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1
Combes, Francoise. "Galaxy Dynamics: Secular Evolution and Accretion." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 6, S271 (June 2010): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921311017522.
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AbstractRecent results are reviewed on galaxy dynamics, bar evolution, destruction and re-formation, cold gas accretion, gas radial flows and AGN fueling, minor mergers. Some problems of galaxy evolution are discussed in particular, exchange of angular momentum, radial migration through resonant scattering, and consequences on abundance gradients, the frequency of bulgeless galaxies, and the relative role of secular evolution and hierarchical formation.
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Łokas, Ewa L. "An interesting case of the formation and evolution of a barred galaxy in the cosmological context." Astronomy & Astrophysics 642 (October 2020): L12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202039425.
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Elongated, bar-like galaxies without a significant disk component, with little rotation support and no gas, often form as a result of tidal interactions with a galaxy cluster, as was recently demonstrated using the IllustrisTNG-100 simulation. Galaxies that exhibit similar properties are, however, also found to be infalling into the cluster for the first time. We use the same simulation to study in detail the history of such a galaxy over cosmic time in order to determine its origin. The bar appears to be triggered at t = 6.8 Gyr by the combined effect of the last significant merger with a subhalo and the first passage of another dwarf satellite, both ten times less massive than the galaxy. The satellites deposit all their gas in the galaxy, contributing to its third and last star-formation episode, which perturbs the disk and may also contribute to the formation of the bar. The galaxy then starts to lose its gas and dark matter due to its passage near a group of more massive galaxies. The strongest interaction involves a galaxy 22 times more massive, leaving the barred galaxy with no gas and half of its maximum dark matter mass. During this time, the bar grows steadily, seemingly unaffected by the interactions, although they may have aided its growth by stripping the gas. The studied galaxy, together with two other similar objects briefly discussed in this Letter, suggest the existence of a new class of early-type barred galaxies and thereby demonstrate the importance of interactions in galaxy formation and evolution.
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Combes, Françoise. "Ring and Lens Formation." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 157 (1996): 286–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100049927.
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AbstractThe dynamical mechanism to form rings at Lindblad resonances in a barred galaxy is now well-known: due to its dissipative character, the gas is forced in a spiral structure, and experiences torques from the bar potential. Angular momentum is transferred until gas accumulates in the resonant rings. Some problems remain however to account for all observations, such as the very different time-scales for nuclear, inner and outer ring formation, while the three are frequently observed in the same galaxy; the shapes, orientations and thickness of the rings, etc... The adequacy of the present gas dynamical modelizations is discussed.Lenses are secondary components of barred galaxies that could originate from bar evolution. No model until now has met the observational constraints, in particular the sharp edge of the lenses, their strong velocity anisotropy, and their small thickness. We propose here that lenses are the result of partial bar destruction, a necessary step in a feedback cycle of bar formation-destruction, a cycle driven by gas accretion.
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Athanassoula, E. "Evolution of Bars in Isolated and in Interacting Disk Galaxies." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 157 (1996): 309–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100049940.
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AbstractI use N-body simulations to follow the evolution of bars in both isolated and interacting disk galaxies. The pattern speeds of bars evolving in isolated galaxies decline gradually with time, due to transfer of angular momentum from the bar to other components in the galaxy. Both the form and amount of this decline depend on the model used. The fate of a bar in an interacting disk galaxy depends on the mass, central concentration and orbit of the perturber. The pattern speed, form and amplitude of the bar may change, the bar can become off-centered, or, more drastically, it can disappear altogether. Finally I propose a scenario for the evolution of NGC 7217, which could, if proven correct, explain the formation of the rings in that galaxy and also, at least qualitatively, the existence of a retrograde population.
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Neumann, Justus, Francesca Fragkoudi, Isabel Pérez, Dimitri A. Gadotti, Jesús Falcón-Barroso, Patricia Sánchez-Blázquez, Adrian Bittner, et al. "Stellar populations across galaxy bars in the MUSE TIMER project." Astronomy & Astrophysics 637 (May 2020): A56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202037604.
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Stellar populations in barred galaxies save an imprint of the influence of the bar on the host galaxy’s evolution. We present a detailed analysis of star formation histories (SFHs) and chemical enrichment of stellar populations in nine nearby barred galaxies from the TIMER project. We used integral field observations with the MUSE instrument to derive unprecedented spatially resolved maps of stellar ages, metallicities, [Mg/Fe] abundances, and SFHs, as well as Hα as a tracer of ongoing star formation. We find a characteristic V-shaped signature in the SFH that is perpendicular to the bar major axis, which supports the scenario where intermediate-age stars (∼2 − 6 Gyr) are trapped on more elongated orbits shaping a thinner part of the bar, while older stars (> 8 Gyr) are trapped on less elongated orbits shaping a rounder and thicker part of the bar. We compare our data to state-of-the-art cosmological magneto-hydrodynamical simulations of barred galaxies and show that such V-shaped SFHs arise naturally due to the dynamical influence of the bar on stellar populations with different ages and kinematic properties. Additionally, we find an excess of very young stars (< 2 Gyr) on the edges of the bars, predominantly on the leading side, thus confirming typical star formation patterns in bars. Furthermore, mass-weighted age and metallicity gradients are slightly shallower along the bar than in the disc, which is likely due to orbital mixing in the bar. Finally, we find that bars are mostly more metal-rich and less [Mg/Fe]-enhanced than the surrounding discs. We interpret this as a signature that the bar quenches star formation in the inner region of discs, usually referred to as star formation deserts. We discuss these results and their implications on two different scenarios of bar formation and evolution.
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Fraser-McKelvie, Amelia, Alfonso Aragón-Salamanca, Michael Merrifield, Karen Masters, Preethi Nair, Eric Emsellem, Katarina Kraljic, et al. "SDSS-IV MaNGA: spatially resolved star formation in barred galaxies." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 495, no. 4 (May 22, 2020): 4158–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa1416.
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ABSTRACT Bars inhabit the majority of local-Universe disc galaxies and may be important drivers of galaxy evolution through the redistribution of gas and angular momentum within discs. We investigate the star formation and gas properties of bars in galaxies spanning a wide range of masses, environments, and star formation rates using the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at APO galaxy survey. Using a robustly defined sample of 684 barred galaxies, we find that fractional (or scaled) bar length correlates with the host’s offset from the star formation main sequence. Considering the morphology of the Hα emission we separate barred galaxies into different categories, including barred, ringed, and central configurations, together with Hα detected at the ends of a bar. We find that only low-mass galaxies host star formation along their bars, and that this is located predominantly at the leading edge of the bar itself. Our results are supported by recent simulations of massive galaxies, which show that the position of star formation within a bar is regulated by a combination of shear forces, turbulence, and gas flows. We conclude that the physical properties of a bar are mostly governed by the existing stellar mass of the host galaxy, but that they also play an important role in the galaxy’s ongoing star formation.
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Athanassoula, E. "Boxy/peanut and discy bulges: formation, evolution and properties." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 3, S245 (July 2007): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921308017389.
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AbstractThe class ‘bulges’ contains objects with very different formation and evolution paths and very different properties. I review two types of ‘bulges’, the boxy/peanut bulges (B/Ps) and the discy bulges. The former are parts of bars seen edge-on, have their origin in vertical instabilities of the disc and are somewhat shorter in extent than bars. Their stellar population is similar to that of the inner part of the disc from which they formed. Discy bulges have a disc-like outline, i.e., seen face-on they are circular or oval and seen edge-on they are thin. Their extent is of the order of 5 times smaller than that of the boxy/peanut bulges. They form from the inflow of mainly gaseous material to the centre of the galaxy and from subsequent star formation. They thus contain a lot of young stars and gas. Bulges of different types often coexist in the same galaxy. I review the main known results on these two types of bulges and present new simulation results.B/Ps form about 1Gyr after the bar, via a vertical buckling. At that time the bar strength decreases, its inner part becomes thicker – forming the peanut or boxy shape – and the ratio $\sigma_z^2/\sigma_r^2$ increases. A second buckling episode is seen in simulations with strong bars, also accompanied by a thickening of the peanut and a weakening of the bar. The properties of the B/Ps correlate strongly with those of the bar: stronger bars have stronger peanuts, a more flat-topped vertical density distribution and have experienced more bucklings.I also present simulations of disc galaxy formation, which include the formation of a discy bulge. Decomposition of their radial density profile into an exponential disc and a Sérsic bulge gives realistic values for the disc and bulge scale-lengths and mass ratios, and a Sérsic shape index of the order of 1.It is thus clear that classical bulges, B/P bulges and discy bulges are three distinct classes of objects and that lumping them together can lead to confusion. To avoid this, the two latter could be called B/P features and inner discs, respectively.
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Fraser-McKelvie, Amelia, Michael Merrifield, Alfonso Aragón-Salamanca, and Karen Masters. "Properties of barred galaxies in the MaNGA galaxy survey." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 14, S353 (June 2019): 226–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921319008081.
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AbstractWe present the initial results of a census of 684 barred galaxies in the MaNGA galaxy survey. This large sample contains galaxies with a wide range of physical properties, and we attempt to link bar properties to key observables for the whole galaxy. We find the length of the bar, when normalised for galaxy size, is correlated with the distance of the galaxy from the star formation main sequence, with more passive galaxies hosting larger-scale bars. Ionised gas is observed along the bars of low-mass galaxies only, and these galaxies are generally star-forming and host short bars. Higher-mass galaxies do not contain Hα emission along their bars, however, but are more likely to host rings or Hα at the centre and ends of the bar. Our results suggest that different physical processes are at play in the formation and evolution of bars in low- and high-mass galaxies.
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Pérez, I., I. Martínez-Valpuesta, T. Ruiz-Lara, A. de Lorenzo-Caceres, J. Falcón-Barroso, E. Florido, R. M. González Delgado, et al. "Observational constraints to boxy/peanut bulge formation time." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters 470, no. 1 (June 3, 2017): L122—L126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnrasl/slx087.
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Abstract Boxy/peanut bulges are considered to be part of the same stellar structure as bars and both could be linked through the buckling instability. The Milky Way is our closest example. The goal of this Letter is to determine if the mass assembly of the different components leaves an imprint in their stellar populations allowing the estimation the time of bar formation and its evolution. To this aim, we use integral field spectroscopy to derive the stellar age distributions, SADs, along the bar and disc of NGC 6032. The analysis clearly shows different SADs for the different bar areas. There is an underlying old (≥12 Gyr) stellar population for the whole galaxy. The bulge shows star formation happening at all times. The inner bar structure shows stars of ages older than 6 Gyr with a deficit of younger populations. The outer bar region presents an SAD similar to that of the disc. To interpret our results, we use a generic numerical simulation of a barred galaxy. Thus, we constrain, for the first time, the epoch of bar formation, the buckling instability period and the posterior growth from disc material. We establish that the bar of NGC 6032 is old, formed around 10 Gyr ago while the buckling phase possibly happened around 8 Gyr ago. All these results point towards bars being long-lasting even in the presence of gas.
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Weinberg, Martin D. "Investigating the long-term evolution of galaxies: Noise, cuspy halos and bars." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 208 (2003): 215–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900207171.
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I review the arguments for the importance of halo structure in driving galaxy evolution and coupling a galaxy to its environment. We begin with a general discussion of the key dynamics and examples of structure dominated by modes. We find that simulations with large numbers of particles (N ≳ 106) are required to resolve the dynamics. Finally, I will describe some new results which demonstrates that a disk bar can produce cores in a cuspy CDM dark-matter profile within a gigayear. An inner Lindblad-like resonance couples the rotating bar to halo orbits at all radii through the cusp, rapidly flattening it. This resonance disappears for profiles with cores and is responsible for a qualitative difference in bar-driven halo evolution with and without a cusp. Although the bar gives up the angular momentum in its pattern to make the core, the formation epoch is rich in accretion events to recreate or trigger a classic stellar bar. The evolution of the cuspy inner halo by the first-generation bar paves the way for a long-lived subsequent bar with low torque and a stable pattern speed.
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Norman, C. A., H. Hasan, and J. A. Sellwood. "Bar dissolution and bulge formation." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 171 (1996): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900233457.
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We discuss the general classification of secular evolution in galaxies into terms of stellar dynamics. We present two-dimensional N-body simulations of a disk galaxy in which a central mass concentration is imposed after the formation of a strong bar. We show that the bar dissolves almost completely if the central mass concentration exceeds approximately 5% of the combined disk and bulge mass. This behavior can be understood in terms of previous work on single particle orbits (Hasan & Norman 1990, Hasan et al. 1993); the sustaining orbits aligned with the bar become stochastic as the Inner Lindblad resonance moves out past the minor axis of the bar. We present arguments that bar formation and subsequent thickening and dissolution will create a bulge-like stellar distribution from the central part of the disk. We discuss the predictions of such a model including the point that barred Scs with sufficient central mass concentrations should be building bulges now. We emphasize that bulges can come from a number of different mechanisms and we discuss the current evidence at both high and low redshift.
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Rosas-Guevara, Yetli, Silvia Bonoli, Massimo Dotti, David Izquierdo-Villalba, Alessandro Lupi, Tommaso Zana, Matteo Bonetti, et al. "The evolution of the barred galaxy population in the TNG50 simulation." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 512, no. 4 (March 24, 2022): 5339–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac816.
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ABSTRACT We use the magnetic-hydrodynamical simulation TNG50 to study the evolution of barred massive disc galaxies. Massive spiral galaxies are already present as early as z = 4, and bar formation takes place already at those early times. The bars grow longer and stronger as the host galaxies evolve, with the bar sizes increasing at a pace similar to that of the disc scalelengths. The bar fraction mildly evolves with redshift for galaxies with $M_{*}\ge 10^{10}\rm M_{\odot }$, being greater than $\sim 40{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ at 0.5 < z < 3 and $\sim 30{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ at z = 0. When bars larger than a given physical size ($\ge 2\, \rm kpc$) or the angular resolution limit of twice the I-band angular PSF FWHM of the HST are considered, the bar fraction dramatically decreases with increasing redshift, reconciling the theoretical predictions with observational data. We find that barred galaxies have an older stellar population, lower gas fractions, and star formation rates than unbarred galaxies. In most cases, the discs of barred galaxies assembled earlier and faster than the discs of unbarred galaxies. We also find that barred galaxies are typical in haloes with larger concentrations and smaller spin parameters than unbarred galaxies. Furthermore, the inner regions of barred galaxies are more baryon-dominated than those of unbarred galaxies but have comparable global stellar mass fractions. Our findings suggest that the bar population could be used as a potential tracer of the buildup of disc galaxies and their host haloes. With this paper, we release a catalogue of barred galaxies in TNG50 at six redshifts between z = 4 and 0.
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Zurita, A., E. Florido, I. Pérez, P. Coelho, and D. A. Gadotti. "Bar effects on ionized gas properties and dust content in galaxy centers." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 10, S309 (July 2014): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921314010473.
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AbstractObservations and simulations indicate that bars are important agents to transfer material towards galaxy centers. However, observational studies devoted to investigate the effects of bars in galaxy centers are not yet conclusive. We have used a sample (Coelho & Gadotti 2011) of nearby face–on galaxies with available spectra (SDSS database) to investigate the footprints of bars in galaxy centers by analysing the central ionized gas properties of barred and unbarred galaxies separately. We find statistically significant differences in the Hβ Balmer extinction, star formation rate per unit area, in the [S ii]λ6717/[S ii]λ6731 line ratio, and notably in the N2 parameter (N2 = log([N ii]λ6583/Hα)). A deeper analysis reflects that these differences are only relevant for the less massive bulges (≲1010M⊙). These results have important consequences for studies on bulge formation and galaxy evolution.
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Tawfeek, Amira A., Bernardo Cervantes Sodi, Jacopo Fritz, Alessia Moretti, David Pérez-Millán, Marco Gullieuszik, Bianca M. Poggianti, Benedetta Vulcani, and Daniela Bettoni. "Morphology Driven Evolution of Barred Galaxies in OMEGAWINGS Clusters." Astrophysical Journal 940, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac9976.
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Abstract We present a study of barred galaxies in the cluster environment, exploiting a sample of galaxies drawn from the extended WIde-field Nearby Galaxy-cluster Survey (OmegaWINGS) that covers up to the outer regions of 32 local X-ray selected clusters. Barred galaxies are identified through a semiautomatic analysis of ellipticity and position angle profiles. We find, in agreement with previous studies, a strong codependence of the bar fraction with the galaxy stellar mass and morphological type, being maximum for massive late-type galaxies. The fraction of barred galaxies decreases with increasing cluster mass and with decreasing clustercentric distance, a dependence that vanishes once we control for morphological type, which indicates that the likelihood of a galaxy hosting a bar in the cluster environment is determined by its morphological transformation. At large clustercentric distances, we detect a dependence on the distance to the nearest neighbor galaxy, suggesting that tidal forces with close companions are able to suppress the formation of bars or even destroy them. Barred galaxies in our sample are either early-type, star-forming galaxies located within the virial radii of the clusters or late-type quenched galaxies found beyond the virial radii of the clusters. We propose a scenario in which already quenched barred galaxies that fall into the clusters are centrally rejuvenated by the interplay of the perturbed gas by ram pressure and the bar, in galaxies that are undergoing a morphological transformation.
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Lingard, Timothy, Karen L. Masters, Coleman Krawczyk, Chris Lintott, Sandor Kruk, Brooke Simmons, William Keel, Robert C. Nichol, and Elisabeth Baeten. "Galaxy zoo builder: Morphological dependence of spiral galaxy pitch angle." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 504, no. 3 (April 22, 2021): 3364–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab1072.
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ABSTRACT Spiral structure is ubiquitous in the Universe, and the pitch angle of arms in spiral galaxies provide an important observable in efforts to discriminate between different mechanisms of spiral arm formation and evolution. In this paper, we present a hierarchical Bayesian approach to galaxy pitch angle determination, using spiral arm data obtained through the Galaxy Builder citizen science project. We present a new approach to deal with the large variations in pitch angle between different arms in a single galaxy, which obtains full posterior distributions on parameters. We make use of our pitch angles to examine previously reported links between bulge and bar strength and pitch angle, finding no correlation in our data (with a caveat that we use observational proxies for both bulge size and bar strength which differ from other work). We test a recent model for spiral arm winding, which predicts uniformity of the cotangent of pitch angle between some unknown upper and lower limits, finding our observations are consistent with this model of transient and recurrent spiral pitch angle as long as the pitch angle at which most winding spirals dissipate or disappear is larger than 10°.
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Freeman, K. C. "The Evolutionary History of the Milky Way." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 171 (1996): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900232087.
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The accretion of small satellite galaxies appears to have been important in the formation of the metal-poor halo of the Galaxy. The disrupting Sgr dwarf galaxy and the recent discovery of a young, metal-poor component of the halo indicate that this is a continuing process. The evolution of the galactic disk, and some consequences of the bar-like nature of the galactic bulge are briefly discussed.
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Nogueira-Cavalcante, J. P., R. Dupke, P. Coelho, M. L. L. Dantas, T. S. Gonçalves, K. Menéndez-Delmestre, R. Lopes de Oliveira, et al. "J-PLUS: Impact of bars on quenching timescales in nearby green valley disc galaxies." Astronomy & Astrophysics 630 (September 25, 2019): A88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201935138.
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Context. Between the blue cloud and the red sequence peaks on the galaxy colour–magnitude diagram there is a region sparsely populated by galaxies called the green valley. In a framework where galaxies mostly migrate on the colour–magnitude diagram from star forming to quiescent, the green valley is considered a transitional galaxy stage. The details of the processes that drive galaxies from star-forming to passive systems still remain unknown. Aims. We aim to measure the transitional timescales of nearby galaxies across the green valley, through the analysis of Galaxy Evolution Explorer and Javalambre Photometric of Local Universe Survey photometric data. Specifically, we seek to study the impact of bars on the quenching timescales. Methods. We developed a method that estimates empirically the star formation quenching timescales of green valley galaxies, assuming an exponential decay model of the star formation histories and through a combination of narrow and broad bands from the Javalambre Photometric of Local Universe Survey and Galaxy Evolution Explorer. We correlated these quenching timescales with the presence of bars. Results. We find that the Javalambre Photometric of Local Universe Survey colours F0395 −g and F0410 −g are sensitive to different star formation histories, showing, consequently, a clear correlation with the Dn(4000) and Hδ, A spectral indices. We measured quenching timescales based on these colours and we find that quenching timescales obtained with our new approach are in agreement with those determined using spectral indices. We also compared the quenching timescales of green valley disc galaxies as a function of the probability of hosting a bar. We find that galaxies with high bar probability tend to quench their star formation slowly. Conclusions. We conclude that: (1) Javalambre Photometric of Local Universe Survey filters can be used to measure quenching timescales in nearby green valley galaxies; and (2) the resulting star formation quenching timescales are longer for barred green valley galaxies. Considering that the presence of a bar indicates that more violent processes (e.g. major mergers) are absent in host galaxies, we conclude that the presence of a bar can be used as a morphological signature for slow star formation quenching.
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Fujimoto, Yusuke, Fumiya Maeda, Asao Habe, and Kouji Ohta. "Fast cloud–cloud collisions in a strongly barred galaxy: suppression of massive star formation." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 494, no. 2 (April 3, 2020): 2131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa840.
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ABSTRACT Recent galaxy observations show that star formation activity changes depending on galactic environments. In order to understand the diversity of galactic-scale star formation, it is crucial to understand the formation and evolution of giant molecular clouds in an extreme environment. We focus on observational evidence that bars in strongly barred galaxies lack massive stars even though quantities of molecular gas are sufficient to form stars. In this paper, we present a hydrodynamical simulation of a strongly barred galaxy, using a stellar potential which is taken from observational results of NGC 1300, and we compare cloud properties between different galactic environments: bar, bar-end, and spiral arms. We find that the mean of cloud’s virial parameter is αvir ∼ 1 and that there is no environmental dependence, indicating that the gravitationally bound state of a cloud is not behind the observational evidence of the lack of massive stars in strong bars. Instead, we focus on cloud–cloud collisions, which have been proposed as a triggering mechanism for massive star formation. We find that the collision speed in the bar is faster than those in the other regions. We examine the collision frequency using clouds’ kinematics and conclude that the fast collisions in the bar could originate from random-like motion of clouds due to elliptical gas orbits shifted by the bar potential. These results suggest that the observed regions of lack of active star formation in the strong bar originate from the fast cloud–cloud collisions, which are inefficient in forming massive stars, due to the galactic-scale violent gas motion.
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Fraser-McKelvie, Amelia, Michael Merrifield, Alfonso Aragón-Salamanca, Thomas Peterken, Katarina Kraljic, Karen Masters, David Stark, et al. "SDSS-IV MaNGA: The link between bars and the early cessation of star formation in spiral galaxies." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 499, no. 1 (September 21, 2020): 1116–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa2866.
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ABSTRACT Bars are common in low-redshift disc galaxies, and hence quantifying their influence on their host is of importance to the field of galaxy evolution. We determine the stellar populations and star formation histories of 245 barred galaxies from the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at APO (MaNGA) galaxy survey, and compare them to a mass- and morphology-matched comparison sample of unbarred galaxies. At fixed stellar mass and morphology, barred galaxies are optically redder than their unbarred counterparts. From stellar population analysis using the full spectral fitting code starlight, we attribute this difference to both older and more metal-rich stellar populations. Dust attenuation however, is lower in the barred sample. The star formation histories of barred galaxies peak earlier than their non-barred counterparts, and the galaxies build up their mass at earlier times. We can detect no significant differences in the local environment of barred and unbarred galaxies in this sample, but find that the H i gas mass fraction is significantly lower in high-mass ($\rm {M}_{\star } \gt 10^{10}~\rm {M}_{\odot }$) barred galaxies than their non-barred counterparts. We speculate on the mechanisms that have allowed barred galaxies to be older, more metal-rich and more gas-poor today, including the efficient redistribution of galactic fountain byproducts, and a runaway bar formation scenario in gas-poor discs. While it is not possible to fully determine the effect of the bar on galaxy quenching, we conclude that the presence of a bar and the early cessation of star formation within a galaxy are intimately linked.
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Mundell, C. G., A. Pedlar, D. L. Shone, D. J. Axon, J. Meaburn, and S. W. Unger. "NGC 3227 - An Interacting Barred Spiral with an Active Nucleus." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 157 (1996): 473–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100050259.
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Recently, bars have become a favored mechanism for transporting material at larger radii towards the nuclei of active galaxies, with the possibility of inflowing gas (on kiloparsec scales) accumulating in circumnuclear rings, bar-like features or structures reminiscent of spiral arms. In addition, it seems clear that interactions play some role in the triggering and fuelling of nuclear activity, as well as in the formation and evolution of galactic bars. NGC 3227 is a barred Seyfert galaxy which appears to be interacting with the nearby elliptical galaxy NGC 3226. The NGC 3227 system thus appears to be an excellent ”laboratory case“ in which to study the relationship between the bar phenomenon, and an active nucleus in an interacting system.
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Combes, Françoise. "The role of external gas accretion on galaxy transformations, and evidence of such accretion." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 10, H16 (August 2012): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921314011387.
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AbstractContinuously accreting matter from cosmic filaments is one of the main way to assemble mass for galaxies (Keres et al.2005, Dekel et al.2009). This external accretion accelerates secular processes, and maintain star formation, but also bar and spiral formation (Bournaud & Combes 2002), and consequent radial migration. Secular evolution may alleviate the problem of too massive bulge formation in the standard LCDM hierarchical scenario. Inside out formation of galaxies may account for the evolution of the size-mass relation and evolution with redshift. I will show how gas accretion from the inter galactic medium can mimick perturbations due to galaxy interactions (cf Figure 1), and I will describe evidence of such accretion, through warps, polar rings or damped Lyman-α systems.
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Zana, Tommaso, Pedro R. Capelo, Massimo Dotti, Lucio Mayer, Alessandro Lupi, Francesco Haardt, Silvia Bonoli, and Sijing Shen. "Barred galaxies in cosmological zoom-in simulations: the importance of feedback." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 488, no. 2 (July 4, 2019): 1864–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz1834.
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Abstract Bars are a key factor in the long-term evolution of spiral galaxies, in their unique role in redistributing angular momentum and transporting gas and stars on large scales. The Eris-suite simulations are cosmological zoom-in, N-body, smoothed-particle hydrodynamic simulations built to follow the formation and evolution of a Milky-Way-sized galaxy across the build-up of the large-scale structure. Here we analyse and describe the outcome of two particular simulations taken from the Eris suite – ErisBH and Eris2k – which mainly differ in the prescriptions employed for gas cooling, star formation, and feedback from supernovae and black holes. Our study shows that the enhanced effective feedback in Eris2k, due to the collective effect of the different micro-physics implementations, results in a galaxy that is less massive than its ErisBH counterpart till z ∼ 1. However, when the stellar content is large enough so that global dynamical instabilities can be triggered, the galaxy in Eris2k develops a stronger and more extended bar with respect to ErisBH. We demonstrate that the structural properties and time evolution of the two bars are very different. Our results highlight the importance of accurate sub-grid prescriptions in cosmological zoom-in simulations of the process of galaxy formation and evolution, and the possible use of a statistical sample of barred galaxies to assess the strength of the stellar feedback.
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Athanassoula, E. "Isolated and Interacting Galaxies: Simulations with GRAPE." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 208 (2003): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900207134.
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I present N-body simulations of isolated and interacting galaxies, made on GRAPE machines. In particular I discuss the formation and evolution of N-body bars and compare their properties to those of bars in early-type and late-type galactic discs. I argue that the halo can help the bar grow, contrary to previous beliefs, by taking positive angular momentum from it via its resonant stars. I then focus on the interaction and subsequent merging of a barred disc galaxy with a spheroidal satellite. The evolution depends strongly on the mass (density) of the satellite and may lead to its destruction or to the destruction of the bar.
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Peterken, Thomas, Amelia Fraser-McKelvie, Alfonso Aragón-Salamanca, Michael Merrifield, Katarina Kraljic, Johan H. Knapen, Rogério Riffel, Joel Brownstein, and Niv Drory. "Time-slicing spiral galaxies with SDSS-IV MaNGA." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 489, no. 1 (August 12, 2019): 1338–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz2204.
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ABSTRACT Spectra of galaxies contain a wealth of information about the stellar populations from which they are made. With integral field unit (IFU) surveys, such data can be used to map out stellar population properties across the face of a galaxy, allowing one to go beyond simple radial profiles and study details of non-axisymmetric structure. To-date, however, such studies have been limited by the quality of available data and the power of spectral analysis tools. We now take the next step and study the barred spiral galaxy MCG + 07-28-064 from observations obtained as part of the SDSS-IV MaNGA project. We find that we can decompose this galaxy into ‘time slices,’ which reveal the varying contributions that stars of differing ages make to its bar and spiral structure, offering new insight into the evolution of these features. We find evidence for the ongoing growth of the bar, including the most recent star formation on its leading edge, and for the underlying density wave responsible for spiral structure. This pilot study indicates that there is a wealth of untapped information on the spatial distribution of star formation histories available in the current generation of IFU galaxy surveys.
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Gadotti, Dimitri A., Adrian Bittner, Jesus Falcón-Barroso, and Jairo Méndez-Abreu. "Kinematical signatures of disc instabilities and secular evolution in the MUSE TIMER Survey." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 14, S353 (June 2019): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921319008585.
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AbstractThe MUSE TIMER Survey has obtained high signal and high spatial resolution integral-field spectroscopy data of the inner ~ 6×6 kpc of 21 nearby massive disc galaxies. This allows studies of the stellar kinematics of the central regions of massive disc galaxies that are unprecedented in spatial resolution. We confirm previous predictions from numerical and hydrodynamical simulations of the effects of bars and inner bars on stellar and gaseous kinematics, and also identify box/peanuts via kinematical signatures in mildly and moderately inclined galaxies, including a box/peanut in a face-on inner bar. In 20/21 galaxies we find inner discs and show that their properties are fully consistent with the bar-driven secular evolution picture for their formation. In addition, we show that these inner discs have, in the region where they dominate, larger rotational support than the main galaxy disc, and discuss how their stellar population properties can be used to estimate when in cosmic history the main bar formed. Our results are compared with photometric studies in the context of the nature of galaxy bulges and we show that inner discs are identified in image decompositions as photometric bulges with exponential profiles (i.e., Sérsic indices near unity).
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Łokas, Ewa L. "Anatomy of a buckling galactic bar." Astronomy & Astrophysics 629 (September 2019): A52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201936056.
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Using N-body simulations we study the buckling instability in a galactic bar forming in a Milky Way-like galaxy. The galaxy is initially composed of an axisymmetric, exponential stellar disk embedded in a spherical dark matter halo. The parameters of the model are chosen so that the galaxy is mildly unstable to bar formation and the evolution is followed for 10 Gyr. A strong bar forms slowly over the first few gigayears and buckles after 4.5 Gyr from the start of the simulation becoming much weaker and developing a pronounced boxy/peanut shape. We measure the properties of the bar at the time of buckling in terms of the mean acceleration, velocity, and distortion in the vertical direction. The maps of these quantities in face-on projections reveal characteristic quadrupole patterns which wind up over a short timescale. We also detect a secondary buckling event lasting much longer and occurring only in the outer part of the bar. We then study the orbital structure of the bar in periods before and after the first buckling. We find that most of the buckling orbits originate from x1 orbits supporting the bar. During buckling the ratio of the vertical to horizontal frequency of the stellar orbits decreases dramatically and after buckling the orbits obey a very tight relation between the vertical and circular frequency: 3ν = 4Ω. We propose that buckling is initiated by the vertical resonance of the x1 orbits creating the initial distortion of the bar that later evolves as kinematic bending waves.
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Jang, Dajeong, and Woong-Tae Kim. "Effects of the Central Mass Concentration on Bar Formation in Disk Galaxies." Astrophysical Journal 942, no. 2 (January 1, 2023): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aca7bc.
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Abstract While bars are common in disk galaxies, their formation conditions are not well understood. We use N-body simulations to study the formation and evolution of a bar in isolated galaxies consisting of a stellar disk, a classical bulge, and a dark halo. We consider 24 galaxy models that are similar to the Milky Way but differ in the mass and compactness of the classical bulge and halo concentration. We find that the bar formation requires ( Q T , min / 1.2 ) 2 + ( CMC / 0.05 ) 2 ≲ 1 , where Q T , min and CMC refer to the minimum value of the Toomre stability parameter and the central mass concentration, respectively. Bars tend to be stronger and longer, and to rotate more slowly, in galaxies with a less massive and less compact bulge and halo. All bars formed in our models correspond to slow bars. A model with the bulge mass of ∼10%–20% of the disk under a concentrated halo produces a bar similar to that of the Milky Way. We discuss our findings in relation to other bar formation criteria suggested by previous studies.
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Wozniak, Hervé. "Diffusion of radial action in a galactic disc." Astronomy & Astrophysics 642 (October 2020): A207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202038959.
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Context. The stellar migration of the galactic disc stars has been invoked to explain the dispersion of stellar metallicity observed in the solar neighbourhood. Aims. We seek to identify the dynamical mechanisms underlying stellar migration in an isolated galaxy disc under the influence of a bar. Our approach is to analyse the diffusion of dynamical quantities. Methods. We extend our previous work by exploring Chirikov’s diffusion rate (and derived timescale) of the radial action JR in an idealised N-body simulation of an isolated disc galaxy. We limit our study to the evolution of the disc region well after the formation of the bar, in a regime of adiabatic evolution. Results. The JR diffusion timescale TD(JR) is less than 3 Gyr for roughly half the galaxy mass. It is always much shorter than the angular momentum diffusion timescale TD(Lz) outside the stellar bar. In the disc, ⟨TD(JR)⟩ ∼ 1 Gyr. All non-axisymmetric morphological structures that are characteristic of resonances and waves in the disc are associated to particles with TD(JR) < 3 Gyr and TD(Lz) > 10 Gyr. Short TD(JR) can be explained by the gradual de-circularisation of initially circular orbits (JR = 0) under the effect of intermittent. Inner Linblad resonance scattering by wave trains propagating in the disc, well beyond the outer Lindblad resonance of the bar (OLR). This leads to a moderate secular heating of the disc beyond the bar’s OLR for 7 Gyr, which is comparable to solar neighbourhood observations. The complex multi-wave structure, mixing permanent and intermittent modes, allows for multiple resonance overlaps.
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Cavichia, Oscar, Mercedes Mollá, Roberto D. D. Costa, and Walter J. Maciel. "The star formation rate in the inner Milky Way Galaxy." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 8, S292 (August 2012): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921313000586.
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AbstractThe present star formation rate (SFR) in the inner Galaxy is puzzling for the chemical evolution models (CEM). No static CEM is able to reproduce the peak of the SFR in the 4 kpc ring. The main reason is probably a shortage of gas, which could be due to the dynamical effects produced by the galactic bar, not considered by these models. We developed a CEM that includes radial gas flows in order to mimic the effects of the galactic bar in the first 5 kpc of the galactic disk. In this model, the star formation (SF) is a two-step process: first, the diffuse gas forms molecular clouds. Then, stars form from cloud-cloud collisions or by the interaction between massive stars and the molecular gas. The former is called spontaneous and the latter induced SF. The mass in the different phases of each region changes by the processes associated with the stellar formation and death by: the SF due to spontaneous fragmentation of gas in the halo; formation of gas clouds in the disk from the diffuse gas; induced SF in the disk due to the interaction between massive stars and gas clouds; and finally, the restitution of the diffuse gas associated to these process of cloud and star formation. In the halo, the star formation rate for the diffuse gas follows a Schmidt law with a power n = 1.5. In the disk, the stars form in two steps: first, molecular clouds are formed from the diffuse gas also following a Schmidt law with n=1.5 and a proportionality factor. Including a specific pattern of radial gas flows, the CEM is able to reproduce with success the peak in the SFR at 4 kpc (fig. 1).
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Staveley-Smith, L. "Michigan 160: a precursor to the LMC?" Symposium - International Astronomical Union 148 (1991): 376–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900200910.
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The tidal interaction between the Magellanic Clouds and the Galaxy is an important factor in influencing the physical and dynamical evolution of the Clouds (e.g. the Magellanic Stream) as well as the genesis and evolution of their respective stellar populations. However, how important is the influence of the Galaxy? This is a key question since we know that relatively isolated, magellanic-type galaxies do exist (e.g. NGC 3109 and NGC 4449) and have been just as efficient at star-formation as the LMC. It is possible in fact that the star formation in the clouds is primarily stochastic in nature and is relatively insensitive to the global forces which seem to have shaped stellar formation processes in massive spiral and elliptical galaxies. Unsupported by a massive bulge or halo component, cold gas disks are inherently susceptible to radial and bar-like instabilities (Efstathiou et al. 1982) which are very efficient at creating the dynamical pressures required for rapid star-formation. With this in mind, a detailed comparison of 'field' magellanic-type galaxies with the LMC and SMC is of some importance.
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Nuritdinov, S. N., E. R. Gaynullia, and K. T. Mirtodjieva. "1.17. Bulge and bar: a possible way of their formation." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 184 (1998): 49–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900083960.
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Some observational data indicate that galaxy subsystems, including their central areas, first of all are the result of their global nonstationary evolution. That is why we earlier built (Nuritdinov 1992) the exact non-linearly pulsing rotating models of disklike and spherical self-gravitating systems. Unlike other authors we want to research the stability problem of nonlinear nonstationary models. In the present report we want to give only those results of the instability studied, which have a direct attitude to the subject under discussion. We put a certain question: what initial conditions have to exist, for instance, for the value of the virial parameter (2T/|U|)0 and the parameter of anisotropy < Tr > / < T⊥ >, that the collapse of a disk should result in a bar, and the spherical collapse will result in a thick ellipsoidal bulge. To answer the question it is very important to study stability of the solvable nonlinear unequilibrium models. All models discussed below pulsate under the law R = II(ψ)R0, where (Nuritdinov 1985)
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Gadotti, Dimitri A., Adrian Bittner, Jesús Falcón-Barroso, Jairo Méndez-Abreu, Taehyun Kim, Francesca Fragkoudi, Adriana de Lorenzo-Cáceres, et al. "Kinematic signatures of nuclear discs and bar-driven secular evolution in nearby galaxies of the MUSE TIMER project." Astronomy & Astrophysics 643 (October 27, 2020): A14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202038448.
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The central regions of disc galaxies hold clues to the processes that dominate their formation and evolution. To exploit this, the TIMER project has obtained high signal-to-noise and spatial resolution integral-field spectroscopy data of the inner few kpc of 21 nearby massive barred galaxies, which allows studies of the stellar kinematics in their central regions with unprecedented spatial resolution. We confirm theoretical predictions of the effects of bars on stellar kinematics and identify box/peanuts through kinematic signatures in mildly and moderately inclined galaxies, finding a lower limit to the fraction of massive barred galaxies with box/peanuts at ∼62%. Further, we provide kinematic evidence of the connection between barlenses, box/peanuts, and bars. We establish the presence of nuclear discs in 19 galaxies and show that their kinematics are characterised by near-circular orbits with low pressure support and that they are fully consistent with the bar-driven secular evolution picture for their formation. In fact, we show that these nuclear discs have, in the region where they dominate, larger rotational support than the underlying main galaxy disc. In addition, we define a kinematic radius for the nuclear discs and show that it relates to bar radius, ellipticity and strength, and bar-to-total ratio. Comparing our results with photometric studies of galaxy bulges, we find that careful, state-of-the-art galaxy image decompositions are generally able to discern nuclear discs from classical bulges if the images employed have high enough physical spatial resolution. In fact, we show that nuclear discs are typically identified in such image decompositions as photometric bulges with (near-)exponential profiles. However, we find that the presence of composite bulges (galaxies hosting both a classical bulge and a nuclear disc) can often be unnoticed in studies based on photometry alone and suggest a more stringent threshold to the Sérsic index to identify galaxies with pure classical bulges.
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Weinberg, Martin D. "The Dynamics of the Galactic Bar." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 157 (1996): 516–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100050363.
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The dynamics of formation and evolution of structure in barred galaxies is subtle and will require many and detailed observations to discriminate between the alternative hypotheses. Why should someone interested in such problems consider the Milky Way? In terms of data volume, our knowledge of the Milky Way is vast and the availability of detail is its major advantage. In principle, one can study morphological details such as orientations, strengths of asymmetries and kinematics details such as velocity field/pattern speeds using a wide variety of tracers. To illustrate, theorists have not converged on a single mechanism to explain bars (witness the instability vs. secular formation debate). It is possible that both operate in different regimes depending on internal or external influences: internally, triaxialities and misalignments in the bulge, spheroid or halo can apply torques and drive angular momentum waves which saturate to form a bar; and externally, satellite galaxies can exchange orbital angular momentum with its disturbance which has the similar effect. In short, if the Galaxy is indeed barred, it may hold clues to some of the detailed problems posed at this meeting.
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Li, Zhi, Juntai Shen, Ortwin Gerhard, and Jonathan P. Clarke. "Gas Dynamics in the Galaxy: Total Mass Distribution and the Bar Pattern Speed." Astrophysical Journal 925, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac3823.
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Abstract Gas morphology and kinematics in the Milky Way contain key information for understanding the formation and evolution of our Galaxy. We present hydrodynamical simulations based on realistic barred Milky Way potentials constrained by recent observations. Our model can reproduce most features in the observed longitude–velocity diagram, including the Central Molecular Zone, the Near and Far 3 kpc arms, the Molecular Ring, and the spiral arm tangents. It can also explain the noncircular motions of masers from the recent BeSSeL2 survey. The central gas kinematics are consistent with a mass of 6.9 × 108 M ⊙ in the Nuclear Stellar Disk. Our model predicts the formation of an elliptical gaseous ring surrounding the bar, which is composed of the 3 kpc arms, the Norma arm, and the bar-spiral interfaces. This ring is similar to those “inner” rings in some Milky Way analogs with a boxy/peanut-shaped bulge (e.g., NGC 4565 and NGC 5746). The kinematics of gas near the solar neighborhood are governed by the Local arm. The bar pattern speed constrained by our gas model is 37.5–40 km s−1 kpc−1, corresponding to a corotation radius of R CR = 6.0–6.4 kpc. The rotation curve of our model rises gently within the central ∼ 5 kpc, significantly less steep than those predicted by some recent zoom-in cosmological simulations.
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Pfenniger, Daniel. "Delayed formation of bulges by dynamical processes." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 153 (1993): 387–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900123721.
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Two mechanisms involving purely dynamical processes can lead to the formation of a bulge after its disc: 1) small bulges (1 – 2 kpc), including box-shaped bulges and mildly triaxial bulges, can result from the formation and destruction of a bar; 2) big bulges (> 2kpc) à la Sombrero can grow following the accretion of small satellites. Fully consistent N-body simulations show that the fraction of galaxy mass accreted in this way needs to be larger than about 5%. Less accretion does not create smaller bulges, but heats the whole disc. These dynamical effects transforming Hubble types from SB to SA and vice-versa over ≈ 1 – 2 Gyr also indicate, by the secular growth of bulges, a general sense of galactic evolution from Sd to Sa.
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Cuomo, V., J. A. L. Aguerri, E. M. Corsini, and V. P. Debattista. "Relations among structural parameters in barred galaxies with a direct measurement of bar pattern speed." Astronomy & Astrophysics 641 (September 2020): A111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202037945.
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We investigate the relations between the properties of bars and their host galaxies in a sample of 77 nearby barred galaxies, spanning a wide range of morphological types and luminosities, with 34 SB0-SBa and 43 SBab-SBc galaxies. The sample includes all the galaxies with reliable direct measurement of their bar pattern speed based on long-slit or integral-field stellar spectroscopy using the Tremaine-Weinberg method. We limited our analysis to the galaxies with a relatively small relative error on the bar pattern speed (≤50%) and that do not host an ultrafast bar. For each galaxy, we collected the radius, strength, pattern speed, corotation radius, and rotation rate for the bar and we also collected the Hubble type and absolute SDSS r-band magnitude. We also used literature bulge-to-total luminosity ratios for a subsample of 53 galaxies with an available photometric decomposition. We confirmed earlier observational findings that longer bars rotate at lower bar pattern speeds, shorter bars are weaker, and bars with a low rate of bar rotation rotate at faster bar pattern speeds and have smaller corotation radii. In addition, we found that stronger bars rotate at lower bar pattern speeds, as predicted from the interchange of angular momentum during bar evolution, which in turn may depend on different galaxy properties. Moreover, we report that brighter galaxies host longer bars, which rotate at lower bar pattern speeds and have larger corotation radii. This result is in agreement with a scenario of downsizing in bar formation, if more massive galaxies formed earlier and had sufficient time to slow down, grow in length, and push corotation outwards.
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Kumar, Ankit, Mousumi Das, and Sandeep Kumar Kataria. "The effect of dark matter halo shape on bar buckling and boxy/peanut bulges." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 509, no. 1 (October 20, 2021): 1262–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab3019.
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ABSTRACT It is well established that bars evolve significantly after they form in galaxy discs, often changing shape both in and out of the disc plane. In some cases they may bend or buckle out of the disc plane resulting in the formation of boxy/peanut/x-shape bulges. In this paper we show that the dark matter halo shape affects bar formation and buckling. We have performed N-body simulations of bar buckling in non-spherical dark matter haloes and traced bar evolution for 8 Gyr. We find that bar formation is delayed in oblate haloes, resulting in delayed buckling whereas bars form earlier in prolate haloes leading to earlier buckling. However, the duration of first buckling remains almost comparable. All the models show two buckling events but the most extreme prolate halo exhibits three distinct buckling features. Bars in prolate haloes also show buckling signatures for the longest duration compared to spherical and oblate haloes. Since ongoing buckling events are rarely observed, our study suggests that most barred galaxies may have more oblate or spherical haloes rather than prolate haloes. Our measurement of BPX structures also shows that prolate haloes promote bar thickening and disc heating more than oblate and spherical haloes.
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Masters, Karen L. "Revealing galactic scale bars with the help of Galaxy Zoo." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 10, H16 (August 2012): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921314005882.
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AbstractWe use visual classifications of the brightest 250,000 galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Main Galaxy Sample provided by citizen scientists via the Galaxy Zoo project (www.galaxyzoo.org, Lintott et al. 2008) to identify a sample of local disc galaxies with reliable bar identifications.These data, combined with information on the atomic gas content from the ALFALFA survey (Haynes et al. 2011) show that disc galaxies with higher gas content have lower bar fractions.We use a gas deficiency parameter to show that disc galaxies with more/less gas than expected for their stellar mass are less/more likely to host bars. Furthermore, we see that at a fixed gas content there is no residual correlation between bar fraction and stellar mass. We argue that this suggests previously observed correlations between galaxy colour/stellar mass and (strong) bar fraction (e.g. from the sample in Masters et al. 2011, and also see Nair & Abraham 2010) could be driven by the interaction between bars and the gas content of the disc, since more massive, optically redder disc galaxies are observed to have lower gas contents.Furthermore we see evidence that at a fixed gas content the global colours of barred galaxies are redder than those of unbarred galaxies. We suggest that this could be due to the exchange of angular momentum beyond co-rotation which might stop a replenishment of gas from external sources, and act as a source of feedback to temporarily halt or reduce the star formation in the outer parts of barred discs.These results (published as Masters et al. 2012) combined with those of Skibba et al. (2012), who use the same sample to show a clear (but subtle and complicated) environmental dependence of the bar fraction in disc galaxies, suggest that bars are intimately linked to the evolution of disc galaxies.
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Laurikainen, Eija, Heikki Salo, Ronald Buta, and Johan Knapen. "NIRS0S: Observations of early-type galaxy secular evolution spanning the Sa/S0/disky-E boundaries." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 10, H16 (August 2012): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174392131400595x.
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AbstractNIRS0S (Near-IR S0 galaxy Survey), is a K-band survey of ~ 200 early-type disk galaxies, mainly S0s, 2-3 mag deeper than the 2Micron All Sky Survey. In depth morphological analysis was done, in which multi-component structural decompositions played an important role. Possible implications to internal dynamical galaxy evolution were discussed. S0s were suggested to be former spirals in which star formation has ceased, forming a parallel sequence with spirals (see Fig. 1). If that evolution is faster among the brighter galaxies, the observed magnitude difference between the barred and non-barred S0s could be understood. Bars are suggested to play a critical role in such evolution. For example, the inner lenses in the bright non-barred S0s can be explained as former barlenses (inner parts of bars), in which the elongated bar component has dissolved. We suggest that the last destructive merger event happened at a fairly large redshift.
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Fragkoudi, F., R. J. J. Grand, R. Pakmor, V. Springel, S. D. M. White, F. Marinacci, F. A. Gomez, and J. F. Navarro. "Revisiting the tension between fast bars and the ΛCDM paradigm." Astronomy & Astrophysics 650 (June 2021): L16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202140320.
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The pattern speed with which galactic bars rotate is intimately linked to the amount of dark matter in the inner regions of their host galaxies. In particular, dark matter haloes act to slow down bars via torques exerted through dynamical friction. Observational studies of barred galaxies tend to find that bars rotate fast, while hydrodynamical cosmological simulations of galaxy formation and evolution in the Lambda cold dark matter (ΛCDM) framework have previously found that bars slow down excessively. This has led to a growing tension between fast bars and the ΛCDM cosmological paradigm. In this study we revisit this issue, using the Auriga suite of high-resolution, magneto-hydrodynamical cosmological zoom-in simulations of galaxy formation and evolution in the ΛCDM framework, finding that bars remain fast down to z = 0. In Auriga, bars form in galaxies that have higher stellar-to-dark matter ratios and are more baryon-dominated than in previous cosmological simulations; this suggests that in order for bars to remain fast, massive spiral galaxies must lie above the commonly used abundance matching relation. While this reduces the aforementioned tension between the rotation speed of bars and ΛCDM, it accentuates the recently reported discrepancy between the dynamically inferred stellar-to-dark matter ratios of massive spirals and those inferred from abundance matching. Our results highlight the potential of using bar dynamics to constrain models of galaxy formation and evolution.
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Schinnerer, Eva, Eric Emsellem, Jonathan D. Henshaw, Daizhong Liu, Sharon E. Meidt, Miguel Querejeta, Florent Renaud, et al. "PHANGS–JWST First Results: Rapid Evolution of Star Formation in the Central Molecular Gas Ring of NGC 1365." Astrophysical Journal Letters 944, no. 2 (February 1, 2023): L15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/acac9e.
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Abstract Large-scale bars can fuel galaxy centers with molecular gas, often leading to the development of dense ringlike structures where intense star formation occurs, forming a very different environment compared to galactic disks. We pair ∼0.″3 (30 pc) resolution new JWST/MIRI imaging with archival ALMA CO(2–1) mapping of the central ∼5 kpc of the nearby barred spiral galaxy NGC 1365 to investigate the physical mechanisms responsible for this extreme star formation. The molecular gas morphology is resolved into two well-known bright bar lanes that surround a smooth dynamically cold gas disk (R gal ∼ 475 pc) reminiscent of non-star-forming disks in early-type galaxies and likely fed by gas inflow triggered by stellar feedback in the lanes. The lanes host a large number of JWST-identified massive young star clusters. We find some evidence for temporal star formation evolution along the ring. The complex kinematics in the gas lanes reveal strong streaming motions and may be consistent with convergence of gas streamlines expected there. Indeed, the extreme line widths are found to be the result of inter-“cloud” motion between gas peaks; ScousePy decomposition reveals multiple components with line widths of 〈σ CO,scouse〉 ≈ 19 km s−1 and surface densities of 〈 Σ H 2 , scouse 〉 ≈ 800 M ⊙ pc − 2 , similar to the properties observed throughout the rest of the central molecular gas structure. Tailored hydrodynamical simulations exhibit many of the observed properties and imply that the observed structures are transient and highly time-variable. From our study of NGC 1365, we conclude that it is predominantly the high gas inflow triggered by the bar that is setting the star formation in its CMZ.
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Young, J. E., Rachel Kuzio de Naray, and Sharon X. Wang. "A recent starbust in the low surface brightness galaxy UGC 628." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 493, no. 1 (January 22, 2020): 55–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa191.
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ABSTRACT We present the star-formation history of the low surface brightness (LSB) galaxy UGC 628 as part of the MUSCEL program (MUltiwavelength observations of the Structure, Chemistry, and Evolution of LSB galaxies). The star-formation histories of LSB galaxies represent a significant gap in our knowledge of galaxy assembly, with implications for dark matter / baryon feedback, IGM gas accretion, and the physics of star formation in low metallicity environments. Our program uses ground-based IFU spectra in tandem with space-based UV and IR imaging to determine the star-formation histories of LSB galaxies in a spatially resolved fashion. In this work we present the fitted history of our first target to demonstrate our techniques and methodology. Our technique splits the history of this galaxy into 15 semilogarithmically spaced time-steps. Within each time-step the star-formation rate of each spaxel is assumed constant. We then determine the set of 15 star-formation rates that best recreate the spectra and photometry measured in each spaxel. Our main findings with respect to UGC 628 are: (i) the visible properties of UGC 628 have varied over time, appearing as a high surface brightness spiral earlier than 8 Gyr ago and a starburst galaxy during a recent episode of star formation several tens of Myr ago, (ii) the central bar/core region was established early, around 8–10 Gyr ago, but has been largely inactive since, and (iii) star formation in the past 3 Gyr is best characterized as patchy and sporadic.
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Newnham, L., Kelley M. Hess, Karen L. Masters, Sandor Kruk, Samantha J. Penny, Tim Lingard, and R. J. Smethurst. "The H i morphology and stellar properties of strongly barred galaxies: support for bar quenching in massive spirals." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 492, no. 4 (January 14, 2020): 4697–715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa064.
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ABSTRACT Galactic bars are able to affect the evolution of galaxies by redistributing their gas, possibly contributing to the cessation of star formation. Several recent works point to ‘bar quenching’ playing an important role in massive disc galaxies. We construct a sample of six gas-rich and strongly barred disc galaxies with resolved H i observations. This sample of galaxies, which we call H i-rich barred galaxies, was identified with the help of Galaxy Zoo to find galaxies hosting a strong bar, and the Arecibo Legacy Fast Arecibo L-band Feed Array blind H i survey to identify galaxies with a high H i content. The combination of strong bar and high gas fraction is rare, so this set of six galaxies is the largest sample of its type with resolved H i observations. We measure the gas fractions, H i morphology and kinematics, and use archival optical data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey to reveal star formation histories and bar properties. The galaxies with the lowest gas fractions (still very high for their mass) show clear H i holes, dynamically advanced bars, and low star formation rates, while those with the highest gas fractions show little impact from their bar on the H i morphology, and are still actively star-forming. These galaxies support a picture in which the movement of gas by bars can lead to star formation quenching. How these unusual galaxies came to be is an open question.
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Debattista, Victor P., Oscar A. Gonzalez, Robyn E. Sanderson, Kareem El-Badry, Shea Garrison-Kimmel, Andrew Wetzel, Claude-André Faucher-Giguère, and Philip F. Hopkins. "Formation, vertex deviation, and age of the Milky Way’s bulge: input from a cosmological simulation with a late-forming bar." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 485, no. 4 (March 15, 2019): 5073–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz746.
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Abstract We present the late-time evolution of m12m, a cosmological simulation of a Milky Way-like galaxy from the FIRE project. The simulation forms a bar after redshift z = 0.2. We show that the evolution of the model exhibits behaviours typical of kinematic fractionation, with a bar weaker in older populations, an X-shape traced by the younger, metal-rich populations, and a prominent X-shape in the edge-on mean metallicity map. Because of the late formation of the bar in m12m, stars forming after $10\mbox{$\:{\rm Gyr}$}$ (z = 0.34) significantly contaminate the bulge, at a level higher than is observed at high latitudes in the Milky Way, implying that its bar cannot have formed as late as in m12m. We also study the model’s vertex deviation of the velocity ellipsoid as a function of stellar metallicity and age in the equivalent of Baade’s Window. The formation of the bar leads to a non-zero vertex deviation. We find that metal-rich stars have a large vertex deviation (∼40°), which becomes negligible for metal-poor stars, a trend also found in the Milky Way, despite not matching in detail. We demonstrate that the vertex deviation also varies with stellar age and is large for stars as old as $9 \mbox{$\:{\rm Gyr}$}$, while $13\mbox{$\:{\rm Gyr}$}$ old stars have negligible vertex deviation. When we exclude stars that have been accreted, the vertex deviation is not significantly changed, demonstrating that the observed variation of vertex deviation with metallicity is not necessarily due to an accreted population.
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Bovy, Jo, Henry W. Leung, Jason A. S. Hunt, J. Ted Mackereth, Domingo A. García-Hernández, and Alexandre Roman-Lopes. "Life in the fast lane: a direct view of the dynamics, formation, and evolution of the Milky Way’s bar." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 490, no. 4 (October 15, 2019): 4740–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz2891.
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ABSTRACT Studies of the ages, abundances, and motions of individual stars in the Milky Way provide one of the best ways to study the evolution of disc galaxies over cosmic time. The formation of the Milky Way’s barred inner region in particular is a crucial piece of the puzzle of disc galaxy evolution. Using data from APOGEE and Gaia, we present maps of the kinematics, elemental abundances, and age of the Milky Way bulge and disc that show the barred structure of the inner Milky Way in unprecedented detail. The kinematic maps allow a direct, purely kinematic determination of the bar’s pattern speed of $41\pm 3\, \mathrm{km\, s}^{-1}\, \mathrm{kpc}^{-1}$ and of its shape and radial profile. We find the bar’s age, metallicity, and abundance ratios to be the same as those of the oldest stars in the disc that are formed in its turbulent beginnings, while stars in the bulge outside of the bar are younger and more metal-rich. This implies that the bar likely formed ${\approx}8\, \mathrm{Gyr}$ ago, when the decrease in turbulence in the gas disc allowed a thin disc to form that quickly became bar-unstable. The bar’s formation therefore stands as a crucial epoch in the evolution of the Milky Way, a picture that is in line with the evolutionary path that emerges from observations of the gas kinematics in external disc galaxies over the last ${\approx}10\, \mathrm{Gyr}$.
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Jogee, Shardha, and Jeffrey D. P. Kenney. "CO Kinematics, Star Formation and Dynamical Evolution of the Lensed Starburst NGC 4102." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 157 (1996): 230–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100049800.
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The circumnuclear (inner kiloparsec) regions of spiral galaxies are time-dependent systems whose morphology and dynamics can change significantly over less than a Hubble time. To develop an insight into this evolution it is important to study the fate of gas driven towards the central parts of a galaxy especially near the dynamical resonances. The panoply of CO morphologies displayed by the circumnuclear regions of starburst and nonstarburst galaxies such as NGC 3504, NGC 3351, NGC 7479, NGC 6951, etc, (Kenney, these proceedings) is not yet clearly understood. Another unsettled issue concerns the criteria for star formation in the circumnuclear region where, in contrast to the outer disk, the rotation curve is nearly solid-body and rises rapidly. These issues need to be resolved; the gas mass fraction, the radial variation of SFR (star formation rate) and its interplay with the gas kinematics can shed light not only on the temporal evolution of the circumnuclear CO morphology but also on secular evolution through the destruction and creation of new stellar components. For instance, stellar bars can be destroyed by an increase in the central gas mass concentration of a few % of the total galaxy mass while mechanisms to build or enhance a bulge by vertical scattering of the stars in a compact circumnuclear stellar disk have been proposed (Sellwood 1994, Pfenniger & Norman 1990). We have carried out a study of the circumnuclear region of NGC 4102 with these important issues in mind. NGC 4102, a LINER/HII, SABb spiral galaxy at a distance of 17 Mpc with a bar and/or lens feature qualifies as one of the most luminous nearby starbursts (Devereux 1989) and seems to be in a very early phase of evolution. The outflow timescale of the central starburst wind in NGC 4102, determined from optical spectroscopy of the ionized swept-up gas, is 106 years (Boer 1994), suggesting it is at an earlier evolutionary phase than M82 and NGC 253 whose outflow timescales are significantly larger.
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Roshan, Mahmood, Indranil Banik, Neda Ghafourian, Ingo Thies, Benoit Famaey, Elena Asencio, and Pavel Kroupa. "Barred spiral galaxies in modified gravity theories." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 503, no. 2 (March 8, 2021): 2833–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab651.
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ABSTRACT When bars form within galaxy formation simulations in the standard cosmological context, dynamical friction with dark matter (DM) causes them to rotate rather slowly. However, almost all observed galactic bars are fast in terms of the ratio between corotation radius and bar length. Here, we explicitly display an 8σ tension between the observed distribution of this ratio and that in the EAGLE simulation at redshift 0. We also compare the evolution of Newtonian galactic discs embedded in DM haloes to their evolution in three extended gravity theories: Milgromian Dynamics (MOND), a model of non-local gravity, and a scalar–tensor–vector gravity theory (MOG). Although our models start with the same initial baryonic distribution and rotation curve, the long-term evolution is different. The bar instability happens more violently in MOND compared to the other models. There are some common features between the extended gravity models, in particular the negligible role played by dynamical friction − which plays a key role in the DM model. Partly for this reason, all extended gravity models predict weaker bars and faster bar pattern speeds compared to the DM case. Although the absence of strong bars in our idealized, isolated extended gravity simulations is in tension with observations, they reproduce the strong observational preference for ‘fast’ bar pattern speeds, which we could not do with DM. We confirm previous findings that apparently ‘ultrafast’ bars can be due to bar-spiral arm alignment leading to an overestimated bar length, especially in extended gravity scenarios where the bar is already fast.
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Khoperskov, Sergey, Paola Di Matteo, Ortwin Gerhard, David Katz, Misha Haywood, Françoise Combes, Peter Berczik, and Ana Gomez. "The echo of the bar buckling: Phase-space spirals in Gaia Data Release 2." Astronomy & Astrophysics 622 (January 30, 2019): L6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201834707.
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We present a high-resolution numerical study of the phase-space diversity in an isolated Milky Way-type galaxy. Using a single N-body simulation (N ≈ 0.14 × 109) we explore the formation, evolution, and spatial variation of the phase-space spirals similar to those recently discovered by Antoja et al. in the Milky Way disk with Gaia Data Release 2 (DR2). For the first time in the literature we use a self-consistent N-body simulation of an isolated Milky Way-type galaxy to show that the phase-space spirals develop naturally from vertical oscillations driven by the buckling of the stellar bar. Thus, we claim that the physical mechanism standing behind the observed incomplete phase-space mixing process can be internal and not necessarily due to the perturbation induced by a massive satellite. In our model, the bending oscillations propagate outward and produce axisymmetric variations of the mean vertical coordinate and vertical velocity component of about 100 − 200 pc and 1 − 2 km s−1, respectively. As a consequence, the phase-space wrapping results in the formation of patterns with various morphologies across the disk, depending on the bar orientation, distance to the galactic center, and time elapsed since the bar buckling. Once bending waves appear, they are supported for a long time via disk self-gravity. Such vertical oscillations trigger the formation of various time-dependent phase-space spirals in the entire disk. The underlying physical mechanism implies the link between in-plane and vertical motion that leads directly to phase-space structures whose amplitude and shape are in remarkable agreement with those of the phase-space spirals observed in the Milky Way disk. In our isolated galaxy simulation, phase-space spirals are still distinguishable at the solar neighborhood 3 Gyr after the buckling phase. The long-lived character of the phase-space spirals generated by the bar buckling instability cast doubts on the timing argument used so far to get back to the time of the onset of the perturbation: phase-space spirals may have been caused by perturbations originated several gigayearrs ago, and not as recent as suggested so far.
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Kruk, Sandor J., Peter Erwin, Victor P. Debattista, and Chris Lintott. "Revealing the cosmic evolution of boxy/peanut-shaped bulges from HST COSMOS and SDSS." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 490, no. 4 (November 4, 2019): 4721–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz2877.
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ABSTRACT Vertically thickened bars, observed in the form of boxy/peanut (B/P) bulges, are found in the majority of massive barred disc galaxies in the local Universe, including our own. B/P bulges indicate that their host bars have suffered violent bending instabilities driven by anisotropic velocity distributions. We investigate for the first time how the frequency of B/P bulges in barred galaxies evolves from z = 1 to z ≈ 0, using a large sample of non-edge-on galaxies with masses M⋆ > 1010 M⊙, selected from the HST COSMOS survey. We find the observed fraction increases from $0^{+3.6}_{-0.0}{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ at z = 1 to $37.8^{+5.4}_{-5.1}$ per cent at z = 0.2. We account for problems identifying B/P bulges in galaxies with low inclinations and unfavourable bar orientations, and due to redshift-dependent observational biases with the help of a sample from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, matched in resolution, rest-frame band, signal-to-noise ratio and stellar mass and analysed in the same fashion. From this, we estimate that the true fraction of barred galaxies with B/P bulges increases from ∼10 per cent at z ≈ 1 to $\sim 70{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ at z = 0. In agreement with previous results for nearby galaxies, we find a strong dependence of the presence of a B/P bulge on galaxy stellar mass. This trend is observed in both local and high-redshift galaxies, indicating that it is an important indicator of vertical instabilities across a large fraction of the age of the Universe. We propose that galaxy formation processes regulate the thickness of galaxy discs, which in turn affect which galaxies experience violent bending instabilities of the bar.
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Catalán-Torrecilla, C., A. Gil de Paz, A. Castillo-Morales, J. Méndez-Abreu, S. Pascual, T. Ruiz-Lara, A. de Lorenzo-Cáceres, and L. Sánchez-Menguiano. "Spatially-resolved SFR in nearby disk galaxies using IFS data." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 11, S321 (March 2016): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921316011583.
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AbstractExploring the spatial distribution of the star formation rate (SFR) in nearby galaxies is essential to understand their evolution through cosmic time. With this aim in mind, we use a representative sample that contains a variety of morphological types, the CALIFA Integral Field Spectroscopy (IFS) sample. Previous to this work, we have verified that our extinction-corrected Hα measurements successfully reproduce the values derived from other SFR tracers such as Hαobs + IR or UVobs + IR (Catalán-Torrecilla et al. 2015).Now, we go one step further applying 2-dimensional photometric decompositions (Méndez-Abreu et al. (2008), Méndez-Abreu et al. (2014)) over these datacubes. This method allows us to obtain the amount of SFR in the central part (bulge or nuclear source), the bar and the disk, separately. First, we determine the light coming from each component as the ratio between the luminosity in every component (bulge, bar or disk) and the total luminosity of the galaxy. Then, for each galaxy we multiply the IFS datacubes by these previous factors to recover the luminosity in each component. Finally, we derive the spectrum associated to each galaxy component integrating the spatial information in the weighted datacube using an elliptical aperture covering the whole galaxy.2D photometric decomposition applied over 3D datacubes will give us a more detailed understanding of the role that disks play in more massive galaxies. Knowing if the disks in more massive SF galaxies have on average a lower or higher level of star formation activity and how these results are affected by the presence of nuclear bars are still open questions that we can now solve. We describe the behavior of these components in the SFR vs. stellar mass diagram. In particular, we highlight the role of the disks and their contribution to both the integrated SFR for the whole galaxy and the SFR in the disk at different stellar masses in the SFR vs. stellar mass diagram together with their relative position to the star forming Main Sequence.