Journal articles on the topic 'Bark volume'
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1
Gabdelkhakov, Aydar K., Vladimir F. Konovalov, Zagir Z. Rakhmatullin, Liubov N. Blonskaya, and Ilyas I. Fazlutdinov. "Biomass and Volume Estimation Models for Bark of Small-Leaved Linden (Tilia cordata Mill.)." Lesnoy Zhurnal (Forestry Journal), no. 5 (October 20, 2022): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2022-5-21-36.
Abstract:
The research is aimed at analyzing variability and developing mathematical models for estimating bark biomass and volume, volume of trunk with bark, and bark proportion of small-leaved linden (Tilia cordata Mill.) trees growing in natural coppice and artificial stands. The models are based on data from 107 and 95 destructively sampled trees in natural coppice and artificial stands, respectively. There were 10 sampling areas per stand type, representing different growth stages. The model trees were sawn into 2-meter sections, the volumes of which with and without bark were calculated using the Huber formula. The total volume of the tree trunk with and without bark is obtained by summing the volumes of all sections and the conical volume of the tree top. The bark volume was the difference between these two parameters. The bark biomass was determined by direct weighing, followed by conversion to absolutely dry mass. The correlations between the dendrometric parameters and the selected tree characteristics were estimated. The effectiveness of 3 regression models using the diameter at breast height (dbh = 1.3 m) and the tree height (h) as independent variables was studied in a comparative aspect. The bark biomass and volume, and the volume of trunk with bark are strongly influenced by these values. This correlation is very weak for the bark volume proportion in natural coppice stands, and insignificant in artificial stands. The bark volume proportion for each tree was calculated as the ratio of the difference between the volume of trunk with and without bark and the volume of trunk with bark. The equation that showed the best statistical characteristics in terms of consistency was chosen in order to predict the bark biomass and volume, the volume of trunks with bark of small-leaved linden trees. These models were estimated using the weighted least squares method taking into account the inherent errors and heteroscedasticity, by assigning each model its weight function separately for natural coppice and artificial stands that differ significantly from each other in morphometric features.
2
Berendt, Ferréol, Erik Pegel, Lubomir Blasko, and Tobias Cremer. "Bark proportion of Scots pine industrial wood." European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 79, no. 3 (February 9, 2021): 749–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00107-021-01657-7.
Abstract:
AbstractBark characteristics are not only used in the forest-wood supply chain, for example to calculate standing volumes, but also to transform wood volumes and masses. In this study, bark thickness, bark volume and bark mass were analyzed on the basis of 150 Scots pine discs, with a mean diameter of 13 cm. The mean double bark thickness was 3.02 mm, the mean bark volume proportion was 5.6% and mean bark mass proportion was 3.3%. Bark proportions were significantly affected by the log-specific variables ‘diameter over bark’, ‘proportion of bark damage’ and ‘double bark thickness’.
3
Sherrill, J. R., T. J. Mullin, B. P. Bullock, S. E. Mckeand, R. C. Purnell, M. L. Gumpert, and F. Isik. "An Evaluation of Selection for Volume Growth in Loblolly Pine." Silvae Genetica 57, no. 1-6 (December 1, 2008): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2008-0004.
Abstract:
Abstract Total inside-bark volume is the most important selection criterion for productivity in tree breeding programs in the Southeastern U.S. Tree breeders typically estimate total inside-bark volume based on outside-bark diameter at breast height and total height without accounting for stem taper or bark thickness. To make a direct determination of total inside- and outside-bark volume, a loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) open-pollinated family trial replicated with cultural treatments of weed control and fertilization was measured. This direct measurement was compared to typical volume estimates. In this trial, approximately 40 individuals from each of 25 open-pollinated first- and second-generation families were destructively sampled in the 13th growing season. Selection for volume using a combined-variable (diameter2 * height) equation was found to be highly effective for making volume gain. There was a high correlation between estimated and directly-measured total inside-bark volumes (0.99). Bark thickness and stem taper had low importance for stem volume selection. There was a positive genetic correlation between bark thickness and diameter at breast height (0.66). This indicates that selection for larger diameters may produce individuals with thicker bark, which may eventually affect total inside-bark volume estimates.
4
Rugmini, P., and C. Sunanda. "Volume prediction models for Acacia auriculiformis plantations in the Southern Forest Divisions of Kerala." Indian Journal of Forestry 35, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 425–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2012-cvss72.
Abstract:
An effort was made to develop local tree volume equations based on diameter at breast-height (dbh) for Acacia auriculiformis in Thiruvananthapuram and Punalur Forest Divisions in Kerala. Trees of different size classes were sampled from plantations of age between 7 and 18 years. Measurement of girth at breast-height (gbh) was taken before felling. The dbh varied from 5 to 58 cm. Girth measurements (both over-bark and under-bark) were taken at the middle of each billet of length 3 m starting from the base. When the terminal billets fell short of 3 m, their lengths were recorded separately along with the girth measurements required for computation of volume. Billet volume was computed using Huber’s formula. Total commercial volume (over-bark) and pulpwood volume (under-bark) down to a lower limit of 15 cm girth were computed. The equations were based on data from 52 trees. Additionally saleable timber volumes (both over-bark and under-bark) down to a lower limit of 70 cm girth (over-bark) were also computed. For computing the saleable timber volume, trees of girth at breast-height greater than or equal to 70 cm (over-bark) alone were considered. Altogether 28 trees were used for this purpose. Volume prediction equations were established using regression analysis. Dbh of the tree alone was included as a predictor variable as the equations based on diameter were good enough. Additionally, dbh is simple to measure and its measurement involves minimum error. The equations developed can predict the total commercial volume, pulpwood volume and saleable timber volume with justifiable precision. The prediction equations were reasonably stronger. The equations are applicable only within the range of data used for the study. Local volume tables in terms of commercial, pulpwood, saleable timber and firewood volumes were prepared for the species based on developed equations.
5
Rugmini, P., and C. Sunanda. "Local Volume table for Acacia Mangium Plantations in the Southern Forest Divisions of Kerala." Indian Journal of Forestry 35, no. 3 (September 1, 2012): 285–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2012-2cp897.
Abstract:
An attempt was made to develop local tree volume equations based on diameter at breast-height (dbh) for Acacia mangium plantations in Thiruvananthapuram and Punalur Forest Divisions in Kerala. Trees of different size classes were sampled from plantations of A. mangium. Measurement of girth at breast-height (gbh) was taken before felling. The diameter at breast height (dbh) varied from 5 to 40 cm. Girth measurements (both over-bark and under-bark) were taken at the middle of each billet of length 3 m starting from the base. Billet volume was computed using Huber’s formula. Total commercial volume (over-bark) and pulpwood volume (under-bark) down to a lower limit of 15 cm girth were computed. The equations were based on data from 51 trees. Additionally, saleable timber volumes (both over-bark and under-bark) down to a lower limit of 70 cm girth (over-bark) were also computed. For computing the saleable timber volume, trees of girth at breast-height greater than or equal to 70 cm (over-bark) alone were considered. Altogether 28 trees were used for this purpose. Volume prediction equations were established using regression analysis. Dbh of the tree alone was included as a predictor variable as the equations based on diameter were good enough. The equations developed can predict the total commercial volume, pulpwood volume and saleable timber volume with justifiable precision, as the goodness of fit statistic was found higher than 80 per cent in all the cases. The equations are applicable only within the range of data used for the study. Local volume tables in terms of commercial, pulpwood, saleable timber and firewood volumes were prepared for the species based on developed equations.
6
Sedmíková, Monika, Radim Löwe, Martin Jankovský, Pavel Natov, Rostislav Linda, and Jiří Dvořák. "Estimation of Over- and Under-Bark Volume of Scots Pine Timber Produced by Harvesters." Forests 11, no. 6 (June 2, 2020): 626. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11060626.
Abstract:
Harvesters produce one third of timber in Czechia. The aim of this study was to analyze the over- and under-bark volume estimates of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) timber produced by a mid-performance harvester. The data were collected between March 2017 and June 2018. In total, 4661 stems cut into 29,834 logs were analyzed. For volume estimation, StanForD offers several price categories using various algorithms. Three of these price categories are relevant for Czech forestry—M3s, M3toDE, and M3miDE. The M3s price category is based on the estimation of partial volumes of 10 cm long sections, which are summed. Therefore, this price category represents the volume estimation closest to the true volume. By comparison, the M3toDE and M3miDE price categories use the same algorithm for volume estimation, which is based on the Huber formula using a midspan diameter rounded down to the nearest whole centimeter. The M3toDE price category underestimated the over-bark volume by 6.48% compared to the reference price category M3s. The mean log volume estimated through the M3s price category was significantly higher than the M3toDE volume both in individual grades and without grading. We found significant differences between under-bark volume estimates by the diameter band bark deduction method (DBM) and the parametric linear bark deduction method (PLM) used in harvester’s systems according to the Guidelines for Electronic Scaling of Timber for Harvesters in Czechia (GEH) for Scots pine butt logs with rough bark, and also for other logs with normal bark thickness. To obtain under-bark volume estimates of Scots pine timber that are comparable with the Guidelines for Timber Scaling in Czechia (GTS) using the parametric nonlinear bark deduction method (PNM), we recommend using the algorithm of the M3toDE price category, with double bark thickness determined by the diameter band bark deduction method.
7
Nguyen, Them V. "Stem volume functions for Melaleuca cajuputi trees in Southwestern Region." Journal of Agriculture and Development 21, no. 02 (April 29, 2022): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.52997/jad.2.02.2022.
Abstract:
The objective of this study was to construct standing stem and commercial timber volume functions at the individual tree level of Melaleuca cajuput plantations. The inside bark and outside bark stem volume functions were constructed from 56 sample trees at the diameter classes of 4 to 16 cm. The appropriate volume functions are tested from five candidate functions. The applicability of the volume functions were tested from 10 trees that were not included in the construction of the volume functions. The research results showed that the function V = a + b(D2 * H)c was a suitable function to build the inside bark stem volume function of Melaleuca cajuput. The function V = a + b(D2H) + c(DdHe) was a suitable function to build the outside bark stem and commercial timber volume functions of Melaleuca cajuput. The volume functions gave errors less than 5.0%. Compared with the inside bark stem volume, the average ratio for the outside bark stem volume, inside bark and outside bark commercial timber volume, and bark volume was 65.7%, 95.2%, 60.6% and 34.3%, respectively.
8
Ветров and Leonid Vetrov. "Regulations on inventory of wood bark in the trunks and of assortments birch." Forestry Engineering Journal 4, no. 2 (June 10, 2014): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/4514.
Abstract:
Percentage of bark in trunks and roundwood is investigated produced from birch (Betula verrucosa) in conditions of the Leningrad region. Background information for the study were the data on the inventory of model trees made at the trial plots laid down in parts of the region with a share of birch more than 30 %. Volumes of trunks and volumes of individual assortments in the bark and without bark were calculated from the sum of the volumes of sections. Bark content was determined as a percentage from volume with bark for trunks and without bark - for assortments.
9
Sharma, Mahadev. "Total and Merchantable Volume Equations for 25 Commercial Tree Species Grown in Canada and the Northeastern United States." Forests 12, no. 9 (September 17, 2021): 1270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12091270.
Abstract:
Accurate estimates of tree bole volume are fundamental to sustainable forest management. Total inside and outside bark and merchantable volume equations were developed for 25 major commercial tree species grown in natural stands in eastern and central Canada and the northeastern United States. Data used to develop these equations was collected from 9647 trees sampled from natural stands across the study area. The number of trees sampled varied among species. Jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) had the most observations (1648 trees) and American basswood (Tilia americana) and red oak (Quercus rubra L.) had the fewest (28 trees each). Two mathematically consistent volume equations (dimensionally compatible and combined variable) were fitted to inside and outside bark and merchantable tree volume data from these tree species. The final volume equation was selected based on fit statistics, predictive accuracy, and logical consistency. Its predictive accuracy was compared with a volume equation previously developed by Honer. Both (total and merchantable) volume equations were fitted using a nonlinear mixed-effects modelling approach. However, random effects were significant for total volumes for only four tree species. A weight (power function) was used to address heteroscedasticity in the data. The modified form of the dimensionally compatible volume equation outperformed the combined variable volume equation in terms of fit statistics and predictive accuracy and was selected as the total inside and outside bark and merchantable volume equations for all tree species. This equation produced logically consistent estimates of total and merchantable volumes and was more accurate than that previously developed by Honer to estimate volumes for most of the tree species used in this study. This new equation can be used to estimate total inside and outside bark and merchantable volumes of major commercial tree species in eastern and central Canada and the northeastern United States.
10
Mozumder, SN, N. Nath, N. Akter, S. Akter, and BR Banik. "Variability and character association in cinnamon germplasm." Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research 41, no. 3 (September 24, 2016): 555–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v41i3.29726.
Abstract:
The experiment was conducted at the Regional Spices Research Center, BARI during May 2014 to April 2015 to study the variability and character association in cinnamon germplasm taking the characters - tree growth, leaf characteristics, bark thickness, specific bark weight and quality of bark of cinnamon plants. Range, variance and coefficient of variation of 30 different characters showed variations in 53 cinnamon accessions. High coefficient of variation was found for base girth, main stem height, number of tertiary branches/plant, tree volume, fresh and dry bark weight of tertiary branches. Bark thickness and specific bark weight gradually declined from main stem to lateral branches. The hierarchical cluster analysis with single scaled dendrogram showed eight clusters due to variation among the germplasm. Cluster III contained maximum 14 genotypes followed by cluster I and cluster VII, each having 12 genotypes. Association analysis revealed that significant correlation of base girth with tree volume, and secondary branches/plant had also significant correlation with leaf thickness and tree volume. It also revealed that significant correlation of fresh bark thickness of main stem with fresh bark thickness of primary, secondary and tertiary stems, also with fresh and dry bark weight of main, primary, secondary and tertiary stems. Specific bark weight had also significant correlation with fresh and dry bark weight of main, primary, secondary and tertiary barks.Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 41(3): 555-564, September 2016
11
Vendruscolo, Diogo Guido Streck, Felipe Vieira Cunha Neto, and Isabel Matos Fraga. "Bark volume and thickness in teak trees with different spacings." Pesquisa Florestal Brasileira 42 (June 9, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4336/2022.pfb.42e201902067.
Abstract:
The bark in some forest species may represent a significant volume of the trunk, demanding the use of efficient methods to estimate bark volume indirectly through equations. The aim of this study was to evaluate bark volume and thickness in teak (Tectona grandis) trees planted at different densities. Volume data were used to evaluate the percentage of bark in different portions of the trunk. Averages were compared by the Tukey test (p < 0.05%) and regression analysis (polynomial model) was used to predict bark thickness along the trunk. The effect of spacing on bark thickness was compared by the model identity test. The percentage of bark in more densely planted teak trees was higher. The percentage of bark decreases from the base to the top of the tree trunk, with an average volume of green bark reaching 24% to 30% of the total volume. Increasing spacing promotes higher absolute average bark thickness.
12
Sharma, Mahadev. "Increasing Volumetric Prediction Accuracy—An Essential Prerequisite for End-Product Forecasting in Red Pine." Forests 11, no. 10 (September 29, 2020): 1050. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11101050.
Abstract:
Sustainable forest management requires accurate estimates of wood volume. At present, red pine (Pinus resinosa Sol. ex Aiton) is the most widely planted conifer tree species in southern Ontario, Canada. Therefore, inside and outside bark volume equations were developed for red pine trees grown in plantations. One hundred and fifty red pine trees were sampled from 30 even-aged plantations from across Ontario, Canada. Height-diameter pairs along the boles of sampled trees used to calculate stem volumes were obtained from stem analysis. Equations fitted to the data were a combined variable, modified combined variable, and modified form of dimensionally compatible volume equations. These equations were compared for their goodness-of-fit statistics, logical consistency, and predictive accuracy. The goodness-of-fit characteristics for all three equations were comparable for both inside and outside bark volumes. However, the estimated values for the intercept for the modified form of the dimensionally compatible and modified combined variable volume equations were negative and nonsignificant. The combined variable volume equation resulted in logically consistent parameter estimates in the presence of random effects parameters. Therefore, this equation was selected as the inside and outside bark volume equation for red pine trees grown in plantations. A nonlinear mixed-effects modeling approach was applied in fitting the final volume equation that included a weight (power function) to address heteroscedasticity. The equations developed here can be used to calculate inside and outside bark volumes of red pine plantations in boreal forests in Eastern Canada. These equations would require both diameter at breast height (DBH) and total height values in meters.
13
Maguire, Douglas A., and David W. Hann. "Bark Thickness and Bark Volume in Southwestern Oregon Douglas-Fir." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 5, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/5.1.5.
Abstract:
Abstract A segmented polynomial taper equation for southwestern Oregon Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) predicts double bark thickness (dbt) at any point above breast height. Below breast height predictions assume conformity to a neiloid frustrum. The equations facilitate estimation of inside bark diameter (dib) given outside bark (dob) measurements. Bark volume and bark biomass can also be estimated when supplemented with existing dib taper equations developed for southwestern Oregon. West J. Appl. For. 5(1):5-8.
14
Hunková, Veronika, and Karel Janák. "The effect of different methods of bark thickness measuring and deduction on the value of round wood volume inside bark." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 54, no. 5 (2006): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200654050037.
Abstract:
Thickness of the bark has serious influence on the round wood volume inside bark, if the diameter is measured over bark. The measured value of the bark thickness depends on measuring method. To analyse the possible bark thickness differences of spruce, given by different measuring methods and Peintinger´s bark thickness tables and to calculate the corresponding round wood volume differences, given by different bark thickness deduction compared with the Czech Standard is the principle goal of presented research. Three ways of bark thickness measuring were realized: by using bark gauge, increment hammer and slide caliper. Bark gauge gives the highest bark thickness values – 2,2 mm higher compared with our standard, corresponding volume decrease is 3,4%. Measuring by this method is very carefully to the bark and it gives the real values of the thickness of the undamaged bark layer. It is close to the results of electronic diameter measuring. Slide caliper give the values 0,9 mm higher compared with our standard, corresponding volume decrease is 1,5%. Slide caliper partly damages the surface layer of the bark. Increment hammer gives 0,1 mm higher values of the bark thickness compared with our standard thanks to the destruction of the surface bark layer. Corresponding volume decrease can be approx. 0,1%. Peintinger’s bark thickness tables give 1,3 mm higher spruce bark thickness, it means to 1,9 % lower round wood volume. It means, Peintingers tables correspond better with the measured values than with the Czech Standard.We can recommend the using of Peintinger’s table for deduction of spruce bark thickness in electronic measuring of the round wood over bark and to use the bark gauge for test measuring. Both two methods gave the closest results to real values while our tests and it is very simple to use this instrument.
15
Bijak, Szymon, Agnieszka Bronisz, Karol Bronisz, Robert Tomusiak, Rafał Wojtan, Paweł Baran, Tadeusz Czemiel, and Michał Zasada. "Models to Estimate the Bark Volume for Larix sp. in Poland." Environmental Sciences Proceedings 3, no. 1 (November 11, 2020): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecf2020-07915.
Abstract:
Bark constitutes one of the main residues and by-products of the timber harvest. Therefore, in order to conduct effective forest management, it is essential to estimate the possible amount of that product, which can be obtained during the harvest process. Our objective was to develop a model to estimate bark volume and bark volume fraction (i.e., its share in the total volume of a tree). For the study, we choose larch (Larix sp.) which is a rare but valuable forest raw material in Poland. The research material was collected in northern (2 sites), central (1 site), and southern (2 sites) in Poland. In total, we obtained data from nearly 600 trees growing on oligo-, meso-, and eutrophic sites. We used the tree’s breast height diameter, height, and total volume as independent variables. Both analyzed bark parameters varied significantly with regard to location, site type, and age class. Bark volume is strongly and significantly dependent on the tree’s breast height diameter, height, and total volume. For bark volume fraction, this correlation is significant but very weak. The best results of bark volume estimation are achieved for the model with total tree volume as an independent variable. Because of the strong effect of location on bark volume estimates, it is recommended to elaborate locally-based models for this parameter determination.
16
Nunes, Luís, José Tomé, and Margarida Tomé. "A system for compatible prediction of total and merchantable volumes allowing for different definitions of tree volume." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 40, no. 4 (April 2010): 747–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x10-030.
Abstract:
A system of equations for compatible prediction of total and merchantable volumes that allows for different definitions of tree volume was developed in this study. The use of the developed system will allow the conversion and subsequent comparison of results from forest inventories using different definitions of tree volume (e.g., including or not the top material of the tree and (or) the stump, inside or outside bark). The compatibility between taper, total volume, and volume ratio equations is ensured by properly integrating the taper equation. The diameter under the bark at any height is modeled with the Demaerschalk taper equation, and the corresponding diameter over the bark is obtained by assuming that bark thickness is also modeled with Demaerschalk’s function. The set of equations that has contemporaneous cross-equation error correlation (known as nonlinear seemingly unrelated regression equations) was fit using nonlinear joint generalized least squares regression. The predictive ability was evaluated using an independent data set. The system is consistent and performs well when applied to maritime pine ( Pinus pinaster Ait.) trees in Portugal, showing better performance than do other total volume equations for maritime pine used in the latest Portuguese national forest inventories.
17
Karasevicz, D. M., and W. Merrill. "Biodeterioration of Oaks Killed Following Defoliation by the Gypsy Moth." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 13, no. 3 (August 1, 1989): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/13.3.139.
Abstract:
Abstract The volume of sound wood in red oaks dead following gypsy moth defoliation (biotically killed trees) and in mechanically girdled control trees decreased significantly as time after death increased. Bark retention, site quality, and method of death were correlated with the volume ofwood degraded. Three growing seasons after death, biotically killed trees that retained their bark had greater volumes of degraded wood than those that shed their bark. Trees on oak site class 1 had greater volumes of degraded wood than those on oak site class 2. Wood of girdled trees deterioratedfaster than that of biotically killed trees. By the end of the third growing season after death, 19% of the gross merchantable volume and 21% of the board foot volume of biotically killed trees had been degraded. In a separate population of biotically killed trees, 44% of the trees had beenwind-thrown seven growing seasons after death. Based on these studies, salvage operations for most timber uses should be completed within 2 years after tree death. South. J. Appl. For. 13(3):139-145.
18
Castillo-López, Albert, Gerónimo Quiñonez-Barraza, Ulises Diéguez-Aranda, and José Javier Corral-Rivas. "Compatible Taper and Volume Systems Based on Volume Ratio Models for Four Pine Species in Oaxaca Mexico." Forests 12, no. 2 (January 27, 2021): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12020145.
Abstract:
Estimating tree volume components is an essential element in sustainable forest management. Compatible taper and merchantable outside-bark volume systems based on volume ratio models were globally fitted to four pine species (reduced models) with the aim to select the best reduced model and to fit it with dummy variables and additive effects using Pinus pseudostrobus Lindl as a base species. The study was carried out in the northern mountains of Oaxaca, Mexico. To fit the taper, merchantable volume, stem volume, branch volume, and total tree volume (stem volume and branch volume) equations, a taper dataset of 222, 230, 245, and 333 trees of Pinus douglasiana Martínez (Pd), Pinus oaxacana Mirov (Po), Pinus patula Schltd (Pp), and Pinus pseudostrobus Lindl (Pps), respectively, was used. In general, the compatible systems explained more than 97% in the observed variability for the four studied components: outside-bark diameter (d), merchantable outside-bark volume (Vm), stem outside-bark volume (Vs), and total tree volume (Vt). Alternatively, more than 52% of the observed variability for branch volume (Vb) was also explained. The developed compatible systems based on volume ratio models are a simple and consistent alternative for estimating the outside-bark diameter and variable outside-bark volume, as well as the components of commercial species for uneven-age and mixed-species forests in Oaxaca, Mexico.
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Berendt, Ferréol, Iman Bajalan, Charlett Wenig, Charlotte Hinds, Ľubomír Blaško, and Tobias Cremer. "Estimation of Scots pine bark biomass delivered to the wood industry in Northern Germany." Central European Forestry Journal 69, no. 2 (May 1, 2023): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/forj-2022-0019.
Abstract:
Abstract Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) is the most widely distributed pine species in the world. In Germany, as in many other European countries, it is a very important species both culturally and economically. Few studies have focused on bark volumes being delivered to the wood industry together with the roundwood, being potentially a valuable resource for material or energetic utilization. Therefore, logs from six different forest sites were collected and bark variables including double bark thickness (DBT) in three different categories, diameter, and bark damage (as a degree of miss-DBT) in three different categories, diameter, and bark damage (as a degree of missing bark) were measured and analyzed in order to model bark volume (Vbark) and bark mass (Mbark). The correlation analysis using Pearson’s method showed that the highest correlation coefficients were observed from the correlation between DBT and Vbark, as well as between DBT and Mbark. Also, results demonstrated that with DBT greater than 20 mm, the percentage of Vbark exceeded 20%. Finally, different linear regression models were recommended to predict Vbark and Mbark based on the other variables. The results of this study can be used in different wood industries in order to predict bark volume and bark mass of e.g. truckloads or roundwood stacks.
20
Téo, Saulo Jorge, Alan Marcon, Tiago Ehlers, Júlio César Bianchi, Adriano Peloso, Paulo Roberto Nava, and Reinaldo Hoinacki da Costa. "MODELOS DE AFILAMENTO PARA Pinus elliottii EM DIFERENTES IDADES, NA REGIÃO DE CAÇADOR, SC." FLORESTA 43, no. 3 (September 13, 2013): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rf.v43i3.30320.
Abstract:
Os objetivos deste trabalho foram ajustar e selecionar modelos de afilamento para estimar diâmetros a várias alturas e volume total, com e sem casca, de árvores de Pinus elliottii Engelm., na região de Caçador, SC, para estudar a forma dos fustes das árvores de diferentes idades. Ao todo, 78 árvores, com idades de 10, 18 e 27 anos, foram abatidas, cubadas rigorosamente e tiveram os seus volumes obtidos por meio do método de Smalian. Os modelos de afilamento testados foram os Polinômios de 2º e de 5º Graus e o Polinômio de Potências Fracionárias de Hradetzky. A função de afilamento que apresentou melhor desempenho para estimar o diâmetro com e sem casca ao longo do fuste das árvores foram baseadas no Polinômio de Potências Fracionárias de Hradetzky, para as idades de 10, 18 e 27 anos. O Polinômio de 2º Grau propiciou as melhores estimativas de volume total com casca para as idades de 10 e 27 anos e de volume total sem casca para as idades de 18 e 27 anos. Já o Polinômio de Potências Fracionárias apresentou melhores estimativas de volume com casca para 18 anos e de volume sem casca para árvores de 10 anos. Os fustes das árvores de Pinus elliottii apresentam melhor forma nas idades mais avançadas. AbstractTaper models for Pinus elliottii, at different ages, in the region of Caçador - SC. The research aims to fit and select taper models in order to estimate diameters at different heights and total volumes, inside and outside bark, of Pinus elliottii Engelm. trees, in the region of Caçador - SC, Brazil, as well as to analyze behavior of stem form for trees at different ages. Altogether, 78 trees at 10, 18 and 27 years of age, had been cut and their volumes obtained by Smalian method. The taper models tested were the 2nd and 5th Degree Polynomial and the Hradetzky Polynomial of Fractioned Potencies. The best performance taper function for estimate diameters inside and outside bark throughout the stem were based on the Hradetzky Polynomial of Fractioned Potencies, for 10, 18 and 27 years of age. The 2nd Degree Polynomial provided the best estimates of outside bark volume for 10 and 27 years of age, and of inside bark volume for 18 and 27 years of age, although the Hradetzky Polynomial presented the best estimates of outside bark volume for 18 years of age and of inside bark volume for 10 years old trees. The stems of the Pinus elliottii trees present better form for the oldest tress.Keywords: Polynomial models; profile models; stem form.
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Jordan, Lewis, Kenneth Berenhaut, Ray Souter, and Richard F. Daniels. "Parsimonious and Completely Compatible Taper, Total, and Merchantable Volume Models." Forest Science 51, no. 6 (December 1, 2005): 578–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/51.6.578.
Abstract:
Abstract A parsimonious and compatible system of taper, total, and merchantable volume equations sharing a common vector of three parameter estimates was derived from Clark and Saucier's (1990) volume ratio model. Clark and Saucier's model expresses volume inside bark as a function of outside bark diameter and is itself not compatible with the derived taper equation. To ensure compatibility, models were fit to express volume outside bark as functions of diameter outside bark. By constraining the limits of integration of the taper function to go from the tip to groundline diameter, a completely compatible system of taper, total, and merchantable volume equations were developed. Systems of equations were fit using nonlinear seemingly unrelated regressions with nonlinear cross-equation constraints to account for contemporaneous correlations in the data. The system fit was found to account for at least 96% of the variation in diameter outside bark, total, and merchantable outside bark volume. FOR. SCI. 51(6):578–584.
22
Cuevas Gozalo, J. M. "Volume and growth equations for the african oak (Quercus canariensis Willd.)." Forest Systems 5, no. 2 (December 1, 1996): 307–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/567.
Abstract:
The volume and growth equations obtained for the african oak (Quercus canariensis Willd.) in the inventoru of the forests of El Kala - Souk Arhas (East Algreia) are presented. Their interest lays on the fact that there are not published volume equations or tables for this mediterranean forest tree. These equations were built using the data of a sample of 120 felled type trees, and are for the stem volume inside bark, the stem volume outside bark, the total volume outside bark, the volume of branches outside bark and the stem growth volume in the last ten years. Also are presented the equations obtained for the breast height diameter and the total height in function of the age.
23
van Laar, A. "Bark thickness and bark volume of Pinus patula in South Africa." Southern Hemisphere Forestry Journal 69, no. 3 (December 2007): 165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/shfj.2007.69.3.5.355.
24
Cao, Quang V., and Kenneth M. Durand. "A Growth and Yield Model for Improved Eastern Cottonwood Plantations in the Lower Mississippi Delta." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 15, no. 4 (November 1, 1991): 213–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/15.4.213.
Abstract:
Abstract A compatible growth and yield model was developed based on remeasurement data collected from 183 plots on unthinned improved eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr.) plantations in the lower Mississippi Delta. The Sullivan and Clutter (1972) equation form was selected for predicting cubic-foot volume yield and projecting volume from site index and initial age and basal area. Yield equations explained 97% and 94%, respectively, of the variations in total outside bark and merchantable inside bark volumes. Mean annual increment of merchantable volume culminated between 8 and 15 years, depending on site index and initial basal area. South. J. Appl. For. 15(4):213-216.
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Đuka, Andreja, Mirna Sertić, Tibor Pentek, Ivica Papa, David Janeš, and Tomislav Poršinsky. "Round Wood Waste and Losses." Croatian journal of forest engineering 41, no. 2 (June 10, 2020): 287–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5552/crojfe.2020.770.
Abstract:
The term »loss« should be distinguished from the term »waste« commonly used by forestry practitioners to indicate the difference between gross volume (planned production based on official tariffs) and net volume (produced timber volume) of trees. Volume loss in round wood refers to the difference between the actual volume of round wood and the volume determined based on the prescribed method of measurement and calculation. As a result of prescribed scaling methods and calculations, volume losses appear due to 1) used volume equations, 2) prescribed method of measurement (i.e. measurements of length and mid-length diameter) and 3) deduction of double bark thickness. In Croatia, round wood is cross-cut and transported with bark, while logs are measured and sold without bark. In this way, the bark is an unnecessary ballast in production, but has many possible applications such as energy source, in the production of wooden boards in construction, in nurseries and horticulture, etc. The research was conducted on 225 butt-logs of sessile oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) ranging in diameter classes from 27.5 cm to 67.5 cm from even-aged forests in the central part of Croatia. Deduction of double bark thickness caused a higher average loss in the volume when using Huber’s equation at 14% and when using Riecke-Newton’s equation at 13.5%. In both volume estimation methods, the loss due to double bark thickness was slightly reduced exponentially as the diameter of but-logs increased. The determined dependence of the bark thickness on diameter of butt-logs over bark indicates the need for correction of the bark deduction tables that are in operational use in Croatian forestry and are provided by trading practices, and since they are not the result of scientific research, they lead to unfair payment between sellers and buyers of round wood. Comparison analysis of the simulation of butt-logs indicated that the introduction of Riecke-Newton’s equation for estimating the volume of commercially important assortments in Croatian forestry is justified. The use of Riecke-Newton’s equation in these terms leads on average to a 6.6% higher volume of butt-logs than the use of Huber’s equation for estimating the volume of assortments.
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Eerikäinen, Kalle. "Stem volume models with random coefficients for Pinus kesiya in Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31, no. 5 (May 1, 2001): 879–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x01-019.
Abstract:
The aim of the study was to estimate stem volume and taper models for Pinus kesiya (Royle ex Gordon). The volume function provides a simple prediction model for the stem volume. Taper models were developed for over- and under-bark diameters. The under-bark taper curve was determined with the variable-exponent taper equation, whereas the over-bark taper curve was derived from the predicted under-bark taper model using the variable-exponent form of the bark-thickness model. Because of the spatial correlation structures of the data, the general assumption of uncorrelated residuals did not hold. In addition, the models were assumed to contain random parameters that vary from stand to stand and from tree to tree. Therefore, the fixed and random parameters of the models were estimated with the generalized least squares technique. The results of the study show that the mixed models for stem volume and taper are more reliable volume and diameter predictors for P. kesiya than earlier taper and volume functions.
27
Bailey, Robert L. "A Compatible Volume-Taper Model Based On the Schumacher and Hall Generalized Constant Form Factor Volume Equation." Forest Science 40, no. 2 (May 1, 1994): 303–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/40.2.303.
Abstract:
Abstract The generalized constant form factor volume equation fitted in logarithmic form by Schumacher and Hall (1933) has a logical basis in solid geometry. By extension of this rationale to a consideration of stem tip volume above a specified top diameter, compatible models for inside- and outside-bark variable-top volume and stem taper are derived and fitted with data from 872 plantation grown slash pine trees. The volume equations predict total volume when upper diameter is zero and always predict nonnegative volumes for any upper diameter. The taper curves have inflection points near dbh and are constrained to diameters of 0, dbh, and stump diameter when merchantable height equals total height, 4.5 ft and stump height, respectively. Statistics of fit on an independent subset of the data suggest that the outside-bark model compares favorably to a recently published compatible taper and volume model based on polynomials. For. Sci. 40(2):303-313.
28
Soares, Carlos Pedro Boechat, Gilson Fernandes da Silva, and Fabrina Bolzan Martins. "Influence of section lengths on volume determination in eucalyptus trees." CERNE 16, no. 2 (June 2010): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-77602010000200006.
Abstract:
The aim of this work was to assess the influence of different section lengths on the determination of eucalyptus tree stem (with bark) volumes and its implications in forest inventory procedures. The 40 Eucalyptus grandis trees used, all from the municipality of Viçosa, Minas Gerais state, were 77 months old. The volume of the stems (with bark), whose maximum diameter was 3,0 cm, was obtained through the Smalian formula, with sections 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 m long. Longer sections lead to overestimations of the volume of the trees' basal part and, consequently, of their total volume. Different statistical tests led to different conclusions regarding the similar volume estimates resulting from experiments using different section lengths4. Volumetric equations adjusted with longer sections may introduce bias errors in forest inventory procedures.
29
Sytnyk, S. A. "PHYTOTOMASS OF ROBINIA PSEUDOACACIA L. TRUNK COMPONENTS IN THE PLANTED BLACK LOCUST STANDS WITHIN NORTHERN STEPPE ZONE OF UKRAINE." Forestry and Forest Melioration, no. 132 (February 5, 2018): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33220/1026-3365.132.2018.141.
Abstract:
The results of simulation of the above-ground phytomass of the components of Black locust tree trunks in the planted stands within the Northern Steppe zone of Ukraine are presented. Correlation and statistical analyses of the data set from model trees were carried out. A reliable strong correlation between the formation of the trunk timber volume and the volume of the trunk in the bark and the values of the diameter of the trunk and the height of the trees were established. The mathematical dependences for estimating the volume of the black locust trunk fractions, namely, the volume of the trunk timber, the volume of the trunk bark and the volume of the trunk in the bark, were developed as two- and three-factor mathematical models. The graphical interpretation of changes in the trunk volume in the bark of trees at the constant height was presented under the developed mathematical model. The results of the development of normative support for evaluation of components of the trunk phytomass in freshly cut and absolutely dry conditions were given.
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Simmons, Lori Duis, and Jeffrey F. Derr. "Pendimethalin Movement Through Pine Bark Compared to Field Soil." Weed Technology 21, no. 4 (December 2007): 873–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-06-186.1.
Abstract:
Preemergence herbicides are commonly applied to nursery containers for control of annual weeds in the production of ornamental plants. Pine bark is a popular container growing medium because it is inexpensive, drains well, is easy to transport, and supports acceptable nursery crop growth. However, little is understood about leaching of herbicides through pine bark. The downward movement of these herbicides through container media may inhibit root growth in sensitive nursery crops and also reduce herbicidal efficacy. Four experiments were conducted at two different irrigation volumes to evaluate depth of pendimethalin movement in packed columns of pine bark and field soil. After 17.5 cm of water was applied over 7 d, pendimethalin moved downward into the 6 to 9-cm depth in 100% pine bark, whereas no movement was detected below the 0 to 3-cm depth in a Tetotum loam soil, as determined by a large crabgrass bioassay. Doubling the irrigation volume to 35 cm of water applied over 14 d did not significantly increase pendimethalin movement in pine bark or field soil. However, it did decrease pendimethalin persistence in the top 0 to 3-cm depth in pine bark. The pine bark had a higher cation exchange capacity than did the field soil. However, the physical characteristics of pine bark, a large volume of void space and low bulk density, resulted in higher hydraulic conductivity rates than in field soil. These factors may be the principal reasons that pendimethalin leached to a greater extent through pine bark than the field soil.
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Svoykin, F., A. Birman, I. Bacherikov, O. Mater, and V. Bozhbov. "Perspectives of bark dump recycling at wood processing enterprises." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 817, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 012033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/817/1/012033.
Abstract:
Abstract Woodworking and pulp-and-paper mill areas accumulate significant volumes of wood debarking waste, which is stored in bark dumps with a volume of up to 1 000 000 m3. Methods for recycling bark, both fresh and stagnant, are proposed through the production of fuel briquettes and pellets, composting, building materials, and the use of combustible gases that accumulate in the depths of the old bark layers. Characteristics of extractive substances obtained from bark are given and their fields of application are considered. Possible ways of recultivation of old bark dumps, ways of waste water treatment are offered. The recommendations on reduction of technogenic hazard of bark dumps are given and the necessity of constant monitoring of such objects is grounded. The technological scheme of complex use of bark dump materials on the basis of developments of Saint-Petersburg State Forest Technical University is proposed.
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Doruska, Paul F., David Patterson, Jonathan Hartley, Matthew Hurd, and Timothy Hart. "Newer Technologies and Bioenergy Bring Focus Back to Bark Factor Equations." Journal of Forestry 107, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jof/107.1.38.
Abstract:
Abstract Recent technological advances have made estimating outside bark, upper stem diameters on tree stems more commonplace. Inside bark diameters and bark thicknesses are also often needed at upper stem locations for volume determination applications, but those attributes are not easily measured, even with the newer technologies. Interest in bark and timber residue for bioenergy uses has also put increased focus on the ability to measure or estimate bark thickness at various heights aboveground. Bark factor (BF) equations allow one to estimate the ratio of inside bark diameter to outside bark diameter at a given height aboveground for a given tree. This ratio can then be multiplied by outside bark diameter measurements to yield estimates of inside bark diameters. Bark thickness can then be found via subtraction. This project developed BF equations for three hardwood species found in northwest Arkansas, nine hardwood species found in southeast Arkansas, and two hardwood species found in north central Wisconsin. Three distinct patterns in BF were observed, with the R2 of the fitted regression equations ranging from 0.76 to 0.97. Example applications are also described.
33
Musić, Jusuf, Velid Halilović, Jelena Knežević, Admir Avdagić, Aida Ibrahimspahić, Besim Balić, and Ahmet Lojo. "Modelling Bark Thickness of Norway Spruce (Picea abies Karst)." South-east European forestry 10, no. 2 (November 3, 2019): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15177/seefor.19-17.
Abstract:
Background and Purpose: Bark thickness and its share in the volume of roundwood are the most important characteristics of the bark, particularly in the process of timber harvesting, and during scaling of processed logs. Therefore it is very important to have at disposal relatively accurate data regarding these characteristics of bark for particular tree species. The main goal of this paper is to investigate the thickness of the bark and its share in the volume of roundwood of Norway spruce. Materials and Methods: The research was carried out in the area of the Canton 10 of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and it encompassed 393 trees of Norway spruce from 10 cm to 115 cm of thickness at breast height. Measuring of the mean diameter and double thickness of bark was conducted by section method. In total, 4,647 diameters and bark thicknesses were measured in different relative lengths of stems or in average 10.6 measurements per one stem. Results: As an optimal model for the evaluation of double thickness of the bark of Norway spruce depending on mean diameter of roundwood the function with designated determination coefficient of 0.7142 was selected. The obtained results have confirmed the previously defined relations of investigate characteristics, which are as following: a) with the increase of mean diameter of roundwood (section) double bark thickness is increased from 9.26 mm (thickness class 12.5 cm) to 31.65 mm (thickness class 92.5 cm); b) with the increase of mean diameter of roundwood the share of bark in its volume decreased from 14.26% (thickness class 12.5 cm) to 6.73% (thickness class 92.5 cm). Conclusions: By the actual method of estimating bark thickness or the share of bark in the volume of roundwood of Norway spruce in the forestry of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina a significant error was created which increases with the increase of mean diameter. The obtained results point to the necessity of investigation of these bark characteristics in Bosnia and Herzegovina and represent an inevitable starting point for making adequate tables of bark thickness and its percentage share in the volume of roundwood of Norway spruce.
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Berendt, Ferréol, Erik Pegel, Lubomir Blasko, and Tobias Cremer. "Bark Characteristics of Scots Pine Logs." Environmental Sciences Proceedings 3, no. 1 (November 12, 2020): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecf2020-08020.
Abstract:
The wood of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) shows good properties as building and construction timber but also as furniture or pulp and paper, and thus, is one of the most commercially important European tree species. Scots pine are mostly harvested and processed with a high degree of mechanization. In Northeast Germany (federal states of Brandenburg and Berlin), 36% of harvested Scots pine have a diameter at breast height (DBH) between 7 and 19.9 cm. As a typical industrial wood assortment, a large proportion of the resulting small-sized logs are used in the wood industry to produce boards. Although bark is considered a by-product or waste product of the industry, no actual study has quantified the bark thickness, bark volume, bark mass and bark damage of such Scots pine logs. Therefore, the bark characteristics from 50 logs from 10 different piles were analyzed. Bark volume was quantified using the water displacement method, bark mass by weighing, bark thickness with a precision caliper and bark damage by tape measurements. The diameters of the analyzed 150 log discs were normally distributed and the mean value was 12.9 cm. The results showed average bark damages from 12.0%, which were mostly caused during the felling and processing of logs with the harvester. No significant correlation was found between double bark thickness (mean: 3.0 mm) and the diameter; whereas fresh bark volume (mean: 5.6%) and dry bark mass (mean: 3.3%) were significantly affected by the diameter. As shown for spruce by other authors, bark characteristics may change over time and therefore, should be measured regularly. Moreover, it was shown that bark parameters are site dependent. Thus, quantifying bark characteristics for economically important tree species at both the local and national scale is of great relevance. More detailed analyzes are described by Berendt et al. (2021) [1].
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Wilms, Florian, Nils Duppel, Tobias Cremer, and Ferréol Berendt. "Bark Thickness and Heights of the Bark Transition Area of Scots Pine." Forests 12, no. 10 (October 11, 2021): 1386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12101386.
Abstract:
The estimation of forest biomass is gaining interest not only for calculating harvesting volumes but also for carbon storage estimation. However, bark (and carbon) compounds are not distributed equally along the stem. Particularly when looking at Scots pine, a radical change in the structure of the bark along the stem can be noted. At the bark transition area, the bark changes from thick and rough to thin and smooth. The aim of our study was (1) to analyze the height of the bark transition area where the bark structure changes and (2) to analyze the effect of cardinal direction on the bark thickness. Regression analyses and forward selection were performed including measured tree height, DBH, bark thickness, crown base height and upper and lower heights of the bark transition areas of 375 trees. While the cardinal direction had no effect on bark thickness, DBH was found to have a significant effect on the heights of the bark transition areas, with stand density and tree height having a minor additional effect. These variables can be used to estimate timber volume (without bark) with higher accuracy and to predict the carbon storage potential of forest biomass according to different tree compartments and compounds.
36
Hlásny, T., L. Vizi, M. Turčáni, M. Koreň, L. Kulla, and Z. Sitková. "Geostatistical simulation of bark beetle infestation for forest protection purposes." Journal of Forest Science 55, No. 11 (November 18, 2009): 518–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/34/2009-jfs.
Abstract:
Geostatistical analysis of bark beetle activity and its use for the improvement of pest control measures are presented. Data on the volume of salvage timber felling due to bark beetle infestation for the period 2002–2004 were used for the analysis. Research was carried out in the northwestern part of Slovakia. The techniques used were variogram modelling, Turning Bands Simulation and selected techniques of simulation post-processing. The maps indicating the probability that a critical volume of timber felling was exceeded in a particular location were produced. The proposed system may be used effectively for the improvement of pest control measures and development of slow the spread strategies. The benefits and shortcomings of this approach in forest protection are discussed.
37
Chojnacky, David C. "Estimating Singleleaf Pinyon and Utah Juniper Volumes for Several Utilization Standards1." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 2, no. 2 (April 1, 1987): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/2.2.51.
Abstract:
Abstract Ratio equations were developed to estimate singleleaf pinyon (Pinus monophylla) and Utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma) volume for several utilization standards. The equations constructed will estimate outside-bark volume between 1.5 and 6 in. minimum branch diameter and inside-bark volume between 1 and 5 in. Data for the equations were collected from 61 locations throughout the Great Basin. West. J. Appl. For. 2(2):51-55, April, 1987.
38
Hibbs, David, Andrew Bluhm, and Sean Garber. "Stem Taper and Volume of Managed Red Alder." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 22, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/22.1.61.
Abstract:
Abstract Ataper equation and a volume table are presented for red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) trees grown in plantations. Fourteen diameter measurements from each of 234 trees were collected from nine plantations throughout the Pacific Northwest. Diameter inside bark (dib) along the stemwas fitted to a variable exponent model form. Individual tree merchantable volume was then estimated as volume inside bark by integrating the taper function from 6 in. (stump height) to the height at a 5-in. (diameter outside bark) top. Incorporating two easily measured tree variables—dbhand total tree height—provided an accurate fit. Model results and the use of an independent evaluation data set of plantation-grown trees indicated that the model presented here was a better predictor of dib in managed stands than previously published red alder taper equations. Thisequation provides reliable dib and merchantable volume predictions and is an improvement over previous red alder volume and taper equations.
39
Fowler, Gary W. "A Jack Pine Bark Factor Equation for Michigan." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 10, no. 2 (June 1, 1993): 86–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/10.2.86.
Abstract:
Abstract A multiple linear regression equation was developed to predict bark factor for jack pine in Michigan as a function of tree height. The equation was validated on independent data sets. The prediction equation yielded average relative errors from -2.9 to 0.4% for all tree heights above stump height. At stump height the average relative errors varied from -5.3 to -2.3%. The jack pine equation was compared with red pine and aspen bark factor equations. The new equation can be used to more accurately estimate tree and log wood volumes than when using a constant bark factor determined at breast height, which, in general leads to underestimates of wood volume. North. J. Appl. For. 10(2):86-89.
40
Derby, Scott A., and L. Eric Hinesley. "Growth of Containerized Atlantic White Cedar Seedlings as Affected by Container Volume, Substrate, Fertilizer, and Irrigation." HortScience 40, no. 6 (October 2005): 1755–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.6.1755.
Abstract:
Germination and growth of atlantic white cedar [Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) B.S.P.] was evaluated in response to four container volumes (98 to 530 cm3), two substrates [North Carolina Forest Service (NCFS) container mix [3 canadian peat: 2 coarse vermiculite: 1.5 perlite (by volume), and 3 composted pine bark: 1 peat (by volume)], two controlled-release fertilizers [Osmocote 15N–4.0P–10.0K (15N–9P2O5–12K2O), 12- to 14-month southern formulation, with micros; and Polyon 18N–2.6P–10.0K (18N–6P2O5–12K2O) with micros, 9-month formulation], and three irrigation frequencies (2, 3, or 4 times daily). Although growth increased up to the maximum container volume (530 cm3), the optimum for 1-year-old seedlings appeared to be 164 to 262 cm3. The higher peat content and water holding capacity of the NCFS substrate yielded better growth than 3 bark: 1 peat. Osmocote yielded larger and heavier plants than Polyon, probably owing to more available phosphorus in the former. Irrigation three times daily was optimum. Suitable manipulation of container volume, substrate, fertilizer, and irrigation should yield high quality containerized atlantic white cedar seedlings.
41
Martinez Millan, J., P. Ara Lazaro, and I. Gonzalez Doncel. "Allometric equations with three variables: volume, growth and bark estimationn for the main Spanish tree species." Forest Systems 2, no. 2 (December 1, 1993): 210–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/510.
Abstract:
Some allometric functions with three predicting variables are presented, providing for the most common species of the Spanish managed forests the following items: stem volume, annual increment, bark percentage. The use of these functions of general scope, allows to replace measurements on, felled trees for the measurement on standing trees of the following predicting variables: b.h. diamete, total height, diameter at 4 m height, bark thickness, diameter increment of last 5 or 10 years. From these measurements, analytically, management tarif-tables can be obtained for the calculation of volume, increment, an bark.
42
Kain, Günther, Eugenia Mariana Tudor, and Marius-Catalin Barbu. "Bark Thermal Insulation Panels: An Explorative Study on the Effects of Bark Species." Polymers 12, no. 9 (September 19, 2020): 2140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12092140.
Abstract:
Tree bark is a byproduct of the timber industry which accrues in large amounts, because approximately 10% of the volume a log is bark. Bark is used primarily for low-value applications such as fuel or as a soil covering material in agriculture. Within the present study, thermal insulation panels made from larch, pine, spruce, fir and oak tree bark with different resins (urea formaldehyde, melamine formaldehyde, Quebracho, Mimosa) as a binder are discussed. Also, the properties of panels made from larch bark mixed with industrial popcorn are investigated. The physical-mechanical properties of the panels, which are dependent on panel density, bark species, resin type, resin content and particle size, are analyzed. The bark species has a minor effect on the mechanical characteristics of the panels, while the compression ratio is important for the panel strength, and hence, barks with lower bulk density are preferable. Under laboratory conditions, panels made with green tannin resins proved to have adequate properties for practical use. The addition of popcorn is a means to lower the panel density, but the water absorption of such panels is comparably high. The bark type has a minor effect on the thermal conductivity of the panels; rather, this parameter is predominantly affected by the panel density.
43
Martin, Chris A., and Dewayne L. Ingram. "Evaluation of Thermal Properties and Effect of Irrigation on Temperature Dynamics in Container Media." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 9, no. 1 (March 1, 1991): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-9.1.24.
Abstract:
Abstract Thermal energy flows in pine bark, 4 pine bark: 1 sand (by vol), and 3 pine bark: 2 sand (by vol) media as a function of volumetric water content were studied. The predicted rate of movement of heat energy was greatest for the 3 pine bark: 2 sand medium if the volumetric water content was between 10% and 65%. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of irrigation volume and timing and container media composition on container media temperature dynamics using a spray stake delivery system. Irrigating 10-liter (#3) containers with water at 26°C (79°F) was most effective as a container medium coolant if the volume which was applied equaled or exceeded 3.0 liters (0.8 gal), the applications were made beginning at midday, and sand was in the container medium compared to pine bark alone.
44
Page, Marion, Michael I. Haverty, and Charles E. Richmond. "INSECTICIDE RESIDUES ON PINE BARK: INFLUENCE OF TREES, SAMPLE VOLUME AND SIZE ON VARIABILITY1." Journal of Entomological Science 24, no. 2 (April 1, 1989): 180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-24.2.180.
Abstract:
Residues of carbaryl (Sevimol®) in ponderosa pine bark were quantified by gas chromatography and the major sources of experimental error were determined. Quantification of carbaryl residues was significantly affected by between-tree variation and disc size (bark volume). Variation between trees had the greatest effect on residue estimates. Mean carbaryl residues for all trees ranged from 241 μg/g of bark to 1418 μg/g of bark. Nonsignificant tree-disc size interactions indicated that residue levels were fairly consistent within trees. Prediction curves were constructed to project levels of precision for combinations of discs and trees.
45
Richards, Carolyn H., and David D. Reed. "A Volume Estimation System for Four Northern Hardwood Species." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 3, no. 1 (March 1, 1986): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/3.1.25.
Abstract:
Abstract A volume estimation system based on Schumacher's total volume equation is developed for four commercially important northern hardwood species in Upper Michigan: sugar maple, red maple, yellow birch, and aspen. Given diameter at breast height and a measure of height, then total tree volume, volume to any height or upper stem diameter limit, and upper stem diameter at any height (for determining product class) can be estimated. Coefficients are given for estimating diameter or volumes either inside or outside bark as are examples illustrating the techniques and potential uses of the volume estimation system. North. J. Appl. For. 3:25-28, Mar. 1986.
46
Payandeh, Bijan. "Growth of Black Spruce Trees Following Fertilization on Drained Peatland." Forestry Chronicle 65, no. 2 (April 1, 1989): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc65102-2.
Abstract:
Stem analyse of 67 peatland black spruce trees from previously drained experimental areas in northeastern Ontario that had been fertilized was used to examine effects on growth of individual trees. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was used to express pre- and post-fertilization diameter and volume growth as a function of site, stand and individual tree characteristics and amelioration treatments.Results indicated that, on average, diameter growth increased by 4% after fertilization. Standard volume equations, in comparison with sectional volume summation underestimated both inside- and outside-bark tree volumes by about 3%.
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Williamson, J. G., and E. P. Miller. "Effects of Fertilizer Rate and Form on Vegetative Growth and Yield of Southern Highbush Blueberry in Pine Bark Culture." HortTechnology 19, no. 1 (January 2009): 152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.19.1.152.
Abstract:
Growth and yield of ‘Misty’ and ‘Star’ southern highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum hybrid) plants that were grown in pine bark culture were evaluated under several rates of granular or liquid fertilizers. Granular fertilizer resulted in larger canopy volumes and slightly greater annual fruit yield than liquid fertilizer. In 2003 and 2004, canopy growth increased linearly as fertilizer rate increased up to the highest rate tested [81 g nitrogen (N), 11.8 g phosphorus (P), and 44.6 g potassium (K) per plant per year]. Similarly, a positive relationship was found for fruit yield and fertilizer rate during all 3 years. Berry yield was positively correlated with canopy size, and there was no relationship between fertilizer rate and berry yield per canopy volume, indicating that yield and canopy volume increased proportionally with increased fertilizer rate. Mean ‘Star’ berry weight was greater for granular fertilizer treatments than for liquid fertilizer treatments, but mean berry weight of ‘Misty’ was unaffected by fertilizer form. At the end of the experiment, visual examination of eight plants excavated by hand indicated that root systems of blueberry plants were primarily located in the pine bark layer with very few roots penetrating into the underlying soil. Limited water and nutrient holding capacities of pine bark, coupled with frequent irrigations to the shallow root systems in pine bark culture, probably resulted in considerable nutrient leaching and a high fertilizer requirement.
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Vakula, Jozef, Milan Zúbrik, Juraj Galko, Andrej Gubka, Andrej Kunca, Christo Nikolov, and Michal Bošeľa. "Influence of selected factors on bark beetle outbreak dynamics in the Western Carpathians." Forestry Journal 61, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/forj-2015-0023.
Abstract:
Abstract In the period from 1992 to 2013, more than 3.8 million m3 of spruce wood from an area of 55 thousand ha of forests in the Kysuce region (Western Carpathians) was affected by bark beetles. This region has had the highest volume of salvage fellings in Slovakia. While before 1991, bark-beetle outbreak usually occurred after snow and wind disturbances, since 1992 they have occurred in the years with extremely warm and dry growing seasons and the years following them. These years were also characterised by high volumes of wood affected by honey fungus (Armillaria spp.), which only rarely took part in the calamities before 1992. Extreme deterioration of the situation occurred after 2003. In fragmented and sparse stands, the volume of wood damaged by wind increased. Artificial origin of spruce stands, their high occurrence, high age and even-agedness are likely pre-disposing factors of spruce forest decline. Bark beetles have become the most important factor of spruce decline. The most important factors driving the bark beetle attack on forest stands in the period 1973–2013 were the amount of unprocessed wood in the previous year; the amount of wood affected by honey fungus, precipitation total, and average temperature in the current growing season. Another important factor that complicated the situation was also the inferior quality of forest management.
49
Williamson, J. G., and E. P. Miller. "Effects of Fertilizer Rate and Form on Vegetative Growth and Yield of Southern Highbush Blueberry in Pine Bark Culture." HortTechnology 19, no. 1 (January 2009): 152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.19.1.152.
Abstract:
Growth and yield of ‘Misty’ and ‘Star’ southern highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum hybrid) plants that were grown in pine bark culture were evaluated under several rates of granular or liquid fertilizers. Granular fertilizer resulted in larger canopy volumes and slightly greater annual fruit yield than liquid fertilizer. In 2003 and 2004, canopy growth increased linearly as fertilizer rate increased up to the highest rate tested [81 g nitrogen (N), 11.8 g phosphorus (P), and 44.6 g potassium (K) per plant per year]. Similarly, a positive relationship was found for fruit yield and fertilizer rate during all 3 years. Berry yield was positively correlated with canopy size, and there was no relationship between fertilizer rate and berry yield per canopy volume, indicating that yield and canopy volume increased proportionally with increased fertilizer rate. Mean ‘Star’ berry weight was greater for granular fertilizer treatments than for liquid fertilizer treatments, but mean berry weight of ‘Misty’ was unaffected by fertilizer form. At the end of the experiment, visual examination of eight plants excavated by hand indicated that root systems of blueberry plants were primarily located in the pine bark layer with very few roots penetrating into the underlying soil. Limited water and nutrient holding capacities of pine bark, coupled with frequent irrigations to the shallow root systems in pine bark culture, probably resulted in considerable nutrient leaching and a high fertilizer requirement.
50
Ownley, B. H., D. M. Benson, and T. E. Bilderback. "Physical Properties of Container Media and Relation to Severity of Phytophthora Root Rot of Rhododendron." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 115, no. 4 (July 1990): 564–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.115.4.564.
Abstract:
One-year-old Rhododendron L. `Nova Zembla' were grown in four container media infested with Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands. The media (all v/v) were pine bark, 3 pine bark:1 sand, 3 pine bark:1 peat, and 1 peat: 1 sand: 1 soil. After 20 weeks, plants were evaluated for root rot symptoms and the total porosity, air space, moisture-holding capacity, and bulk density were determined for all media. All media provided adequate moisture-holding capacity for container production of rhododendron in noninfested media. Shoot fresh weight in noninfested media was positively correlated with bulk density and water (percent by volume) held in the 1.0- to 5.0-kPa matric tension range and negatively correlated with total porosity and air space. Root rot severity was greatest in peat: sand: soil, intermediate in pine bark: peat, and least in pine bark and pine bark: sand. Root rot severity was negatively correlated with total porosity and air space and positively correlated with bulk density and water (percent by volume) held in the 5.0- to 10.0-kPa matric tension range.