frequency of green plant regeneration may be improved by the hybridization of suitable parents. Significant reciprocal differences were also detected and indicate that the direction of the cross is important in determining microspore development. An embryogenic route to green plantlet formation was observed in a number of genotypes in the diallel experiment. The implications of these findings for barley improvement and genetics are discussed.Key words: doubled haploids, barley, anther culture, microspore, embryoid.
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Stevens, Jim, Matthew Alan Jones, and Tracy Lawson. "Diverse Physiological and Physical Responses among Wild, Landrace and Elite Barley Varieties Point to Novel Breeding Opportunities." Agronomy 11, no. 5 (May 7, 2021): 921. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11050921.
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Climate change from elevated [CO2] may reduce water availability to crops through changes in precipitation and higher temperatures. However, agriculture already accounts for 70% of human consumption of water. Stomata, pores in the leaf surface, mediate exchange of water and CO2 for the plant. In crops including barley, the speed of stomatal response to changing environmental conditions is as important as maximal responses and can thus affect water use efficiency. Wild barleys and landraces which predate modern elite lines offer the breeder the potential to find unexploited genetic diversity. This study aimed to characterize natural variation in stomatal anatomy and leaf physiology and to link these variations to yield. Wild, landrace and elite barleys were grown in a polytunnel and a controlled environment chamber. Physiological responses to changing environments were measured, along with stomatal anatomy and yield. The elite barley lines did not have the fastest or largest physiological responses to light nor always the highest yields. There was variation in stomatal anatomy, but no link between stomatal size and density. The evidence suggests that high photosynthetic capacity does not translate into yield, and that landraces and wild barleys have unexploited physiological responses that should interest breeders.
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Leišová, L., L. Kučera, and L. Dotlačil. "Genetic resources of barley and oat characterised by microsatellites." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 43, No. 3 (January 7, 2008): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2070-cjgpb.
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Barley (<i>Hordeum vulgare</i> L.) and oat (<i>Avena sativa</i> L.) are important crop species. 1865 accessions of winter barley, 2707 accessions of spring barley and 1998 accessions of oat are maintained in RICP Gene bank. The expert core collection is used to be established as a tool for germplasm study, conservation of genetic variability and for the identification of useful genes. The main aim of this study was to evaluate genetic diversity of barley and oat genotypes within the expert core collections. Genetic variation of 176 barley accessions was analyzed using 26 microsatellite loci, covering all 6 chromosomes. 330 oat accessions were analyzed using 26 microsatellite loci that are mapped only into linkage groups. For 26 barley microsatellite loci, 328 alleles were detected. The average number of alleles per locus was 12.6. In oat, for 26 oat microsatellite loci, 353 alleles were detected. The average number of alleles per locus was 13.6. The average DI (diversity index) was 0.11 in barley and 0.09 in oat. Dendrogram and PCA (Principal Component Analysis) based on microsatellite data showed a different influence of the place of origin, age of variety and pedigree on grouping into clusters. PCA showed that the breeding process had a negative impact on the level of genetic diversity and therefore there is a necessity of barley and oat germplasm conservation.
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Afanasenko, Olga S., and Kapiton V. Novozhilov. "Problems of rational use of genetic resources of plants resistance to diseases." Ecological genetics 7, no. 2 (June 15, 2009): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ecogen7238-43.
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The decision of a complex problem of rational use of plants genetic resources of resistance to diseases is based on principles of maintenance of a genetic diversity of resistance. The development of methodology of grain crops breeding with durable resistance to diseases is based on knowledge of evolutionary potential of most harmful pathogens and genetics of host-pathogen interactions. For molecular mapping of genes determined barley resistance to net blotch, spot blotch and scald double haploid barley populations were developed. Molecular mapping of genomes both plants and pathogens will promote the development of DNa- technologies in plant breeding.
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Fox, G. P., J. F. Panozzo, C. D. Li, R. C. M. Lance, P. A. Inkerman, and R. J. Henry. "Molecular basis of barley quality." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 54, no. 12 (2003): 1081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar02237.
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The quality of barley for the range of end uses from animal feed to brewing is determined by many genes, making the breeding of new barley varieties difficult. Understanding of the molecular basis of barley quality has been advanced by biochemical studies. More recently, molecular genetic tools are allowing the analysis of the biochemical factors contributing to grain quality. Many genetic loci influencing key quality attributes have been identified by gene mapping. Limited success has been reported in using this information to select for quantitative trait loci for these quality traits in plant breeding. Genomic techniques allowing more detailed analysis of variations in the barley genome in relation to quality promise to extend significantly the value of molecular genetic approaches to barley quality improvement. Definition of the genetic basis of malting quality requires the identification of the genes involved in germination and endosperm modification. Feed quality remains difficult to define. Recent advances are likely to accelerate the rate of discovery, providing new options for analysis of barley quality.
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Hayden, M. J., T. L. Tabone, T. M. Nguyen, S. Coventry, F. J. Keiper, R. L. Fox, K. J. Chalmers, D. E. Mather, and J. K. Eglinton. "An informative set of SNP markers for molecular characterisation of Australian barley germplasm." Crop and Pasture Science 61, no. 1 (2010): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp09140.
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The identification of genetic variation using molecular markers is fundamental to modern plant breeding and research. The present study was undertaken to develop a resource of informative single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers for molecular characterisation of Australian barley germplasm. In total, 190 SNP markers were developed and characterised using 88 elite barley lines and varieties, sampling genetic diversity relevant to Australian breeding programs, and a core set of 48 SNPs for distinguishing among the barley lines was identified. The utility of the core 48-SNP set for distinguishing barley lines and varieties using DNA extracted from grain samples was also assessed. Finally, the 48 SNPs in the core set were converted into simple PCR markers to enable co-dominant SNP genotyping on agarose gel. The SNP markers developed, and in particular the core 48-SNP set, provide a useful marker resource for assessing genetic relationships between individuals and populations of current Australian barley germplasm. They are also useful for identity and purity testing of inbred lines in research, breeding, and commercial applications.
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Jayakodi, Murukarthick, Sudharsan Padmarasu, Georg Haberer, Venkata Suresh Bonthala, Heidrun Gundlach, Cécile Monat, Thomas Lux, et al. "The barley pan-genome reveals the hidden legacy of mutation breeding." Nature 588, no. 7837 (November 25, 2020): 284–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2947-8.
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AbstractGenetic diversity is key to crop improvement. Owing to pervasive genomic structural variation, a single reference genome assembly cannot capture the full complement of sequence diversity of a crop species (known as the ‘pan-genome’1). Multiple high-quality sequence assemblies are an indispensable component of a pan-genome infrastructure. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is an important cereal crop with a long history of cultivation that is adapted to a wide range of agro-climatic conditions2. Here we report the construction of chromosome-scale sequence assemblies for the genotypes of 20 varieties of barley—comprising landraces, cultivars and a wild barley—that were selected as representatives of global barley diversity. We catalogued genomic presence/absence variants and explored the use of structural variants for quantitative genetic analysis through whole-genome shotgun sequencing of 300 gene bank accessions. We discovered abundant large inversion polymorphisms and analysed in detail two inversions that are frequently found in current elite barley germplasm; one is probably the product of mutation breeding and the other is tightly linked to a locus that is involved in the expansion of geographical range. This first-generation barley pan-genome makes previously hidden genetic variation accessible to genetic studies and breeding.
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Bleidere, Māra, Ieva Mežaka, Linda Legzdiņa, Ilze Grunte, Indra Beinaroviča, and Nils Rostoks. "Variation of spring barley agronomic traits significant for adaption to climate change in latvian breeding programmes." Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences. 66, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2012): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10046-011-0043-z.
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Variation of spring barley agronomic traits significant for adaption to climate change in latvian breeding programmes Breeding programmes have been recently challenged by climate change. Spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) yield, phenological traits (days to heading, length of filling period and days to maturity) and resistance to powdery mildew and net blotch, which are influenced by the rising temperature and precipitation, along with threshability in hulless, were evaluated and their genetic and environmental variability were determined. One hundred and ninety spring barley genotypes were studied, including 129 hulless genotypes and 61 hulled genotypes. The genotypes were grown in the State Stende Cereal Breeding Institute and State Priekuļi Plant Breeding Institute for three seasons during 2007-2009. Broad-sense heritability estimated on the basis of genotypical and phenotypical variances for all traits of hulled barley varied from 31 to 98, and 42 to 98% for hulless barley. For both types of barley the highest heritability was observed for days to heading, filling period and days to maturity. Despite the relatively high estimated heritability for all traits, nevertheless, location, year and interaction of genotype and environment were also been significant for all traits.
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Veteläinen, Merja. "Widening of Genetic Variation in Barley Breeding Programmes: Experiences from Composite Crosses to Nordic Barley Breeding Populations." Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Soil & Plant Science 44, no. 3 (September 1994): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09064719409410235.
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Dreiseitl, Antonín. "Powdery Mildew Resistance Genes in European Barley Cultivars Registered in the Czech Republic from 2016 to 2020." Genes 13, no. 7 (July 18, 2022): 1274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13071274.
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Barley is an important crop grown annually on about 55 Mha and intensively cultivated in Europe. In central and north-western Europe, spring and winter barley can be grown in similar environments which creates suitable conditions for the development of barley pathogens, including Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei, the causal agent of powdery mildew. Apart from pesticide application, it can be controlled by inexpensive and environmentally-friendly genetic resistance. In this contribution, results of the resistance gene identification in 58 barley cultivars to powdery mildew are presented. In 56 of them their resistances were postulated and in two hybrid cultivars a recently developed method of gene identification was used. In total, 18 known resistance genes were found and several unknown genes were detected. In spring barley, a gene of durable resistance mlo is still predominant. MlVe found in winter SU Celly was the only new resistance gene recorded in barley cultivars registered in the Czech Republic in this time span. Since 2001 eight new genes of specific resistance have been identified in cultivars registered in the country and their response under field conditions is discussed, including the corresponding responses of the pathogen population due to directional selection. Different strategies for breeding spring and winter barley are recommended.
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Munck, L., and B. Møller. "Principal Component Analysis of Near Infrared Spectra as a Tool of Endosperm Mutant Characterisation and in Barley Breeding for Quality." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 41, No. 3 (November 21, 2011): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3666-cjgpb.
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Near infrared technology, now widespread in quality control, makes it possible to obtain a total multivariate physical chemical fingerprint of the barley endosperm with high precision. Whole spectroscopic fingerprints of the physics and chemistry of barley seeds can be interpreted by multivariate analysis (chemometrics), by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for classification and Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) for correlation. PCA classification of Near Infrared Reflectance (NIR) spectra can differentiate between mutants and alleles in the lys3 and lys5 loci. PCA on NIR can also be used as a routine in barley breeding to select for a multi-gene quality complex in barley as a whole e.g. increasing starch and reducing fibre content. This is done directly from the PCA classification plot by “data breeding” selecting the recombinants which are approaching the position of the normal high starch controls on the plot. Based on classification of NIR spectra, two alleles in the lys5 locus were characterised as a new class of (1→3,1→4)--glucan compensating starch mutants indicating a metabolic connection between starch and -glucan.
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Williams, K. J. "The molecular genetics of disease resistance in barley." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 54, no. 12 (2003): 1065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar02219.
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The molecular genetics of disease resistance of barley and its wild relatives is reviewed, and the implications of recent findings for resistance breeding and the potential for disease control using gene technologies are discussed. As a resource for barley researchers and breeders, a chromosome map and list of mapped resistance genes, their source, and associated molecular markers are presented, updated to ultimo 2002. Genetic mapping of major genes and quantitative trait loci for many major diseases is revealing a heterogeneous distribution of resistance loci on chromosomes, with more than half of mapped loci occurring in clusters. Relatively few resistance loci have been identified in the cultivated barley germplasm. Studies have shown that wild Hordeum species contain resistance genes for the major diseases, although their allelic relationship to previously mapped genes is unknown. The structure of genes involved in race-specific and race-non-specific barley powdery mildew resistance has been determined. Isolation of resistance genes for other major diseases is essential and may be accelerated via genomics techniques such as EST sequencing, subtractive hybridisation, or expression profiling. Current strategies for molecular manipulation of barley disease resistance are based on the over-expression of defence-related or disease-signalling genes from other species.
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Leistrumaitė, Algė, Vanda Paplauskienė, and Audronė Mašauskienė. "Evaluation and Use of Genetic Resources in Spring Malting Barley Breeding in Lithuania." Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences. 63, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2009): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10046-009-0017-6.
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Evaluation and Use of Genetic Resources in Spring Malting Barley Breeding in Lithuania During the period 2004-2006, grain yield stability and malt quality characteristics of 47 spring barley varieties and 55 promising breeding lines from the collection of spring barley genetic resources were investigated at the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture (LIA). The growing conditions in 2004 were fairly normal compared with the long-term mean, and the years 2005 and 2006 were rather dry. The varieties and breeding lines tested showed from medium to high variation of grain > 2.5 mm yield (CV 11.5-34.3%) and medium variation of grain yield (CV 4.39-13.33%). However, high temperatures and drought in June of 2006 caused a low grain > 2.5 mm yield (by on average 55.0-67.8%). Promising breeding lines were characterised as having higher grain yield and extract output per ha compared with barley varieties. However, the data showed that grain grading 2.5 mm should be improved for the breeding lines. Using the software STABLE we estimated the stability of malting barley quality traits in relation to weather conditions during the crop year, genotype properties for varieties and breeding lines, as well as the interactions of variety and weather conditions. The selection of lines promising in terms of grain yield, > 2.5 mm grain yield and extract yield, was based on their ability to realise the genetic potential in various growing conditions. The highest score in integral assessment of grain yield, grain > 2.5 mm yield and extract yield was identified for the varieties Tocada', Sebastian', Scarlett' and breeding lines: 7939-1, 7661-1, and 8080-4. The varieties and breeding lines that exhibited high grain stability, high grain quality and other agronomic traits were utilised in further breeding programmes.
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Steffenson, B. J., and K. P. Smith. "Breeding Barley for Multiple Disease Resistance in the Upper MidwestRegion of the USA." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 42, No. 3 (November 21, 2011): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3646-cjgpb.
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The Upper Midwest is one of the largest barley production areas in the USA. In this region, diseases can markedly reduce both the yield and quality of the crop. Molecular and classical breeding techniques are being employed to develop cultivars with resistance to five different diseases in the Minnesota barley improvement program. Stem rust and spot blotch have been successfully controlled for many years through the deployment of the major gene Rpg1 and a major effect QTL, respectively. A sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker developed from the sequence of Rpg1 has made marker-assisted selection (MAS) for stem rust resistance highly effective. The major QTL controlling durable adult plant spot blotch resistance was first identified in the Steptoe/Morex population. This QTL was completely suppressed in the Harrington/Morex and Dicktoo/Morex populations, highlighting the importance of genetic background for the expression of resistance. The onset of Fusarium head blight (FHB) in 1993 led to dramatic changes in the focus of the breeding program. Significant resources have been expended to develop populations for mapping resistance QTL and identify closely linked markers for MAS. This is a difficult challenge because FHB resistance is controlled by many QTL with small effects. Sources of resistance to net blotch and Septoria speckled leaf blotch (SSLB) have been identified in a number of barley accessions. These resistances are simply inherited and are being introgressed into elite lines via phenotypic and MAS. Continued progress toward multiple disease resistance will require efficient phenotypic screening, MAS, and utilization of discoveries in barley genomics to manage numerous resistance genes and desirable gene complexes assembled over decades of breeding.
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Špunarová, M., M. Pouch, and J. Špunar. "Utilization of a molecular marker for evaluation of hybridization success in spring barley genetics and breeding." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 43, No. 4 (January 7, 2008): 144–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1900-cjgpb.
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The success in hybridization of two-rowed spring barley genotypes of various origins was verified using the codominant SSR (Simple Sequence Repeat) marker HVWAXY which is located in the coding sequence of the waxy gene. The primer pair F 5’ AAG ACG TGG TGT TCG TGT G 3’ and R 5’ ATG GTT CCA GGG GTA AGT TC 3’ generated the PCR product of approximately 200 bp in the varieties/breeding lines Maridol, Bojos, Malz, Xanadu, Isotta, Josefin, Native, Sebastian, Conrad, KM 2436, KM 2439, KM 2629, KM-H-1320, whereas the product of about 250 bp was amplified in the lines KM 2416 and Br 7571h33. The parental genotypes possessing different alleles of the marker were crossed and the segregating lines of the F<sub>3</sub> generation were characterized employing molecular methods (marker-assisted selection). This prescreening enabled to work with a lower number of individuals (selfed individuals were excluded) at the initial stages of the breeding process leading to the acceleration of selection as a particular phase of breeding.
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Degu, Hewan Demissie, Tekuamech Fikadu Tehelku, Marie Kalousova, and Kazuhiro Sato. "Genetic diversity and population structure of barley landraces from Southern Ethiopia’s Gumer district: Utilization for breeding and conservation." PLOS ONE 18, no. 1 (January 5, 2023): e0279737. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279737.
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Barley is the fifth most important food crop in Ethiopia. The genetic relationship and population structure studies of barley are limited to gene bank collections. Therefore, this study fills a gap by investigating the selection, consumption, economic value, genetic diversity, and population structure of farm-collected barley from the Gumer district of the Gurage Zone, which has received little attention. The information on the use of barley in the study area was collected using semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. 124 households of 11 kebeles, the smallest community unit, were interviewed. Barley landraces collected were compared with those collected from Japan, the United States (USA), and other Ethiopian locations. Illumina iSelect (50K genotyping platform) was used to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) (20,367). Thirty landraces were found in Gumer. Burdaenadenber had the highest on-farm Shannon index estimate (2.0), followed by Aselecha (1.97) and Enjefo (1.95). Aselecha and Fetazer had the highest (44%) and the lowest (29%) richness values, respectively. High and low Simpson index values were found in Aselecha (84%) and Wulbaragenateretero (79%), respectively. The neighbor-joining tree revealed that Gumer landraces formed a separate subcluster with a common ancestral node; a sister subcluster contained barley landraces from Japan. According to the population structure analysis, barley landraces from Gumer differed from Japan and the United States. The principal component analysis revealed that US barley was the most distant group from Gumer barley. The markers’ allele frequencies ranged from 0.10 to 0.50, with an average value of 0.28. The mean values of Nei’s gene diversity (0.38) and the polymorphic information content (0.30) indicated the presence of high genetic diversity in the samples. The clustering of accessions was not based on geographic origin. Significant genetic diversity calls for additional research and analysis of local barley diversity because the selection and use of barley in Ethiopia would have been affected by the preference of ethnic groups.
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Fernández-Calleja, Miriam, Ana M. Casas, and Ernesto Igartua. "Major flowering time genes of barley: allelic diversity, effects, and comparison with wheat." Theoretical and Applied Genetics 134, no. 7 (May 9, 2021): 1867–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00122-021-03824-z.
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Abstract Key message This review summarizes the allelic series, effects, interactions between genes and with the environment, for the major flowering time genes that drive phenological adaptation of barley. Abstract The optimization of phenology is a major goal of plant breeding addressing the production of high-yielding varieties adapted to changing climatic conditions. Flowering time in cereals is regulated by genetic networks that respond predominately to day length and temperature. Allelic diversity at these genes is at the basis of barley wide adaptation. Detailed knowledge of their effects, and genetic and environmental interactions will facilitate plant breeders manipulating flowering time in cereal germplasm enhancement, by exploiting appropriate gene combinations. This review describes a catalogue of alleles found in QTL studies by barley geneticists, corresponding to the genetic diversity at major flowering time genes, the main drivers of barley phenological adaptation: VRN-H1 (HvBM5A), VRN-H2 (HvZCCTa-c), VRN-H3 (HvFT1), PPD-H1 (HvPRR37), PPD-H2 (HvFT3), and eam6/eps2 (HvCEN). For each gene, allelic series, size and direction of QTL effects, interactions between genes and with the environment are presented. Pleiotropic effects on agronomically important traits such as grain yield are also discussed. The review includes brief comments on additional genes with large effects on phenology that became relevant in modern barley breeding. The parallelisms between flowering time allelic variation between the two most cultivated Triticeae species (barley and wheat) are also outlined. This work is mostly based on previously published data, although we added some new data and hypothesis supported by a number of studies. This review shows the wide variety of allelic effects that provide enormous plasticity in barley flowering behavior, which opens new avenues to breeders for fine-tuning phenology of the barley crop.
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Barua, U. M., K. J. Chalmers, W. T. B. Thomas, C. A. Hackett, V. Lea, P. Jack, B. P. Forster, R. Waugh, and W. Powell. "Molecular mapping of genes determining height, time to heading, and growth habit in barley (Hordeum vulgare)." Genome 36, no. 6 (December 1, 1993): 1080–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g93-143.
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A combination of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers has been used to locate genes controlling important developmental characters in barley. The denso dwarfing gene has been mapped to the long arm of chromosome 3H. Stepwise multiple regression was also used to identify another region of the barley genome (on chromosome 7H), which contributed to variation in height. The denso locus was shown to be associated with delaying time to heading. A protein (WSP2) and an RAPD marker on barley chromosomes 5H and 6H, respectively, were also associated with time to heading. These results are discussed in relation to the genetic analysis of developmentally important traits and the development of dwarfing genes in barley breeding programs.Key words: RAPDs, RFLPs, denso dwarfing gene, barley, doubled haploids, heading date.
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Tokhetova, L. A., T. V. Savin, A. A. Demesinova, A. K. Baytanatova, and B. K. Omirtay. "RESULTS OF SPRING BARLEY BREEDING UNDER CONDITIONS OF THE KYZYLORDA REGION." Bulletin of the Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda University 62, no. 3 (2022): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.52081/bkaku.2022.v62.i3.076.
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Long-term research on monitoring of soil and climatic conditions of the Aral Sea region, based on screening of morpho-biological features in the context of zoned varieties and samples of local breeding, taking into account the complex of breeding and genetic parameters and practical breeding work, a model of a variety of spring barley was developed. The key basis of this model is the parameters aimed at creating precocious varieties with high salt and drought resistance. The formation of reproductive organs is completed before the onset of the summer drought. The purpose of the work is to increase the productivity of grain forage crops, launch new scientific and technical products on the market by creating fodder barley varieties resistant to environmental stress factors, competitive in productivity, grain quality when cultivated in environmentally unfavorable conditions of Kazakhstan. As a result of selection and practical work, five new varieties of spring barley adapted to stressful conditions were created: Sur Aruy, Inkar, Kaysar, Shakhristan, Altyn arai, combining a complex of productive traits and valuable biological properties. Varieties are included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements of the Kazakhstan Republic, and patents have been obtained
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Sherman, Jamie Douglas, Traci Hoogland, Jessica Williams, and Greg Lutgen. "195 Breeding Winter and Spring two-row Barley for More Sustainable Livestock Production." Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_3 (September 21, 2022): 88–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac247.173.
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Abstract Global climate change is impacting agricultural production systems and the ability to feed a growing world population. While welcomed in cool humid regions, warmer temperatures are exacerbating water shortages in dryland areas across the western United States. The impacts of these shortages on grain and beef production were evident when both dropped because of persistent drought in 2021, foreshadowing the challenges faced by dryland farmers and ranchers. We are developing barley adapted to abiotic stress to support more sustainable livestock production. In spring barley, we have found that the length of developmental stages impact grain yield, forage yield, and forage quality potentially providing resilience to drought. We have genetically dissected traits that could improve drought tolerance, forage yield, and forage quality in spring barley with the goal of improving breeding efficiency for these traits. We are working to develop cold tolerant winter barley to provide a rotational tool for growers to provide potential early grazing, resistance to drought, and increased grain and forage production. A long-term goal is to develop barley suitable for integration into livestock systems.
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Amalova, A., Yu Genievskaya, S. Abugalieva, V. Chudinov, and Ye Turuspekov. "VALIDATION OF MARKER-TRAIT ASSOCIATIONS IN SIX-ROWED BARLEY LINES BRED IN KAZAKHSTAN." Eurasian Journal of Applied Biotechnology, no. 4 (October 5, 2022): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.11134/btp.4.2022.5.
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Barley is an important cereal crop in Kazakhstan, mostly used for animal feeding, malting, and the food industry. The success of barley production is dependent on the genetic resources (cultivars) available, and local breeding programs that focus on the development of competitive cultivars. One way to develop new high-yielding cultivars and improve the efficiency of breeding programs is the application of modern molecular genetic and genomic tools. One such technology is genome-wide association study (GWAS), which has been successfully applied to identify the quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with the valuable traits. The identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) based on GWAS can be converted to flexible and cost-effective KASP (Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR) assays and validated for use in future marker-assisted breeding projects. The purpose of this study was to genotype eleven promising six-rowed barley lines using twenty-one KASP assays associated with agronomic traits reported in previous GWAS. The genotyping results suggested that only seven out of twenty-one KASP markers were polymorphic in this group of barley accessions. The t-test output suggested that six out of nine agronomic traits were significantly associated with seven KASPs. Notably, two assays (ipbb_hv_6, ipbb_hv_108) affected both vegetation period (VP) and yield per m2 (YM2) in conditions of Northern Kazakhstan, where barley is growing in more than 80% of total crop sowing areas of the country. The application of these highly informative KASP markers can help enhance the efficiency of local breeding projects in barley.
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Evans, D. R., T. A. Williams, and S. A. Mason. "Residual N effect of grazed white clover (Trifolium repens)/ryegrass (Lolium perenne) swards on subsequent yields of spring barley." Journal of Agricultural Science 118, no. 2 (April 1992): 175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600068751.
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SUMMARYResidual nitrogen from white clover/ryegrass swards and ryegrass monocultures was quantified in terms of the barley yield obtained after ploughing the swards. Clover/ryegrass swards based on small and medium-leaved cultivars of white clover and ryegrass monocultures were grazed continuously by sheep for 3 years (1984–87) at the Welsh Plant Breeding Station, Aberystwyth, ploughed in the following spring (1988) and then sown with the spring barley cultivar Doublet. Yield of barley obtained after clover/ryegrass mixtures was 50% greater than barley harvested after ryegrass monocultures. Barley yield was 1·6 t/ha more following the white clover cultivars Gwenda and SI84 with ryegrass than following ryegrass monocultures.
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shaaban, Ahmed. "Comparison of two Genomic DNA Extraction Protocols from Single Dray Seed of Barley Crop." Scientific Journal for Faculty of Science-Sirte University 2, no. 1 (April 17, 2022): 126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.37375/sjfssu.v2i1.225.
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Modern plant breeding studies are largely based on plant genetic engineering programs. Extraction of DNA with high quality plays as a key factor in most of plant genetic Studies, therefore two different DNA extraction protocols based on CTAB buffer and SDS buffer were tested for the purpose of selecting the best DNA extraction protocol from dry seeds of nine variety of barely plant . Barley seeds were taken from Libyan seeds gene bank .After Barely samples were prepared DNA was extracted directly using CTAB and SDS solutions .The quality of extracted DNA was assessed by spectrophotometric measurements and gel electrophoresis system. The results of this study showed that purity of extracted DNA by CTAB method was clearly batter compared with SDS method. CTAB method seemed to be more effective for extracting DNA from barely dry seeds. High quality DNA obtained through use of CTAB method, while CTAB had overall better A260/A280 ratio (1.736-1.932). SDS method seemed to be not suitable for DNA extraction from dry seeds of barely crop.
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Brbaklić, Ljiljana, Dragana Trkulja, Sanja Mikić, Milan Mirosavljević, Vojislava Momčilović, Branislav Dudić, Lenka Procházková, and Vladimir Aćin. "Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Serbian Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Collection during a 40-Year Long Breeding Period." Agronomy 11, no. 1 (January 9, 2021): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11010118.
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Determination of genetic diversity and population structure of breeding material is an important prerequisite for discovering novel and valuable alleles aimed at crop improvement. This study’s main objective was to characterize genetic diversity and population structure of a collection representing a 40-year long historical period of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) breeding, using microsatellites, pedigree, and phenotypic data. The set of 90 barley genotypes was phenotyped during three growing seasons and genotyped with 338 polymorphic alleles. The indicators of genetic diversity showed differentiation changes throughout the breeding periods. The population structure discriminated the breeding material into three distinctive groups. The principal coordinate analysis grouped the genotypes according to their growth habit and row type. An analysis of phenotypic variance (ANOVA) showed that almost all investigated traits varied significantly between row types, seasons, and breeding periods. A positive effect on yield progress during the 40-year long breeding period could be partly attributed to breeding for shorter plants, which reduced lodging and thus provided higher yield stability. The breeding material revealed a considerable diversity level based on microsatellite and phenotypic data without a tendency of genetic erosion throughout the breeding history and implied dynamic changes in genetic backgrounds, providing a great gene pool suitable for further barley improvement.
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Brbaklić, Ljiljana, Dragana Trkulja, Sanja Mikić, Milan Mirosavljević, Vojislava Momčilović, Branislav Dudić, Lenka Procházková, and Vladimir Aćin. "Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Serbian Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Collection during a 40-Year Long Breeding Period." Agronomy 11, no. 1 (January 9, 2021): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11010118.
Full textAbstract:
Determination of genetic diversity and population structure of breeding material is an important prerequisite for discovering novel and valuable alleles aimed at crop improvement. This study’s main objective was to characterize genetic diversity and population structure of a collection representing a 40-year long historical period of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) breeding, using microsatellites, pedigree, and phenotypic data. The set of 90 barley genotypes was phenotyped during three growing seasons and genotyped with 338 polymorphic alleles. The indicators of genetic diversity showed differentiation changes throughout the breeding periods. The population structure discriminated the breeding material into three distinctive groups. The principal coordinate analysis grouped the genotypes according to their growth habit and row type. An analysis of phenotypic variance (ANOVA) showed that almost all investigated traits varied significantly between row types, seasons, and breeding periods. A positive effect on yield progress during the 40-year long breeding period could be partly attributed to breeding for shorter plants, which reduced lodging and thus provided higher yield stability. The breeding material revealed a considerable diversity level based on microsatellite and phenotypic data without a tendency of genetic erosion throughout the breeding history and implied dynamic changes in genetic backgrounds, providing a great gene pool suitable for further barley improvement.
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Eid, Manal. "Evaluation of Genetic Diversity in Barley (Hordeum vulgare) Genotypes using Protein Profiling." Journal of Plant Breeding and Genetics 6, no. 1 (April 25, 2018): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/pbg.006.01.2449.
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The knowledge of the genetic diversity of barley (Hordeum vulgare) genotypes based on protein polymorphism is very important for breeding programs. The purpose of the current study was to determine the genetic diversity and relationships among ten barley genotypes by using Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) for protein profiles. A total number of 30 bands with molecular weights ranging from 12 to 148 KD were detected. Out of these, five bands were observed monomorphic. Rest of the bands had shown polymorphism to the extent of 83.3% among the test genotypes. The genetic similarity of the ten genotypes tested varied from 0.26 to 1.00 with an average of 0.51. Cluster analysis divided the ten genotypes into two major clusters comprising four subclusters, which was consistent with the systematic classification of barley done in previous studies. The results of this study indicated that the genotypes of barley could effectively be differentiated based on polymorphism, detected between protein patterns. SDS-PAGE presented a higher differentiation power and better repeatability; thus, could be used as a rapid and reliable method for genetic diversity analysis and laid a solid foundation for future barley breeding.
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Akbari, Mahjoubeh, Hossein Sabouri, Sayed Javad Sajadi, Saeed Yarahmadi, Leila Ahangar, Amin Abedi, and Mahnaz Katouzi. "Mega Meta-QTLs: A Strategy for the Production of Golden Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Tolerant to Abiotic Stresses." Genes 13, no. 11 (November 10, 2022): 2087. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13112087.
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Abiotic stresses cause a significant decrease in productivity and growth in agricultural products, especially barley. Breeding has been considered to create resistance against abiotic stresses. Pyramiding genes for tolerance to abiotic stresses through selection based on molecular markers connected to Mega MQTLs of abiotic tolerance can be one of the ways to reach Golden Barley. In this study, 1162 original QTLs controlling 116 traits tolerant to abiotic stresses were gathered from previous research and mapped from various populations. A consensus genetic map was made, including AFLP, SSR, RFLP, RAPD, SAP, DArT, EST, CAPS, STS, RGA, IFLP, and SNP markers based on two genetic linkage maps and 26 individual linkage maps. Individual genetic maps were created by integrating individual QTL studies into the pre-consensus map. The consensus map covered a total length of 2124.43 cM with an average distance of 0.25 cM between markers. In this study, 585 QTLs and 191 effective genes related to tolerance to abiotic stresses were identified in MQTLs. The most overlapping QTLs related to tolerance to abiotic stresses were observed in MQTL6.3. Furthermore, three MegaMQTL were identified, which explained more than 30% of the phenotypic variation. MQTLs, candidate genes, and linked molecular markers identified are essential in barley breeding and breeding programs to develop produce cultivars resistant to abiotic stresses.
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Aikasalo, Reino. "The results of six-row barley breeding and the genetic origin of varieties released." Agricultural and Food Science 60, no. 4 (March 1, 1988): 293–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72289.
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This article deals with the results achieved in the breeding of six-row barley at Hankkija Plant Breeding Institute since the beginning of scientific barley breeding in the 1910s, with special reference to earliness and genetic origin of the varieties. In Finland, barley is grown in the northern border of plant production up to the 67th parallel. Through centuries it has been an important cereal but a rapid expansion in the acreage occurred only in the mid-1970s. Today the acreage of barley is close to 700,000 hectares. Most of the crop is used for feed, the rest for malting. Adaptation to Finnish conditions, with a short growing season and acid soils, has always been the major aim inbreeding. The genetic basis for the beginning of barley breeding was locally adapted landraces which had reached Finland from east and west. The landraces showed extensive genetic variations. Through selection, a total of eight varieties three four-row, one six-row and four two-row varieties were developed. The most important was the extremely early variety Olli which has been an important variety not only in Finland but also in Canada. After the variation of landraces was fully utilized, the positive characteristics of different varieties were combined by crossings. A total of eight six-row varieties have been developed since Olli. These varieties are presented in brief. It is worth noticing that all the varieties are nearly totally of Scandinavian origin. The extremely early variety Olli is included in the pedigree of all the eight varieties released since Olli (1927). The percentage of wide crosses is minimal. However, in spite of the narrow gene pool, breeding work has produced several successful varieties which have covered are markable proportion of the total barley acreage. This may be a result of good adaptation of landraces and the first cultivars to the extreme weather and soil conditions prevailing in Finland. Furthermore, although the earliness of landraces or Olli has not been exceeded, improvements in other characteristics, e.g. yielding potential, straw stiffness and malting quality, have considerably contributed to the production of Finnish barley.
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Leišová-Svobodová, Leona, Vratislav Psota, Štěpán Stočes, Petr Vácha, and Ladislav Kučera. "Comparative de novo transcriptome analysis of barley varieties with different malting qualities." Functional & Integrative Genomics 20, no. 6 (September 18, 2020): 801–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10142-020-00750-z.
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Abstract Barley is one of the most important crops in the world. Barley is used as both food and feed and is important for malt production. Demands for malting quality differ among countries and customs. Malting quality is a complex characteristic involving barley genetics, the environmental conditions during barley growth, and the technological parameters of the malting process. In this study, the hypothesis was that there were no differences between two groups of barley varieties with different but defined malting qualities, which was tested using RNA sequencing during selected stages of malting. In total, 919 differentially transcribed genes between the two barley groups were identified and annotated. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were primarily assigned to gene ontology (GO) terms of oxidation-reduction process - oxidoreductase activity, response to stress, carbohydrate metabolic process, and proteolysis - hydrolase activity, and metal ion binding. Genes connected with the plasma membrane and its integral components also play important roles in malting quality. DEG profiles of selected genes in the three malting stages indicate a complex character of malting quality. Many single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertions and deletions (indels) were identified. SNPs and indels with the best quality were used for primer design. After optimization and validation, five molecular markers were developed for use in barley breeding.
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Sadeghzadeh, Behzad, Seyed Jamali, and Fatemeh Vafadar-Shamasbi. "Identification of MFLP fingerprint for higher seed zinc accumulation in barley DH population." Genetika 49, no. 3 (2017): 843–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1703843s.
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Selection through molecular markers for seed Zn accumulation might be an efficient complementary breeding tool in barley breeding. To develop a specific molecular markers, 150 DH lines derived from a cross between Clipper (low-Zn-accumulator) and Sahara-3771 (high-Zn-accumulator) were screened under field and glasshouse conditions. Microsatellite-anchored fragment length polymorphism (MFLP) fingerprint generated by SSR-anchor primer MF128 in combination with AFLP primer MseI-AGA (5?-GATGAGTCCTGAGTAAAGA-3?) was identified as a candidate marker for tagging seed Zn accumulation gene. The sequencing of the band showed a marker of 369 bp with the sequence of SSR anchor primer MF128 and MseI-AGA at the two ends as expected. The MFLP marker associated with higher seed Zn accumulation has potential to be converted to a simple, sequence-specific, PCR-based, low-cost marker amenable to large populations, making it potentially viable for marker-assisted selection in barley breeding. This marker might be useful in the improvement of barley productivity and nutritional quality in Zn-deficient environments.
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Tucker, James R., Ana Badea, Richard Blagden, Kerri Pleskach, Sheryl A. Tittlemier, and W. G. Dilantha Fernando. "Deoxynivalenol-3-Glucoside Content Is Highly Associated with Deoxynivalenol Levels in Two-Row Barley Genotypes of Importance to Canadian Barley Breeding Programs." Toxins 11, no. 6 (June 5, 2019): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11060319.
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Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is a multipurpose crop that can be harvested as grain or cut prior to maturity for use as forage. Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a devastating disease of barley that reduces quality of grain. FHB can also result in the accumulation of mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON). Breeding FHB resistant varieties has been a long-term goal of many barley-producing countries, including Canada. While the genetic basis of DON detoxification via production of less-phytotoxic conjugates such as DON-3-glucoside (DON3G) is well documented in barley, little information exists in reference to varietal response. Over two years, 16 spring, two-row barley genotypes, of importance to western Canadian barley breeding programs, were grown as short-rows and inoculated following spike emergence with a Fusarium graminearum conidia suspension. Half of the plots were harvested at soft dough stage and then dissected into rachis and grain components, whereas the remainder was harvested at maturity. Multiple Fusarium-mycotoxins were assayed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Mycotoxin content was elevated at the earlier harvest point, especially in the rachis tissue. DON3G constituted a significant percentage (26%) of total trichothecene content and thus its co-occurrence with DON should be considered by barley industries. DON3G was highly correlated with DON and 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3ADON). The ratio of D3G/DON exhibited consistency across genotypes, however more-resistant genotypes were characterized by a higher ratio at the soft-dough stage followed by a decrease at maturity. Plant breeding practices that use DON content as a biomarker for resistance would likely result in the development of barley cultivars with lower total DON-like compounds.
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Rozanova, I. V., and E. K. Khlestkina. "NGS sequencing in barley breeding and genetic studies." Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding 24, no. 4 (July 2, 2020): 348–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/vj20.627.
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