Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Barley – Breeding; Barley – Genetics'
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Eglinton, Jason Konrad. "Novel alleles from wild barley for breeding malting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) /." Title page, abstact and table of contents only, 2003. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phe313.pdf.
Full textJefferies, Stephen P. "Marker assisted backcrossing for gene introgression in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)." Title page, contents and chapter 1 only, 2000. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09APSP/09apspj45.pdf.
Full textTinker, Nicholas Andrew. "Studies on the analysis of genetic markers and quantitative trait loci in plant breeding populations." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=41774.
Full textJonsson, Rickard. "Breeding for resistance to barley net blotch (Pyrenophora teres) /." Alnarp : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 2001. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2001/91-576-5814-5.pdf.
Full textAhmed, Ahmed Abdul-Jawad. "Studies on barley : genetics and breeding for resistance to leaf blotch Rhynchosporum secalis (OUD.) J.J. Davis." Thesis, University of Hull, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.278273.
Full textVisioni, Andrea. "Barley adaptation to stress prone environments." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/121581.
Full textEls assajos en localitats múltiplas de poblacions de mapeo s'utilitzen freqüentment per a testar genotips en un conjunt d'ambients representatius de la condicions climàtiques on es volen introduir aquests genotips. La primera part d'això treball ha estat l'avaluació de la població de mapeo ‘Nure x Tremois’ constituïda de 118 de doble haploides d'ordi, juntament amb panell d'associació que comprèn 185 varietats d'ordi representatives del germoplasma conreat en la conca Mediterrània. El material vegetal ha estat assajat en una combinació de divuit camps per any desllorigats en sis països de la conca mediterrània. Els assajos s'han portat a terme en camps amb diferent disponibilitat d'aigua, classificats sobre la base de les dades relatives a les freqüència i quantitat de les precipitacions o en el mateix lloc amb un camp en secà i altre regat. Els assajos es van portar a terme per dos anys en cada localitat i això va permetre la recollida d'un gran volum de dades que comprenen caràcters agronómicos relacionats amb rendiment i components del rendiment, dades fenológicos i ambientals. Aquestes dades es van utilitzar després per a la identificació de regions genomicas involucrades en l'adaptació de l'ordi a l'ambient. Els 118 dobles haploides de la població ‘Nure x Tremois’ es genotiparon amb marcadors DaRT (Diversity Array Technology), després un set de 15 marcadors CAPS I SCCP per a gens candidats involucrats en la regulació de les fases fenológicas van ser afegits al mapa de lligament construït amb els marcadors DaRT. Les dades van ser utilitzats per a fer una anàlisi de QTL amb procediment ‘Composite Interval Mapping’ para cada combinació ambienti/ caràcter. Es van trobar diversos QTLs per rendiment i data d'espigolat i components del rendiment. Els QTL mes freqüents trobats per rendiment i data de floració i components del rendiment estan localitzats en els cromosomes 1H (3 camps), 2H (8 camps) i 5H (5 camps) coincidents respectivament amb HvFT3 locus, eam6/Eps-‐2 (earliness per se) locus i amb el locus de vernalización Vrn-‐H1. Una ulterior anàlisi de QTL feta amb el mètode “Multi Environment Trial” ha revelat que els QTL localitzats en el locus eam6/Eps-‐2 (cromosoma 2H) i Vrn-‐H1 (cromosoma 5H) són comunes per rendiment i data de floració en els 18 camps d'assaig. Per això utilitzem tots el dades ambientals col·leccionades durant tot el cicle del cultiu per a investigar la sensibilitat de dites QTL a les co-‐variables ambientals. La majoria de les associacions oposades estan relacionades amb temperatures i variables relacionades amb aquestes. Eam6/Eps-‐2 mostra una interacció de tipus quantitatiu amb aquestes variables mentre Vrn-‐H1 mostra una interacció de tipus qualitatiu amb aquestes variables. Les 185 varietats assajades van ser genotipadas amb 185 SNPs i fenotipadas per resistència a fred en dos assajos uneixo a Espanya i altre a Itàlia. El primer assaig va ser caracteritzat per un hivern excepcionalment fred, mentre el d'Itàlia ha estat utilitzat en passat per testar resistència a fred a causa de els hiverns rígids que solen registrar-‐se en aquesta localitat. Les dades van ser utilitzats per a portar a terme la analisis GWAS “Genome Wide Association Analysis” . Els resultats van permetre identificar 13 regions genomicas involucrades en la resistència a frio. Entre elles tres regions coincideixen amb loci ja mapeados i coneguts per ser involucrats en la resposta a frio en los cromosomes 2HL, 4HL i 5HL.
Los ensayos en localidades múltiplas de poblaciones de mapeo se utilizan frecuentemente para testar genotipos en un conjunto de ambientes representativos de la condiciones climáticas donde se quieren introducir dichos genotipos. La primera parte de esto trabajo ha sido la evaluación de la población de mapeo ‘Nure x Tremois’ constituida de 118 de doble haploides de cebada, junto con panel de asociación que comprende 185 variedades de cebada representativas del germoplasma cultivado en la cuenca Mediterránea. El material vegetal ha sido ensayado en una combinación de dieciocho campos por año dislocados en seis países de la cuenca mediterránea. Los ensayos se han llevado a cabo en campos con diferente disponibilidad de agua, clasificados en base a los datos relativos a las frecuencia y cantidad de las precipitaciones o en el mismo sitio con un campo en secano y otro regado. Los ensayos se llevaron a cabo por dos años en cada localidad y esto permitió la recogida de un gran volumen de datos que comprenden caracteres agronómicos relacionados con rendimiento y componentes del rendimiento, datos fenológicos y ambientales. Dichos datos se utilizaron después para la identificación de regiones genomicas involucradas en la adaptación de la cebada al ambiente. Los 118 dobles haploides de la población ‘Nure x Tremois’ se genotiparon con marcadores DaRT (Diversity Array Technology), después un set de 15 marcadores CAPS Y SCCP para genes candidatos involucrados en la regulación de las fases fenológicas fueron añadidos al mapa de ligamento construido con los marcadores DaRT. Los datos fueron utilizados para hacer una análisis de QTL con procedimiento ‘Composite Interval Mapping’ para cada combinación ambiente/ carácter. Se encontraron varios QTLs por rendimiento y fecha de espigado y componentes del rendimiento. Los QTL mas frecuentes encontrados por rendimiento y fecha de floración y componentes del rendimiento están localizados en los cromosomas 1H (3 campos), 2H (8 campos) y 5H(5 campos) coincidentes respectivamente con HvFT3 locus, eam6/Eps-‐2 (earliness per se) locus y con el locus de vernalización Vrn-‐H1. Una ulterior análisis de QTL hecha con el método “Multi Environment Trial” ha revelado que los QTL localizados en el locus eam6/Eps-‐2 (cromosoma 2H) y Vrn-‐H1 (cromosoma 5H) son comunes por rendimiento y fecha de floración en los 18 campos de ensayo. Por esto utilizamos todos lo datos ambientales coleccionadas durante todo el ciclo del cultivo para investigar la sensibilidad de dichos QTL a las co-‐variables ambientales. La mayoría de las asociaciones encontradas están relacionadas con temperaturas y variables relacionadas con estas. Eam6/Eps-‐2 muestra una interacción de tipo cuantitativo con dichas variables mientras Vrn-‐H1 muestra una interacción de tipo cualitativo con dichas variables. Las 185 variedades ensayadas fueron genotipadas con 185 SNPs y fenotipadas por resistencia a frío en dos ensayos uno en España y otro en Italia. El primer ensayo fue caracterizado por un invierno excepcionalmente frío, mientras el de Italia ha sido utilizado en pasado por testar resistencia a frío debido a los inviernos rígidos que suelen registrarse en dicha localidad. Los datos fueron utilizados para llevar a cabo la analisis GWAS “Genome Wide Association Analysis”. Los resultados permitieron identificar 13 regiones genomicas involucradas en la resistencia a frio. Entre ellas tres regiones coinciden con loci ya mapeados y conocidos por ser involucrados en la respuesta a frio en los cromosomas 2HL, 4HL y 5HL.
Dunford, Roy Patrick. "Molecular aspects of albinism in anther culture derived barley plants." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/34406.
Full textEggers, Ben. "Identifying phenotypic traits critical for breeding winter malting barley adapted to Ohio and the genomic regions affecting those traits." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1607035449218475.
Full textDayteg, Christophe. "Automation of molecular markers in practical breeding of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) /." Alnarp : Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Swedish University of Agricultaral Sciences, 2008. http://epsilon.slu.se/2007132.pdf.
Full textPandey, Madhav Prasad. "Molecular assessment of genetic diversity and population differentiation of hulless barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) landraces from the Himalayas of Nepal and its relevance for barley breeding." Göttingen : Cuvillier, 2006. http://geb.uni-giessen.de/geb/volltexte/2007/3880/index.html.
Full textJohnston, Paul Andrew, and n/a. "Molecular characterisation of chromatin introgressed from Hordeum bulbosum L. into Hordeum vulgare L." University of Otago. Department of Biochemistry, 2008. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20080215.161403.
Full textKolodinska, Brantestam Agnese. "A century of breeding - is genetic erosion a reality? : temporal diversity changes in Nordic and Baltic barley /." Alnarp : Dept. of Crop Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2005. http://epsilon.slu.se/200530.pdf.
Full textPandey, Madhav Prasad [Verfasser]. "Molecular assessment of genetic diversity and population differentiation of hulless barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) landraces from the Himalayas of Nepal and its relevance for barley breeding / vorgelegt von Madhav Prasad Pandey." Göttingen : Cuvillier, 2007. http://d-nb.info/988662728/34.
Full textPoulsen, David Malcolm Ernest. "Application of molecular markers to breeding barleys for disease resistance /." St. Lucia, Qld, 2002. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17378.pdf.
Full textCollins, Nicholas C. "The genetics of barley yellow dwarf virus resistance in barley and rice." Title page, table of contents and summary only, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/46063.
Full textThesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Dept. of Plant Science, 1996
Jenkin, Mandy Jane. "Genetics of boron tolerance in barley /." Adelaide : Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Department of Plant Science, 1993. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phj514.pdf.
Full textHarvey, Andrew John. "Isolation, characterization and differential expression of Barley B-Glucan Exohydrolase genes." Title page, abstract and table of contents only, 2000. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phh399.pdf.
Full textCaldwell, Katherine Selby. "An evaluation of the patterns of nucleotide diversity and linkage disequilibrium at the regional level in Hordeum vulgare /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2004. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phc1471.pdf.
Full textSmith, Ryan Anthony. "Germination and growth responses of Hordeum Vulgare SV13 cultivated as a green fodder crop for African conditions." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2790.
Full textThis study evaluated the effects of 5 different soaking treatments in conjunction with 5 varying irrigation intervals on the germination, growth and nutritional values of seed of Hordeum vulgare Sv13. The 5 different soaking times consisted of 1, 3, 8, 16 and 24 hours. The barley seed was first cleaned and then placed in a vessel containing 500 ml of distilled water with a 20 % solution of sodium hypochlorite (bleach) at room temperature. Thereafter the pre-soaked seeds were transferred to a perforated container, containing no medium and placed into a growing chamber equipped with drip irrigation. The seed was then irrigated with 1245 ml of water at 5 different intervals namely every 2, 4, 8 10 and 12 hours. The temperature of the hydroponic growing room was kept at a constant 23 °C using a hotoperiod of 16-hour day/ 8-hour darkness. The seed was allowed to germinate and grow for a period of 8 days before being harvested. The objectives of this study were to determine the most beneficial combination of soaking treatment in conjunction with the most beneficial irrigation interval on the germination rate of the seed allowing for radicle emergence and coleoptile production. It was also used to determine which combination of treatments was most beneficial to the growth and nutritional values of the seed post-harvest. Another objective was to ascertain the shortest soaking time for application in a small-scale, hydroponic growing unit as well as the frequency of irrigation required to grow seedlings, thereby determining the amount of water required to produce a seedling mat for a small-scale, subsistence farmer, with the emphasis being on water reduction. Each treatment was replicated 10 times and consisted of 500 grams of seed, which when placed into its container measured 2 centimetres in depth, totalling 25 treatments in all. Germination was measured by observing radicle emergence in the first 2 days of the growing period first after a 24-hour cycle and again after 48 hours. The numbers of leaves present at harvest after an 8-day growing period were also counted to determine germination rate of the seeds. Growth was determined by average leaf height as well as the tallest leaf on day 8 of the growing cycle. Root mat expansion was also measured, post-harvest, which was compared to the initial 2 cm planting depth of seed. Wet and dry weights of the plant material were measured post-harvest. Samples of the harvested material were also sent for nitrogen and protein analysis. It was discovered that most of the results favoured a shorter soaking time and an increase in irrigation frequency, bar a few exceptions. Most favoured a pre-soaking time of only 1 hour together with an irrigation frequency of between 2 and 4 hours. This shows that small-scale farmers would be able to reduce the time spent on soaking of their seed. Although the frequency of the irrigation interval remained high further testing would be required to determine if the amount of water applied at each irrigation interval could be reduced and still produce favourable results. It would also remain to be seen if no irrigation during the 8-hour dark photoperiod would have any negative impact on germination, growth and nutritional values of the seedlings.
Patil, Vrushali. "Molecular developmental genetics of the barley internode." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2016. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/a7e7046a-3615-40c4-b678-200299cd0d12.
Full textQian, Jiajing. "Effects of Hordeum vulgare and Hordeum bulbosum genotypes, seed age, culture methods and plant growth regulators on barley haploid production." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=56678.
Full textHidayat, Imam. "Evolution and spread of paraquat resistant barley grasses (Hordeum glaucum Steud. and H. leporinum Link) /." Title page, abstract and table of contents only, 2004. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phh6323.pdf.
Full textHunter, Clifford Paul. "Plant regeneration from microspores of barley Hordeum vulgare L." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/7765.
Full textKing, Brendon James. "Towards cloning Yd2 : a barley resistance gene to barley yellow dwarf virus." Title page, contents and summary only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phk523.pdf.
Full textFernández, José. "Anther and pollen development in barley." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2012. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13916/.
Full textCartwirght, Ewen James. "Barley mild mosaic virus : deletions, duplication and transmission." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285557.
Full textFinnie, Susan Jane. "The development and utilisation of anther culture technology in barley breeding." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/14853.
Full textLonergan, Paul Francis. "Genetic characterisation and QTL mapping of zinc nutrition in barley (Hordeum vulgare)." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phl847.pdf.
Full textCampbell, Graham F. (Graham Findlay). "Genetics of pathogenicity in Pyrenophora leaf diseases of barley." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52286.
Full textENGLISH ABSTRACT: Net blotch of barley, caused by Pyrenophora teres, is one of the most important diseases of this cereal in the south Western Cape Province of South Africa. This fungus exists as two different types (forms), namely a nettype and a spot-type that are distinguished by differential symptom expression on barley leaves. Based on this specific plant pathological difference a series of studies of agricultural importance were executed to investigate the effects of sexual recombination between these two types. In addition, studies were done to determine the difference between local net- and spot-type populations with regards to population structure and fungicide sensitivity. This dissertation therefore, consists of a collection of separate publications and as a result a certain degree of redundancy has been unavoidable. Recombination is one of the most important evolutionary forces involved with sexual reproduction. In plant-fungal agricultural ecosystems this may result in pathogenic fungal populations adapting more rapidly to control programs such as fungicide applications. The first section of the review in part 1 of this dissertation covers different aspects of sexual reproduction in ascomycetes, specifically focussing on mating-type genes, vegetative incompatibility and recombination. The major part of the review is then dedicated to various plant pathological aspects of P.teres, specifically addressing the differences between the two types, and in various cases highlighting the significance of sexual recombination within and between the net- and spot-type. Using morphological criteria for identification purposes there have been many conflicting reports concerning the identity of leaf spot isolates in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. In part 2, the correct identity was eventually achieved employing mating studies and molecular markers .: This was accomplished after single ascospores were obtained from pseudothecia after in vitro mating had occurred between a verified P. teres net-blotch isolate from Denmark and a representative Pyrenophora leaf spot isolate from South Africa. Using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and RAPD markers, recombination was demonstrated in the progeny that had DNA banding patterns different from the two parental isolates. Pathogenicity trials also confirmed that recombination had taken place during mating. Inoculations were conducted on the differential cultivars susceptible to the net-blotch and leaf spot forms. The two parents induced typical net-blotch or leaf spot symptoms whereas the progeny mostly induced a jagged spot symptom on each cultivar. Fungicide sensitivity tests using the ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors showed that, due to recombination, some progeny could have increased resistance to these fungicides. Due to mating and subsequent recombination between a net blotch isolate of P. teres and a representative leaf spot isolate, it was concluded that the latter was P. teres f. maculata. Fifteen of the net-spot hybrid progeny (F1) produced from the mating study in Part 2 were screened in Part 3 to assess their viability and genetic stability. Hybrid progeny (F1) inoculated onto barley seedlings consisting of the cultivars Stirling (differentially susceptible to net-type isolates), B87/14 and Clipper (both differentially susceptible to spot-type isolates) produced intermediate symptoms on all cultivars. Axenic cultures (F1-1) isolated from foliar lesions, followed by repeated inoculation and isolation (F1-2) onto a healthy set of seedlings produced similar intermediate symptoms. RAPDs conducted with two 1Q-mer primers on all isolates of F1-1and F1-2progeny revealed profiles similar to those obtained for F1 isolates. RAPD molecular data, therefore, indicated that hybrid progeny of this net x spot mating were genetically stable after having been subjected to two repetitive inoculation and reisolation cycles. Phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) flanking the 5.8S nuclear ribosomal RNA gene and the 5' end partial histone-3 gene confirmed the genetic stability of the hybrid progeny. These results also indicated that the hybrid progeny produced consistent symptoms throughout the series of experiments, and maintained their virulence to the differential cultivars screened. Both types of P. teres are prevalent in the south Western Cape Province of South Africa, found on susceptible cultivars often grown within close proximity of each other. In Part 4, a net- and spot-type population were characterised in terms of their population structure using RAPD markers. Samples were collected from infected barley leaves from two separate quadrants in each field, the two quadrants positioned in corners of the fields, diagonal to one another. A total of 65 loci were produced of which 54 were polymorphic. Total gene diversities determined for all loci resulted in mean indices of 0.063 and 0.082 being obtained respectively for the net- and spottype populations. A coefficient of genetic differentiation (Gs) of 0.0149 was obtained between sites within populations while a coefficient (GT) of 0.63 was obtained between the two populations. Genotypic variation revealed 13 distinct multilocus genotypes (haplotypes) in the net-type population while there were 12 in the spot-type population. UPGMA cluster analysis done on the two populations together with six progeny from the mating between a netand spot-type isolate resulted in three main clusters being produced, one for each population and one for the progeny. One isolate collected from the nettype population also contained a unique spot-type RAPD fragment. This suggested that sexual recombination may be taking place between isolates of the net- and spot-type under field conditions. Fungicide application is the most important method used in the control of net blotch in South Africa. In Part 5 the fungicide sensitivities (ICsD values) of 89 monoconidial isolates (46 net-type and 43 spot-type) of P. teres to sterol demethylation inhibiting fungicides were determined, based on the inhibitory effect on radial mycelial growth. The fungicides evaluated were triadimenol, bromuconazole, flusilazole, propiconazole and tebuconazole. Both net- and spot-type isolates revealed strong resistance to triadimenol while flusilazole was shown to be the strongest inhibitor of fungal growth. Spot-type isolates showed a higher resistance than net-type isolates to all five fungicides screened. The ICsD values indicated significant differences between four of the fungicides (triadimenol, tebuconazole, flusilazole and propiconazole). The ICsD values between propiconazole and bromuconazole were not significant. This study suggested that spot-type isolates showed a higher degree of resistance to commercially used fungicides than net-type isolates. The overall conclusion of this study is that the spot-type of P. teres is the pathogen associated with leaf spots of barley in the south western Cape province of South Africa and not P. japonica as earlier reported. Together with the net-type, both types exist as genetically variable populations in this barley production region. Mating between the two types results in sexual progeny that are genetically stable. This implies that barley fields adjacent to one another in which either net- or spot-type susceptible cultivars are being cultivated may lead to sexual progeny being produced. This in turn may lead to an increased rate at which fungal populations may become resistant to commercially used fungicides. It is furthermore suggested that an alternative fungicide seed treatment is used instead of triadimenol due to high resistance of P. teres to this fungicide.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Netvlek op gars is een van die belangrikste siektes van hierdie graansoort in die suidelike deel van die Westelike Kaapprovinsie. Dié siekte word veroorsaak deur die swam Pyrenophora teres. Hierdie swam kom voor as twee verskillende tipes, naamlik 'n net-tipe en 'n kol-tipe wat onderskei word op grand van die voorkoms van hulle simptome op garsblare. Hierdie planpatologiese verskil in ag genome, is 'n reeks studies van landboukundige waarde uitgevoer om die effek van geslagtelike rekombinasie tussen die twee tipes te ondersoek. Daarbenewens is ook studies uitgevoer om om die verskil te bepaal tussen plaaslike net- en koltipe populasies ten opsigte van populasiestruktuur en fungisiedsensitiwiteit. Hierdie verhandeling bestaan dus uit 'n versameling afsonderlike publikasies en as gevolg daarvan is daar onvermydelik'n mate van oorvleueling. Rekombinasie is een van die belangrikste evolusionêre kragte betrokke by geslagtelike voortplanting. In plant-swam landboukundige ekostelsels kan dit veroorsaak dat patogene swampopulasies vinniger aanpas by beheerpragramme soos fungisiedtoediening. Die eerste gedeelte in deel 1 van hierdie verhandeling dek die verskillende aspekte van geslagtelike voortplanting van ascomycetes, met spesifieke verwysing na paringstipe gene, vegetatiewe onverenigbaarheid en rekombinasie. Die grootste gedeelte van die oorsig word gewyaan verskeie plantpatologiese aspekte van P. teres,en wys veralop die verskille tussen die twee tipes. In verskeie gevalle word die betekenis van geslagsrekombinasie binne en tussen die net- en koltipe uitgelig. Deur morfologiese kenmerke vir identifikasiedoeleindes te gebruik, is daar baie teenstrydige verslae rakende die identifikasie van blaarvlekisolate in die Westlike Kaapprovinsie van Suid-Afrika. In deel 2 is die korrekte identifikasie eventueel verkry deur gebruik te maak van paringstudies en molekulêre merkers. Dit is bereik nadat enkel ascospore verkry is uit pseudothecia gevorm na in vitro paring plaasgevind het tussen 'n bevestigde P. teres netvlek isolaat uit Denemarke en 'n verteenwoordigende Pyrenophora blaarvlekisolaat van Suid- Afrika. Deur gebruik te maak van versterkte fragmentlengte polimorfisme [AFLP] en RAPD merkers, is rekombinasie gedemonstreer in die nasate wat DNA bandpatrone gehad het wat verskil het van dié van die "ouer" isolate. Patogenisiteitstoetse het ook bevestig dat rekombinasie tydens paring plaasgevind het. Inokulasies is uitgevoer op die verskillende cultivars wat vatbaar is vir die netvlek en blaarvlek vorme. Die twee ouers het tipiese netvlek of blaarvlek simptome veroorsaak, terwyl die nasate hoekige vlekke veroorsaak het op elke cultivar. Toetse vir fungisiedsensitiwiteit deur gebruik van die ergosterol biosintese inhibeerders het gewys dat a.g.v. rekombinasie sekere nasate verhoogde weerstand teen hierdie fungisiedes het. As gevolg van paring en daaropvolgende rekombinasie tussen 'n netvlek isolaat van P. teres en 'n verteenwoordigende blaarvlek isolaat is afgelei dat laasgenoemde P. teres f. maculata is. Vyftien van die netvlek hibried nakomelinge (F1) verkry van die paringstudie in deel 2 is ondersoek in deel 3 om hul lewensvatbaarheid en genetiese stabiliteit te bepaal. Hibried nasate (F1) geïnokuleer op garssaailinge bestaande uit die volgende cultivars: Stirling (soms vatbaar vir net-tipe isolate) , B87/14 en Clipper (albei soms vatbaar vir kol-tipe isolate) het intermediêre simptome op al die cultivars veroorsaak. Akseniese kulture (F1-1) geïsoleer uit blaarletsels gevolg deur herhaalde inokulasie en isolasie (F1-2) op 'n gesonde stel saailinge het dieselfde intermediêre simptome veroorsaak. RAPDs uitgevoer met twee 10-mer inleiers op al die isolate van F1-1 en F1-2 nasate het profiele opgelewer soortgelyk aan dié wat vir F1 isolate verkry is. RAPD molekulêre data het dus gewys dat die hibried nasate van hierdie net x kol paring geneties stabiel was nadat dit onderwerp is aan twee inokulasie en reïsolasie siklusse. Genetiese stabiliteit van die hibried nageslag is bevestig deur filogenetiese analise van die DNA volgorde van die interne getranskribeerde spasieerders (ITS1 en ITS2) reg langs die 5.8S nukluêre ribosomale RNA geen en die 5' end gedeeltelike histoon-3 geen. Hierdie resultate het ook gewys dat die hibried nasate konstante simptome getoon het tydens die hele reeks eksperimente en hulle virulensie behou het vir die kultivars wat getoets is. Beide tipes van P. teres kom algemeen voor in die suidelike deel van die Westelike Kaapprovinsie en word gevind op vatbare cultivars wat dikwels naby mekaar groei. In deel 4 is 'n net- en kol-tipe populasie gekarakteriseer in terme van hulle populasiestruktuur deur gebruik van RAPD merkers. Monsters is versamel van geïnfekteerde garsblare van twee aparte kwadrante in elke saailand. Die twee kwadrante is geplaas in die hoeke van die saailand, diagonaal tot mekaar. 'n Totaal van 65 lokusse is gevorm, waarvan 54 polimorfies was. Die algehele genetiese verskeidenheid bepaal vir alle lokusse, het gelei tot gemiddelde indekse van 0.063 en 0.082 soos gevind vir die net- en kol-tipe populasies. 'n Koëffisiënt van genetiese differensiasie (Gs ) van 0.0149 is gevind tussen gebiede tussen populasies, terwyl 'n koëffisiënt (GT) van 0.63 gevind is tussen die twee populasies. Genotipiese variasie het 13 duidelike multilokus genotipes (haplotipes) getoon in die net-tipe populasie, terwyl daar twaalf was in die kol-tipe populasie. UPGMA groeperingsanalises wat gedoen is op die twee populasies tesame met ses nasate van die paring van 'n net- en koltipe isolaat het tot gevolg gehad dat drie hoof groepe gevorm is, een vir elke populasie en een vir die nasate. Een isolaat wat versamel is, van die net-tipe populasie het 'n unieke kol-tipe RAPD fragment bevat. Dit wys daarop dat geslagtelike rekombinasie in veldomstandighede mag voorkom tussen isolate van die net- en kol-tipe. Fungisiedtoediening is die belangrikste metode wat gebruik word om netvlek in Suid-Afrika te beheer. In deel 5 is die fungisiedsensitiwteit (Ieso waardes) van 89 enkelkonidiale isolate (46 net-tipe en 43 kol-tipe) van P. teres teen sterol demetielasie inhiberende fungisiedes bepaal, op die basis van die onderdrukkende effek op die radiale groei van die miselium. Die volgende fungisiedes is geëvalueer: triadimenol, bromuconazole, flusilazole, propiconazole en tebuconazole. Beide net- en kol-tipe isolate het 'n sterk weerstand teen triadimenol openbaar, terwyl flusilazole gevind is as die sterkste onderdrukker van swamgroei. Kol-tipe isolate het 'n hoër weerstand as die net-tipe isolate teen al vyf fungisiedes wat getoets is, gehad. Die lesowaardes het aangedui dat daar beduidende verskille tussen vier van die fungisiedes IS (triadimenol, tebuconazole, flusilazole en propiconazole). Die leso waardes tussen propiconazole en bromuconazole was nie beduidend nie. Die gevolgtrekking van hierdie studie is dus dat die kol-tipe isolate 'n hoër graad van weerstand teen kommersiëel gebruikte fungisiedes as die net-tipe isolate gehad het. Die algehele gevolgtrekking van hierdie studie is dat die kol-tipe van P. teres, die patogeen is wat geassosieer word met blaarvlekke op gars in die suidwestelike Kaapprovinsie van Suid-Afrika, en nie P. japonica soos voorheen gerapporteer nie. Tesame met die net-tipe, kom altwee tipes voor as geneties veranderlike populasies in hierdie gars verbouingstreek. Paring tussen die twee tipes lei tot geslagtelike nasate wat geneties stabiel is. Dit impliseer dat aangrensende garsvelde waarop net- óf kol-tipe vatbare kultivars verbou word, mag lei tot die produksie van geslagtelike nasate. Dit kan weer lei tot 'n verhoogde tempo waarteen swampopulasies weerstandbiedend teenoor kommersiële fungisiedes raak. Daar word verder ook voorgestel dat alternatiewe fungisied saadbehandelings gebruik word in plaas van triadimenol as gevolg van verhoogde weerstand van P. teres teenoor laasgenoemde.
Al-Hassen, Ibrahim Saker. "Genetic control of alcohol dehydrogenase in barley Hordeum vulgare." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.257161.
Full textTan, Han-Qi. "Dissecting barley malting quality QTLs with maize Ac/Ds transposons." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=97247.
Full textLa qualité du malt de l'orge est un trait complexe mais important pour les secteurs du maltage et de l'industrie brassicole. Plusieurs QTLs associés à la qualité du malt sont localisés sur le chromosome 4H de l'orge. Cependant, les gènes associés à ces QTLs sont inconnus. Par conséquent, nous avons utilisé le système de transposons Ac/Ds afin de caractériser ces QTLs. De nouvelles lignées comprenant une insertion unique de l'élément Ds (TNPs) ont donc été produites grâce à la réactivation séquentielle du transposon Ds chez des lignées reconnues comme ayant un élément Ds unique à proximité de ces QTLs. La réactivation de l'élément Ds a été réalisée en croisant les lignées parentales TNP-29 et TNP-79 avec une lignée exprimant l'AcTPase ainsi que par l'insertion par transformation de l'AcTPase chez des embryons immatures obtenus à partir de ces mêmes lignées. De plus, nous avons développé l'approche HE-TAIL PCR afin d'accélérer la détection de nouveaux événements de transposition. Par conséquent, mes travaux contribuent à améliorer notre compréhension des mécanismes impliqués dans la régulation de la qualité du malt de l'orge.
Ward, Michael Patrick. "Biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology of nitrite reduction in barley." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14341.
Full textJenkin, Mandy Jane. "Genetics of boron tolerance in barley / by Mandy Jane Jenkin." Thesis, Adelaide Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Department of Plant Science, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/21652.
Full textJenkins, R. E. "Developmental studies in relation to anther culture in Hordeum vulgare." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.374688.
Full textOppong-Konadu, Eden Y. "Evolution in genetically diverse populations of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.336773.
Full textBull, Hazel Joanne. "Identification and characterisation of the barley row-type gene VRS3." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2015. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/be5f6de8-4245-45e3-bb17-649f7d724f55.
Full textGolegaonkar, Prashant G. "Genetic and molecular analysis of resistance to rust diseases in barley." University of Sydney, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/3549.
Full textThe responses of 92 barley genotypes to selected P. hordei pathotypes was assessed in greenhouse tests at seedling growth stages and in the field at adult plant growth stages to determine known or unknown resistances. On the basis of multipathotype tests, 35 genotypes were postulated to carry Rph2, Rph4, Rph5, Rph12, RphCantala alone or combinations of Rph2 + Rph4 and Rph1 + Rph2, whereas 52 genotypes lacked detectable seedling resistance to P. hordei. Five genotypes carried seedling resistance that was effective to all pathotypes tested, of which four were believed to carry uncharacterised resistance based on pedigree information. Field tests at adult plant growth stages indicated that while 28 genotypes were susceptible, 57 carried uncharacterised APR to P. hordei. Pedigree analysis indicated that APR in the test genotypes could have been derived from three different sources. The resistant responses of seven cultivars at adult plant growth stages were believed to be due to the presence of seedling resistance effective against the field pathotypes. Genetic studies conducted on 10 barley genotypes suggested that ‘Vada’, ‘Nagrad’, ‘Gilbert’, ‘Ulandra (NT)’ and ‘WI3407’ each carry one gene providing adult plant resistance to P. hordei. Genotypes ‘Patty’, ‘Pompadour’ ‘Athos’, ‘Dash’ and ‘RAH1995’ showed digenic inheritance of APR at one field site and monogenic inheritance at a second. One of the genes identified in each of these cultivars provided high levels of APR and was effective at both field sites. The second APR gene was effective only at one field site, and it conferred low levels of APR. Tests of allelism between resistant genotypes confirmed a common APR gene in all genotypes with the exception of ‘WI3407’, which based on pedigree information was genetically distinct from the gene common in ‘Vada’, ‘Nagrad’, ‘Patty’, ‘RAH1995’ and ‘Pompadour’. An incompletely dominant gene, Rph14, identified previously in an accession of Hordeum vulgare confers resistance to all known pathotypes of P. hordei in Australia. The inheritance of Rph14 was confirmed using 146 and 106 F3 lines derived from the crosses ‘Baudin’/ ‘PI 584760’ (Rph14) and ‘Ricardo’/‘PI 584760’ (Rph14), respectively. Bulk segregant analysis on DNA from the parental genotypes and resistant and susceptible DNA bulks from F3 lines using diversity array technology (DArT) markers located Rph14 to the short arm of chromosome 2H. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based marker analysis identified a single simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker, Bmag692, linked closely to Rph14 at a map distance of 2.1 and 3.8 cM in the populations ‘Baudin’/ ‘PI 584760’and ‘Ricardo’/‘PI 584760’, respectively. Seedlings of 62 Australian and two exotic barley cultivars were assessed for resistance to a variant of Puccinia striiformis, referred to as BGYR, which causes stripe rust on several wild Hordeum species and some genotypes of cultivated barley. With the exception of six Australian barley cultivars and an exotic cultivar, all displayed resistance to the pathogen. Genetic analyses of six Australian barley cultivars and the Algerian barley ‘Sahara 3771’, suggested that they carried either one or two major seedling resistance genes to the pathogen. A single recessive seedling resistance gene, Bgyr1, identified in ‘Sahara 3771’ was located on the long arm of chromosome 7H and flanked by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers wg420 and cdo347 at genetic distances of 12.8 and 21.9 cM, respectively. Mapping resistance to BGYR at adult plant growth stages using a doubled haploid population derived from the cross ‘Clipper’/‘Sahara 3771’ identified two major QTLs on the long arms of chromosomes 3H and 7H that explained 26 and 18% of total phenotypic variation, respectively. The QTL located on chromosome 7HL corresponded to the seedling resistance gene Bgyr1. The second QTL was concluded to correspond to a single adult plant resistance gene designated Bgyr2, originating from cultivar ‘Clipper’.
Voltas, Velasco Jordi. "Barley improvement and yield constraints in Mediterranean environments: binterfacing crop physiology with plant breeding." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/8345.
Full textclimes mediterranis. Es desenvolupa favorablement en àrees de pluviometria mitjana anual
superior a 250 mm. Durant les darreres dècades, els increments en rendiment deguts a activitats
de millora genètica han estat poc importants a causa, probablement, de la limitació que la sequera
i altres estressos abiòtics exerceixen sobre el creixement. Futurs increments poden veure's
accelerats per un millor coneixement dels processos que controlen el creixement i
desenvolupament i que limiten la product! vi tat dels genotips en situacions de manca d'aigua. Dins
d'aquest contexte, les activitats d'investigació en fisiologia vegetal haurien de tenir un fort
impacte, en un futur proper, en l'increment de l'eficiència dels programes de millora tradicionals.
Aquesta tesi pretén ampliar el coneixement actual d'aquells factors que redueixen el creixement,
la productivitat i la qualitat de l'ordi en ambients mediterranis. Amb aquesta finalitat, s'han
avaluat en assajos localitzats a la província de Lleida (nordest d'Espanya) i, ocasionalment, a les
províncies de Navarra (nord d'Espanya) i Valladolid (centre d'Espanya), un conjunt de deu
genotips d'ordi (incloent-hi dos i sis carreres) que difereixen en adaptació a ambients semiàrids.
Inicialment, un conjunt de tres genotips moderns i altament productius (Barberousse,
Orria i Plaisant) va ésser utilitzat per examinar l'efecte que una reducció de l'embomal
reproductiu (nombre de grans per espiga) provocava sobre el pes i el creixement del gra,
l'acumulació de carbohidrats i el transport de nitrogen en condicions semiàrides (Capítols I i II).
Els increments en pes de gra obtinguts en resposta a una reducció del 50% de l'embornal van ser
progressivament superiors en aquells ambients amb grans testimoni de menor pes. Pel contrari,
el nitrogen es va acumular uniformement en tots els ambients en resposta a una reducció de
l'embornal. Aquests resultats suggereixen que el rendiment final es troba fortament limitat, en
ambients productivament pobres, per la disponibilitat de carbohidrats durant l'omplenat del gra,
en tant que l'acumulació de proteïnes en el gra sembla independent de les condicions ambientals
en que té lloc l'omplenat del gra. El grau de limitació exercit per la font es va manifestar més
elevat en els grans situats en espigúeles laterals de l'espiga, amb independència de la
disponibilitat d'assimilats per l'omplenat del gra. Aquest desavantatge dels grans laterals de
l'espiga es va poder atribuir principalment a taxes d'acumulació de matèria seca inferiors durant
l'omplenat.
La influència d'estressos abiòtics com ara la sequera o les altes temperatures en el procés
d'omplenat dels grans es va examinar en detall utilitzant el conjunt dels deu genotips assajats en
dotze ambients (Capítols III i IV). L'objectiu final va consistir a detectar variabilitat genètica així
com determinar possibles mecanismes morfofisiològics de tolerància als esmentats estressos. Els
possibles factors causants d'interacció genotip-ambient (G*E) en el pes del gra, tasa i duració
d'omplenat es van estudiar mitjançant l'ús de models estadístics biadditius. Es van detectar
sensibilitats genotípiques diferencials en tolerància a sequera i a elevades temperatures de postantesi
pel pes final del gra, que varen atribuir-se parcialment a diferències entre els grups d'ordis
de dos i sis carreres. La presència de GxE per a la taxa d'omplenat es va explicar per l'efecte
conjunt de variables climàtiques de pre-antesi, la qual cosa va suggerir que les diferències
genotípiques podrien ser degudes parcialment a diferències en el balanç font/embornal entre ordis
de dos i sis carreres en antesi. L'existència de GXE per a la duració d'omplenat va poder-se
atribuir principalment a diferències en data d'antesi entre genotips, indicant l'existència d'una
estratègia d'escapament causant d'un allargament del période d'omplenat d'alguns genotips a
finals del cicle de cultiu.
La relació entre rendiment i discriminació isotòpica del carboni (A) en grans va avaluar-se
extensament en un grup de 22 ambients (Capítol VI), i també va examinar-se la possibilitat
d'utilització de la concentració de cendres en teixits aeris com a substitut de A (Capítol VII).
L'expressió genotipica del rendiment va estar condicionada per l'ambient d'una forma més
important que la de A. L'existència de GxE pel rendiment va suggerir la presència d'una
interacció qualitativa amb un punt de creuament aproximat situat en productivitats mitjanes
inferiors a 3 t ha"1. Pel contrari, la classificació de genotips per a A no va variar substancialment
amb l'ambient. En general, aquells genotips amb valors baixos de A i, per tant, amb elevades
eficiències de transpiració, van ésser superiors en ambients poc productius (ambients per sota de
3 t ha"1), en tant que valors genotípics de A elevats van mostrar-se com avantatjosos en ambients
de rendiment mig i alt. És probable que, quan la sequera sigui moderada, un important embornal
reproductiu forci la planta a incrementar la seva conductancia estomàtica i, com a conseqüència,
l'aigua total utilitzada. Aquest fenomen probablement capgira la relació negativa esperada entre
A i biomassa o rendiment quan la disponibilitat d'aigua és factor limitant. Per altra banda, la
concentració mineral en grans va trobar-se relacionada freqüentment i de forma negativa amb A,
en tant que no va trobar-se relació entre la concentració mineral en palla i A. Aquests resultats
suggereixen que l'acumulació mineral en teixits aeris mostrejats a finals del cicle de cultiu és
independent de l'eficiència de transpiració durant l'omplenat del gra. La concentració de cendres
en grans podria emprar-se com a criteri de selecció complementari a A en ambient semiàrids, si
bé es fa necessari un coneixement fisiologie més profund dels mecanismes que afecten
l'acumulació de minerals en el gra.
La sequera esdevé el principal factor limitant del creixement i la productivitat de l'ordi
en els secans semiàrids mediterranis. En el present estudi, les diferències en productivitat en un
conjunt de 22 ambients van poder atribuir-se, en gran part, a diferències paral·leles en
disponibilitat hídrica des de sembra fins a antesi, période en el qual es determina el nombre de
grans per m2. La presència d'una interacció GXE de tipus qualitatiu pel rendiment, així com les
relacions fluctuants entre rendiment i A, depenent de la intensitat de l'estrès hídric, suggereixen
que la tolerància a la sequera i l'elevat potencial de rendiment son conceptes antagònics en ordi.
La cebada (Hordeum vulgäre L.) es un cereal de zonas templadas ampliamente cultivado
en climas mediterráneos. Se desarrolla favorablemente en zonas de pluviometría media anual
superior a 250 mm. Durante las últimas décadas, los incrementos en rendimiento debidos a
actividades de mejora genética han sido poco importantes probablemente a causa de la limitación
que la sequía y otros estreses abióticos ejercen sobre el crecimiento. Futuros incrementos pueden
verse acelerados por un mejor conocimiento de los procesos que controlan el crecimiento y
desarrollo y que limitan la productividad de los genotipos en situaciones caracterizadas por la
falta de agua. En este contexto, las actividades de investigación en fisiología vegetal deberían
tener un fuerte impacto, ya en un futuro próximo, en el incremento de la eficiencia de los
programas de mejora tradicionales. La presente tesis pretende ampliar el conocimiento actual de
aquellos factores que reducen el crecimiento, la productividad y la calidad de la cebada en
ambientes mediterráneos. Con este fin se ha evaluado en ensayos situados en la provincia de
Lérida (nordeste de España) y, ocasionalmente, en las provincias de Navarra (norte de España)
y Valladolid (centro de España), un conjunto de diez genotipos de cebada (incluyendo dos y seis
carreras) que difieren en adaptación a ambientes semiáridos.
Inicialmente, un conjunto de tres genotipos modernos y altamente productivos
(Barberousse, Orria y Plaisant) fue utilizado para examinar el efecto que una reducción del
sumidero reproductivo (número de granos por espiga) provocaba sobre el peso y el crecimiento
del grano, la acumulación de carbohidratos y el transporte de nitrógeno en condiciones semiáridas
(Capítulos I y II). Los incrementos en peso del grano obtenidos en respuesta a una reducción del
sumidero del 50% fueron progresivamente superiores en aquellos ambientes con granos testigo
de menor peso. Por el contrario, el nitrógeno se acumuló uniformemente en todos los ambientes
en respuesta a una reducción del sumidero. Estos resultados sugieren que el rendimiento final se
encuentra fuertemente limitado, en ambientes productivamente pobres, por la disponibilidad de
carbohidratos durante el llenado del grano, mientras que la acumulación de proteínas en el grano
parece independiente de las condiciones ambientales en las que el llenado del grano tiene lugar.
El grado de limitación ejercido por la fuente fue más elevado para los granos situados en
espiguillas laterales de la espiga, con independencia de la disponibilidad de asimilados durante
el llenado del grano. Esta desventaja de los granos laterales de la espiga pudo atribuirse
principalmente a tasas inferiores de acumulación de materia seca durante el llenado.
La influencia de estreses abióticos tales como la sequía o las altas temperaturas en el
proceso de llenado de los granos se examinó en detalle utilizando el conjunto de los diez
genotipos ensayados en doce ambientes (Capítulos III y IV). El objetivo final perseguido
consistió en detectar variabilidad genética así como en determinar posibles mecanismos
morfofisiológicos de tolerancia a dichos estreses. Los posibles factores causantes de interacción
genotipo-ambiente (G*E) en el peso del grano, la tasa y la duraoión de llenado se estudiaron
mediante el uso de modelos estadísticos biaditivos. Se detectaron sensibilidades genotípicas
diferenciales en la tolerancia a la sequía y a las elevadas temperaturas de post-antesis para el peso
final del grano, que se atribuyeron parcialmente a diferencias entre los grupos de cebadas de dos
y seis carreras. La presencia de G*E para la tasa de llenado se explicó por el efecto conjunto de
variables climáticas de pre-antesis, lo que sugirió que las diferencias genotípicas pudieran deberse
parcialmente a diferencias en el balance fuente/sumidero entre cebadas de dos y seis carreras en
antesis. La existencia de G*E para la duración del llenado pudo atribuirse principalmente a
diferencias en fecha de antesis entre genotipos, indicando la existencia de cierta estrategia de
escape causante de un alargamiento del periodo de llenado de algunos genotipos al final del ciclo
de cultivo.
La relación entre rendimiento y discriminación isotópica del carbono (A) en granos se
evaluó extensamente en un grupo de 22 ambientes (Capítulo V), y también se examinó la
posibilidad de utilizar la concentración de cenizas en tejidos aéreos como substituto de A
(Capítulo VI). La expresión genotipica del rendimiento fue condicionada por el ambiente de una
forma más acusada que la de A. La existencia de GXE para el rendimiento sugirió la presencia
de una interacción cualitativa cuyo punto de cruce cabría situarlo aproximadamente en
productividades medias inferiores a 3 t ha"1. Por el contrario, la clasificación de genotipos para
A no cambió substancialmente con el ambiente. En general, aquellos genotipos con bajos valores
de A y, por tanto, con elevadas eficiencias de transpiración, fueron superiores en ambientes poco
productivos (ambientes por debajo de 3 t ha"1), mientras que valores genotípicos de A elevados
se revelaron como ventajosos en ambientes de rendimientos medios y altos. Es probable que,
cuando la sequía es moderada, un importante sumidero reproductivo, típico de cultivares
modernos, fuerce la planta a incrementar su conductancia estomática y, en consecuencia, el agua
total utilizada. Este fenómeno probablemente invierte la relación negativa esperada entre A y
biomasa o rendimiento cuando la disponibilidad de agua es un factor limitante. Por otra parte,
XVll
la concentración mineral en granos estuvo relacionada frecuentemente y de forma negativa con
A, mientras que no se encontró relación entre la concentración mineral en paja y A. Estos
resultados sugieren que la acumulación mineral en tejidos aéreos muestreados al final del ciclo
de cultivo es independiente de la eficiencia de transpiración durante el llenado del grano. La
concentración de cenizas en granos podría utilizarse como criterio de selección complementario
a A en ambientes semiáridos, si bien es necesario un conocimiento fisiológico más profundo de
los mecanismos que afectan a la acumulación de minerales en el grano.
La sequía representa el principal factor limitante del crecimiento y la productividad de la
cebada en los secanos semiáridos mediterráneos. En el presente estudio, las diferencias en
productividad en un conjunto de 22 ambientes pudieron atribuirse en gran medida a diferencias
paralelas en disponibilidad hídrica desde siembra hasta antesis, período en el cual se determina
el número de granos por m2. La presencia de una interacción G*E de tipo cualitativo para el
rendimiento, así como las relaciones fluctuantes entre rendimiento y A, dependiendo de la
intensidad del estrés hídrico, sugieren que la tolerancia a la sequía y el elevado potencial de
rendimiento son conceptos antagónicos en cebada.
Barley (Hordeum vulgäre L.) is an important temperate cereal extensively cultivated in
Mediterranean climates. It can be grown successfully where the average annual rainfall exceeds
250 mm. Yield improvement for Mediterranean areas during the last decades has been slow
probably due to the limitation that drought and other abiotic stresses exert on plant growth. Future
increases in productivity may be accelerated by a better understanding of processes that control
growth and development and limit genotypic performance of barley provided water is scarce.
Thus, physiological research should have a considerable impact in the near future in increasing
the efficiency of traditional breeding programs. This thesis focusses on widening current
physiological knowledge of factors that curtail growth, productivity and quality of barley in
Mediterranean environments. To that end, a set often genetically diverse barley cultivare, which
includes two- and six-rowed types differing in adaptation to semiarid environments, has been
extensively evaluated in rainfed environments located in the province of Lleida (Northeastern
Spain) and, occasionally, in the provinces of Navarra (Northern Spain) and Valladolid (Central
Spain).
A subgroup of three high yielding, modern six-rowed genotypes (Barberousse, Orria and
Plaisant) was used initially to examine the effect of a decrease in the reproductive sink (i.e.,
number of grains per spike) on individual grain weight and growth, carbohydrate accumulation
and N uptake under semiarid conditions (Chapters I and II). Grain weight increases in response
to a 50% sink-reduction were progressively greater in environments with smaller control grains.
On the contrary, N accumulated uniformly across environments in response to sink manipulation.
These results suggest that grain yield is largely limited by carbohydrate supply (i.e., source
limited) during grain filling in poor rainfed environments, whereas protein accumulation into
growing grains seems independent of the environmental conditions in which grain filling
develops. The degree of such limitation to grain growth was consistently higher for those grains
placed in lateral spikelets of the barley ear, irrespective of the availability of assimilates for grain
filling. Such disadvantage of lateral grains could be ascribed mainly to lower dry matter
accumulation rates during grain filling.
The influence of abiotic stresses such as drought or high temperature in the context of the
grain filling process was further examined for the complete set often genotypes grown in 12
environments (Chapters III and IV). The final objective was to detect genetic variability and to
determine possible morphophysiological mechanisms for tolerance to these abiotic constraints.
Possible factors underlying genotype by environment interaction (GxE) for individual grain
weight (IGW), grain filling rate (GFR) and grain filling duration (GFD) were explored by means
of biadditive models. Differential genotypic sensitivities for IGW were found with respect to
post-anthesis drought and elevated temperatures, which could be partially attributed to the
difference between two- and six-rowed barleys. GXE for GFR could be partially explained by the
joint effect of pre-anthesis climatic variables, suggesting that variation in genotypic behaviour
for this trait may be caused by differences in source/sink balance between two- and six-rowed
genotypes at anthesis. In addition, GXE for GFD seemed to be driven mainly by differences in
anthesis date among genotypes, indicating the existence of an escape strategy lengthening the
grain filling period of selected culti vare at the end of the crop cycle.
The relationship between grain yield and carbon isotope discrimination (A) of mature
grains was thoroughly evaluated in a large set of 22 environments (Chapter V), and the feasibility
of using ash concentration in aboveground tissues as a surrogate of A explored (Chapter VI). The
genotypic expression for grain yield was considerably more affected by the environment than that
for A. GXE for grain yield suggested the existence of a crossover point at below 31 ha"1, whereas
genotypic ranking for A did not changed substantially across environments. Overall, genotypes
with lower A and, thus, with higher transpiration efficiency (TE), performed better in lowyielding
environments, i.e., those below the crossover point, while a high genotypic A was
advantageous in medium and high-yielding environments. It may be possible that, under
moderate drought, a large reproductive sink (typical of modern cultivars) force the plant to
increase its stomatal conductance and, consequently, its total water use. This phenomenon
probably overrides the expected negative relation between A and biomass or yield when water
is limiting. On the other hand, mineral concentration in mature grains was often negatively related
to A, and mineral accumulation in vegetative tissues was unrelated to A. Both results suggest that
mineral accumulation in aboveground tissues, sampled at maturity, is independent of the plant
TE during grain filling. Ash concentration in mature grains could be used as a complementary
criterion to A in semiarid environments, though a more accurate physiological understanding of
the mechanisms underlying mineral accumulation in grains is still needed.
Drought arises as the most limiting factor to barley growth and productivity in rainfed
Mediterranean environments. In the present study, differences in productivity in a set of 22
environments could be attributed largely to concomitant differences in water availability for
growth from sowing to anthesis, a period in which the number of grains m"2 is determined.
Presence of a crossover G*E interaction for grain yield, as well as changing relationships between
productivity and A depending on the intensity of water stress, suggest that drought tolerance and
yield potential are rather antagonistic concepts in barley.
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