Relevant bibliographies by topics / Bark volume

Academic literature on the topic 'Bark volume'

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Published: 8 June 2024

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Journal articles on the topic "Bark volume":

1

Gabdelkhakov, Aydar K., Vladimir F. Konovalov, Zagir Z. Rakhmatullin, Liubov N. Blonskaya, and Ilyas I. Fazlutdinov. "Biomass and Volume Estimation Models for Bark of Small-Leaved Linden (Tilia cordata Mill.)." Lesnoy Zhurnal (Forestry Journal), no. 5 (October 20, 2022): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2022-5-21-36.

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The research is aimed at analyzing variability and developing mathematical models for estimating bark biomass and volume, volume of trunk with bark, and bark proportion of small-leaved linden (Tilia cordata Mill.) trees growing in natural coppice and artificial stands. The models are based on data from 107 and 95 destructively sampled trees in natural coppice and artificial stands, respectively. There were 10 sampling areas per stand type, representing different growth stages. The model trees were sawn into 2-meter sections, the volumes of which with and without bark were calculated using the Huber formula. The total volume of the tree trunk with and without bark is obtained by summing the volumes of all sections and the conical volume of the tree top. The bark volume was the difference between these two parameters. The bark biomass was determined by direct weighing, followed by conversion to absolutely dry mass. The correlations between the dendrometric parameters and the selected tree characteristics were estimated. The effectiveness of 3 regression models using the diameter at breast height (dbh = 1.3 m) and the tree height (h) as independent variables was studied in a comparative aspect. The bark biomass and volume, and the volume of trunk with bark are strongly influenced by these values. This correlation is very weak for the bark volume proportion in natural coppice stands, and insignificant in artificial stands. The bark volume proportion for each tree was calculated as the ratio of the difference between the volume of trunk with and without bark and the volume of trunk with bark. The equation that showed the best statistical characteristics in terms of consistency was chosen in order to predict the bark biomass and volume, the volume of trunks with bark of small-leaved linden trees. These models were estimated using the weighted least squares method taking into account the inherent errors and heteroscedasticity, by assigning each model its weight function separately for natural coppice and artificial stands that differ significantly from each other in morphometric features.
2

Berendt, Ferréol, Erik Pegel, Lubomir Blasko, and Tobias Cremer. "Bark proportion of Scots pine industrial wood." European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 79, no. 3 (February 9, 2021): 749–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00107-021-01657-7.

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AbstractBark characteristics are not only used in the forest-wood supply chain, for example to calculate standing volumes, but also to transform wood volumes and masses. In this study, bark thickness, bark volume and bark mass were analyzed on the basis of 150 Scots pine discs, with a mean diameter of 13 cm. The mean double bark thickness was 3.02 mm, the mean bark volume proportion was 5.6% and mean bark mass proportion was 3.3%. Bark proportions were significantly affected by the log-specific variables ‘diameter over bark’, ‘proportion of bark damage’ and ‘double bark thickness’.
3

Sherrill, J. R., T. J. Mullin, B. P. Bullock, S. E. Mckeand, R. C. Purnell, M. L. Gumpert, and F. Isik. "An Evaluation of Selection for Volume Growth in Loblolly Pine." Silvae Genetica 57, no. 1-6 (December 1, 2008): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2008-0004.

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Abstract Total inside-bark volume is the most important selection criterion for productivity in tree breeding programs in the Southeastern U.S. Tree breeders typically estimate total inside-bark volume based on outside-bark diameter at breast height and total height without accounting for stem taper or bark thickness. To make a direct determination of total inside- and outside-bark volume, a loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) open-pollinated family trial replicated with cultural treatments of weed control and fertilization was measured. This direct measurement was compared to typical volume estimates. In this trial, approximately 40 individuals from each of 25 open-pollinated first- and second-generation families were destructively sampled in the 13th growing season. Selection for volume using a combined-variable (diameter2 * height) equation was found to be highly effective for making volume gain. There was a high correlation between estimated and directly-measured total inside-bark volumes (0.99). Bark thickness and stem taper had low importance for stem volume selection. There was a positive genetic correlation between bark thickness and diameter at breast height (0.66). This indicates that selection for larger diameters may produce individuals with thicker bark, which may eventually affect total inside-bark volume estimates.
4

Rugmini, P., and C. Sunanda. "Volume prediction models for Acacia auriculiformis plantations in the Southern Forest Divisions of Kerala." Indian Journal of Forestry 35, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 425–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2012-cvss72.

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An effort was made to develop local tree volume equations based on diameter at breast-height (dbh) for Acacia auriculiformis in Thiruvananthapuram and Punalur Forest Divisions in Kerala. Trees of different size classes were sampled from plantations of age between 7 and 18 years. Measurement of girth at breast-height (gbh) was taken before felling. The dbh varied from 5 to 58 cm. Girth measurements (both over-bark and under-bark) were taken at the middle of each billet of length 3 m starting from the base. When the terminal billets fell short of 3 m, their lengths were recorded separately along with the girth measurements required for computation of volume. Billet volume was computed using Huber’s formula. Total commercial volume (over-bark) and pulpwood volume (under-bark) down to a lower limit of 15 cm girth were computed. The equations were based on data from 52 trees. Additionally saleable timber volumes (both over-bark and under-bark) down to a lower limit of 70 cm girth (over-bark) were also computed. For computing the saleable timber volume, trees of girth at breast-height greater than or equal to 70 cm (over-bark) alone were considered. Altogether 28 trees were used for this purpose. Volume prediction equations were established using regression analysis. Dbh of the tree alone was included as a predictor variable as the equations based on diameter were good enough. Additionally, dbh is simple to measure and its measurement involves minimum error. The equations developed can predict the total commercial volume, pulpwood volume and saleable timber volume with justifiable precision. The prediction equations were reasonably stronger. The equations are applicable only within the range of data used for the study. Local volume tables in terms of commercial, pulpwood, saleable timber and firewood volumes were prepared for the species based on developed equations.
5

Rugmini, P., and C. Sunanda. "Local Volume table for Acacia Mangium Plantations in the Southern Forest Divisions of Kerala." Indian Journal of Forestry 35, no. 3 (September 1, 2012): 285–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2012-2cp897.

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An attempt was made to develop local tree volume equations based on diameter at breast-height (dbh) for Acacia mangium plantations in Thiruvananthapuram and Punalur Forest Divisions in Kerala. Trees of different size classes were sampled from plantations of A. mangium. Measurement of girth at breast-height (gbh) was taken before felling. The diameter at breast height (dbh) varied from 5 to 40 cm. Girth measurements (both over-bark and under-bark) were taken at the middle of each billet of length 3 m starting from the base. Billet volume was computed using Huber’s formula. Total commercial volume (over-bark) and pulpwood volume (under-bark) down to a lower limit of 15 cm girth were computed. The equations were based on data from 51 trees. Additionally, saleable timber volumes (both over-bark and under-bark) down to a lower limit of 70 cm girth (over-bark) were also computed. For computing the saleable timber volume, trees of girth at breast-height greater than or equal to 70 cm (over-bark) alone were considered. Altogether 28 trees were used for this purpose. Volume prediction equations were established using regression analysis. Dbh of the tree alone was included as a predictor variable as the equations based on diameter were good enough. The equations developed can predict the total commercial volume, pulpwood volume and saleable timber volume with justifiable precision, as the goodness of fit statistic was found higher than 80 per cent in all the cases. The equations are applicable only within the range of data used for the study. Local volume tables in terms of commercial, pulpwood, saleable timber and firewood volumes were prepared for the species based on developed equations.
6

Sedmíková, Monika, Radim Löwe, Martin Jankovský, Pavel Natov, Rostislav Linda, and Jiří Dvořák. "Estimation of Over- and Under-Bark Volume of Scots Pine Timber Produced by Harvesters." Forests 11, no. 6 (June 2, 2020): 626. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11060626.

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Harvesters produce one third of timber in Czechia. The aim of this study was to analyze the over- and under-bark volume estimates of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) timber produced by a mid-performance harvester. The data were collected between March 2017 and June 2018. In total, 4661 stems cut into 29,834 logs were analyzed. For volume estimation, StanForD offers several price categories using various algorithms. Three of these price categories are relevant for Czech forestry—M3s, M3toDE, and M3miDE. The M3s price category is based on the estimation of partial volumes of 10 cm long sections, which are summed. Therefore, this price category represents the volume estimation closest to the true volume. By comparison, the M3toDE and M3miDE price categories use the same algorithm for volume estimation, which is based on the Huber formula using a midspan diameter rounded down to the nearest whole centimeter. The M3toDE price category underestimated the over-bark volume by 6.48% compared to the reference price category M3s. The mean log volume estimated through the M3s price category was significantly higher than the M3toDE volume both in individual grades and without grading. We found significant differences between under-bark volume estimates by the diameter band bark deduction method (DBM) and the parametric linear bark deduction method (PLM) used in harvester’s systems according to the Guidelines for Electronic Scaling of Timber for Harvesters in Czechia (GEH) for Scots pine butt logs with rough bark, and also for other logs with normal bark thickness. To obtain under-bark volume estimates of Scots pine timber that are comparable with the Guidelines for Timber Scaling in Czechia (GTS) using the parametric nonlinear bark deduction method (PNM), we recommend using the algorithm of the M3toDE price category, with double bark thickness determined by the diameter band bark deduction method.
7

Nguyen, Them V. "Stem volume functions for Melaleuca cajuputi trees in Southwestern Region." Journal of Agriculture and Development 21, no. 02 (April 29, 2022): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.52997/jad.2.02.2022.

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The objective of this study was to construct standing stem and commercial timber volume functions at the individual tree level of Melaleuca cajuput plantations. The inside bark and outside bark stem volume functions were constructed from 56 sample trees at the diameter classes of 4 to 16 cm. The appropriate volume functions are tested from five candidate functions. The applicability of the volume functions were tested from 10 trees that were not included in the construction of the volume functions. The research results showed that the function V = a + b(D2 * H)c was a suitable function to build the inside bark stem volume function of Melaleuca cajuput. The function V = a + b(D2H) + c(DdHe) was a suitable function to build the outside bark stem and commercial timber volume functions of Melaleuca cajuput. The volume functions gave errors less than 5.0%. Compared with the inside bark stem volume, the average ratio for the outside bark stem volume, inside bark and outside bark commercial timber volume, and bark volume was 65.7%, 95.2%, 60.6% and 34.3%, respectively.
8

Ветров and Leonid Vetrov. "Regulations on inventory of wood bark in the trunks and of assortments birch." Forestry Engineering Journal 4, no. 2 (June 10, 2014): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/4514.

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Percentage of bark in trunks and roundwood is investigated produced from birch (Betula verrucosa) in conditions of the Leningrad region. Background information for the study were the data on the inventory of model trees made at the trial plots laid down in parts of the region with a share of birch more than 30 %. Volumes of trunks and volumes of individual assortments in the bark and without bark were calculated from the sum of the volumes of sections. Bark content was determined as a percentage from volume with bark for trunks and without bark - for assortments.
9

Sharma, Mahadev. "Total and Merchantable Volume Equations for 25 Commercial Tree Species Grown in Canada and the Northeastern United States." Forests 12, no. 9 (September 17, 2021): 1270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12091270.

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Accurate estimates of tree bole volume are fundamental to sustainable forest management. Total inside and outside bark and merchantable volume equations were developed for 25 major commercial tree species grown in natural stands in eastern and central Canada and the northeastern United States. Data used to develop these equations was collected from 9647 trees sampled from natural stands across the study area. The number of trees sampled varied among species. Jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) had the most observations (1648 trees) and American basswood (Tilia americana) and red oak (Quercus rubra L.) had the fewest (28 trees each). Two mathematically consistent volume equations (dimensionally compatible and combined variable) were fitted to inside and outside bark and merchantable tree volume data from these tree species. The final volume equation was selected based on fit statistics, predictive accuracy, and logical consistency. Its predictive accuracy was compared with a volume equation previously developed by Honer. Both (total and merchantable) volume equations were fitted using a nonlinear mixed-effects modelling approach. However, random effects were significant for total volumes for only four tree species. A weight (power function) was used to address heteroscedasticity in the data. The modified form of the dimensionally compatible volume equation outperformed the combined variable volume equation in terms of fit statistics and predictive accuracy and was selected as the total inside and outside bark and merchantable volume equations for all tree species. This equation produced logically consistent estimates of total and merchantable volumes and was more accurate than that previously developed by Honer to estimate volumes for most of the tree species used in this study. This new equation can be used to estimate total inside and outside bark and merchantable volumes of major commercial tree species in eastern and central Canada and the northeastern United States.
10

Mozumder, SN, N. Nath, N. Akter, S. Akter, and BR Banik. "Variability and character association in cinnamon germplasm." Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research 41, no. 3 (September 24, 2016): 555–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v41i3.29726.

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The experiment was conducted at the Regional Spices Research Center, BARI during May 2014 to April 2015 to study the variability and character association in cinnamon germplasm taking the characters - tree growth, leaf characteristics, bark thickness, specific bark weight and quality of bark of cinnamon plants. Range, variance and coefficient of variation of 30 different characters showed variations in 53 cinnamon accessions. High coefficient of variation was found for base girth, main stem height, number of tertiary branches/plant, tree volume, fresh and dry bark weight of tertiary branches. Bark thickness and specific bark weight gradually declined from main stem to lateral branches. The hierarchical cluster analysis with single scaled dendrogram showed eight clusters due to variation among the germplasm. Cluster III contained maximum 14 genotypes followed by cluster I and cluster VII, each having 12 genotypes. Association analysis revealed that significant correlation of base girth with tree volume, and secondary branches/plant had also significant correlation with leaf thickness and tree volume. It also revealed that significant correlation of fresh bark thickness of main stem with fresh bark thickness of primary, secondary and tertiary stems, also with fresh and dry bark weight of main, primary, secondary and tertiary stems. Specific bark weight had also significant correlation with fresh and dry bark weight of main, primary, secondary and tertiary barks.Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 41(3): 555-564, September 2016
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You might also be interested in the extended bibliographies on the topic 'Bark volume' for particular source types:
Journal articles Dissertations / Theses Books

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Bark volume":

1

Bauer, Rodolphe. "La modélisation du volume des compartiments riches en composés chimiques extractibles (écorce et nœud) dans six essences d'intérêt des régions Grand-Est et Bourgogne Franche-Comté." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021AGPT0025.

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Dans un contexte de renouvellement de l'industrie chimique et de recherche de nouveaux débouchés pour la foresterie, les extractibles deviennent des molécules de plus en plus intéressantes, tant écologiquement que financièrement parlant. Afin d'évaluer la pertinence de ces molécules comme nouvelle ressource pour la chimie et potentiel débouché pour la foresterie, il est nécessaire de faire une évaluation préalable de la ressource. Ceci nécessite de connaître le volume des compartiments riches en extractibles, particulièrement les écorces et les nœuds. La présente étude s'intéresse donc à la modélisation des volumes d'écorce et de nœuds. Elle se concentre spécifiquement sur deux régions françaises, le Grand Est et la Bourgogne-Franche-Comté et six essences d'importance, Abies alba, Picea abies, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Quercus robur, Quercus patraea, Fagus sylvatica.Cette étude est rendue possible grâce à l'utilisation d'une grande base de données comprenant des mesures d'épaisseur d'écorce pratiquées à différentes hauteurs sur la tige de nombreux arbres. D'autre part de nouveaux échantillonnages ont eu lieu ce qui a permis d'obtenir, grâce à l'utilisation d'un scanner à rayon X, une image informatique des nœuds et d'en mesurer précisément le volume.Afin de modéliser la quantité d'écorce disponible trois types de modèles ont été construits, des modèles de prédiction du volume d'écorce, des modèles de prédiction de la surface d'écorce le long de la tige et des modèles de prédiction de l'épaisseur d'écorce à 1m30. Les premiers ont permis d'atteindre une racine de l'erreur quadratique moyenne relative (RMSErel) comprise entre 16.7 % et 27.5 % en fonction des espèces.L'étude portant sur les modèles de surface d'écorce a permis de mettre en évidence la possibilité d'utiliser un modèle indépendant du diamètre-sur-écorce mais que les modèles utilisant en entrée cet variable sont encore plus précis. Le RMSErel atteint par ces modèles de surface d'écorce varie entre 23 et 38 % en fonction de l'espèce et du modèle considéré. Ce travail a montré l'importance de l'utilisation de l'épaisseur d'écorce à 1m30 comme donnée d'entrée. Celle-ci n'étant aujourd'hui que rarement mesurée, elle a aussi été modélisée à partir du D130. Cela a permis de mettre en évidence une influence de l'altitude sur l'épaisseur d'écorce à 1m30 pour trois espèces : Abies alba, Picea abies, Fagus sylvatica. Les modèles obtenus atteignent un RMSErel allant de 26.8 % à 36 % en fonction de l'espèce considérée.Enfin, les volumes de nœuds ont commencé à être étudiés. Bien que ce travail n'ai pas été entièrement mené, il montre déjà l'importance de produire de nouveaux modèles de volume de nœuds. De plus leur quantité dans le bois semble, à ce stade de l'étude, trop peu importante pour dégager de grandes ressources en extractible, malgré leur grande richesse intrinsèque. Leur intérêt pourrait donc plus se trouver dans l'extraction de molécules spécifiques
In a context of renewal of the chemical industry and the search for new outlets for forestry, extractives are becoming increasingly interesting molecules, both ecologically and financially speaking. In order to evaluate the relevance of these molecules as a new resource for the chemical industry and a potential outlet for forestry, it is necessary to make a preliminary evaluation of the resource. This requires knowledge of the volume of compartments rich in extractable material, particularly bark and knots. The present study therefore focuses on modeling bark and knot volumes. It focuses specifically on two French regions, the Grand Est and the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, and on six important species, Abies alba, Picea abies, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Quercu robur, Quercus patraea, and Fagus sylvatica.This study is made possible, on one hand, by the use of a large database including numerous measurements of bark thickness made at different heights on the stems of many trees. On the other hand, new samplings have been made to allow X-ray scanning of nodes all along the stem and thus to determine precisely the volume on a computer picture.In order to model the available amount of bark, three types of models were built, models predicting the volume of bark, models predicting the surface area of bark along the stem and models predicting the thickness of bark at 1m30. The former achieved a relative root mean square error (RMSErel) of 16.7% to 27.5% depending on the species.The study of bark area models showed that it was possible to use a model independent of diameter-over-bark but that model using this variable are more accurate. The RMSErel achieved by these bark area models varied between 23 and 38% depending on the species and model considered.This work showed the importance of using the bark thickness at 1m30 as an input data. As it is rarely measured today, it was also modelled using the DBH. This allowed us to show the influence of altitude on bark thickness at 1.30 m for three species: Abies alba, Picea abies, Fagus sylvatica. The models obtained RMSErel of the models ranged from 26.8 to 36 % of RMSErel depending on the species considered.Finally, knot volumes have started to be studied. Although this work has not been fully completed, it already shows the importance of producing new models in order to fit the predicted knot patterns as closely as possible to reality. Moreover, the quantity of these compounds in the wood seems, at this stage of the study, to be too small to provide a large extractable resource, despite their great intrinsic richness. Their interest could therefore be more in the extraction of specific molecules
2

Bosas, Giedrius. "Beržų, drebulių, juodalksnių žievės storio dėsningumų tyrimai." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2007. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20070816_154643-38979.

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Darbe pateikti beržų, drebulių, juodalksnių žievės storio tyrimai. Tyrimo tikslas: Išanalizuoti beržų, drebulių, juodalksnių stiebų žievės storio kintamumo dėsningumus ir jų pagrindu sudaryti stiebų žievės matematinį modelį. Tyrimo uždaviniai: Nustatyti beržo, drebulės, juodalksnio žievės storio koreliacinius ryšius su stiebų taksacinėmis charakteristikomis. Nustatyti beržų, drebulių, juodalksnių žievės storio kitimo dėsningumus išilgai stiebo ir išreikšti juos regresinėmis lygtimis. Išreikštus beržų, drebulių, juodalksnio žievės storio kitimo dėsningumus palyginti su galiojančiais normatyvais, kitų tyrėjų rezultatais. Tyrimo objektas: Tyrimo bareliuose paimti beržų, drebulių, juodalksnių medžių stiebai iš vidurio Lietuvos ir Žemaitijos regionų. Iš viso tyrimui buvo išmatuota 175 beržo, 136drebulių, 152 juodalksnio stiebų duomenys. Tyrimo metodai: žievės storio priklausomybė nuo jį sąlygojančių veiksnių buvo analizuojama daugianarės tiesinės ir kreivinės regresinės analizės metodais panaudojant EXCEL ir statistika V.6.0 programas. Tyrimo rezultatai: Išanalizuoti beržų, drebulių, juodalksnių kintamumai. Gauti empiriniai duomenys palyginti su kitų autorių matavimo rezultatais, atliekant žievės storio priklausomybės nuo stiebo skersmens 1.3 m aukštyje lyginamąją analizę. Gauti beržų, drebulių juodalksnių žievės storio kintamumo modeliai.
The results of bark thickness analyses of birch, aspen, black alder tree species are presented in the work. The main goal of the work was to investigate regularities of bark thickness variance of birch, aspen, black alder logs felled during all cutting and to make mathematical model of bark of stems. The main tasks of the work were to find out regularities of bark thickness of asp, birch, black – alder and bark thickness dependence on parameters of stems, to make regression analysis of regularities of bark thickness variance along stem and to compare results of work with other similar investigations. The empirical material of asp, birch and black -alder stems were selected from the middle and lowland regions of Lithuania. Overall 465 records of stem were collected, of which 175 records were of aspen, 136 – of birch, 152 – of black-alder. Methods The multiple linear and nonlinear regressions were used to process empirical data. Calculations were made using software STATISTICA v6.0 and MS EXCEL packages. The main results Changes of bark thickness of birch, aspen and black alder were investigated. The acquired empirical data were compared with the data of other authors carrying out comparative analyses of bark thickness dependence on steam diameter at 1.3 m height. Models of bark thickness variance of birch, aspen, black alder were prepared.
3

Gustas, Darius. "Ugdomųjų kirtimų amžiaus pušų ir eglių žievės storio tyrimai." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2005. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2005~D_20050606_133308-32425.

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The results of bark thickness analysis of pine and spruce trees at the thinning age are presented in the work. The main goal of the work was to investigate regularities of bark thickness variance of pine and spruce logs produced out of trees felled during the thinning cuttings. The main tasks of the work were to find out regularities of bark thickness variance depending on age of the stands, tree species and top diameter of the log, to evaluate adequateness modeled regularities to existing Swedish normatives. The empirical material. 200 pine and 200 spruce felled trees at the Kazlu Ruda state forest enterprise were used for the measurements. The trees were selected at the 4 cutting areas of Nb, Lb, Lc, site types. Diameter and bark thickness of imaginative crosscut at height of 0, 1, 1.3, 3 m and following each second meter were measured for each stem. Methods. The multiple linear and nonlinear regression were used to process empirical data. Calculations were made using software STATISTICA v6.0 and EXCEL. The main results. The differences of bark thickness variation regularities were found while comparing gotten results to Existing Lithuanian and Swedish legalized normatives.
4

Diemer, Michael [Verfasser], Uwe [Gutachter] Vollmer, and Harald [Gutachter] Wiese. "Bank Bailouts, Bank Levy, and Bank Risk-Taking / Michael Diemer ; Gutachter: Uwe Vollmer, Harald Wiese." Leipzig : Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1239422067/34.

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5

Kadorík, Martin. "Analýza hypotečních produktů bank v ČR." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-116551.

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This thesis deals with the analysis of bank mortgage lending in the Czech Republic. The basis of this analysis is a theoretical setting out the specifics of mortgage loans and analysis of all parts of the credit process. Subsequently, following the same principle, are analyzed specific mortgage products of a selected commercial banks. The thesis examines a course of the credit process for each client's products, their characteristics and conditions placed on the client. The thesis also deals with the analysis of interest rate and volume of mortgages in the context of changes in market interest rates and credit volumes in the economy.
6

Belkadi, Nesrine. "Nouveaux MEMS C-BAR : résonateurs capacitifs à ondes élastiques de volume piégées sur substrat Silicium." Thesis, Besançon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BESA2088.

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Ces travaux de thèse décrivent l’étude et la réalisation de résonateurs MEMS (Micro-ElectroMechanical Systems) acoustiques à couplage capacitif dits C-BAR (Capacitive Bulk Acoustic Resonator). Les C-BAR exploitent les modes d’extension-compression d’épaisseur en mode fondamental à 9, 45MHz. L’élément vibrant est constitué de Si-monocristallin purement résistif et d’orientation (100). Notre but consiste à transposer au monde des MEMS a` excitation capacitive les caractéristiques de stabilité des résonateurs piézoélectriques BAW utilisés dans les sources de fréquences embarquées. Notre stratégie de développement s’est fondée sur l’exploitation de deux concepts originaux dans les domaines respectifs électrique et acoustique : l’intérêt immédiat des résonateurs MEMS-Si capacitifs tient à la disponibilité du matériau, au faible coût unitaire, à la produire à grande échelle, ainsi qu’à la robustesse. A plus longue échéance, cet intérêt tient au potentiel d’intégration avec l’électronique de commande ; Cette recherche est motivée par la nécessité d’éliminer les pertes structurelles dans les résonateurs MEMS. Grâce à l’étude de la dispersion acoustique des ondes élastiques guidées dans une plaque de Si, nous avons pu contrôler les bandes d’arrêt par modification locale des caractéristiques de la propagation afin de confiner l’énergie acoustique au centre du résonateur. Une première partie de ces travaux est consacrée à la modélisation du C-BAR. Grâce à des simulations FEM appuyées sur des calculs analytiques, nous avons défini les limites imposées aux paramètres constructifs pour l’obtention de performances satisfaisantes pour les applications visées. Nous avons notamment quantifié le nécessaire compromis entre les quantités antagonistes constituées par le k2, limité par la rigidité statique de la plaque, et le Q, limité par les constantes de dispersion des modes exploités et le facteur d’aspect de la plaque. La deuxième partie est consacrée à la micro-fabrication du C-BAR exploitant les micro techniques disponibles au sein de la Centrale MIMENTO
This PhD work describes the study and realization of capacitive Bulk Acoustic Waves MEMS resonators (C-BAR) exploiting the thicknessextensional vibration modes at 9, 45MHz of a mono-crystalline silicon plate (100). The aim of this research consists in translated to the domain of capacitive MEMS the good performances of BAW resonators for embedded frequency sources. The proposed work proposes new resonant structures bearing some originality from electric and acoustic viewpoints : capacitive full Si-MEMS have some immediate interest in the field of material availability, low cost per item, volume production and robustness, notwithstanding their know ability for electronic integration ; This research was motivated by the need to eliminate structural losses to reach the limits imposed by the material itself. With help of a study of dispersion curves, we managed a control of acoustic confinement by means of a local patterning of the surface of the vibrating element. By a proper mastering of the stop band of guided elastic waves in the structure, we can overcome the intrinsic limitations of structural MEMS. The first lock of this work is dedicated to the modeling of the C-BARs. It uses a combination of analytic and FEA calculations to frame the actual design of the resonators. This permits us to determine the limits imposed to the performances of such structures. This part especially points out the contradictory requirements of the C-BARs in terms of electromechanical coupling factor and of surtension coefficient. The second lock describes the issues of the micro-fabrication of the C-BARs at MIMENTO clean room facility
7

Bahaidarah, Haitham M. S. "A numerical study of heat and momentum transfer over a bank of flat tubes." Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2782.

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The present study considers steady laminar two-dimensional incompressible flow over both in-line and staggered flat tube bundles used in heat exchanger applications. The effects of various independent parameters, such as Reynolds number (Re), Prandtl number (Pr), length ratio (L/Da), and height ratio (H/Da), on the pressure drop and heat transfer were studied. A finite volume based FORTRAN code was developed to solve the governing equations. The scalar and velocity variables were stored at staggered grid locations. Scalar variables (pressure and temperature) and all thermophysical properties were stored at the main grid location and velocities were stored at the control volume faces. The solution to a one-dimensional convection diffusion equation was represented by the power law. The locations of grid points were generated by the algebraic grid generation technique. The curvilinear velocity and pressure fields were linked by the Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure Linked Equations (SIMPLE) algorithm. The line-by-line method, which is a combination of the Tri-Diagonal Matrix Algorithm (TDMA) and the Gauss-Seidel procedure, was used to solve the resulting set of discretization equations. The result of the study established that the flow is observed to attain a periodically fully developed profile downstream of the fourth module. The strength increases and the size of the recirculation gets larger as the Reynolds number increases. As the height ratio increases, the strength and size of the recirculation decreases because the flow has enough space to expand through the tube passages. The increase in length ratio does not significantly impact the strength and size of the recirculation. The non-dimesionalized pressure drop monotonically decreased with an increase in the Reynolds number. In general, the module average Nusselt number increases with an increase in the Reynolds number. The results at Pr = 7.0 indicate a significant increase in the computed module average Nusselt number when compared to those for Pr = 0.7. The overall performance of in-line configuration for lower height ratio (H/Da = 2) and higher length ratio (L/Da = 6) is preferable since it provides higher heat transfer rate for all Reynolds numbers except for the lowest Re value of 25. As expected the staggered configurations perform better than the in-line configuration from the heat transfer point of view.
8

Seitz, Jeffery Charles. "Experimental determination of the volumetric properties for the system CO₂-CH₄-N₂ at 100-1000 bars and 50-300°C." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37254.

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Seerattan, Dave Arnold. "The effectiveness of central bank interventions in the foreign exchange market." Thesis, Brunel University, 2012. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/7361.

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The global foreign exchange market is the largest financial market with turnover in this market often outstripping the GDP of countries in which they are located. The dynamics in the foreign exchange market, especially price dynamics, have huge implications for financial asset values, financial returns and volatility in the international financial system. It is therefore an important area of study. Exchange rates have often departed significantly from the level implied by fundamentals and exhibit excessive volatility. This reality creates a role for central bank intervention in this market to keep the rate in line with economic fundamentals and the overall policy mix, to stabilize market expectations and to calm disorderly markets. Studies that attempt to measure the effectiveness of intervention in the foreign exchange market in terms of exchange rate trends and volatility have had mixed results. This, in many cases, reflects the unavailability of data and the weaknesses in the empirical frameworks used to measure effectiveness. This thesis utilises the most recent data available and some of the latest methodological advances to measure the effectiveness of central bank intervention in the foreign exchange markets of a variety of countries. It therefore makes a contribution in the area of applied empirical methodologies for the measurement of the dynamics of intervention in the foreign exchange market. It demonstrates that by using high frequency data and more robust and appropriate empirical methodologies central bank intervention in the foreign exchange market can be effective. Moreover, a framework that takes account of the interactions between different central bank policy instruments and price dynamics, the reaction function of the central bank, different states of the market, liquidity in the market and the profitability of the central bank can improve the effectiveness of measuring the impact of central bank policy in the foreign exchange market and provide useful information to policy makers.
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Van, Zyl Louis. "Stem form, height and volume models for teak in Tanzania." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1282.

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Books on the topic "Bark volume":

1

Khatoon, Sayyada. Bark drugs, volume I. New Delhi, India: National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources, CSIR, 2009.

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Münz, Christian, ed. Epstein Barr Virus Volume 1. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22822-8.

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Münz, Christian, ed. Epstein Barr Virus Volume 2. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22834-1.

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Larcenet, Manu. Back to Basics, Volume 2: Making Plans. Montreuil: Europe Comics, 2016.

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Larcenet, Manu. Back to Basics, Volume 3: The Great World. Montreuil: Europe Comics, 2016.

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Straczynski, J. Michael. Amazing Spider-Man Volume 11: Back In Black Tpb: Back In Black Tpb. S.l: Marvel Enterprises, 2007.

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Doyle, Danny. Ciara and Bark Bark Discover Colors: (Bark Bark Speaks Irish) (Volume 1). CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2018.

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Miller, Sherry Ann. Search for the Bark Warwick (Warwick Saga, Volume 1). Granite Publishing, 2004.

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America, Woodcraft League of, and Ernest Thompson Seton. Birch-Bark Roll of Woodcraft, Volume 14, Part 1915. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2015.

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Delsante, Vito, Nicole D'Andria, Scott Fogg, and Reilly Leeds. Action Lab : Dog of Wonder: Volume 3 - Bark to the Future. Action Lab Entertainment, 2017.

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Book chapters on the topic "Bark volume":

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Singh, Manjit. "When I Look Back My Career at BARC…" In The Mind of an Engineer: Volume 2, 83–84. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1330-5_11.

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Shi, Guoqing, Fangmei Yu, and Chaogang Wang. "Social Assessment and Resettlement Policies and Practice in China: Contributions by Michael M Cernea to Development in China." In Social Development in the World Bank, 329–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57426-0_19.

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AbstractWe are very pleased to contribute to this volume to express our appreciation for the collaboration with the community of social scientists, sociologists and anthropologists, working at the World Bank. Chinese social scientists joined forces with them on essential activities: development projects, research programs, academic conferences, training courses, and joint books. One of us, Guoqing Shi, has participated in the international symposium in Bieberstein, Germany, where this volume has originated.
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Frappier, Lori. "EBNA1." In Epstein Barr Virus Volume 2, 3–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22834-1_1.

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Middeldorp, Jaap M. "Epstein-Barr Virus-Specific Humoral Immune Responses in Health and Disease." In Epstein Barr Virus Volume 2, 289–323. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22834-1_10.

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Hislop, Andrew D., and Graham S. Taylor. "T-Cell Responses to EBV." In Epstein Barr Virus Volume 2, 325–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22834-1_11.

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Ressing, Maaike E., Michiel van Gent, Anna M. Gram, Marjolein J. G. Hooykaas, Sytse J. Piersma, and Emmanuel J. H. J. Wiertz. "Immune Evasion by Epstein-Barr Virus." In Epstein Barr Virus Volume 2, 355–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22834-1_12.

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Mühe, Janine, and Fred Wang. "Non-human Primate Lymphocryptoviruses: Past, Present, and Future." In Epstein Barr Virus Volume 2, 385–405. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22834-1_13.

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Münz, Christian. "EBV Infection of Mice with Reconstituted Human Immune System Components." In Epstein Barr Virus Volume 2, 407–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22834-1_14.

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Gottschalk, Stephen, and Cliona M. Rooney. "Adoptive T-Cell Immunotherapy." In Epstein Barr Virus Volume 2, 427–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22834-1_15.

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Smith, Corey, and Rajiv Khanna. "The Development of Prophylactic and Therapeutic EBV Vaccines." In Epstein Barr Virus Volume 2, 455–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22834-1_16.

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Conference papers on the topic "Bark volume":

1

"[Back cover]." In Volume Graphics 2005. IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vg.2005.194123.

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"Back cover volume 1." In 2014 International Conference on Audio, Language and Image Processing (ICALIP). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icalip.2014.7009940.

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"Back cover volume 2." In 2014 International Conference on Audio, Language and Image Processing (ICALIP). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icalip.2014.7009941.

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"[Volume 1 - back cover]." In 2015 Digital Heritage. IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/digitalheritage.2015.7413926.

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"Back Matter for Volume 1247." In HUNTING FOR THE DARK: THE HIDDEN SIDE OF GALAXY FORMATION. American Institute of Physics, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/v1247.backmatter.

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"Back Matter for Volume 1257." In HADRON 2009: Proceedings of the XIII International Conference on Hadron Spectroscopy. American Institute of Physics, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/v1257.backmatter.

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"Back Matter for Volume 1087." In GRAVITATION AND COSMOLOGY: Proceedings of the Third International Meeting on Gravitation and Cosmology. American Institute of Physics, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/v1087.backmatter.

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"Back Matter for Volume 1262." In THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ORIGIN OF MATTER AND EVOLUTION OF GALAXIES: OMEG—2010. American Institute of Physics, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/v1262.backmatter.

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"Back Matter for Volume 1095." In GRAVITATION AND COSMOLOGY: Proceedings of the Third International Meeting on Gravitation and Cosmology. American Institute of Physics, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/v1095.backmatter.

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"Back Matter for Volume 1098." In APPLICATION OF ACCELERATORS IN RESEARCH AND INDUSTRY: Twentieth International Conference. American Institute of Physics, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/v1098.backmatter.

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Reports on the topic "Bark volume":

1

Inc., Kellogg Brown and Root. L51989 Submarine Pipeline On-Bottom Stability-Volume 1-Analysis and Design Guidelines. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), December 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011168.

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The state-of-the-art in Pipeline stability design has been changing very rapidly recently. The physics governing on-bottom stability are much better understood now than they were eight years ago. This is due largely because of research and large scale model tests sponsored by PRCI. Analysis tools utilizing this new knowledge have been developed. These tools provide the design engineer with a rational approach for weight coating design, which he can use with confidence because the tools have been developed based on full scale and near full scale model tests. These tools represent the state-of-the-art in stability design and model the complex behavior of pipes subjected to both wave and current loads. These include; hydrodynamic forces which account for the effect of the wake (generated by flow over the pipe) washing back and forth over the pipe in oscillatory flow; and, the embedment (digging) which occurs as a pipe resting on the seabed is exposed to oscillatory loadings and small oscillatory deflections. This report has been developed as a reference handbook for use in on-bottom pipeline stability analysis and design. It consists of two volumes. Volume one is devoted to descriptions of the various aspects of the problem: the pipeline design process ocean physics, wave mechanics, hydrodynamic forces, and meteorological data determination geotechnical data collection and soil mechanics stability design procedures. Volume two describes, lists, and illustrates the analysis software. Diskettes containing the software and examples of the software are also included in Volume two. This publication was formally titled: AGA On Bottom Stability Software.
2

Segovia, Raul M. Inter-American Development Bank Annual Report 2010: Financial Statements. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005761.

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This report is the second of two volumes which together constitute the Inter-American Development Bank's 2010 Annual Report. This report contains the management's discussion and analysis of the Bank's ordinary capital as well as various financial statements.
3

Gailani, Joseph, Burton Suedel, Andrew McQueen, Timothy Lauth, Ursula Scheiblechner, and Robert Toegel. Supporting bank and near-bank stabilization and habitat using dredged sediment : documenting best practices. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/44946.

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In-water beneficial use of dredged sediment provides the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) the opportunity to increase beneficial use while controlling costs. Beneficial use projects in riverine environments include bank and near-bank placement, where sediments can protect against bank erosion and support habitat diversity. While bank and near-bank placement of navigation dredged sediment to support river-bank stabilization and habitat is currently practiced, documented examples are sparse. Documenting successful projects can support advancing the practice across USACE. In addition, documentation identifies data gaps required to develop engineering and ecosystem restoration guidance using navigation-dredged sediment. This report documents five USACE and international case studies that successfully applied these practices: Ephemeral Island Creation on the Upper Mississippi River; Gravel Island Creation on the Danube River; Gravel Bar Creation on the Tombigbee River; Wetland Habitat Restoration on the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta; and Island and Wetland Creation on the Lower Columbia River Estuary. Increased bank and near-bank placement can have multiple benefits, including reduced dredge volumes that would otherwise increase as banks erode, improved sustainable dredged sediment management strategies, expanded ecosystem restoration opportunities, and improved flood risk management. Data collected from site monitoring can be applied to support development of USACE engineering and ecosystem restoration guidance.
4

Harris, Kathleen, and Travis Dahl. Technical assessment of the Old, Mississippi, Atchafalaya, and Red (OMAR) Rivers : HEC-RAS BSTEM analysis of the Atchafalaya River. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45174.

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This report documents the bank erosion modeling performed under Task 6 (HEC-RAS Sediment Modeling) of the Old, Mississippi, Atchafalaya, and Red (OMAR) Rivers System Technical Assessment. The objectives of the bank erosion modeling effort were to compare the relative impact various flow scenarios might have on bank retreat on a stretch of the Atchafalaya River between Simmesport, LA, and the Whiskey Bay Pilot Channel. The effort included compilation of field and soil boring data, selection of bank retreat sites, creation of representative soil profiles for the reach, calibration of soil parameters to measured retreat rates, and modeling bank retreat and volume of material eroded under various flow scenarios. This modeling effort was intended for scenario comparison and should not be used as a prediction of exact rates of bank erosion. The study found that varying the amount of flow entering the Atchafalaya River from the Mississippi River could increase dramatically or significantly reduce the extent of bank erosion, relative to the current management scenario.
5

SECRETARY OF THE AIR FORCE WASHINGTON DC. Guide To Bare Base Development - Air Force Handbook 10-222, Volume 1. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada423947.

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SECRETARY OF THE AIR FORCE WASHINGTON DC. Guide To Bare Base Assets - Air Force Handbook 10-222, Volume 2. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada423969.

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Shelley, John, Christopher Haring, and Nathan Chrisman. Evaluation of cedar tree revetments for bank stabilization at the Locust Creek Conservation Area, Missouri : quantifying bank erosion volumes from preproject to postfailure. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/46144.

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The US Army Corps of Engineers Regional Sediment Management (RSM) program funded research to assess the longevity and effectiveness of cedar tree revetments for sediment reduction. Between 1988 and 1997, the Missouri Department of Conservation (MDC) constructed multiple cedar tree revetments, plantings, and a grade-control structure at an experimental stream management area on Locust Creek within the Locust Creek Conservation Area (LCCA). For the first few years, MDC also replaced missing trees as needed. MDC monitored these sites with photographs and cross sections until 2004. This study evaluated bank stability on Locust Creek from 1970 to 2019 using aerial imagery, lidar, ground surveys, and a December 2019 site visit to estimate the areal change in streambanks and the volume of sediment eroded over the years. Based on their dates of construction, the project compared preproject, with-project, and postfailure conditions at each site. The project included cedar tree revetments, other hardwood revetments, plantings, and a grade-control structure. This research found a 50% to 64% reduction in erosion for approximately 14 years. As of December 2019, all tree revetments had failed, and banks were bare and steep. The grade-control structure remained intact and continued to stabilize bed and banks immediately upstream.
8

Chauhan, Dharmistha, and Swapna Bist Joshi. The World Bank in Asia: An assessment of COVID-19-related investments through a care lens. Care-responsive investments and development finance. Oxfam, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2021.8182.

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International financial institutions (IFIs) and multilateral development banks have been playing a vital role in the response, recovery and ‘build back anew’ agenda from the COVID-19 pandemic. This is especially true of the World Bank Group (WBG), given its high volumes of committed investments across sectors, especially in low-income and vulnerable countries. This report presents, through case studies, how care-responsive the World Bank’s COVID-19-related investments have been in four member countries: Bangladesh, Cambodia, Nepal and the Philippines. It does so by using the Care Principles and Care-Responsive Barometer for IFIs to assess the nature of the WBG’s post-COVID recovery investments in these select countries, and by building evidence through a gender- and care-responsive budget review. The foundation for care inclusion has already been laid in WBG policy. The report uses this as an entry point to urge it to bring women’s unpaid, underpaid and paid work to the centre of the IFI agenda in order to move towards rebuilding a more gender-just and equal future.
9

Beason, Scott, Taylor Kenyon, Robert Jost, and Laurent Walker. Changes in glacier extents and estimated changes in glacial volume at Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, USA from 1896 to 2021. National Park Service, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2299328.

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Surface area of glaciers and perennial snow within Mount Rainier National Park were delineated based on 2021 aerial Structure-from-Motion (SfM) and satellite imagery to document changes to glaciers over the last 125 years. These extents were compared with previously completed databases from 1896, 1913, 1971, 1994, 2009, and 2015. In addition to the glacial features mapped at the Park, any snow patches noted in satellite- and fixed-wing- acquired aerial images in September 2021 were mapped as perennial snowfields. In 2021, Mount Rainier National Park contained a total of 28 named glaciers which covered a total of 75.496 ± 4.109 km2 (29.149 ± 1.587 mi2). Perennial snowfields added another 1.938 ± 0.112 km2 (0.748 ± 0.043 mi2), bringing the total perennial snow and glacier cover within the Park in 2021 to 77.434 ± 4.221 km2 (29.897 ± 1.630 mi2). The largest glacier at Mount Rainier was the Emmons Glacier, which encompasses 10.959 ± 0.575 km2 (4.231 ± 0.222 mi2). The change in glacial area from 1896 to 2021 was -53.812 km2 (-20.777 mi2), a total reduction of 41.6%. This corresponds to an average rate of -0.430 km2 per year (-0.166 mi2 × yr-1) during the 125 year period. Recent changes (between the 6-year period of 2015 to 2021) showed a reduction of 3.262 km2 (-1.260 mi2) of glacial area, or a 4.14% reduction at a rate of -0.544 km2 per year ( 0.210 mi2 × yr-1). This rate is 2.23 times that estimated in 2015 (2009-2015) of -0.244 km2 per year (-0.094 mi2 × yr-1). Changes in ice volume at Mount Rainier and estimates of total volumes were calculated for 1896, 1913, 1971, 1994, 2009, 2015, and 2021. Volume change between 1971 and 2007/8 was -0.65 km3 ( 0.16 mi3; Sisson et al., 2011). We used the 2007/8 LiDAR digital elevation model and our 2021 SfM digital surface model to estimate a further loss of -0.404 km3 (-0.097 mi3). In the 50-year period between 1971 and 2021, the glaciers and perennial snowfields of Mount Rainier lost a total of -1.058 km3 (-0.254 mi3) at a rate of -0.021 km3 per year (-0.005 mi3 × yr-1). The calculation of the total volume of the glaciers during various glacier extent inventories at Mount Rainier is not straightforward and various methods are explored in this paper. Using back calculated scaling parameters derived from a single volume measurement in 1971 and estimates completed by other authors, we have developed an estimate of glacial mass during the last 125-years at Mount Rainier that mostly agree with volumetric changes observed in the last 50 years. Because of the high uncertainty with these methods, a relatively modest 35% error is chosen. In 2021, Mount Rainier’s 28 glaciers contain about 3.516 ± 1.231 km3 (0.844 ± 0.295 mi3) of glacial ice, snow, and firn. The change in glacial mass over the 125-year period from 1896 to 2021 was 3.742 km3 (-0.898 mi3), a total reduction of 51.6%, at an average rate of -0.030 km3 per year ( 0.007 mi3 × yr-1). Volume change over the 6-year period of 2015 to 2021 was 0.175 km3 (-0.042 mi3), or a 4.75% reduction, at a rate of -0.029 km3 per year (-0.007 mi3 × yr-1). This survey officially removes one glacier from the Park’s inventory and highlights several other glaciers in a critical state. The Stevens Glacier, an offshoot of the Paradise Glacier on the Park’s south face, was removed due to its lack of features indicating flow, and therefore is no longer a glacier but instead a perennial snowfield. Two other south facing glaciers – the Pyramid and Van Trump glaciers – are in serious peril. In the six-year period between 2015 and 2021, these two glaciers lost 32.9% and 33.6% of their area and 42.0% and 42.9% of their volume, respectively. These glaciers are also becoming exceedingly fragmented and no longer possess what can be called a main body of ice. Continued losses will quickly lead to the demise of these glaciers in the coming decades. Overall, the glaciers on the south face of the mountain have been rapidly shrinking over the last 125 years. Our data shows a continuation of gradual yet accelerating loss of glacial ice at Mount Rainier, resulting in significant changes in regional ice volume over the last century. The long-term impacts of this loss will be widespread and impact many facets of the Park ecosystem. Additionally, rapidly retreating south-facing glaciers are exposing large areas of loose sediment that can be mobilized to proglacial rivers during rainstorms, outburst floods, and debris flows. Regional climate change is affecting all glaciers at Mount Rainier, but especially those smaller cirque glaciers and discontinuous glaciers on the south side of the volcano. If the regional climate trend continues, further loss in glacial area and volume parkwide is anticipated, as well as the complete loss of small glaciers at lower elevations with surface areas less than 0.2 km2 (0.08 mi2) in the next few decades.
10

SECRETARY OF THE AIR FORCE WASHINGTON DC. Guide To Bare Base Facility Erection - Air Force Handbook 10-222, Volume 6. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada423974.

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