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Journal articles on the topic 'Baobab fruit'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 September 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Taylor, Peter J., Catherine Vise, Macy A. Krishnamoorthy, Tigga Kingston, and Sarah Venter. "Citizen Science Confirms the Rarity of Fruit Bat Pollination of Baobab (Adansonia digitata) Flowers in Southern Africa." Diversity 12, no. 3 (March 19, 2020): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12030106.

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The iconic African baobab tree (Adansonia digitata) has “chiropterophilous” flowers that are adapted for pollination by fruit bats. Although bat pollination of baobabs has been documented in east and west Africa, it has not been confirmed in southern Africa where it has been suggested that hawk moths (Nephele comma) may also be involved in baobab pollination. We used a citizen science approach to monitor baobab tree and flower visitors from dusk till midnight at 23 individual baobab trees over 27 nights during the flowering seasons (November–December) of 2016 and 2017 in northern South Africa and southern Zimbabwe (about 1650 visitors). Insect visitors frequently visited baobab flowers, including hawk moths, but, with one exception in southeastern Zimbabwe, no fruit bats visited flowers. Citizen science enabled us to substantiate preliminary conclusions about the relative importance of moth versus bat pollination of baobabs in southern Africa, with important implications for resource management.

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2

Braca, Alessandra, Chiara Sinisgalli, Marinella De Leo, Beatrice Muscatello, Pier Luigi Cioni, Luigi Milella, Angela Ostuni, Sergio Giani, and Rokia Sanogo. "Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activities of Adansonia digitata L. (Baobab) from Mali, as a Source of Health-Promoting Compounds." Molecules 23, no. 12 (November 27, 2018): 3104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23123104.

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Background: Adansonia digitata L. (Malvaceae), also known as baobab, is a tree attracting recent interest especially due to the high nutritional value of the fruit pulp. However, few studies are reported on the secondary metabolite content, showing high variability depending on the geographic region. Methods: In this study, the chemical profiles of Malian commercial baobab fruits and leaves, focused on phenolic content, were investigated by HPLC coupled with a photodiode array (PDA)/UV and an electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometer (MS) and gas chromatography (GC)/MS. In addition, the extracts of fruit pulps obtained from three different markets (Fruits 1, 2, and 3) were evaluated for their total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity and α-glucosidase inhibition. Results: Baobab fruit pulps were found to be rich in procyanidins and flavonol glycosides, with tiliroside as the major constituent. The baobab leaves showed a similar profile respect to the fruits, but with more detected phenolics. All fruit pulp extracts exerted antioxidant activity (highest for Fruit 3) and higher α-glucosidase inhibition than acarbose used as standard. Conclusions: This study confirmed the variability of baobab with different origins and indicated Malian species baobab as a promising source of health-promoting substances.

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Acham, Israel Okpunyi, Mike Ojotu Eke, and Joseph Edah. "Physicochemical, microbiological and sensory quality of juice mix produced from watermelon fruit pulp and baobab fruit pulp powder." Croatian journal of food science and technology 12, no. 1 (May 29, 2020): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17508/cjfst.2020.12.1.07.

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Juice blending is one of the methods that can improve the nutritional quality of juices. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of juice product produced from blends of watermelon fruit pulp juice and baobab fruit pulp powder. This study was also aimed at promoting the use of underutilized African baobab and leverage on the benefits that can be derived from blending these two wonderful plant resources. Four blend ratios and codes of 100:0 (W100), 80:20 (W80B20), 60:40 (W60B40) and 50:50 (W50B50) were developed for watermelon fruit pulp juice and baobab fruit pulp powder, respectively. The physicochemical attributes, mineral composition, microbiological and sensory attributes of the samples were analyzed using standard methods. The increase in baobab fruit pulp powder concentration in watermelon fruit pulp juice increased the titratable acidity (0.24 to 0.48 %), total sugar content (6.0 to7.85 oBrix), total solid (1.30 to 1.37 %), viscosity (473.67 to 730.30 cP), Vitamin C (126.25 to 236.70 mg/100 mL), Vitamin A (18.67 to 80.33 mg/100 mL), calcium (1.97 to 3.46 %), potassium (1.09 to 2.07 %) and iron (3.10 to 4.43 ppm) contents, while decreasing the pH (5.19 to 4.08), total viable count (4.0×104 to 2.0×102 cfu/mL), yeast and mould count (3.2×104 to 0.0×100 cfu/mL) as well as sensory attributes whose values ranged from 3.80 to 7.60 on a 9-point hedonic scale. Therefore, blending watermelon fruit pulp juice and baobab fruit pulp powder has the ability to enhance the physicochemical , micronutrient content, microbiological and sensory characteristics of the samples.

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Darr, Dietrich, Chifundo Chopi-Msadala, Collins Duke Namakhwa, Kathrin Meinhold, and Chimuleke Munthali. "Processed Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) Food Products in Malawi: From Poor Men’s to Premium-Priced Specialty Food?" Forests 11, no. 6 (June 23, 2020): 698. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11060698.

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The baobab tree (Adansonia digitata L.) is an important source of non-timber forest products in sub-Saharan Africa. Its fruits contain high amounts of vitamin C, calcium, and dietary fibre. In addition, other parts of the tree are traditionally used for human consumption, particularly during lean seasons. In line with the increasing demand for natural, healthy, and nutritious food products, the baobab has great potential to contribute to human nutrition and rural livelihoods. In Malawi, where demand for baobab has substantially increased within the last decade, baobab fruits are being processed into a variety of food and non-food products, such as fruit juice, ice-lollies, sweets, and cosmetics. Yet, information on the sociodemographic background and quality preferences of baobab consumers is scanty. The current study, therefore, aimed to (1) map the diversity of baobab products available in Malawi; (2) determine consumer segments and their preferences for the most common baobab food products; and (3) examine the contribution of major attributes of processed baobab food products on their price. We employed a mixed-methods approach including the analysis of 132 baobab products and a survey of 141 consumers in formal and informal retail outlets, adopting multistage and purposive sampling. Qualitative and quantitative data were analysed using cluster analysis, cross tabulation, and hedonic regression. Results pointed to two distinct consumer segments for baobab food products, largely following the formal–informal product divide currently existing in Malawi. Both segments clearly differed with regard to preferred product attributes. We also showed that extrinsic product attributes such as packaging quality, labelling, conformity with food standards, or health claims provided distinct differentiation potential for baobab food manufacturers. In addition to providing empirical evidence for the transition of baobab food products into higher-value market segments, our results can help food processing enterprises to improve the composition and marketing of their baobab products.

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5

Tavarwisa, Delight Michael, Chido Govera, Moses Mutetwa, and Wonder Ngezimana. "Evaluating the Suitability of Baobab Fruit Shells as Substrate for Growing Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus)." International Journal of Agronomy 2021 (February 27, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6620686.

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The baobab fruit shells were evaluated for their suitability as a substrate for growing oyster mushrooms and compared to three base substrates (wheat straw, maize cobs, and sawdust) of 1 kg dry weight. The duration of developmental stages, mycelium vigor, yield, and biological efficiency of the oyster mushroom from the four different substrates were recorded. Yields from the first 3 harvests (flushes) were considered, as they were the most productive ones. Wheat straw demonstrated significantly ( p < 0.05 ) higher mycelial colonization rate taking an average of 23 days to complete full spawn run followed by baobab fruit shells, sawdust, and maize cobs which took averages of 25.8, 27.2, and 29.5 days, respectively. Baobab fruit shells had the longest number of days taken between full spawn run and first pinhead formation with an average of 14.4 days which was significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) to the wheat straw, sawdust, and maize cobs which had 7.4, 9.4, and 10.5 days. The highest yield was observed on the sawdust which had an average of 682 g followed by wheat straw with 594 g. Maize cobs and baobab fruit shells had the least yield of 518 g and 482 g, respectively. The results showed that baobab fruit shells could be used as a substrate for the cultivation of oyster mushrooms and it can be recommended for commercial cultivation of oyster mushrooms.

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6

Garvey, Rebecca, Miriam Clegg, and Shelly Coe. "The acute effects of baobab fruit (Adansonia digitata) on satiety in healthy adults." Nutrition and Health 23, no. 2 (April 17, 2017): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0260106017704361.

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Background: The baobab fruit is high in both dietary fibre and polyphenols and therefore may increase satiety. The aim of the study was to measure the effects of baobab fruit extract on satiety. Methods: The study was conducted on 20 healthy participants. The study was a one-day single-blind crossover design. Participants were randomised to either a test smoothie consisting of 15 g of baobab extract or a control smoothie without the addition of baobab. Subjective ratings of satiety were taken on visual analogue scales immediately pre-consumption and then post-consumption, and energy intake at a post ad libitum meal was recorded. Results: Subjective measures of hunger were reduced following the test smoothie compared with the control ( p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in calorie intake at an ad libitum meal. Conclusions: This research has positive implications for the use of baobab for reducing hunger, possibly having a positive effect on weight maintenance.

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7

Agbohessou, M., K. V. Salako, R. Idohou, R. C. Gbedomon, A. Hounkpèvi, F. J. Chadare, R. Glèlè Kakaï, and A. E. Assogbadjo. "Status of vegetative propagation of baobab: A review." African Crop Science Journal 28, s1 (October 2, 2020): 215–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/acsj.v28i1.16s.

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The African baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) is a large tree of great socio-economic and cultural importance in Africa, with almost all the parts of the species used for various purposes. A major concern about baobab fruit pulp production is the long time it takes for first fruiting (about 15 years). Vegetative propagation offers several advantages with regard to consumers’ preferences and precociousness of fructification. The objective of this study was to synthesise existent knowledge related to vegetative propagation methods of baobab and examine future prospects for improving the species propagation. This will ultimately contribute to better integrate baobab-based agroforestry systems into the diversification and poverty alleviation programmes. It is clear that cutting, grafting and in vitro multiplication are the vegetative propagation methods already tested on baobab. The success of grafting methods ranges from 10 to 89%, depending on the technique used. The Murashige and Skoog environment, supplemented with or without growth regulator hormones is by far the best condition for the in vitro reactivity of baobab explants, regardless of their types. With regards to cuttings, the average success rates stand around 30% when Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) hormone is used. Other approaches such as marcotting techniques are yet to be tested and data on fruit production using these techniques are still needed in order to determine the best promising method for rapid and efficient vegetative propagation of baobab.

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8

Mamman, S., B. S. Shuaibu, and J. A. Yusuf. "EXPLORING THE NUTRITIONAL AND MINERAL COMPOSITIONS OF BAOBAB (Adansonia digitata L) FRUIT PULP AND SEED." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 5, no. 2 (July 1, 2021): 128–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2021-0501-604.

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This research presents the proximate and elemental compositions of Baobab fruit (Adansonia digitata L.) The proximate analysis gives the composition of the biomass in terms of gross components such as moisture, volatile matter, ash and fixed carbon. In this study, the proximate composition was determined using standard methods (AOAC) while the mineral content was analysed with the aid of an Atomic Absorption Spectrometry and Flame Photometry. Minerals are micronutrients that occur in foods in minute amounts but are very essential for body metabolism. The results revealed that Baobab seed and pulp are rich in crude protein, fat, carbohydrate and total ash contents. The high amount of total ash (3.15 0.05 %) and (4.65 0.55 %) present in the seed and pulp respectively suggests that they both possess high level of inorganic matter; thus, having high amount of minerals. The study also shows that Baoba seed and pulp have high economic value and are good and cheap sources of mineral element such as calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, copper and zinc. For these reasons, they can be incorporated into food supplements for both humans and animals, also could have industrial applications

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9

Foltz, Martin, Alicia Christin Zahradnik, Pieter Van den Abbeele, Jonas Ghyselinck, and Massimo Marzorati. "A Pectin-Rich, Baobab Fruit Pulp Powder Exerts Prebiotic Potential on the Human Gut Microbiome In Vitro." Microorganisms 9, no. 9 (September 17, 2021): 1981. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9091981.

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Increasing insight into the impact of the gut microbiota on human health has sustained the development of novel prebiotic ingredients. This exploratory study evaluated the prebiotic potential of baobab fruit pulp powder, which consists of pectic polysaccharides with unique composition as compared to other dietary sources, given that it is rich in low methoxylated homogalacturonan (HG). After applying dialysis procedures to remove simple sugars from the product (simulating their absorption along the upper gastrointestinal tract), 48 h fecal batch incubations were performed. Baobab fruit pulp powder boosted colonic acidification across three simulated human adult donors due to the significant stimulation of health-related metabolites acetate (+18.4 mM at 48 h), propionate (+5.5 mM at 48 h), and to a lesser extent butyrate (0.9 mM at 48 h). Further, there was a trend of increased lactate levels (+2.7 mM at 6h) and reduced branched chain fatty acid (bCFA) levels (−0.4 mM at 48 h). While Bacteroidetes levels increased for all donors, donor-dependent increases in Bifidobacteria, Lactobacilli, and Firmicutes were observed, stressing the potential interindividual differences in microbial composition modulation upon Baobab fruit pulp powder treatment. Overall, Baobab fruit pulp powder fermentation displayed features of selective utilization by host microorganisms and, thus, has promising prebiotic potential (also in comparison with the ‘gold standard’ prebiotic inulin). Further research will be required to better characterize this prebiotic potential, accounting for the interindividual differences, while aiming to unravel the potential resulting health benefits.

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10

Cicolari, Stefania, Marco Dacrema, Arold Jorel Tsetegho Sokeng, Jianbo Xiao, Achille Parfait Atchan Nwakiban, Carmen Di Giovanni, Cristina Santarcangelo, Paolo Magni, and Maria Daglia. "Hydromethanolic Extracts from Adansonia digitata L. Edible Parts Positively Modulate Pathophysiological Mechanisms Related to the Metabolic Syndrome." Molecules 25, no. 12 (June 21, 2020): 2858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25122858.

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Metabolic syndrome includes a cluster of risk factors for many pathological conditions, including hyperglycemia, abdominal obesity, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension. Adansonia digitata L. (also known as baobab) is used in traditional African Medicine and recent studies showed that it improves the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids. The aim of this study is to investigate the mechanisms of action associated with the beneficial effects of extracts from the edible parts of baobab (fruit pulp, leaves, raw and toasted seeds), evaluating their inhibitory activity against: alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase, angiotensin-converting enzyme, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, and pancreatic lipase. Baobab fruit pulp and leaf extracts resulted to be the most active ones and were then tested on the differentiation process of SW-872 human liposarcoma cells to mature adipocytes. The addition of these latter extracts did not affect triglyceride accumulation, indicating a neutral impact on this parameter. The findings here reported help to explain the growing amount of evidence on the biological properties of baobab and provide suggestions about their use in food and nutraceutical fields.

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11

De Caluwé, Emmy, Kateřina Halamouá, and Patrick Van Damme. "Adansonia digitata L. – A review of traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology." Afrika Focus 23, no. 1 (February 25, 2010): 11–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-02301005.

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Baobab (Adansonia digitata L., Malvaceae) is a multi-purpose tree species native to Africa. Its fruit pulp has very high vitamin C content (ffi ten times that of orange), and can be used in seasoning, as an appetizer and to make juices. Seeds contain appreciable quantities of crude protein, digestible carbohydrates and oil, whereas they have high levels of lysine, thiamine, Ca and Fe. They can be eaten fresh or dried, ground into flour and thus added to soups and stews. Processing eliminates a number of anti-nutritional factors present in the seed. Baobab leaves are superior in nutritional quality to fruit pulp, and contain significant levels of vitamin A. The leaves are a staple for many populations in Africa, and are eaten fresh or dried. Several plant parts have interesting anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and baobab has been used extensively since ancient times in traditional medicine.

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12

Muswati, Charles, Kennedy Simango, Linda Tapfumaneyi, Moses Mutetwa, and Wonder Ngezimana. "The Effects of Different Substrate Combinations on Growth and Yield of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus)." International Journal of Agronomy 2021 (May 22, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9962285.

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This research was aimed at evaluating the effect of mixing substrates on the growth and yield of Oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus). Seven substrates, namely, Trt1 (cotton waste), Trt2 (wheat straw), Trt3 (crushed baobab fruit shells, 100%), Trt4 (cotton husk + wheat straw + crushed baobab fruit shells, 1 : 1 : 1), Trt5 (baobab fruit shells + cotton husks, 1 : 1), Trt6 (baobab fruit shells + wheat straw, 1 : 1), and Trt7 (cotton waste + wheat straw, 1 : 1) were used. Each treatment was replicated 5 times and laid out in a CRD. The duration of developmental stages, yield, and biological efficiency was recorded. Cotton waste demonstrated a significantly ( p < 0.05 ) higher mycelial colonization rate taking an average of 18.20 days to complete full spawn run, 23.20 days from spawning to pinhead formation, 2.80 days for pins to mature, and an average of 26.00 days to first harvest. There was a significant ( p < 0.05 ) difference in the total number of pins with cotton waste being the highest with an average of 29.80 pins, although it was not significantly different from Trt4. The highest (5.40 cm) stipe girth was recorded from Trt4 while the highest (5.22 cm) cap diameter was recorded in Trt1. There was a significant ( p < 0.05 ) difference in yield and biological efficiency. Trt1 had the highest (1.292 kg) average yield; however, it was not significantly ( p > 0.05 ) different from that of Trt4 (1.289 kg). From the research, it was observed that mixing substrate can help to increase yield and, as a result, a higher benefit-cost ratio. Therefore, further studies should be done to evaluate the effects of mixing other substrates besides the ones used in this current research.

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13

El-Nagerabi, Saifeldin A. F., Abdulkadir E. Elshafie, Suleiman S. AlKhanjari, Saif N. Al-Bahry, and Mohamed R. Elamin. "The Potential of Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) Extracts as Biocontrol on the Growth and Aflatoxin Production by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus." Journal of Food Research 2, no. 3 (May 16, 2013): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v2n3p93.

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Moulds and associated mycotoxins, especially aflatoxins, are important factors that advesely affect food and feed produced from contaminated plant and animal prodcuts. They are lethal to humans and animals, which emphasizes the great concern in food and feed production. In this study, the effects of baobab (<em>Adansonia digitata</em>) extracts on the vegetative growth and aflatoxin secretion by <em>A. flavus </em>(SQU21) and <em>A. parasiticus</em> (CBS921.7) strains were exzmined. Different concentrations of baobab fruit extract (1.5, 3, 5, and 7% w/v) and essential oil (0.5, 1, 3 and 5% v/v) was used. Fruit extract of baobab apparently inhibited the total aflatoxin secretion up to 20.4-68.5% for <em>A. flavus</em> and 11.9-69.1% for <em>A. parasiticus, </em>whereas the inhibition of aflatoxin B<sub>1 </sub>production ranged between 29.9-79.2% and 13-68% for the two strains, respectively. The highest inhibition levels of total aflatoxin and aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> secretion by <em>A. flavus</em> (47.2-95.7%; 28.1-89.7%) and <em>A. parasiticus </em>(42.7-93.3%; 25.9-80.2%) were obtained with essential oil extracted from baobab seeds. The two extracts significantly reduced the vegetative growth and the mycelial dry weights of selected fungi. This indicates the antifungal activity and inhibitory effect of baobab on the growth and aflatoxin production by the two toxigenic strains. Thus, fruit extract and essential oil of <em>A. digitata</em> can be suggested as potentially effective biocontrol and biopreservative substrates against food and feed contamination by aflatoxigenic moulds.

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Lautenschläger, Thea, Markus Rüggeberg, Niclas Noack, Katharina Bunk, Monizi Mawunu, Thomas Speck, and Christoph Neinhuis. "Functional principles of baobab fruit pedicels – anatomy and biomechanics." Annals of Botany 126, no. 7 (August 18, 2020): 1215–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaa149.

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Abstract Background and Aims Fruit pedicels have to deal with increasing loads after pollination due to continuous growth of the fruits. Thus, they represent interesting tissues from a mechanical as well as a developmental point of view. However, only a few studies exist on fruit pedicels. In this study, we unravel the anatomy and structural–mechanical relationships of the pedicel of Adansonia digitata, reaching up to 90 cm in length. Methods Morphological and anatomical analyses included examination of stained cross-sections from various positions along the stalk as well as X-ray microtomography and scanning electron microscopy. For mechanical testing, fibre bundles derived from the mature pedicels were examined via tension tests. For establishing the structural–mechanical relationships, the density of the fibre bundles as well as their cellulose microfibril distribution and chemical composition were analysed. Key Results While in the peduncle the vascular tissue and the fibres are arranged in a concentric ring-like way, this organization shifts to the polystelic structure of separate fibre bundles in the pedicel. The polystelic pedicel possesses five vascular strands that consist of strong bast fibre bundles. The fibre bundles have a Young’s modulus of up to 5 GPa, a tensile strength of up to 400 MPa, a high density (>1 g cm−3) and a high microfibril angle of around 20°. Conclusions The structural arrangement as well as the combination of high density and high microfibril angle of the bast fibre bundles are probably optimized for bearing considerable strain in torsion and bending while at the same time allowing for carrying high-tension loads.

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15

Le Page, Michael. "Efforts to domesticate African baobab trees are bearing fruit." New Scientist 251, no. 3350 (September 2021): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(21)01540-2.

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Anoh, K. U., P. P. Barje, G. I. Iyeghe-Erakpotobor, and G. N. Akpa. "Influence of baobab (Adansonia digitata) fruit pulp meal on semen characteristics and morphology of rabbit buck during hot season in Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 44, no. 3 (January 2, 2021): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v44i3.615.

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The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of baobab fruit pulp meal on semen characteristics and morphology of rabbit bucks during hot season in Nigeria. A total of 25 bucks of 10-12 months old were used. There were five (5) rabbits per group grouped as follows; T1 (control) and T2 -T5 (Diets with graded levels of baobab fruit pulp meal BFPM at 2.5, 3.5, 4.5 and 5.5% inclusion levels). The experiment lasted for nine weeks. All managerial practices were duly observed. Semen was collected with the help of artificial vagina, and the semen samples were evaluated for ejaculate volume (ml), semen pH, semen colour, sperm motility (%) and sperm concentration (x 106 /ml). Sperm morphological parameters evaluated were live cells, dead cells, normal sperm, free tail and coil tail. It was observed from this study that 4.5% inclusion of baobab fruit pulp meal significantly (P<0.05) influenced semen volume, colour, motility, pH and concentration compared to 5.5% inclusion level and was similar to 2.5% and 3.5% inclusion levels, respectively. The treatment with 4.5% BFPM also significantly (P<0.05) improved the number of live cells (74.38%), reduced dead cells (25.62%) and increased number of normal cells (77.71%) compared to 65.67, 34.33, and 60.67% recorded by the control for live cells, dead cells and normal cells, respectively. This study revealed that 4.5% inclusion of BFPM improved semen quality during hot season.

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Nedjai, Radhia, Ma’an Fahmi Rashid Alkhatib, Md Zahangir Alam, and Nassereldeen Ahmed Kabbashi. "ADSORPTION OF METHYLENE BLUE ONTO ACTIVATED CARBON DEVELOPED FROM BAOBAB FRUIT SHELL BY CHEMICAL ACTIVATION: KINETIC EQUILIBRIUM STUDIES." IIUM Engineering Journal 22, no. 2 (July 4, 2021): 31–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v22i2.1682.

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This article provides results of the usability of baobab fruit shell to produce activated carbons by chemical activation using ZnCl2, H3PO4, and KOH. This study indicated that activated carbon produced from baobab fruit shell fruit can be used as a promising adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue from aqueous solutions. Significant changes on the material surface following the activation process were observed through SEM and FTIR analyses. Scanning electron micrographs of BFS-ACs showed that porous structures were formed during activation, while the FTIR results indicated that the carbons have abundant functional groups on the surface. KOH activation led an activated carbon with a high methylene blue adsorption of 95.54% and maximum adsorption capacity of 113.63 mg/g, which is directly related to the specific surface area of activated carbons. The adsorption isotherm data were fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models. The Langmuir isotherm model showed better fit to the equilibrium data than the Freundlich model. The adsorption process was well described by the pseudo-second-order kinetics. The BFS-ACs is an effective and low-cost adsorbent for the removal of MB from an aqueous solution. ABSTRAK: Kajian ini memberi input tentang kebolehgunaan kulit buah baobab bagi menghasilkan karbon teraktifan melalui aktiviti kimia menggunakan ZnCl2, H3PO4, dan KOH. Karbon aktif daripada kulit buah Baobab ini berpotensi sebagai penyerap bagi menyingkir larutan akueus metilin biru. Perubahan ketara pada permukaan bahan diikuti dengan proses pengaktifan dipantau melalui analisis SEM dan FTIR. Imbasan elektron mikrograf BFS-AC menunjukkan struktur porus terhasil semasa proses pengaktifan. Sementara dapatan FTIR menunjukkan karbon mempunyai banyak kumpulan berfungsi pada permukaan. Pengaktifan KOH menghasilkan karbon aktif menggunakan larutan biru metilin yang tinggi sebanyak 95.54% dan kapasiti maksimum penyerapan 113.63 mg/g, iaitu berkadar langsung dengan tumpuan kawasan permukaan karbon aktif berkaitan. Data isoterma penyerapan dibina pada model penyerapan Langmuir dan Freundlich. Model isoterma Langmuir lebih padan pada data keseimbangan berbanding model Freundlich. Proses penyerapan menunjukkan lebih kinetik order-kedua-pseudo. BFS-AC sangat efektif dan penyerap murah bagi membuang MB daripada larutan akues.

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Aluko, Angela Ezra, John Kinyuru, Lucy Mlipano Chove, Peter Kahenya, and Willis Owino. "Nutritional Quality and Functional Properties of Baobab (Adansonia digitata) Pulp from Tanzania." Journal of Food Research 5, no. 5 (September 26, 2016): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v5n5p23.

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Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) is a majestic tree associated with human habitation in some of the semi-arid regions of Africa and establishes an enormous economic and nutritional importance to the rural residential districts. The fruit pulp is considered to be of high nutritional significance; particularly vitamin C and calcium, also possess antioxidant functions as well as high dietary fiber content. Although it is a potential fruit for improving local diets and livelihoods,this fruit is underutilized and its potential not yet fully acknowledged. This work was contracted with the aim of defining the nutritional quality and functional properties of baobab pulp harvested from some selected parts of Tanzania.Results indicated that the pulp from the three locations had moisture content which ranged between 9.16% to 10.30%, fat 0.46%-1.98%, ash 4.75%-5.21%, fiber 5.91%-9.65%, protein 3.23%-3.53%, carbohydrate 80.49%-85.19, vitamin C 169.74mg/100g-231.57mg/100g, beta-carotene 2.16 mg/100g-3.19mg/100g.Fructose 0.56±0.15-0.81±0.17g/100g, glucose 0.77±0.26-0.87±0.31g/100g and sucrose 0.75±0.25-0.84±0.29g/100g. The substantial differences (p≤ 0.05) between locations were observed in fat, crude fiber, carbohydrates, and fructose. Vitamin C, beta-carotene, protein, ash, moisture, sucrose and glucose showed no significance difference (p≤ 0.05) among locations. The functional properties included emulsification, foaming and gelling properties which ranged between 37.9-45.15%, 1.85-6.57% and 11-12% respectively and were significantly different (p≤ 0.05) among locations. The results show that baobab pulp has a good content of nutrients and functional properties which can be useful in food industries.

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Cisse, Mady, Mama Sakho, Manuel Dornier, Codou Mar Diop, Max Reynes, and Oumar Sock. "Caractérisation du fruit du baobab et étude de sa transformation en nectar." Fruits 64, no. 1 (January 2009): 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/fruits/2008052.

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Martini, M., G. Mistrello, S. Amato, M. B. Bilò, S. Agolini, A. Corsi, C. Tontini, and L. Antonicelli. "Anaphylaxis to baobab fruit: the paradox of "natural healthy food"." European Annals of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 51, no. 06 (April 2019): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.23822/eurannaci.1764-1489.91.

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Russo, Marina, Maria Beatrice Ronci, Alessandra Vilmercati, Matteo Gionfriddo, Chiara Fanali, Laura Dugo, Vittoria Locato, Luigi Mondello, and Laura De Gara. "African baobab (Adansonia digitata) fruit as promising source of procyanidins." European Food Research and Technology 246, no. 2 (August 1, 2019): 297–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00217-019-03342-9.

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Alabi, A. H., E. O. Oladele, A. J. O. Adeleke, F. C. Oni, and C. A. Olanrewaju. "Equilibrium, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies of Biosorption of Methylene Blue on Goethite Modified Baobab Fruit Pod (Adansonia Digitata L.)." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 24, no. 7 (August 7, 2020): 1229–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v24i7.16.

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Methylene Blue (MB) was adsorbed from aqueous solution using Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) fruit pod and its goethite modified form. Adsorbents were characterized using Fourier Transform-Infra Red (FTIR) spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Batch experiments were conducted at room temperature (26.8 °C) and the adsorption data were fitted using Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin- Radushkevich isotherms. Also, kinetic data was fitted using Pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, Elovich and intra-particle diffusion models. Goethite modified baobab (GMB) appeared to have a coarse microporous surface with smoother surface and larger pore volumes compared to unmodified baobab (UB). The –C=O band was observed at 1631 and 1636 cm-1 for UB and GMB. The –OH band was observed at 3447.00 cm-1 and 3442 cm-1 for UB andGMB respectively. Langmuir model was suitable for describing the adsorption data of UB with R2 of 0.9293 while Temkin model was best for fitting adsorption data of MB on GMB with R2 of 0.9691. However, maximum adsorption capacity was obtained with Freundlich adsorption isotherm (15.4253 and 43.1301 mg/g for UB and GMB respectively). The maximum biosorption were 8.98 mg/g and 9.86 mg/g for UB and GMB respectively at pH 10. Pseudo-second-order kinetic model best fitted the kinetic data with R2 values of 0.9968 and 0.9993 for UB and GMB, ΔHo values were 83.123 KJ/mol and 361.094 KJ/mol for UB and GMB, while ΔSo values were 3.084 J/mol/ K and 1.765 J/mol/K for UB and GMB respectively. GMB adsorbed more of MB than UB and the process was endothermic. Keywords: Biosorption, Goethite, Baobab, Isotherms, Methylene blue.

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23

De Smedt, S., K. Alaerts, A. M. Kouyaté, P. Van Damme, G. Potters, and R. Samson. "Phenotypic variation of baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) fruit traits in Mali." Agroforestry Systems 82, no. 1 (November 4, 2010): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10457-010-9357-0.

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Dimopoulou, Maria, Katerina Alba, Ian M. Sims, and Vassilis Kontogiorgos. "Structure and rheology of pectic polysaccharides from baobab fruit and leaves." Carbohydrate Polymers 273 (December 2021): 118540. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118540.

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E, Nago, JO Agossadou, FJ Chadare, S. Houndji, and DJ Hounhouigan. "Fermented sorghum porridge fortified with moringa leaf powder and baobab fruit pulp cured children from moderate acute malnutrition in Benin." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 20, no. 06 (October 31, 2020): 16622–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.94.18560.

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Inappropriate feeding, too early introduction of complementary foods and restriction in food selection are a major cause of malnutrition among young children in developing countries. Food-to-food fortification is a good strategy to enhance the nutritional quality of children’s diet. This strategy is more and more promoted because it allows delivery of micronutrients to a large population in a cost-effective manner.The present study aimed at testing the effect of the consumption of sorghum porridge fortified with moringa leaf powder and baobab fruit pulp on the nutritional status of children aged 6 to 59 months in Northern Benin. A two-week intervention was implemented in Tanguiéta (Benin) among children affected by moderate acute malnutrition, using 400g of fermented sorghum porridge fortified with15g of a designed mix of moringa leaf powder and baobab fruit pulp. Sixty-three children aged 6–59 months who had malnutrition assessed by anthropometry were randomly selected and assigned to a treatment or a control group. Children in the treatment group consumed the fortified formula daily for two weeks in a nutritional rehabilitation hearth whereas those in the control group had their habitual diet. Their nutritional status was evaluated using anthropometry. Recovery rate and average weight gain of children were computed.Results show that daily consumption of the fortified food for two weeks did not significantly (P> 0.05) increase children’s weight in treatment vs. control. However, average weight gain was 9.85g/kg/day in the treatment group and total recovery rate at risk of malnutrition and moderate acute malnutrition was 62.50% among children who fully complied with the intervention. Fermented sorghum porridge fortified with moringa leaf powder and baobab fruit pulp may be promoted to scale in more regions of Benin as a local affordable and effective therapeutic food against child acute malnutrition. Further investigation of its potential effect while accounting for parasitic infection is needed, to eliminate all risks of intestinal micro nutrient malabsorption or malaria and enhance the effectiveness of the fortified food on children’s weight as well as their iron status.

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Adetola, O., J. Kruger, Z. White, and J. Taylor. "Baobab Fruit Enhanced Iron and Zinc Bioaccessibility from African Whole Maize Porridge." Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 119, no. 9 (September 2019): A45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2019.06.123.

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Anoh, K. U., P. P. Barje, G. T. Iyeghe-Erakpotobor, and G. N. Akpa. "Growth performance of heat stressed rabbits fed diets supplemented with synthetic and organic antioxidants." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 44, no. 5 (December 31, 2020): 177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v44i5.1349.

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The aimof the studywas to evaluate the growth performance of heat stressed rabbits fed diets supplemented with synthetic and organic antioxidants. The antioxidants used were bicarbonate buffers, vitamin C and baobab fruit pulp meal (BFPM). A total of thirty (30) growing rabbits were used. The rabbits were allotted into the treatment groups with six (6) rabbits per treatment in a completely randomized design. Rabbits in the first group (T ) were the control, animals in treatment 2 and treatment 3 (T ) and (T ) were fed similar diets as in the control but with potassium bicarbonate (KHCO ) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO ) buffer solutions, respectively. Rabbits in treatment four (T ) were fed diet containing synthetic vitamin C and the fifth group (T ) were fed diet containing Baobab Fruit PulpMeal (BFPM). Rabbits were given access to feed and water ad libitum. All recommended managerial practices were duly observed.Microclimate parameters of ambient temperature (AT) and relative humidity (RH) of the rabbitry were taken daily from February through June. The values were used to calculate temperature-humidity index (THI). It was found that vitamin C and BFPM significantly (P<0.05) enhanced feed intake compared to the treatments with buffers. It was concluded that BFPM is more effective in ameliorating heat stress in rabbit production and can be used up to 5.5% inclusion level.

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Eke, Eke, Mike Ojotu, Olaitan Olaitan, Ngozi Innocentia, Sule Sule, and Haruna Iya. "Nutritional Evaluation of Yoghurt-Like Product from Baobab (Adansonia digitata) Fruit Pulp Emulsion and the Micronutrient Content of Baobab Leaves." Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology 5, no. 10 (November 5, 2013): 1266–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.19026/ajfst.5.3094.

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29

Akubor, Peter. "Characterization of Fruit Wines from Baobab (Adansonia digitata), Pineapple (Ananas sativus) and Carrot (Daucus carota) Tropical Fruits." Asian Journal of Biotechnology and Bioresource Technology 1, no. 3 (January 10, 2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajb2t/2017/35643.

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Donkor, Addai-Mensah, Daniel Addae, Jemima Esi Kpoanu, Frank Kankam, Abraham Nwolley Boaudi, and Evans Yaw Manu Abanya. "Antioxidant Enrichment of Baobab Fruit Pulp Treated with Oil Extracted from the Seeds." Food and Nutrition Sciences 05, no. 04 (2014): 328–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/fns.2014.54039.

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31

Simbo, David J., Sebastiaan De Smedt, Nina Van den Bilcke, Bruno De Meulenaer, John Van Camp, Veronique Uytterhoeven, Filip Tack, and Roeland Samson. "Opportunities for domesticating the African baobab (Adansonia digitata L.): multi-trait fruit selection." Agroforestry Systems 87, no. 3 (September 19, 2012): 493–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10457-012-9568-7.

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32

OSMAN, MAGDI A. "Chemical and Nutrient Analysis of Baobab (Adansonia digitata) Fruit and Seed Protein Solubility." Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 59, no. 1 (2004): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11130-004-0034-1.

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33

Iswariya, V. T., and Annamma Devi.G.S. "Assessment of Potential Property of Baobab Fruit Pulp Derived Pectin as A Pharmaceutical Excipient." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research 67, no. 1 (March 21, 2021): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.47583/ijpsrr.2021.v67i01.015.

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34

Li, Xing-Nuo, Jianghao Sun, Haiming Shi, Lucy (Liangli) Yu, Clark D. Ridge, Eugene P. Mazzola, Christopher Okunji, Maurice M. Iwu, Tchimene Kenne Michel, and Pei Chen. "Profiling hydroxycinnamic acid glycosides, iridoid glycosides, and phenylethanoid glycosides in baobab fruit pulp (Adansonia digitata)." Food Research International 99 (September 2017): 755–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2017.06.025.

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35

Chetty, A., K. L. Glennon, S. M. Venter, G. V. Cron, and E. T. F. Witkowski. "Reproductive ecology of the African baobab: Floral features differ among individuals with different fruit production." Forest Ecology and Management 489 (June 2021): 119077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119077.

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36

Coe, Shelly A., Miriam Clegg, Mar Armengol, and Lisa Ryan. "The polyphenol-rich baobab fruit (Adansonia digitata L.) reduces starch digestion and glycemic response in humans." Nutrition Research 33, no. 11 (November 2013): 888–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2013.08.002.

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37

Omondi, Monica, Fredah Karambu Rimberia, Cornelius Mbathi Wainaina, John Bosco Njoroge Mukundi, Justine Orina, Jens Gebauer, and Katja Kehlenbeck. "Fruit morphological diversity and productivity of baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) in coastal and lower eastern Kenya." Forests, Trees and Livelihoods 28, no. 4 (August 30, 2019): 266–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14728028.2019.1659861.

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38

Erwa, Ibrahim, Mahgoub Shinger, and Omer Ishag. "Background Correction Method for Determination of Ascorbic Acid in Baobab Fruit Pulp Using Direct UV Spectrophotometry." Chemical Science International Journal 23, no. 2 (June 7, 2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/csji/2018/41080.

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39

Muthai, Kinuthia U., Mbuthia S. Karori, Alice Muchugi, Abwao S. Indieka, Catherine Dembele, Simon Mng'omba, and Ramni Jamnadass. "Nutritional variation in baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) fruit pulp and seeds based on Africa geographical regions." Food Science & Nutrition 5, no. 6 (August 27, 2017): 1116–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.502.

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40

Stadlmayr, Barbara, John Wanangwe, Charles Gitahi Waruhiu, Ramni Jamnadass, and Katja Kehlenbeck. "Nutritional composition of baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) fruit pulp sampled at different geographical locations in Kenya." Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 94 (December 2020): 103617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103617.

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41

Debelo, Hawi, Cheikh Ndiaye, Johanita Kruger, Bruce R. Hamaker, and Mario G. Ferruzzi. "African Adansonia digitata fruit pulp (baobab) modifies provitamin A carotenoid bioaccessibility from composite pearl millet porridges." Journal of Food Science and Technology 57, no. 4 (November 22, 2019): 1382–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13197-019-04173-y.

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42

Makawi, Abubaker B., Abdelmoniem I. Mustafa, Oladipupo Q. Adiamo, and Isam A. Mohamed Ahmed. "Quality attributes of Kisra prepared from sorghum flour fermented with baobab fruit pulp flour as starter." Journal of Food Science and Technology 56, no. 8 (June 11, 2019): 3754–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13197-019-03848-w.

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43

Venter, Sarah M., and Ed T. F. Witkowski. "Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) fruit production in communal and conservation land-use types in Southern Africa." Forest Ecology and Management 261, no. 3 (February 2011): 630–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.11.017.

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44

Sanchez, A. Cuni, S. De Smedt, N. Haq, and R. Samson. "Comparative study on baobab fruit morphological variation between western and south-eastern Africa: opportunities for domestication." Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 58, no. 8 (December 17, 2010): 1143–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10722-010-9647-4.

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45

Mohammed, Asim A., Chao Chen, and Zhihong Zhu. "Low-cost, high-performance supercapacitor based on activated carbon electrode materials derived from baobab fruit shells." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 538 (March 2019): 308–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2018.11.103.

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Mohammed, Mona A., Hanan Naeim Attia, Souad E. El-Gengaihi, Yousreya A. Maklad, Kawkab A. Ahmed, and Piotr Kachlicki. "Comprehensive metabolomic, lipidomic and pathological profiles of baobab (Adansonia digitata) fruit pulp extracts in diabetic rats." Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 201 (July 2021): 114139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114139.

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Donkor, Addai-Mensah. "Stability Evaluation and Degradation Kinetics of Ascorbic Acid in Baobab Fruit Pulp Formulated with the Seed Oil." British Biotechnology Journal 4, no. 5 (January 10, 2014): 566–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bbj/2014/9837.

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48

Ismail, Balarabe B., Hauwa L. Yusuf, Yunfeng Pu, Huanhuan Zhao, Mingming Guo, and Donghong Liu. "Ultrasound-assisted adsorption/desorption for the enrichment and purification of flavonoids from baobab (Adansonia digitata) fruit pulp." Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 65 (July 2020): 104980. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.104980.

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Baidoo, Isaac Kwasi, John Justice Fletcher, Linda Osei Poku, Apori Ntiforo, Jude Bayor Simons, Nicholas Sakyitey Opata, and Robert Ekow Quagraine. "Major, Minor and Trace Element Analysis of Baobab Fruit and Seed by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis Technique." Food and Nutrition Sciences 04, no. 08 (2013): 772–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/fns.2013.48100.

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50

Chigondo, F. "Removal of lead (II) and copper (II) ions from aqueous solution by baobab (Adononsia digitata) fruit shells biomass." IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry 5, no. 1 (2013): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/5736-0514350.

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