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Journal articles on the topic 'Barley. Barley Genetics. Plant cell walls'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Gubler, F., A. E. Ashford, and J. V. Jacobsen. "The release of ?-amylase through gibberellin-treated barley aleurone cell walls." Planta 172, no. 2 (October 1987): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00394583.

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2

Elliott, R., B. W. Norton, and C. W. Ford. "In vivocolonization of grass cell walls by rumen micro-organisms." Journal of Agricultural Science 105, no. 2 (October 1985): 279–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600056343.

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SUMMARYCell wall preparations from stems of four mature grass species, pangola grass, setaria, sugar cane and barley straw were incubated in nylon bags in sheep fitted with rumen cannulae and fed chopped pangola grass at hourly intervals. After varying incubation times D.M. loss, and incorporation of35S into microbial cystine on the fibres, were measured. Pangola and barley straw were digested to a much greater extent (ca.48 and 44%) than sugar cane and setaria (ca.29 and 23% respectively) and digestion was still continuing after 60 h. With the exception of setaria, microbial colonization of the cell wall preparations peaked after 24 h incubation and then declined. In setaria only a small amount of [35S]cystine was measured, the level of which did not change appreciably after 18 h.After 24 h incubation, microbial colonization on pangola fibre was about three times that on barley straw and sugar cane. Only on pangola fibre did cystine accumulation, and its subsequent rapid decline, coincide with the development and detachment of fungal sporangia. There was no relationship between the extent of microbial colonization and D.M. loss from the fibres. Sulphur concentrations, both in the plant fibres and rumen fluid, could not explain the greater fungal growth on the pangola cell walls in preference to the other species.

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3

Ebrahim-Nesbat, F., R. Rohringer, and R. Heitefuss. "Effect of Rust Infection on Cell Walls of Barley and Wheat; Immunocytochemistry Using Anti-Barley Thionin as a Probe." Journal of Phytopathology 141, no. 1 (May 1994): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.1994.tb01443.x.

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4

Ebrahim-Nesbat, F., S. Bohl, R. Heitefuss, and K. Apel. "Thionin in cell walls and papillae of barley in compatible and incompatible interactions with Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei." Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 43, no. 5 (November 1993): 343–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/pmpp.1993.1063.

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5

Langenaeken, Niels A., Pieter Ieven, Erik G. Hedlund, Clare Kyomugasho, Davy van de Walle, Koen Dewettinck, Ann M. Van Loey, Maarten B. J. Roeffaers, and Christophe M. Courtin. "Arabinoxylan, β‐glucan and pectin in barley and malt endosperm cell walls: a microstructure study using CLSM and cryo‐SEM." Plant Journal 103, no. 4 (June 12, 2020): 1477–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tpj.14816.

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6

Ezquer, Ignacio, Ilige Salameh, Lucia Colombo, and Panagiotis Kalaitzis. "Plant Cell Walls Tackling Climate Change: Biotechnological Strategies to Improve Crop Adaptations and Photosynthesis in Response to Global Warming." Plants 9, no. 2 (February 6, 2020): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9020212.

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Plant cell wall (CW) is a complex and intricate structure that performs several functions throughout the plant life cycle. The CW of plants is critical to the maintenance of cells’ structural integrity by resisting internal hydrostatic pressures, providing flexibility to support cell division and expansion during tissue differentiation, and acting as an environmental barrier that protects the cells in response to abiotic stress. Plant CW, comprised primarily of polysaccharides, represents the largest sink for photosynthetically fixed carbon, both in plants and in the biosphere. The CW structure is highly varied, not only between plant species but also among different organs, tissues, and cell types in the same organism. During the developmental processes, the main CW components, i.e., cellulose, pectins, hemicelluloses, and different types of CW-glycoproteins, interact constantly with each other and with the environment to maintain cell homeostasis. Differentiation processes are altered by positional effect and are also tightly linked to environmental changes, affecting CW both at the molecular and biochemical levels. The negative effect of climate change on the environment is multifaceted, from high temperatures, altered concentrations of greenhouse gases such as increasing CO2 in the atmosphere, soil salinity, and drought, to increasing frequency of extreme weather events taking place concomitantly, therefore, climate change affects crop productivity in multiple ways. Rising CO2 concentration in the atmosphere is expected to increase photosynthetic rates, especially at high temperatures and under water-limited conditions. This review aims to synthesize current knowledge regarding the effects of climate change on CW biogenesis and modification. We discuss specific cases in crops of interest carrying cell wall modifications that enhance tolerance to climate change-related stresses; from cereals such as rice, wheat, barley, or maize to dicots of interest such as brassica oilseed, cotton, soybean, tomato, or potato. This information could be used for the rational design of genetic engineering traits that aim to increase the stress tolerance in key crops. Future growing conditions expose plants to variable and extreme climate change factors, which negatively impact global agriculture, and therefore further research in this area is critical.

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7

Havrlentová, Michaela, Andrea Hlinková, Alžbeta Žofajová, Peter Kováčik, Daniela Dvončová, and Ľubomíra Deáková. "Effect of Fertilization on ß-D-Glucan Content in Oat Grain (Avena Sativa L.)." Agriculture (Pol'nohospodárstvo) 59, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/agri-2013-0010.

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Abstract β-D-glucan is a soluble component of dietary fibre localised in the cell walls of cereal grains, especially oat and barley. This homopolysaccharide presents a wide spectrum of health-beneficial effects in human beings, and its higher concentration in oats makes it an essential component for human nutrition. Genetic and environmental factors influence the content of β-D-glucan. Four oat varieties (two naked and two hulled) were grown in experimental fields at Vígľaš-Pstruša (Central Slovakia) in two consecutive years (2007 and 2008). The experiment included five fertilisation treatments with application of nitrogen (N) (as ammonium nitrate with dolomite) before sowing, and with selenium (Se) at the end of the tilling period (in the form of sodium selenate). A higher average content of β-D-glucan and test weight were observed in naked oats, Avenuda and Detvan, compared with hulled Vendelin and Zvolen. By contrast, higher yield and thousand grains weight were detected in hulled oats. Fertilisation with N + Se increased the content of β-D-glucan, but significantly only in hulled oat grains. The warmer and drier climate in the year 2007 did not influence the content of β-D-glucan in oats, but caused a significant increase in thousand grains weight and test weight in both oat varieties, as well as grain yield in naked oats.

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8

Goto, Masakazu, Keiji Takabe, and Isao Abe. "Histochemistry and UV-microspectrometry of cell walls of untreated and ammonia-treated barley straw." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 78, no. 3 (July 1, 1998): 437–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p97-013.

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Histochemical staining reactions with acid phloroglucinol and ultraviolet (UV) absorption spectra of the individual cell walls in spring barley straw (Hordeum vulgare L.) were investigated in combination with spectrometric measurements of the dioxane-water soluble lignin. Changes in lignin structure of barley straw with ammonia treatment were also investigated. Parenchyma and metaxylem vessel walls in untreated straw stained red with acid phloroglucinol and had higher absorbances around 550 nm than did epidermis and sclerenchyma cell walls, being consistent with the λmax of coniferylaldehyde. Following a reductive treatment, the lignins isolated from untreated barley straw showed an increase in UV absorbance at 280 nm and a decrease in that around 320 nm. These regions in UV and IR absorption spectra are assigned to conjugated carbonyl groups as shown by the narrowing of the IR absorption band at 1660 cm−1, and this was consistent with the staining observation of the specific tissue walls. UV microspectrometry indicated that parenchyma cell walls were much less lignified tissues than metaxylem and protoxylem vessel walls and probably epidermal cell walls. The lignins isolated from untreated and ammonia-treated straw had similar values for empirical formulae of the C9 units, phenolic hydroxyl and methoxyl group contents, and molecular weight, although the lignin of ammonia-treated straw had a slightly higher contents of nitrogen and hydrogen. The IR bands of 1730–1680 cm−1 in ammonia-treated straw lignin also disappeared. Therefore, ammonia appeared to react with the carbon atoms of the propane side-chain. Key words: Ammonia treatment, barley straw, lignin distribution, lignin structure, staining with acid phloroglucinol, ultraviolet microspectrometry

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9

Hoefle, Caroline, Marco Loehrer, Ulrich Schaffrath, Markus Frank, Holger Schultheiss, and Ralph Hückelhoven. "Transgenic Suppression of Cell Death Limits Penetration Success of the Soybean Rust Fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi into Epidermal Cells of Barley." Phytopathology® 99, no. 3 (March 2009): 220–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-99-3-0220.

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The basidiomycete Phakopsora pachyrhizi (P. pachyrhizi) causes Asian soybean rust, one of the most devastating plant diseases on soybean. When inoculated on the nonhost barley P. pachyrhizi caused only very small necrotic spots, typical for an incompatible interaction, which involves a hypersensitive cell death reaction. A microscopic inspection of the interaction of barley with P. pachyrhizi revealed that the fungus germinated on barley and formed functional appressoria on epidermal cells. The fungus attempted to directly penetrate through periclinal cell walls but often failed, arrested in plant cell wall appositions that stained positively for callose. Penetration resistance depends on intact ROR1(REQUIRED FOR mlo-SPECIFIED RESISTANCE 1) and ROR2 genes of barley. If the fungus succeeded in penetration, epidermal cell death took place. Dead epidermal cells did not generally restrict fungal development but allowed for mesophyll invasion, which was followed by mesophyll cell death and fungal arrest. Transient or stable over expression of the barley cell death suppressor BAX inhibitor-1 reduced both epidermal cell death and fungal penetration success. Data suggest that P. pachyrhizi provokes a programmed cell death facilitating fungal entry into epidermal cells of barley.

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10

Benjavongkulchai, E., and M. S. Spencer. "Barley aleurone xylanase: its biosynthesis and possible role." Canadian Journal of Botany 67, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-043.

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The synthesis of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Himalaya) aleurone xylanase was found to be dependent on both gibberellic acid (GA3) and Ca2+, but inhibited by cycloheximide and cordycepin. Studies using density labeling of barley aleurone layers showed that xylanase was synthetized de novo in response to GA3 and Ca2+. Neither GA3 nor Ca2+ alone induced a large increase in xylanase activity. The concentration of Ca2+ required for maximum xylanase induction was 5 – 40 mM. Xylanase activity was found to develop simultaneously with that of α-amylase in the incubation medium during the first 24 h of incubation with GA3. A critical point with respect to the role of xylanase is the extent of its activity by the time of the initial release of α-amylase. The release of α-amylase into the medium was detectable at 6 h. From 2 to 6% of the cell wall was hydrolysed by xylanase after incubation for 6 h, which was probably sufficient to permit the release of α-amylase. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the purified barley aleurone xylanase hydrolysed the cell walls of barley aleurone layers in the absence of GA3. It is likely that xylanase plays an important role in the release of enzymes from aleurone cells.

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11

Kunoh, H., K. Kuno, and H. Ishizaki. "Cytological studies of the early stages of powdery mildew in barley and wheat. XI. Autofluorescence and haloes at penetration sites of appressoria of Erysiphe graminis hordei and Erysiphe pisi on barley coleoptiles." Canadian Journal of Botany 63, no. 9 (September 1, 1985): 1535–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b85-212.

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Cytological and physiological comparisons between autofluorescence and haloes which appeared at penetration sites of appressoria of Erysiphe graminis and Erysiphe pisi on barley coleoptiles were made using dye stains and fluorescence microscopy. Haloes induced by these fungi on barley coleoptiles were successfully detected by various dyes when the inoculated coleoptiles were treated with 70% ethanol at 80 °C for 30 min before staining. Responses of haloes on coleoptiles to basic and acid dyes were very similar to those on barley leaves which have been reported earlier. In time-course studies, haloes were not detected until at least 15 min after initiation of cytoplasmic aggregation. The occurrence of haloes was suppressed by supplemental Ca2+, but unaffected by K+, Na+, and Li+. Similar results were obtained in haloes induced by both fungi. Autofluorescent regions remained in situ after the inoculated coleoptile cells were plasmolyzed, suggesting that this phenomenon might be closely associated with host cell walls. As reported earlier, autofluorescence preceded the appearance of cytoplasmic aggregates by 1–10 min and, moreover, its appearance was enhanced by divalent cations such as Ca2+, Mg2+, and Mn2+, but not by monovalent cations such as K+, Na+, and Li+. Based on these results and earlier studies, it was concluded that the autofluorescence and haloes represented different responses in host cell walls to the penetration activities of both pathogenic and nonpathogenic fungi.

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12

KATO, Yoji, Katsuhiro IKI, and Kazuo MATSUDA. "Characterization of an acidic arabinoxylan from cell walls of immature barley plants." Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 52, no. 2 (1988): 533–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/bbb1961.52.533.

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13

Carlson, H., U. Stenram, M. Gustafsson, and H. B. Jansson. "Electron microscopy of barley root infection by the fungal pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 12 (December 1, 1991): 2724–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-342.

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An electron microscopic investigation of barley roots infected in vitro by Bipolaris sorokiniana showed the existence of an extracellular sheath on germ tubes and appressoria attached to the root surface. Growth of the fungus in the epidermis and outer cortex was predominantly intracellular, whereas in the inner cortex the hyphae observed were mainly intercellular. Hyphae could not be detected in the stele 24 or 72 h after inoculation. Enzymatic activity in the apex of penetration hyphae is a possible explanation of the electron-dense areas seen in host cell walls 72 h after inoculation. Separation of plasmalemma from cell wall and degeneration of host nuclei and mitochondria were other infection-induced changes commonly seen. A host response to fungal infection involved the development of papillae between the plasma membrane and cell wall of the plant as well as around fungal hyphae. Key words: Bipolaris sorokiniana, Cochliobolus sativus, Helminthosporium sativum, Hordeum vulgare, barley, root, microscopy.

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14

Cass, D. D., D. J. Peteya, and B. L. Robertson. "Megagametophyte development in Hordeum vulgare. 1. Early megagametogenesis and the nature of cell wall formation." Canadian Journal of Botany 63, no. 12 (December 1, 1985): 2164–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b85-306.

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Megagametophyte development in barley (Hordeum vulgare 'Atsel') was studied using Nomarski-interference optics and transmission electron microscopy. Stages described include the functional megaspore to cell wall formation. Aspects of the transition from the free nuclear stage of the embryo sac to the cellular embryo sac indicate involvement of elongate cell plates associated with clusters of microtubules. Initial cell walls among micropylar and chalazal nuclei are composed of beads derived from dictyosome vesicles. Fusion of growing cell plates occurs, especially within the antipodal apparatus.

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15

Kobayashi, Issei, Yuhko Kobayashi, Naoto Yamaoka, and Hitoshi Kunoh. "An immunofluorescent cytochemical technique applying micromanipulation to detect microtubules in plant tissues inoculated with fungal spores." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 12 (December 1, 1991): 2634–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-329.

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An immunofluorescent cytochemical technique to detect microtubules was developed to examine the involvement of microtubules in incipient responses of barley coleoptile cells to fungal attacks. Infiltration of antibodies into target cells was promoted by scratching cell walls of chemically-fixed coleoptile cells with a micromanipulator. In uninoculated control cells, cortical microtubules were arranged obliquely or transversely to the longitudinal axis of the cells. On the other hand, in coleoptile cells which had been fixed 8–10 h after inoculation with a nonpathogen, Erysiphe pisi, microtubules gathered in coleoptile cells beneath mature appressoria of the fungus. When coleoptiles had been fixed 12 h after inoculation, many of the microtubules gathered around an incipient, small papilla, giving a network appearance. The present technique would be helpful for studying the role of microtubules in host cell responses to fungal attack. Key words: microtubules, immunofluorescent cytochemistry, barley coleoptile, Erysiphe pisi.

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16

Izydorczyk, Marta S., Tricia McMillan, Sharon Bazin, Jerry Kletke, Len Dushnicky, James Dexter, Anna Chepurna, and Brian Rossnagel. "Milling of Canadian oats and barley for functional food ingredients: Oat bran and barley fibre-rich fractions." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 94, no. 3 (March 2014): 573–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2013-229.

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Izydorczyk, M. S., McMillan, T., Bazin, S., Kletke, J., Dushnicky, L., Dexter, J., Chepurna, A. and Rossnagel, B. 2014. Milling of Canadian oats and barley for functional food ingredients: Oat bran and barley fibre-rich fractions. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 573–586. Oats and barley are recognized for their valuable fibre constituents having protective and therapeutic effects against the development of diet-related disorders. Mixed linkage (1–3), (1–4)-β-D-glucans, the major dietary fibre constituents in oats and barley, have been linked to blood cholesterol lowering properties of these grains. The objective of this study was to compare oat bran and barley fibre-rich fractions (FRF) as two products with elevated levels of β-glucans and obtained by similar roller milling processes. The content of β-glucan in oat brans prepared from three different cultivars (AC Morgan, HiFi, and CDC ProFi) ranged from 7.90 to 9.50%, whereas the content of β-glucans in FRF prepared from three barley cultivars (CDC McGwire, CDC Fibar, and CDC Hilose) ranged from 9.31 to 18.19% (dwb). The yields of oat brans ranged from 44 to 49% and the yields of barley FRF from 39–49%. Both preparations contained higher amounts of arabinoxylans, proteins, and ash compared with the original grains. The oat brans were made up mainly of fragments containing the outer grain layers with a substantial portion of the subaleurone starchy endosperm attached to them, whereas the barley FRF consisted primarily of fragments containing the endosperm cell walls, with a smaller proportion of the outer grain tissues. The barley FRF contained smaller particles with broader distribution of particle size than the oat brans. The oat bran particles had higher bulk density and lower porosity than the barley FRF. Both preparations showed pronounced viscosity-building properties when dispersed in water at 45°C, but exhibited different viscosity profiles and differences in the attainable viscosity values.

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17

Fricke, Wieland. "Biophysical limitation of leaf cell elongation in source-reduced barley." Planta 215, no. 2 (June 1, 2002): 327–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00425-002-0747-z.

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18

Evert, Ray F., and Robert J. Mierzwa. "The cell wall-plasmalemma interface in sieve tubes of barley." Planta 177, no. 1 (January 1989): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00392151.

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19

Thomas, P. L., and H. Q. Huang. "Inheritance of virulence on barley in the hybrids Ustilago aegilopsidis × U. hordei and U. aegilopsidis × U. nigra." Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 27, no. 3 (June 1, 1985): 312–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g85-046.

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The seedling-infecting smuts of barley, Ustilago hordei and U. nigra, were hybridized with U. aegilopsidis, a smut occurring on Aegilops spp. The F1 dikaryons were virulent on the common host Agropyron tsukushiense var. transiens and produced 4–8% infection on the barley cultivar Odessa. Meiotic tetrads were isolated from the F1 teliospores, backcrossed to haploid lines of both barley smuts, and the resulting dikaryons were inoculated to seeds of 'Odessa' and barley strain M732-6965-4-1B. Virulence on 'Odessa' appeared to be under dominant, multigenic control. Virulence on M732-6965-4-1B segregated as if requiring the combined presence of recessive alleles at three unlinked loci. One or two of these loci also may control virulence on the cultivar Hannchen. Two alleles at a single locus appeared to be responsible for the presence or absence of wall ornamentation among progeny of the U. aegilopsidis × U. hordei hybrid. The ease of hybridization and the inheritance of echinulation support the view that U. aegilopsidis and U. nigra are closely related and possibly conspecific.Key words: Ustilago, barley, smut, virulence, Aegilops.

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20

Dunn, G. J., and K. G. Briggs. "Variation in culm anatomy among barley cultivars differing in lodging resistance." Canadian Journal of Botany 67, no. 6 (June 1, 1989): 1838–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-232.

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Five registered Canadian six-row barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars, including two recently registered semidwarfs ('Duke' and 'Samson'), that differ in lodging resistance and height were studied over 2 years for differences in morphological and anatomical characteristics of culms that could be related to lodging resistance. Plants were grown in nonirrigated field plots at a population density of 220 plants/m2 under conditions of high soil fertility. Significant cultivar differences were observed for culm length, number of internodes, length of four basal internodes, culm diameter, culm wall thickness, number of vascular bundles, and thickness of the sclerenchyma ring. No cultivar differences were found for thickness of the sclerenchyma cell walls. Of the characters studied, culm length, basal internode length, culm wall thickness, and sclerenchyma ring thickness were most closely associated with differences in lodging resistance among the cultivars. The results of this study indicate that it may be possible to select lodging resistant genotypes from early generations in breeding programs on the basis of these traits.

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21

Nobre, J., M. R. Davey, and P. A. Lazzeri. "Barley scutellum protoplasts: Isolation, culture and plant regeneration." Physiologia Plantarum 98, no. 4 (December 1996): 868–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1996.tb06697.x.

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22

Shahla, A., and T. Tsuchiya. "Cytogenetics of the acrotrisomic 5S5L in barley." Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 28, no. 6 (December 1, 1986): 1026–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g86-143.

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An acrotrisomic plant was identified in the progeny of a telotrisomic for 1S. The acrocentric chromosome had a complete short arm (5S) and 40% of the proximal segment of the long arm (5L). Morphology of the acrotrisomic 5S5L was similar to the primary trisomic (triplo 5) and triplo 5L. At meiosis the acrocentric 5S5L either paired with its normal homologues forming a trivalent or remained as a univalent. Seed fertility was high. Transmission of the acrocentric was 37.6% through the female and 9% through the male. Genetic tests showed that fs2 and g were located in this 40% proximal segment of the 5L. Gene f3 showed a trisomic ratio with acrotrisomic 5S5L, but its arm location is not known. Two genes, f7 and trd, were located on the 60% distal segment of the 5L. The segregation ratio with gene int-a1 was also disomic but it could not be assigned to the 60% distal segment because its location on chromosome 5 is questionable at this time. This experiment demonstrates the usefulness of acrotrisomics in physical gene mapping by locating genes on a specific segment of the chromosome arm.Key words: acrotrisomic, barley, acrocentric, trisomic, telotrisomic.

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23

Suodkolae, Massoumeh, Teimouri Yansari, and Yadollah Chashnidel. "Effects of hydroxycinnamic acids (Ferulic and p-coumaric acids) in barley cultivars on cell wall components degradability in rumen." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 33, no. 3 (2017): 271–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1703271s.

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Barley grain contains hydroxycinnamic acids especially Ferulic (FA) and p-Coumaric acid (pCA) become cross-linked to cell wall polysaccharids as lignification commences that are the major inhibiting factors of biodegradability of plant cell walls in the rumen. Chemical characteristics, FA and pCA content of 11 Iranian barley cultivars determined. Using 3 fistulated ewes, the effects of FA and pCA content on ruminal degradation of dry matter (DM), neutral and acid detergent fiber (NDF and ADF) and lignin were studied. In barley cultivars, DM varied from 82.52 to 90.90 %; NDF varied from 9.64 to 27.34 % DM; ADF varied from 2.03 to 8.13 % DM and lignin varied from 0.87 to 3.03 % DM. The FA content ranged from 151.2 to 354.2 ?g/g; and pCA content ranged from 114.5 to 444.4 ?g/g of DM. Ruminal degradation parameters for DM, NDF, ADF and lignin were different between barley cultivars. The soluble fraction, slowly degradable, potential degradable, and undegradable fraction of DM were 2.92 to 56.33%; 42.64 to 91.45%; 65.68 to 98.97%, and 1.02 to 34.31%, respectively. The rate of ruminal degradation for DM varied among barley cultivars from 3.64 to 27.81% h-1. The FA was related to rumen indigestible DM, NDF, ADF and lignin, while pCA correlated with ADF. Using multi-regression, FA and pCA were inhibiting factors of ruminal degradability for DM and cell wall components; and FA was the most effective factor to predict DM degradability, while both FA and pCA affected NDF and ADF ruminal degradability.

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24

Pan, W. H., A. Houben, and R. Schlegel. "Highly effective cell synchronization in plant roots by hydroxyurea and amiprophos-methyl or colchicine." Genome 36, no. 2 (April 1, 1993): 387–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g93-053.

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Effective somatic cell synchronization in root-tip meristems and improved chromosome spreading were achieved in white campion, wheat, rye, and barley by application of hydroxyurea and amiprophos-methyl or colchicine, combined with a pretreatment of ice water and modified fixative, as well as enzymatic digestion of the meristems. The protocol provides metaphase indices of approximately 50%. The chromosomes and chromosomal DNA were with minimum distortion, providing useful material for chromosome banding studies, in situ DNA–DNA hybridization, microdissection, and microcloning.Key words: Melandrium album, rye, wheat, barley, cell cycle, root meristem, synchronization, metaphase index, chromosome preparation.

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25

Ford, C. W., and R. Elliott. "Biodegradability of mature grass cell walls in relation to chemical composition and rumen microbial activity." Journal of Agricultural Science 108, no. 1 (February 1987): 201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600064273.

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SummaryCell walls from mature stems of three tropical grass species (Digitaria decumbens(pangola),Setaria anceps(cv. Kazangula) and sugar cane), and temperate barley straw, were analysed for lignin, carbohydrate, and the maj or acyl groups ferulate, ρ-coumarate and acetate. Samples were incubated in nylon bags in the rumen of sheep in a 4 x 4 latin-square design, and rates of disappearance of cellulose, hemicellulose, xylose, arabinose, ferulate, ρ-coumarate and acetate were determined during 60 h incubation. Interspecies differences in cell-wall chemistry appeared largely in the variable degree of acylation with p-coumaric acid (1·0–3·3%) and acetate (0·5–3·6%), and the high glucose concentration in the hemicellulose from pangola (17%) andSetaria(9%). Barley had much lower concentrations of these components than the tropical species. After 24 h incubation, losses of cellulose and acyl groups were greatest from pangola, whereas hemicellulose and its major components xylose and arabinose were degraded to the greatest degree from barley straw.Setariacell-wall components were generally more resistant to degradation than the other species. No relationship was found between the concentration of any cell-wall constituent and degradability measurements. Nor were changes in microbial population, indicated by measuring the accumulation of cystine on the fibres, related to the rate or degree of degradation of any of the measured cell-wall constituents. Lignin was fractionated with alkali into insoluble and soluble fractions. The latter (25–50% of original lignin) gave high interspecies correlations with the degradability of total hemicellulose and its component monosaccharides. It was concluded that variability in the biodegradability of the cell walls was more likely due toin situstructural features, such as cross-linking between polymers, than to the concentration of any particular cell-wall constituent.

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26

Gibeaut, David M., Markus Pauly, Antony Bacic, and Geoffrey B. Fincher. "Changes in cell wall polysaccharides in developing barley (Hordeum vulgare) coleoptiles." Planta 221, no. 5 (April 12, 2005): 729–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00425-005-1481-0.

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27

Hrmova, Maria, Mitali Banik, Andrew J. Harvey, Thomas P. J. Garrett, Jose N. Varghese, Peter B. Høj, and Geoffrey B. Fincher. "Polysaccharide hydrolases in germinated barley and their role in the depolymerization of plant and fungal cell walls." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 21, no. 1-2 (August 1997): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0141-8130(97)00043-3.

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28

Powell, W., and P. D. S. Caligari. "Investigations into the linkage of genes controlling individual quantitative characters in barley." Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 28, no. 1 (February 1, 1986): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g86-008.

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Technical innovations in barley breeding have resulted in the ability to reduce generation times. Single seed descent and doubled haploidy have become practical propositions in barley improvement. These Fx samples are also powerful tools for genetical analyses and have been used in this paper together with conventional generations to investigate the linkage of genes controlling quantitative characters. Such investigations are of relevance to barley breeders since the detection of significant levels of repulsion linkages would indicate that the single seed descent (SSD) technique would be preferable to doubled-haploid (DH) methods. The present study indicated that estimates of D (the additive genetic variance) from DH and SSD sampled did not differ significantly. Thus linkage disequilibrium is not an important component of the genetic architecture of the five crosses investigated. Hence F1-derived doubled haploids or SSD will be equally effective in producing desirable recombinant inbred lines.Key words: Hordeum, doubled haploids, linkage disequilibrium.

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29

Aist, James R., and Herbert W. Israel. "Autofluorescent and ultraviolet-absorbing components in cell walls and papillae of barley coleoptiles and their relationship to disease resistance." Canadian Journal of Botany 64, no. 2 (February 1, 1986): 266–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b86-039.

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Earlier studies showed that normal-size papillae induced in barley coleoptile epidermal cells by Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei were less effective in resisting fungal penetration attempts than were oversize papillae. To determine if a differential content of phenolic derivatives could account for this difference in resistance, we analyzed normal papillae and oversize papillae by histochemical, epifluorimetric, and ultraviolet-microspectrophotometric methods. Whereas the histochemical tests revealed phenolic derivatives only in oversize papillae, the autofluorescence and ultraviolet-absorption properties indicated that both types of papillae contain phenolics. Ultraviolet-absorption spectra indicated that the phenolics were primarily phenylpropanoid groups. Phenolics in papillae were distinct from both those in the secondary wall thickenings of coleoptile xylem vessel elements and those in the periclinal walls of coleoptile epidermal cells. The deposition of phenolics in oversize papillae long before they were challenged by the fungus, the presence of certain phenolics that, tentatively, were detected histochemically only in the oversize papillae, or both could have rendered them resistant to penetration by the fungus.

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30

Zielinski, Raymond E., Jeffrey M. Werneke, and Michael E. Jenkins. "Coordinate Expression of Rubisco Activase and Rubisco during Barley Leaf Cell Development." Plant Physiology 90, no. 2 (June 1, 1989): 516–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.90.2.516.

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31

Holstein, Susanne E. H., Bettina Kobert, Stefan Hillmer, Peter H. Brown, T. H. David Ho, and David G. Robinson. "Subcellular localization of nuclease in barley aleurone." Physiologia Plantarum 83, no. 2 (October 1991): 255–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1991.tb02150.x.

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32

Marttila, Salla, Ritva Saarelainen, Ilkka Porali, and Anita Mikkonen. "Glutamine synthetase isozymes in germinating barley seeds." Physiologia Plantarum 88, no. 4 (August 1993): 612–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1993.tb01379.x.

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33

Kumar, Santosh, Shiling Jiang, Sravan K. Jami, and Robert D. Hill. "Cloning and characterization of barley caryopsis FCA." Physiologia Plantarum 143, no. 1 (July 12, 2011): 93–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2011.01490.x.

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34

L�hrs, Renate, and Horst L�rz. "Initiation of morphogenic cell-suspension and protoplast cultures of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)." Planta 175, no. 1 (1988): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00402883.

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35

Klevenhusen, F., C. Emsenhuber, H. Grausgruber, R. M. Petri, and Q. Zebeli. "Effects of the orange lemma (rob1) mutant line of barley cv. ‘Optic’ compared with its wild-type on the ruminal microbiome and fermentation tested with the rumen simulation technique." Crop and Pasture Science 70, no. 9 (2019): 789. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp18288.

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The use of cereals as forage crops is limited due to the high lignin content in the cell walls reducing nutrient digestibility. Recent research has focused on reducing lignification in forage crops through gene mutations. This study investigated the ruminal fermentation characteristics of a barley mutation (orange lemma), which is associated with a lower lignin content, using the in vitro ruminal fermentation system (RUSITEC). Two-rowed spring barley cv. ‘Optic’ and its ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS)-induced orange lemma (rob1) mutant line were harvested at both stem elongation and early fruit development and incubated in the RUSITEC system. Gas production, concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and ammonia and the nutrient degradation of the plants after 48 h incubation were investigated. Additional samples were analysed for microbial composition using MiSeq sequencing technology. In general, acid detergent lignin (ADL) was higher at early grain filling than stem elongation. ADL was lower in the mutant line than in the wild type at both stem elongation (13.9% vs 18.5%) and early grain development (26.0% vs 28.6%; dry matter basis). This was reflected in increased ruminal degradation of neutral detergent fibre (61.7% vs 53.7%; P < 0.001) when harvested at stem elongation, but not at the later stage. In contrast, methane formation was lower with rob1 than ‘Optic’ (P = 0.002), especially when harvested at stem elongation. No difference was seen in protein degradation between the barley genotypes. The fermentation SCFA profile did not differ between barley genotypes when harvested at stem elongation, but at early fruit development more acetate and less butyrate was produced with rob1. Microbial species richness was lower when barley was incubated at stem elongation compared to fruit development (P < 0.001), which was especially pronounced with rob1 (P = 0.026). The abundance of Bacteroidetes, Synergistetes and Tenericutes was lower when plants harvested at early grain development were incubated compared to the stem elongation stage, whereas the abundance of Cyanobacteria, Elusimicrobia, Fusobacteria, Lentisphaerae, Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobia and WPS-2 was higher (P < 0.001). In conclusion, most fermentation parameters were affected by vegetation stage and related changes in nutrient composition. However, additional effects of barley genotype were seen on the rumen microbial community structure, SCFA profile and methane production.

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36

Jaskowiak, Joanna, Jolanta Kwasniewska, Anna Milewska-Hendel, Ewa Urszula Kurczynska, Miriam Szurman-Zubrzycka, and Iwona Szarejko. "Aluminum Alters the Histology and Pectin Cell Wall Composition of Barley Roots." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 12 (June 21, 2019): 3039. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20123039.

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Aluminum (Al) is one of the most important crust elements causing reduced plant production in acidic soils. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is considered to be one of the crops that is most sensitive to Al, and the root cell wall is the primary target of Al toxicity. In this study, we evaluate the possible involvement of specific pectic epitopes in the cells of barley roots in response to aluminum exposure. We targeted four different pectic epitopes recognized by LM5, LM6, LM19, and LM20 antibodies using an immunocytochemical approach. Since Al becomes available and toxic to plants in acidic soils, we performed our analyses on barley roots that had been grown in acidic conditions (pH 4.0) with and without Al and in control conditions (pH 6.0). Differences connected with the presence and distribution of the pectic epitopes between the control and Al-treated roots were observed. In the Al-treated roots, pectins with galactan sidechains were detected with a visually lower fluorescence intensity than in the control roots while pectins with arabinan sidechains were abundantly present. Furthermore, esterified homogalacturonans (HGs) were present with a visually higher fluorescence intensity compared to the control, while methyl-esterified HGs were present in a similar amount. Based on the presented results, it was concluded that methyl-esterified HG can be a marker for newly arising cell walls. Additionally, histological changes were detected in the roots grown under Al exposure. Among them, an increase in root diameter, shortening of root cap, and increase in the size of rhizodermal cells and divisions of exodermal and cortex cells were observed. The presented data extend upon the knowledge on the chemical composition of the cell wall of barley root cells under stress conditions. The response of cells to Al can be expressed by the specific distribution of pectins in the cell wall and, thus, enables the knowledge on Al toxicity to be extended by explaining the mechanism by which Al inhibits root elongation.

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Tong, Yiping, Jing-Jiang Zhou, Zhensheng Li, and Anthony J. Miller. "A two-component high-affinity nitrate uptake system in barley." Plant Journal 41, no. 3 (December 14, 2004): 442–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313x.2004.02310.x.

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38

Zhu, Muyuan Y., Jianwei Pan, Lilin Wang, Qing Gu, and Chunyuan Huang. "Mutation induced enhancement of Al tolerance in barley cell lines." Plant Science 164, no. 1 (January 2003): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9452(02)00317-5.

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39

Gopalakrishnan, Bhuvana, Burachai Sonthayanon, Rownak Rahmatullah, and Subbaratnam Muthukrishnan. "Barley aleurone layer cell protoplasts as a transient expression system." Plant Molecular Biology 16, no. 3 (March 1991): 463–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00023996.

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40

Bethke, Paul C., and Russell L. Jones. "Cell death of barley aleurone protoplasts is mediated by reactive oxygen species." Plant Journal 25, no. 1 (January 2001): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313x.2001.00930.x.

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41

de F. Maraschin, Simone, Marco Vennik, Gerda E. M. Lamers, Herman P. Spaink, and Mei Wang. "Time-lapse tracking of barley androgenesis reveals position-determined cell death within pro-embryos." Planta 220, no. 4 (September 24, 2004): 531–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00425-004-1371-x.

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42

Singh, Bal Ram, and Gauri S. Singhal. "Temperature-induced absorbance changes in developing barley chloroplasts." Physiologia Plantarum 65, no. 3 (November 1985): 294–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1985.tb02398.x.

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43

Jacobsen, S., J. D. Mikkelsen, and J. Hejgaard. "Characterization of two antifungal endochitinases from barley grain." Physiologia Plantarum 79, no. 3 (July 1990): 554–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1990.tb02117.x.

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44

Acevedo, Alberto, Ronald W. Skadsen, and John G. Scandalios. "Two barley catalase genes respond differentially to light." Physiologia Plantarum 96, no. 3 (March 1996): 369–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1996.tb00446.x.

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45

Igamberdiev, Abir U., Guoquing Zhou, Gunilla Malmberg, and Per Gardestrom. "Respiration of barley protoplasts before and after illumination." Physiologia Plantarum 99, no. 1 (January 1997): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1997.tb03425.x.

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46

Patel, J. D., E. Reinbergs, and S. O. Fejer. "Recurrent selection in doubled-haploid populations of barley (Hordeurn vulgare L.)." Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 27, no. 2 (April 1, 1985): 172–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g85-026.

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Cycle zero (C0) of recurrent selection in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) was initiated by diallel mating of seven highly selected parents. A total of 398 doubled-haploid (C0DH) lines were derived from 21 crosses and were evaluated along with their parents in C0 experiment. Seven doubled-haploid lines (DH) were selected from the cycle zero (C0) experiment and intercrossed to form cycle 1 (C1). From the 21 crosses of the diallel, 260 doubled-haploid lines (C1DH) were derived and were evaluated along with the C0 and C1 parents. The frequency distribution of the standardized means of the DH lines from C0 and C1 indicated a slight response to selection for seed yield. Genetic analysis of the C1DH population showed high additive genetic variance for yield per hill, plant height, and yield per spike, and a high proportion of additive × additive epistasis for spikes per hill, days to heading, and 100-seed weight. Seven doubled-haploid lines were selected from different high-yielding crosses represented by C1DH lines. High selection pressure was applied for yield per hill, yield per spike, and spikes per hill. Further response to selection is expected in later cycles. The seven selected doubled-haploid lines will be used as the parents of the next recurrent selection cycle.Key words: recurrent selection, doubled haploids, additive, epistasis, heritability, Hordeum.

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47

Melonek, Joanna, Ruonan Zhou, Philipp E. Bayer, David Edwards, Nils Stein, and Ian Small. "High intraspecific diversity of Restorer-of-fertility-like genes in barley." Plant Journal 97, no. 2 (November 9, 2018): 281–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tpj.14115.

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48

Görg, Regina, Karin Hollricher, and Paul Schulze-Lefert. "Functional analysis and RFLP-mediated mapping of theMlgresistance locus in barley." Plant Journal 3, no. 6 (June 1993): 857–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313x.1993.00857.x.

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49

Sethi, G. S., R. A. Finch, and T. E. Miller. "A bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) × cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare) hybrid with homoeologous chromosome pairing." Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 28, no. 5 (October 1, 1986): 777–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g86-109.

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Triticum aestivum 'Chinese Spring' mutant ph1b lacking the major wheat homoeologous pairing prevention gene was pollinated with Hordeum vulgare line 'Tuleen 346,' a triple interchange homozygote with all chromosomes distinct from one another. Two wheat-like hybrids, one with 28 and one with 31 chromosomes, were produced. Homoeologous chromosome pairing occurred in the hybrids, but no evidence of interspecific chromosome pairing was observed. Both hybrids were sterile, but pollination of the 28-chromosome hybrid with 'Chinese Spring' pollen gave a few seeds. Within the F1 hybrids, chromosome numbers varied slightly, especially among pollen mother cells, and barley showed partial dominance of nucleolus organizer regions in somatic cells. The 31-chromosome hybrid was awned possibly indicating extra dosage of a homoeologous group-2 chromosome.Key words: wheat, barley, hybrid, homoeologous pairing.

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Plaksenkova, Ilona, Inese Kokina, Anastasija Petrova, Marija Jermaļonoka, Vjačeslavs Gerbreders, and Marina Krasovska. "The Impact of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Cytotoxicity, Genotoxicity, and miRNA Expression in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Seedlings." Scientific World Journal 2020 (December 2, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6649746.

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Zinc oxide nanoparticles are one of the most commonly engineered nanomaterials and necessarily enter the environment because of the large quantities produced and their widespread application. Understanding the impacts of nanoparticles on plant growth and development is crucial for the assessment of probable environmental risks to food safety and human health, because plants are a fundamental living component of the ecosystem and the most important source in the human food chain. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of different concentrations of zinc oxide nanoparticles on barley Hordeum vulgare L. seed germination, seedling morphology, root cell viability, stress level, genotoxicity, and expression of miRNAs. The results demonstrate that zinc oxide nanoparticles enhance barley seed germination, shoot/root elongation, and H2O2 stress level and decrease root cell viability and genomic template stability and up- and downregulated miRNAs in barley seedlings.

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