Dissertations / Theses: 'Banksia'

1

Maguire, Tina Louise. "Genetic diversity and interspecific relationships in Banksia L.f., (Proteaceae)." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1996. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phm2132.pdf.

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Copy of author's previously presented paper inserted. Bibliography: leaves 187-218. This thesis aims to increase knowledge essential for conservation biology and for focused and efficient breeding of banksias. Interspecific hybridisation is assessed as a potential breeding tool, and for the assessment of species relationships within the genus. Species relationships within Banksia are also assessed using molecular techniques. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers are assessed for their usefulness at various taxonomic levels within the genus. The results indicate a close relationship between Banksia and Dryandra, which are sister genera in the tribe Banksiae, family Proteaceae.

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2

Mibus, Raelene. "Banksia floriculture export marketing and vegetative biology fundamental to clonal propagation /." Title page, table of contents and summary only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phm618.pdf.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Horticulture, Viticulture and Oenology, 1998.
Copy of author's previous publications inserted. Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Horticulture, Viticulture and Oenology, 1999? Bibliography: leaves 301-315.

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3

Rieger, Mary Alice. "Horticultural management and population biology of several Banksia species." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1996. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phr554.pdf.

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Bibliography: leaves 159-205. This research aims to improve understanding of the control of flowering in relation to photoperiod and temperature to increase knowledge of the floral initiation trigger for Banksia. An exploration of the population biology in relation to genetic variation present in commercial and natural populations of Banksia will provide information on the gene pool for breeding programs. Molecular biology techniques have been used to explore areas such as pollen competition and gene flow.

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4

Barrett, Gregory J. "The reproductive biology and conservation of two rare Banksia species." Thesis, Curtin University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/2356.

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Two rare Banksia species, B. chamaephyton A.S. George and B. elegans Meissner, were the subject of this study. B. chamaephyton is gazetted as rare under the Wildlife Conservation Act of Western Australia and B. elegans has been recorded by various authors as restricted in range and habitat.Data were collected on the distribution, habitat, reproduction and fire responses of each species. Both were found to occur predominantly in the Irwin Botanical District. B. chamaephyton is found in low heath on sand over laterite and B. elegans in scrub or thickets on deep, yellow sands. Data on species co-occurring with B. chamaephyton were gathered for the purpose of identifying habitats with actual or potential populations of the rare species. Several species appeared to be reliable indicators.Both species are represented in areas set aside for conservation although some populations are vulnerable and their loss would considerably reduce the range of each species. Of particular concern are the southernmost populations of B. chamaephyton and the northernmost populations of B. elegans. The latter appears to represent a size variant within the species. Although neither species is currently endangered, it is recommended that B. chamaephyton remain a gazetted rare species and that consideration be given to the gazettal of B. elegans.Both species are xenogamous and probably bird-pollinated although pollination by small mammals is a possibility. Both also have very low fruit and seed set. In B. chamaephyton, this is probably related to resource availability but B. elegans possesses a malformed stigma which may prevent the normal reproductive process from taking place. Most populations of B. elegans are sterile. Further research into the sexual reproduction and propagation of B. elegans is recommended.Fire is important to both species. In B. chamaephyton, fire, together with subsequent wet/dry cycles, is necessary for seed release from the follicles. Seedling recruitment is negligible in B. elegans. Mature individuals of both species survive fire and in B. elegans fire stimulates root suckering. Autumn burns appear to be most suitable for recruitment in both species, preferably at a minimum interval of ten years.

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5

Barrett, Gregory J. "The reproductive biology and conservation of two rare Banksia species." Curtin University of Technology, School of Biology, 1985. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=11674.

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Two rare Banksia species, B. chamaephyton A.S. George and B. elegans Meissner, were the subject of this study. B. chamaephyton is gazetted as rare under the Wildlife Conservation Act of Western Australia and B. elegans has been recorded by various authors as restricted in range and habitat.Data were collected on the distribution, habitat, reproduction and fire responses of each species. Both were found to occur predominantly in the Irwin Botanical District. B. chamaephyton is found in low heath on sand over laterite and B. elegans in scrub or thickets on deep, yellow sands. Data on species co-occurring with B. chamaephyton were gathered for the purpose of identifying habitats with actual or potential populations of the rare species. Several species appeared to be reliable indicators.Both species are represented in areas set aside for conservation although some populations are vulnerable and their loss would considerably reduce the range of each species. Of particular concern are the southernmost populations of B. chamaephyton and the northernmost populations of B. elegans. The latter appears to represent a size variant within the species. Although neither species is currently endangered, it is recommended that B. chamaephyton remain a gazetted rare species and that consideration be given to the gazettal of B. elegans.Both species are xenogamous and probably bird-pollinated although pollination by small mammals is a possibility. Both also have very low fruit and seed set. In B. chamaephyton, this is probably related to resource availability but B. elegans possesses a malformed stigma which may prevent the normal reproductive process from taking place. Most populations of B. elegans are sterile. Further research into the sexual reproduction and propagation of B. elegans is recommended.Fire is important to both species. In B. chamaephyton, fire, together with subsequent ++
wet/dry cycles, is necessary for seed release from the follicles. Seedling recruitment is negligible in B. elegans. Mature individuals of both species survive fire and in B. elegans fire stimulates root suckering. Autumn burns appear to be most suitable for recruitment in both species, preferably at a minimum interval of ten years.

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6

Tronson, Deidre A., of Western Sydney Hawkesbury University, of Science Technology and Environment College, and of Science Food and Horticulture School. "Volatile compounds in some eastern Australian Banksia flowers." THESIS_CSTE_SFH_Tronson_D.xml, 2001. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/140.

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This project was the very beginning of research into the chemistry of eastern Australian banksia flowers. Using dynamic headspace sampling (DHS) analysis, differences in volatile components, consistent with detection of differences in odour, were detected among three different species and one commercial cultivar. Infraspecific variation was also observed between two known subspecies of Banksia ericifolia and between differently coloured forms of Banksia spinulosa var. collina. The cultivar, Banksia 'Giant Candles', was shown to have some of the chemical components of each of its supposed ancestors. The absence of known wound-response chemicals indicated that this DHS method was successful in leaving the inflorescences undamaged throughout the sampling procedure. The Likens-Nickerson modification of classical hydrodistillation methods was useful. The static headspace method (SHS) was easily automated and was shown to be chemically robust and sufficiently sensitive to detect volatile compounds from only a few flowers. The milder DHS method, which minimised mechanical and heat damage to the plant tissue, produced a different set of results. From the results of this project, a suite of volatile compounds has been proposed that may be useful in future behavioural studies to help determine whether animals are attracted to components of banksia odours. These candidates include some compounds that have been reported in animal secretions, wound-response chemicals that may be produced by the plant to aid its communication with other organisms, and a compound (suggested to be sulfanylmethyl acetate) not previously reported from natural sources. The mildest of the three analytical methods used, dynamic headspace sampling, was shown to be suitable for the potential chemotaxonomic evaluation of some members of the Banksia genus.
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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7

Tronson, Deidre Anne. "Volatile compounds in some Eastern Australian banksia flowers /." View thesis View thesis, 2001. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030507.090456/index.html.

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Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, 2001.
A thesis submitted as a requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Centre for Biostructural and Biomolecular Research, University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, March 2001. Bibliography : leaves 177-185.

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8

Honig, Maryke. "Assessing the invasive potential of Australian banksias: A comparison of recruitment potential in Banksia ericifolia and Leucadendron laureolum." Thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25553.

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9

Van, Leeuwen Stephen J. "Reproductive biology and mating system of Banksia tricuspis (Proteaceae)." Curtin University of Technology, School of Environmental Biology, 1997. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=10994.

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An understanding of the role of genetic and ecological factors that influence demographic change is paramount for the conservation of plant populations. These genetic and ecological factors often act in concert to influence reproductive success and thus the ability of a species to maintain its presence in the community. Paramount among the array of factors influencing a species' fitness are mating system considerations and their interaction with ecological processes. Both mating systems and ecological processes are influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic forces that may operate synergistically to constrain pollen transfer, gametic union and the provisioning of progeny. Plants respond to these constraining forces, which typically vacillate, through mechanisms that minimise random effects while maximising the quality and quantity of progeny.Mating system values indicated that B. tricuspis is an obligate outbreeder. The extent to which populations of this Banksia indulged in mixed mating was associated with habitat disturbance and its impact on pollinators. A reduction in outcrossing in one disturbed population was ascribed to an increase in inbreeding promoted through pollinator/pollen limitation. Conversely, a reduction in the diversity of pollinator types which enhanced the opportunity for outbreeding was the favoured interpretation of elevated outcrossing in another disturbed population.Disparity in outcrossing among inflorescences was driven by pollinator/pollen limitation considerations. Inconsistency among outcrossing values between inflorescences was ascribed to incongruity in floral attractiveness and sympatric assortative pollinator/pollen limitations. Augmentation of the floral display, as inferred through greater inflorescence size and presentation height, was positively associated with maternal fecundity and progeny fitness. This advance in quality and ++
quantity was attained despite greater attractive displays increasing the probability of geitonogamous and consanguineous matings. This accomplishment indicated that attractiveness of the floral display in B. tricuspis enhanced the opportunity for sorting among possible mates, a proposition supported by the increased abandonment of zygotes with increasing display effort. The increases in maternal fecundity and progeny provisioning with increasing inflorescence size and height indicated that maternal resource considerations were not limiting reproductive success.Attractiveness of the floral display was also credited with the moderation of pollinator/pollen limitations within an inflorescence. The apparent increase in floral display with progress of the 'advancing front' towards the peduncle significantly altered pollinator foraging behaviour and differentially enhanced the opportunity for pollen receipt and export, especially of pollen types which promoted outbreeding. Commensurate with this moderation in pollinator/pollen limitation was an increase in maternal fecundity and progeny provisioning, although selection among zygotes was tempered and outbreeding declined slightly. The availability of nutritional resources within an inflorescence and sink strength relationships are submitted as proximate causes for this moderation, which conforms with the notion of mate choice and the proposition that the genetic threshold determining selection alternates with resource provisions.Scenarios propelled by selection among compatible mates which are commensurate with maternal resource considerations imply a high level of intrinsic control over reproductive success in B. tricuspis. Reproductive synchrony, continuity and predicability in fecundity and the compensatory repartitioning of resources following floral damage also signify a high level of intrinsic control. This control is ++
required to mitigate extrinsic proximate constraints which impinge on reproductive success thereby synchronising maternal investment with resources and maximising fitness. The randomness of pollination was advanced as the proximate constraint affecting reproductive success in this species. This constraint was mitigated firstly by a mating system which sorted among compatible mates and tolerated deleterious matings, and secondly through an decrease in the opportunity for deleterious matings afforded by increases in the attractiveness of the floral display.The production of 'surplus' flowers by B. tricuspis was proposed as the principal adaptive response to the forces constraining reproductive success. 'Surplus' flowers primarily served, at various levels of organisation with the species, to enhance attractiveness, thereby moderating the influence of pollinator/pollen limitations on plant fitness. Maternal fecundity and progeny fitness within and between inflorescences was augmented by increases in attractiveness while conversely, at the population level, decreases in attractiveness deleteriously impinged on fitness. 'Surplus' flowers also conferred other functional advantages in this species which operated synergistically with the enhancement to floral attractiveness. These advantages were primarily related to the opportunities that 'surplus' flowers conferred for selective abortion and bet hedging.Caution is required in attributing 'surplus' flowers primarily to the mitigation of pollinator/pollen limitation considerations as other forces may represent stronger selective process. While the attractiveness of the floral display undoubtedly increases fitness, it also inherently increases the opportunity for floral damage by birds and insects as the discrimination among displays by damaging agents was driven by attractiveness cues. The impact of floral herbivores ranged ++
from minimal for parrots and cockatoos to severe for insects, with the pattern of floral damage by both birds being determined by the pattern of insect floral herbivory. The predicability in floral damage between seasons and serial adjustment between successive reproductive development stages in B. tricuspis, as evident by compensatory responses in fecundity, moderates the influence of floral damage as a selective force influencing reproductive success.The production of 'surplus' flowers in B. tricuspis has facilitated the development of intrinsic maternal processes which, in reply to genetic and ecological stimuli, operate to maximise fitness through mitigating the deleterious impacts on reproductive success of floral damage and pollinator/pollen limitations. These maternal processes strategically maximise the utilisation of maternal resources and allow progeny with low fitness expectations to be tolerated. Ultimately, these maternal processes and deterministic genetic and ecological stimuli promote reproductive assurance which contributes to population and species persistence through advances in fitness.

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10

Tynan, K. M. "Evaluation of Banksia species for response to Phytophthora infection /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1994. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09pht987.pdf.

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11

van, Leeuwen Stephen J. "Reproductive biology and mating system of Banksia tricuspis (Proteaceae)." Thesis, Curtin University, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/639.

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An understanding of the role of genetic and ecological factors that influence demographic change is paramount for the conservation of plant populations. These genetic and ecological factors often act in concert to influence reproductive success and thus the ability of a species to maintain its presence in the community. Paramount among the array of factors influencing a species' fitness are mating system considerations and their interaction with ecological processes. Both mating systems and ecological processes are influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic forces that may operate synergistically to constrain pollen transfer, gametic union and the provisioning of progeny. Plants respond to these constraining forces, which typically vacillate, through mechanisms that minimise random effects while maximising the quality and quantity of progeny.Mating system values indicated that B. tricuspis is an obligate outbreeder. The extent to which populations of this Banksia indulged in mixed mating was associated with habitat disturbance and its impact on pollinators. A reduction in outcrossing in one disturbed population was ascribed to an increase in inbreeding promoted through pollinator/pollen limitation. Conversely, a reduction in the diversity of pollinator types which enhanced the opportunity for outbreeding was the favoured interpretation of elevated outcrossing in another disturbed population.Disparity in outcrossing among inflorescences was driven by pollinator/pollen limitation considerations. Inconsistency among outcrossing values between inflorescences was ascribed to incongruity in floral attractiveness and sympatric assortative pollinator/pollen limitations. Augmentation of the floral display, as inferred through greater inflorescence size and presentation height, was positively associated with maternal fecundity and progeny fitness. This advance in quality and quantity was attained despite greater attractive displays increasing the probability of geitonogamous and consanguineous matings. This accomplishment indicated that attractiveness of the floral display in B. tricuspis enhanced the opportunity for sorting among possible mates, a proposition supported by the increased abandonment of zygotes with increasing display effort. The increases in maternal fecundity and progeny provisioning with increasing inflorescence size and height indicated that maternal resource considerations were not limiting reproductive success.Attractiveness of the floral display was also credited with the moderation of pollinator/pollen limitations within an inflorescence. The apparent increase in floral display with progress of the 'advancing front' towards the peduncle significantly altered pollinator foraging behaviour and differentially enhanced the opportunity for pollen receipt and export, especially of pollen types which promoted outbreeding. Commensurate with this moderation in pollinator/pollen limitation was an increase in maternal fecundity and progeny provisioning, although selection among zygotes was tempered and outbreeding declined slightly. The availability of nutritional resources within an inflorescence and sink strength relationships are submitted as proximate causes for this moderation, which conforms with the notion of mate choice and the proposition that the genetic threshold determining selection alternates with resource provisions.Scenarios propelled by selection among compatible mates which are commensurate with maternal resource considerations imply a high level of intrinsic control over reproductive success in B. tricuspis. Reproductive synchrony, continuity and predicability in fecundity and the compensatory repartitioning of resources following floral damage also signify a high level of intrinsic control. This control is required to mitigate extrinsic proximate constraints which impinge on reproductive success thereby synchronising maternal investment with resources and maximising fitness. The randomness of pollination was advanced as the proximate constraint affecting reproductive success in this species. This constraint was mitigated firstly by a mating system which sorted among compatible mates and tolerated deleterious matings, and secondly through an decrease in the opportunity for deleterious matings afforded by increases in the attractiveness of the floral display.The production of 'surplus' flowers by B. tricuspis was proposed as the principal adaptive response to the forces constraining reproductive success. 'Surplus' flowers primarily served, at various levels of organisation with the species, to enhance attractiveness, thereby moderating the influence of pollinator/pollen limitations on plant fitness. Maternal fecundity and progeny fitness within and between inflorescences was augmented by increases in attractiveness while conversely, at the population level, decreases in attractiveness deleteriously impinged on fitness. 'Surplus' flowers also conferred other functional advantages in this species which operated synergistically with the enhancement to floral attractiveness. These advantages were primarily related to the opportunities that 'surplus' flowers conferred for selective abortion and bet hedging.Caution is required in attributing 'surplus' flowers primarily to the mitigation of pollinator/pollen limitation considerations as other forces may represent stronger selective process. While the attractiveness of the floral display undoubtedly increases fitness, it also inherently increases the opportunity for floral damage by birds and insects as the discrimination among displays by damaging agents was driven by attractiveness cues. The impact of floral herbivores ranged from minimal for parrots and cockatoos to severe for insects, with the pattern of floral damage by both birds being determined by the pattern of insect floral herbivory. The predicability in floral damage between seasons and serial adjustment between successive reproductive development stages in B. tricuspis, as evident by compensatory responses in fecundity, moderates the influence of floral damage as a selective force influencing reproductive success.The production of 'surplus' flowers in B. tricuspis has facilitated the development of intrinsic maternal processes which, in reply to genetic and ecological stimuli, operate to maximise fitness through mitigating the deleterious impacts on reproductive success of floral damage and pollinator/pollen limitations. These maternal processes strategically maximise the utilisation of maternal resources and allow progeny with low fitness expectations to be tolerated. Ultimately, these maternal processes and deterministic genetic and ecological stimuli promote reproductive assurance which contributes to population and species persistence through advances in fitness.

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12

Parks, Sophie Emma, University of Western Sydney, and Faculty of Science and Technology. "Proteaceae nutrition and the phosphorus requirements of Banksia ericifolia L.f." THESIS_FST_xxx_Park_S.xml, 2000. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/103.

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The basic mineral nutritional requirements of Proteaceae are not well understood.They are generally assumed to require low levels of nutrients and be susceptible to nutrient (especially Phosphorus) toxicity.This project aimed to estimate the general nutritional requirements of Proteaceae for optimum growth, with special emphasis on the Phosphorus requirement. Potted plants were grown in soilless growth media with controlled release fertiliser and were watered according to need in a naturally lit greenhouse. The nutrient requirements of Proteaceae were found to vary among species but were not lower than the reported requirements for the Ericaceae, another heath family. The variables of growth media and plant development were found to be important factors affecting the critical Phosphorus concentration and need consideration in the derivation of the Phosphorus requirement of Banksia ericifolia.
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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13

Parks, Sophie Emma. "Proteaceae nutrition and the phosphorus requirements of Banksia ericifolia L.f. /." View thesis View thesis, 2000. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030429.105120/index.html.

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Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Western Sydney, 2000.
"A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Horticulture, University of Western Sydney, Australia, December 2000" Bibliography : leaves 206-230.

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14

Horner, Briony. "The importance of Banksia marginata and Banksia ornata as a food source for Cercartetus concinnus (the western pygmy-possum) and Cercartetus lepidus (the little pygmy-possum) /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1994. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AEVH/09aevhh816.pdf.

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15

Svejcar, Lauren Nicole. "How do species interactions drive community re-assembly of banksia woodlands?" Thesis, Svejcar, Lauren Nicole (2020) How do species interactions drive community re-assembly of banksia woodlands? PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2020. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/56229/.

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Degraded land is a major issue globally and impacts human societies on every inhabited continent. To counter the negative effects of land degradation and return ecosystems to reference ecological states, active restoration is often required. However, many restoration efforts suffer from low success in the re-assembly of reference states. As such, there is a need for improvements on current restoration practices. Ecological theory suggests that early plant colonisers could help later arrivals in re-assembly. This theory has the potential to inform restoration efforts. The major goal of my research is to build on current theoretical understanding of plant-plant interactions while at the same time improving restoration practice for banksia woodlands. My study system offers a great test of my ideas because it is highly biodiverse. A greater understanding of plant-plant interactions in space, and interactions between diverse functional groups, will inform the types of species to include in seed mixes and could potentially improve likelihoods of restoration success in other woody ecosystems around the world. Specifically, I used observational and manipulative experiments to test spatial arrangements of plant species and build on theories of plant-plant interactions in early and mid-successional stages of restoration. I tracked re-assembly of banksia woodland after sand mining on the Swan Coastal Plain. I utilized spatial point pattern analysis in two studies to analyse spatial associations of perennial plant species and infer interactions from spatial arrangement. Utilizing knowledge gained from the first two studies, I manipulated the spatial arrangement of seeds to test differences in seedling survival. Finally, I tested different densities of a fire-ephemeral species that could impact survival of seedlings in restoration. Results of my studies demonstrate that plant-plant interactions play a critical role in the survival of some species and spatial arrangement effects restoration outcomes. I found some species have a greater tendency to demonstrate positive interactions, but the strength of positive and negative interactions changes through time and by species. Similarly, density dependent mortality was strong for some species but not others. The spatial arrangement of species was also important to seedling survival. Four of six species had greater survival in concentrated seeding-bare space configurations than completely random dispersed plantings, which are representative of current restoration practices. Few studies of positive plant-plant interactions exist for Australia and my studies demonstrate that both positive and negative interactions drive re-assembly patterns in restoration. A greater understanding of plant-plant interactions in space, and interactions between diverse functional groups, will inform the types of species to include in seed mixes and seeding spatial arrangements. Utilizing spatially-informed restoration practices could improve likelihoods of restoration success in other woody ecosystems around the world.

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16

Karlinski, Melissa. "Seedling xylem anatomy of two Banksia species relative to availability of groundwater." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2019. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2217.

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Fluctuating environmental conditions place plants at risk of mortality if they cannot adapt, particularly to warmer temperatures and drier environments. Plants are known to modify their morphology, physiology and anatomy to thrive under these conditions, and xylem anatomy and hydraulic architecture are common traits studied to understand plant adaptations and responses to changeable water availability. However, little is known about the changes to the hydraulic architecture of groundwater dependent plants during their early establishment in water-limited environments. By exposing young seedlings of two Banksia species to contrasting groundwater availability treatments in a glasshouse experiment, it was possible to analyse the xylem vessel traits (vessel diameter (Vd), maximum vessel diameter (Dmax), vessel density (Dv) and vessel length (VL)) in root and stem tissue samples using ImageJ software. Analysis of vessel traits identified significant vascular tapering in both Banksia attenuata and B. littoralis, i.e. a low density of large diameter vessels found in roots, and a higher density of small diameter vessels found in the stem. Vessel traits of B. attenuata and B. littoralis seedlings with access to an artificial water table did not differ significantly to those with access to only unsaturated soil. This lack of significant difference was surprising as studies have shown variation in xylem anatomy of plants exposed to contrasting water availabilities, commonly referred to as the hydraulic efficiency and safety trade-off theory. However, the traits did vary between the two species, with significantly larger mean Vd and Dv in B. attenuata seedling roots, and significantly higher mean Dv in B. littoralis seedling roots. VL also differed, with B. attenuata having significantly longer vessels than B. littoralis. These differences may relate to the contrasting habitat requirements of the chosen species. B. attenuata occurs across varying gradients in depth to groundwater, while B. littoralis is found in low-lying swampy areas. This could suggest that B. attenuata may be more ‘flexible’ in its xylem development, whereas B. littoralis develops a more rigid anatomy, affording protection in case of disconnection from groundwater. The findings from this study provide a better insight into how the xylem anatomy of groundwater-dependent species varies in relation to groundwater availability, and how and why species of the same genus may develop significantly different vessel traits.

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17

Heliyanto, Bambang. "The ecological genetic consequences of local endemism and natural population fragmentation in Banksia ilicifolia (Proteaceae)." University of Western Australia. School of Plant Biology, 2006. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2006.0123.

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[Truncated abstract] The species-rich Southwest Australian Floristic Region (SAFR) is a global biodiversity hotspot. Characterised by a Mediterranean-type climate and nutrient deficient landscape, this region is endowed with 7380 native vascular plant species/sub species, of which 49% are endemic and 2500 are of conservation concern. Despite the global significance of this region, there is still only a poor understanding of the factors influencing high diversity and endemism, and especially the population genetic consequences of narrow endemism and naturally fragmented species distribution. Holly leaved banksia (Banksia ilicifolia R. Br.), although widespread through Southwest Western Australia (SWWA), has a naturally fragmented distribution, with generally small populations restricted to swales and wetland fringes with depth to groundwater less than 10 m. As such, it provides an excellent model to better understand the ecological genetic consequences of local endemism, population size and natural population fragmentation . . . Products of wide outcrossing (over 30 km) showed a heterosis effect over local outcrossing, indicating increased ecological amplitude of offspring following interpopulation mating. These results suggest that the breeding and mating biology of B. ilicifolia counters the negative genetic erosion effects of narrow ecological amplitude and small population size. Recent habitat fragmentation, and reductions in population size and increased isolation, is impacting on these processes, but further research is required to assess the ultimate consequences of these genetic effects for population viability.

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Simmons, Donna. "The impact of Phytophthora cinnamomi on reptile communities in banksia woodlands of Western Australia." Thesis, Simmons, Donna (2011) The impact of Phytophthora cinnamomi on reptile communities in banksia woodlands of Western Australia. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2011. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/32587/.

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19

Tangney, Ryan James. "Fire intensity, seasonal variation and seeds traits may influence seed fates in Banksia woodlands." Thesis, Curtin University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/75785.

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This thesis presents a multifaceted approach to understanding seed survival during fire. I considered seed survival of high temperatures in the context of seed moisture content, soil temperature, and seed depth in the soil profile. I identified several seed traits associated with seed survival and seedling emergence depth. I modelled seasonal variation and interactions between these traits, fuel dynamics and soil temperatures to identify conditions and periods for burning that minimise risk of seed mortality.

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20

Crosti, Roberto. "Recruitment of Banksia spp. in an anthropogenically disturbed mediterranean climate type woodland in Western Australia." Thesis, Crosti, Roberto (2011) Recruitment of Banksia spp. in an anthropogenically disturbed mediterranean climate type woodland in Western Australia. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2011. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/10692/.

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Introduction Banksia woodland is the characteristic mediterranean type vegetation of the sand plains of the Swan Coastal Plain in the Perth region of Western Australia. Once extensive in the past the woodlands are nowadays severely fragmented and threatened by a variety of perturbations including weeds, fire and seed predation. Conservation and management of the woodlands depends very much upon the knowledge of past land use, type of original vegetation, frequency and magnitude of significant disturbances and surrounding land-use. The results of a long-term study in the Kings Park bushland, comparing vegetation differences between the 1939 and 1999, showed that there have been substantial changes in the composition and structure of the woodland. In term of tree species, the most significant trends have been a decrease in Banksia spp. Aim The research reported in this thesis aims for an understanding of the features and different stages of Banksia spp. recruitment in an environment such as the Kings Park bushland urban remnant. The final objective of this study is to assess if recruitment of Banksia spp. is affected by the perturbations mentioned above, ultimately influencing bushland conservation. Materials &Methods The study was conducted both in urban bushland and in suburban areas in the Perth region. Several of the experiments and investigations on some specific stages of recruitment also included other species dominant in the bushland. The stages of recruitment investigated are: seed production and dispersal, seed germination and seedling establishment, seed predation. Results In the Perth region B. attenuata and B. menziesii have a small degree of serotiny, the two species release seeds at different times of the year - B. attenuata from Summer to Autumn and B. menziesii from Spring to Summer. In post- fire conditions seed release is more synchronised than for unburned trees but the amount of seed released depends on the timing of the fire. Fires in early Summer lead to mass release of B. menziesii seeds and destruction of immature seeds of B. attenuata. Later fires destroy B. menziesii seed that has been shed on to the soil but synchronises release of B. attenuata seed. Of the investigated locations Kings Park, and Ridge State Forest, have higher level of pre-dispersal seed predation compared to other locations. The post-dispersal surveys and experiment, both in inter-fire and post-fire environment show that in Kings Park in Winter, approximately 75% of the banksia seeds were consumed. Moreover, Banksia seed predation is not related to the density of seeds. Presence of leaf litter, weeds and plant material in the experimental unit reduced predation values. Most of the germination occurred on sandy soil, while presence of weeds and of a thick layer of leaf litter reduced germination numbers for the Banksia species. In post-fire conditions seedlings are also associated with “burn residuals” (accumulation of burned litter and ash). Most of the seeds that were sown in the soil and had germinated died. Conclusion This project confirmed and quantified the decrease of banksia individuals (which until now was only assumed) over time and lack of their recruitment. Seed predation, both before and after seed release greatly affects banksia seed availability in Kings Park. Furthermore unfavourable sites for germination such as a thick layer of leaf litter and weeds are a great obstacle for establishment of large seeded species such as Banksia. Other dominant species, such as Allocasuarina fraseriana, Acacia saligna and Dryandra sessilis1 on the contrary do not seem to reduce their recruitment potential as predation (or removal) is not conspicuous and the various substrata do not reduce the ratio between the number of germinants and seedlings that survive. In order to boost banksia recruitment a number of management actions could be taken. In particular weeds and thick layers of leaf litter must be removed and a sandy soil substratum should be arranged especially in the areas where, even in the presence of banksia trees, the number of seedlings is low. Predation must be reduced, in particular through removal of pests.

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Waryszak, Pawel. "Evaluating emergence, survival, and assembly of Banksia woodland communities to achieve restoration objectives following topsoil transfer." Thesis, Waryszak, Pawel (2017) Evaluating emergence, survival, and assembly of Banksia woodland communities to achieve restoration objectives following topsoil transfer. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2017. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/38303/.

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The science of restoration ecology seeks ways to advance the understanding of how to restore native ecosystems that have been degraded or destroyed. Ecological theory suggests that environmental filters influence the outcome of ecological restoration and ultimately long-term restoration success. In this study, three types of environmental filters: dispersal, abiotic, biotic were manipulated to improve understanding of how to successfully re-establish native plant communities. The abiotic filter was manipulated by decreasing soil compaction (ripping) and evaporation (shade). The biotic filter was addressed with control of herbivory (fencing) and weeds (herbicide). The dispersal limitation was examined by altering the application depth of the transferred topsoil (deep and shallow topsoil volume) and application of germination cues (smoke and heat). This study was located in Banksia woodland - a Mediterranean-type ecosystem restricted to the Swan Coastal Plain in Western Australia that is diminishing due to rapid urban expansion. Topsoil from Banksia woodland vegetation contains a large native soil seed bank. Here, topsoil from a newly cleared site was stripped, transferred and applied to six recipient sites within two months of vegetation clearing. The recipient sites had been grazed for about 80 years prior to purchasing for conservation as part of a biodiversity offset program. Following topsoil transfer, a fully factorial combination of three filter manipulation treatments was applied across the six sites to identify successful restoration techniques. The dispersal filter was tested by altering the volume of topsoil seed bank applied. The abiotic filter experimental manipulation was performed using topsoil ripping. The biotic filter was examined by installing herbivore exclosures. Emergence and survival of Banksia woodland species were quantified in spring and autumn for two consecutive years after topsoil transfer. Manipulation of the abiotic filter in soil ripping treatment reduced the densities of the emerging native perennials significantly (t = 4, P < 0.001). Overall, the most successful technique was the application of a high volume of unripped topsoil, with resulting mean densities of native perennials of 15.9 ± 0.2 (SE) m-2 in the first year. Similarly, high volume of unripped topsoil resulted in the highest mean densities of native perennials of 7.6 ± 0.1 (SE) m-2 in the second year after topsoil transfer. Application of plot-scale heat treatments in the second year recorded 4.5 % increase in the emergence densities of native perennials compared with site-scale control plots (t = 11.4, P < 0.001). Mean seedling survival over the 2-year sampling period was 2.44% ± 0.2 (SE). The highest survival through the first summer drought occurred within topsoil ripping treatment in combination with artificial shade (mean survival of 27.3 % ± 5.6 (SE), t=7.8, P<0.001). High mortality occurred during the second summer drought and overall mean seedling survival over the 2-year sampling period was 2.44% ± 0.2 (SE). Breaking plant species into key functional groups, the number of non-resprouters oscillated around 70% in both years. Nitrogen-fixers comprised 50% of total native flora richness in the first year after topsoil transfer and decreased markedly to 20% in the second year. Plant assemblages in the second year after topsoil transfer comprised mostly of non-native perennial grasses and perennial, small-seeded native woody shrubs. The transferred topsoil seed bank contained a close-to-reference species richness of native species propagules. Deep topsoil returned the highest mean densities of native plant species and second highest number of native plant taxa (163 on deep topsoil, 166 on fenced topsoil, of total 171 plant species recorded in this study). The recorded plant species richness comprised about 25% of total species pool recorded in Banksia woodland ecosystems in its natural distribution on Swan Coastal Plain, Western Australia and about 105% of total plant taxa recorded in the reference site before clearing. These plant taxa were mostly understorey species that suggests a high potential for mitigating environmental barriers on restoration sites with the use of transferred topsoil, but more research needs to focus on improving survival of native seedlings in their early stages of establishment.

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Bamford, Michael John. "The dynamics of small vertebrates in relation to fire in banksia woodland near Perth, Western Australia." Thesis, Bamford, Michael John (1986) The dynamics of small vertebrates in relation to fire in banksia woodland near Perth, Western Australia. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 1986. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/41575/.

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The amphibians, reptiles, birds and small mammals present in banksia woodland, 80 km north of Perth, Western Australia, were monitored from April 1983 to March 1986, in sites last burnt O, 3, 11 and 20 years ago. In addition, two sites unburnt for about 20 years were burnt experimentally, one in autumn and one in spring. This woodland had been burnt at intervals of 15-20 years for at least the previous 40 years. Small vertebrate diversity and abundance, invertebrate abundance and vegetation structure all showed greatest variation in the first three years after fire. Overall 8 frog, 35 reptile, 7 small mammal and 86 bird species were recorded; most species were very uncommon. Among the common species from all groups were species which changed in abundance with increasing time after fire. Fire itself caused little direct mortality. Frog diversity following the most intense little more than two was reduced in the first year fire studied, but varied years after fire. Reptile diversity varied within sites but showed no clear relationship with time after fire; it was, however, reduced in the first year after a spring fire. Small mammal diversity was reduced by fire and was relatively constant more than three years after fire. Despite dramatic changes in the relative abundances of particular species, bird diversity in the first year was similar to that found more than 20 years after fire, but peaked markedly 3-6 years after fire. As a group, reptiles were least affected by fire, probably because their ectothermic physiology allowed them to tolerate periods of inactivity. Small mammals were most affected, presumably because of their need to forage daily and their lack of mobility in comparison to the similarly endothermic birds. The importance of fire history, and in particular the frequency of fires, in determining the vertebrate species in a region, is discussed. The responses of particular species to a single fire could be useful in establishing guidelines for the use of fire in management.

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Maher, Nicole. "Provenance effects in Banksia attenuata germination and emergence: implications for restoration seed sourcing under climate change." Thesis, Maher, Nicole (2021) Provenance effects in Banksia attenuata germination and emergence: implications for restoration seed sourcing under climate change. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2021. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/64723/.

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The rapidity of climate change and its effects have contributed to the complexity of selecting an appropriate seed source for restoration projects. The use of a traditional local provenancing seed sourcing strategy has been critiqued as it may fail to facilitate long-term sustainability of a restoration site. Alternative strategies such as climate-adjusted provenancing may enhance lasting survival of a restored community, by purposefully selecting seed sources that match future climate predictions for the site. This study assessed the population-level variation (that is, a provenance effect) in Banksia attenuata seed germination and emergence in response to a variety of environmental stimuli. Specifically, laboratory trials of seed germination highlight that Banksia attenuata shows significant provenance effects in response to temperature, with seed sourced from hotter climates achieving greater germination under hotter incubation temperatures than seed sourced from cooler climates. All sampled populations displayed a significant interactive effect with water potential (MPa), whereby a decrease in MPa resulted in a varied reduction in germination between populations. Four trial locations were established to investigate any provenance effects in Banksia attenuata emergence. No overall significant provenance effect was observed at unmined or postmining restoration sites 16 weeks after seeds had been sown. These findings indicate that provenance does not play a significant role in Banksia attenuata seedling emergence in field trials, suggesting that local seed sourcing for restoration of Banksia attenuata is no more effective than using non-local seed. The results from the field trial provide little evidence to support a climate-adjusted seed sourcing strategy for restoration in the future. The contrasting results between laboratory (germination) and field (emergence) trials points to the need for future research quantifying determinants of species provenance in a practical restoration context.

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Canham, Caroline. "The response of Banksia roots to change in water table level in a Mediterranean-type environment." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2011. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/389.

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For phreatophytic plants to persist in a given habitat they need to maintain a functional connection to the water table, and the capacity for roots to respond to changes in the water table is a key aspect of this. If root growth is limited by season, plants may not be able to grow roots to adjust to changes in the water table at a particular time of the year. The redistribution of roots, particularly the capacity for roots to follow the water table down in summer and autumn months, is vital for phreatophytic plants to maintain a functional connection with the water table. Root activity by phreatophytic Banksia in south-west Western Australia was assessed using root in-growth bags, with above-ground plant phenological processes observed simultaneously. The root in-growth bag technique that was used showed that Banksia roots are able to grow, provided soil conditions are conducive and there are no endogenous limitations to root growth at different times of the year, such as a dormancy period. The ability to grow at any time in response to soil conditions might be an essential prerequisite for phreatophytes if they are to survive fluctuating water table conditions in seasonally water-limited environments.

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Zencich, Sandra Jane. "Variability in water use by phreatophytic Banksia woodland vegetation of the Swan Coastal Plain, Western Australia." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2003. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1328.

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Seasonal changes exist in source-water utilisation by Banksia woodland species overlying a shallow aquifer on the Swan Coastal Plain in Western Australia These were studied to identify the importance of groundwater as a water source to this vegetation. Intra-and interspecific variation in seasonal water use was investigated across the dominant overstorey and understorey species, with particular emphasis on species of different rooting morphologies. Seasonal water use was investigated across a topographical gradient ranging from a groundwater depth of 2.5 to 30 metres, a scenario representative of the coastal sand-dune system. An examination was also made of the response of woodland vegetation to an induced and rapid temporal separation from the groundwater able, beyond the normal range of groundwater fluctuation. To investigate a species' seasonal water usage, measurements of the naturally occurring stable isotope of hydrogen in water (deuterium, δ2H) were used to distinguish among potential plant water sources. Isotopic ratios from vascular water of the study species were compared with those of potential sources of precipitation, soil moisture and groundwater. The primary assumptions of this method were validated for the study species in laboratory experiments, and field-sampling strategies were developed. Through this process, the water sources available to plants were identified. Mixing models were employed to calculate the proportion of groundwater used. The results of this study confirm that groundwater is an important water source to both overstorey and understorey components of the woodland. Phreatophytic species were characterised by a deep root system, in which the tap root played a significant role in groundwater uptake. These species derived some of their water from groundwater throughout the dry-wet cycle. With the onset of the hot, Mediterranean summer, they increased their use of deep moisture sources, including groundwater. Variability in groundwater usage was observed at the interspecific and intraspecific level. This was dependent on root-system distribution and maximum root depth. For those species capable of using groundwater, the degree to which it was utilised was dependent on the proximity of groundwater (i.e. the depth to the water table), and the availability of moisture in shallower horizons of the soil profile (i.e. the season). For individuals occurring at shallow depth to water (< 8 m), groundwater was an important water source: whereas, at greater depths (≥8 m) its importance decreased as it was used in lower proportions and/or for shorter durations. Comparisons of within-species variation revealed disparities in groundwater usage, and possibly dependency, between the dominant overstorey Banksia species. Banksia ilicifolio, a species confined to habitats where groundwater depth is ≤8 m, was dependent on groundwater during the dry summer period (up to 90% of water used was groundwater) and may be considered a summer obligate phreatophyte. B. attenuata is a summer facultative phreatophyte, occurring where groundwater depth is 2 to >30m with groundwater accounting for between 5 to 75% of water used depending on depth to the water table. These results suggest the possibility of an obligate-facultative phreatophyte distinction. The response of phreatophytic Banksia species to changes in the groundwater regime beyond the normal range of groundwater fluctuation confirmed the seasonal nature of groundwater dependence, and varied sensitivity of individuals according to their position within the sandplain landscape (i.e. proximity to groundwater).

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Smith, Russell Stephen. "Mineral nutrient influxes and additions and their effects in a Banksia woodland ecosystem in South Western Australia." Thesis, Smith, Russell Stephen (1990) Mineral nutrient influxes and additions and their effects in a Banksia woodland ecosystem in South Western Australia. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 1990. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/41520/.

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The objectives of this study were to gain information on the environmental effects of fertilizer drift. This was achieved by undertaking two separate investigations 1 firstly soil nutrient levels and vegetation composition along transects from farmland into a Banksia woodland were analysed to see how they co-varied. Secondly the effect of agricultural fertilizers on the growth, and nutrient and carbohydrate levels of selected shrub species from a Banksia woodland was investigated to determine if fertilizer stimulated shoot growth led to a reduction in root reserves which might diminish post-fire resprouting ability. The first investigation, into fertilizer drift at Dardanup Block, a conservation reserve, found that most invasive exotic pasture species were restricted to physically disturbed areas at the edge of the reserve with only Hypochaeris glabra a small wind dispersed composite being common away from the edge. Total phosphorus values were highest in the paddock and declined with increasing distance into the reserve, levels were significantly higher in samples taken 0.5 m, 10 m and 20 m into the reserve than they were from those taken 60 m from the fence. Although potassium had been applied to the paddock for over twenty years there was no apparent effect on soil available potassium values at the edge of the reserve. The levels of this mineral and also total nitrogen within the woodland were correlated with native vegetation composition. In the fertilization study the shrubs Kunzea ericifolia and Leucopogon conostephioides increased their mean biomass per new shoot in response to NPK fertilizer but not to superphosphate alone. The NPK fertilized 11 Kunzea plants connnenced shoot elongation earlier in the season than did the control plants. Increased growth was associated with higher proportions of phosphorus and potassium per unit of shoot nitrogen in Kunzea and increased K:N ratios in Leucopogon. Levels of root non-structural carbohydrates in Kunzea and Leucopogon were not affected by increased shoot growth and the relatively low root reserves in these plants and their low root:shoot ratio are consistent with their lack of resprouting ability. Stir lingia which did not significantly increase its shoot growth in response to fertilization, had substantially higher root polysaccharide levels in the NPK plots which indicates that the added nutrients stimulated a higher rate of photosynthesis. The relatively high root: shoot ratio and root non-structural carbohydrate levels of Stirlingia are probably the reason for its strong resprouting ability. From the results of these studies it is proposed that although superphosphate influx increases the levels of phosphorus on roadsides and at the edges of reserves it alone probably doesn't adversely affect the life strategies of native species, though it may favour exotic species. Longer term studies would be needed to separate the effects of continuing nutrient influx on vegetation composition from those of overfrequent burning and various other environmental changes and disturbances associated with "edge" habitats.

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Ahmedi, Idriss. "Long-term phosphite application is detrimental to a low phosphorus banksia woodland community in the southwest of Western Australia." Thesis, Ahmedi, Idriss (2012) Long-term phosphite application is detrimental to a low phosphorus banksia woodland community in the southwest of Western Australia. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2012. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/23226/.

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Tectonic quiescence and lack of orogenesis have lead to very nutrient impoverished soils in Southwest of Western Australia (SWWA). The most limiting macronutrient of which is phosphorus (P) both in the form that is easily accessible to plants and occluded phosphorus. To overcome this many plants have developed unique adaptations such as forming cluster-roots that increase surface area as well as exude carboxylates that help liberate the occluded P from the soils. Over millions of years SWWA flora have adapted to such low soil P levels. However, the introduced oomycete pathogen, P. cinnamomi, has been wreaking havoc on the native vegetation of SWWA and most (wetter areas) of Australia. The only viable option of mitigating the effects of this contagious pathogen is through the application of a phosphorus-based fungicide called phosphite. Phosphite, as applied, is neutralised phosphorus acid H3PO3, which is oxidised to PO43- by soil microorganisms. Phosphate is a soil fertiliser and a very important nutrient for growth and development of plants and animals. This fungicide is either aerially sprayed or applied as trunk-injections on P. cinnamomi infested plant communities to help reduce its impact. For the most part it has proven to be quite successful in suppressing the pathogen’s effects on many plant species. However, there are tradeoffs in the form of phytotoxicity by sensitive species as well as potential for fertilisation, weed invasion, changes to plant communities as well as changes to the soil P pool. In this study the effects of long-term P application as phosphite was studied in a Banksia woodland. The study site has been divided into four monitoring sites by DEC (Albany) since the mid 1990s: (i) unsprayed and P. cinnamomi-free plots; (ii) unsprayed and P. cinnamomi infested plots; (iii) phosphite sprayed and P. cinnamomi infested plots; (iv) phosphite sprayed and P. cinnamomi-free plots. The present study found that long-term phosphite application (from 1996-2010) in the study site of Gull Rock National Park region, south-western Australia (Albany), has increased soil P levels. Both plant-available and total P levels were significantly elevated (p=0.014). The total P levels in the target species Adenanthos cuneatus, Banksia attenuata, Banksia coccinea and Jacksonia spinosa mature leaves (p=0.013, p=0.013, p=0.042 and p=0.157, respectively) and senesced leaves (p=0.001, p=0.005, p=0.044, respectively (A. cuneatus did not have senesced leaves)) were also significantly higher from the unsprayed and disease-free plots except in the case of mature J. spinosa leaves.. Although the soil P levels are well below critical levels, the total P levels in B. attenuata and B. coccinea leaves were significantly above phytotoxic levels. This is most probably due to long-term phosphite application and its subsequent accumulation. The study site revealed that phosphite sprayed and P. cinnamomi-free plots have formed a unique assemblage of plants but the species overlap with the unsprayed and P. cinnamomi-free “control” plots. However, the unsprayed and P. cinnamomi infested plots showed the most unique plant community due to the high destructive capacity of the pathogen that has lead to only resistant species surviving. Similarly, Shannon diversity index and Evenness index revealed that the synergistic effect of the pathogen and the fungicide have formed the most species diverse community in the phosphite sprayed and P. cinnamomi infested plots that is also very even when compared to the other three treatment plots. Canopy closure analysis was used as a primary-productivity indicator to estimate biomass production based on the canopy cover. The phosphite sprayed and P. cinnamomi-free plots showed a highly significantly (p<0.001) greater canopy closure when compared to the control treatment, unsprayed and P. cinnamomi-free plots. However, dry weight of biomass from 1m2 harvests of five plots within these two sites did not show a significant difference in biomass. Interestingly, B. attenuata had significantly (p<0.001) high photosynthesis rate in the former plots when compared to the control treatment but B. coccinea had no significant (p=0.786) difference. A glasshouse experiment was also performed using white lupins (Lupinus albus) to understand the pattern of phytotoxicity caused by massive influx of P in the form of phosphate through the application of phosphite. Seven treatments: control (untreated), 120 kg/ha, 240 kg/ha, 480 kg/ha, 720 kg/ha and 1440 kg/ha each with nine replicates were sprayed with the indicated concentrations of phosphite and incubated for five weeks in the glasshouse to allow bio-oxidation of phosphite into phosphate by soil microbes. The treatments are approximate to the numbers of years of annual phosphite application, i.e., 120 kg/ha = 5 years of 24 kg/ha annual phosphite application. This study revealed that soil total- and plant-available P levels were in direct relationship with phosphite application rates. Plant shoot growth and biomass production were severely impeded even at the lowest treatment level of 120 kg/ha. The plants had stunted growth, low leaf-, stem-, and root-mass. The plants also had very low germination rates beginning from 240 kg/ha treatments. In contrast, 120 kg/ha had the shortest germination time but similar phytotoxicity symptoms to other treatments. Of interest was the presence of cluster-root primordia rootlets even at the highest phosphite treatment. These were explained due to the ‘P-depletion zone’ phenomenon as the majority of the cluster roots were induced in the control treatment. The Mediterranean climate of SWWA makes it prone to wildfires and the plants in the region have coping mechanisms to withstand and proliferate post-fire. However, this study was designed around the idea of ‘what would happen to phosphite that is accumulating in the plants after being aerially sprayed?’. The natural process of senescence has been attributed to the high P levels in soil in the field. However, since most of the fungicide is still in planta only small amounts of that phosphite ends up in the soil and is converted to phosphate. This was also the reason for the apparent high biomass levels observed in phosphite sprayed plots. The glasshouse trail acted as a surrogate to wildfires and simulated the impact of wildfires on the phosphite accumulating in planta. Given that phosphite oxidises to phosphate the toxic levels of phosphate influx after only the equivalent of five years of phosphite application caused widespread phytotoxicity symptoms such as root and shoot necrosis; leading to plant death in the white lupin trial. It is clear that phosphite application has benefits in the form of reducing the impact of P. cinnamomi. Long-term application of this fungicide also has the potential to transform it into a fertiliser as well as cause widespread changes to the ecosystem structure if a wildfire, intense enough to burn all the vegetation to ash, occurs.

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Qongqo, Axola. "Introduction pathways of phytopathogenic fungi and their potential role in limiting plant invasions: the case of Banksia spp. (Proteaceae) in the Cape Floristic Region." Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2859.

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Thesis (Master of Conservation Science)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018.
Introduction pathways of fungal pathogens in South Africa are far less quantified in the literature than those for plants, animals and human infectious diseases. Phytopathogens continue to be introduced to South Africa via several pathways at an unprecedented rate. A number of these species pose a significant threat to South African ecosystems and biodiversity. Despite this, fungal pathogens could also be beneficial when they are used as bio-control agents to control alien invasive plant species. Nevertheless, recent studies revealed pathogens are most likely to be studied after they have caused a detrimental impact on the environment. Invasive fungal pathogens, such as Phytophthora cinnamomi (Oomycota) do not only pose a threat to native species of the family Proteaceae but could also potentially be bio-control agents for emerging alien plant invaders. In this thesis, firstly, I review current knowledge of phytopathogenic fungi introduction pathways in South Africa; secondly, I aim to understand the importance of fungi in limiting plant invasions using Banksia as a case study in the Cape Floristic Region. In chapter two I investigate introduction pathways and dispersal vectors that facilitate the spread of fungal pathogens. I compiled comprehensive list of fungal pathogens in South Africa, and evaluated the dispersal vectors and introduction pathways for each species. I found fifty five casual species, three naturalised species, six invasive species and thirty six pathogens for which invasion status was not classified due to insufficient data. Agriculture is responsible for the introduction of most fungal pathogens in South Africa. Wind was identified to be the prominent dispersal vector facilitating the spread of pathogens. I conclude that knowing introduction pathways of pathogens and their dispersal vectors will assist in developing quarantine protocols that could improve bio-security. Lastly, I provide recommendations for the national invasive microbe species list. In chapter three the study investigates the variability in mortality rate of Banksia species in the Cape Floristic. Species abundance was calculated across known Banksia populations in the Cape Floristic Region to determine survival and mortality rates. Soil and leave samples were taken from Banksia plants to evaluate potential microbial pests that were present. Also, acetone leaf extracts of twelve Banksia species were screened for antimicrobial activity against P. cinnamomi (Oomycota). Lastly, a post-border risk assessment was conducted for 14 Banksia species− present in South Africa − using the Australian Weed Risk Assessment protocol, to evaluate potentially invasive species. The results indicated that survival and mortality rate varied across species; I found the two invasive species, B. integrifolia and B. ericifolia to have the highest survival rate. Phytophthora cinnamomi was the most prominent isolated fungal pathogen sampled from Banksia species roots. The detection of antifungal activities in the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) bioassay provided evidence that some Banksia species (B. ericifolia, B. integrifolia, B. hookeriana and B. formosa) have antimicrobial chemical constituents that could possibly inhibit infection and colonisation by P. cinnamomi. The weed risk assessments conducted on Banksia species showed five species pose a high risk of invasion while seven species required further evaluation. I conclude that P. cinnamomi could potentially regulate invasive Banksia species such as B. speciosa with minimal antimicrobial activity against the pathogen. I recommend an in-situ and ex-situ inoculation trials of Banksia species against P. cinnamomi to be conducted to evaluate pathogenicity, under different watering regimes since the pathogens proliferation is favoured by soils that are high in moisture. I present the main conclusions from this thesis in chapter four and provide recommendations for management and invasive species legislation.

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Johnston, Teagan. "Food resource availability for Carnaby's cockatoo Calyptorhynchus latirostris on the Swan Coast Plain." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2013. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/595.

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To achieve a balance between sustainable development and conservation of threatened species, management depends on understanding the predicted response and interaction of that species with their environment in order to develop appropriate mitigating solutions. The Carnaby’s cockatoo Calyptorhynchus latirostris is declining across much of its range due to the detrimental effect of habitat degradation and loss. Since the decline of food resource availability in non-breeding areas is believed to be contributing to the reduction in the number of Carnaby’s cockatoos knowledge of the birds’ foraging ecology and the influence of external factors on food resource availability is essential for effective management. Despite extensive studies and conservation work on the Carnaby’s cockatoos, there remain many gaps in our understanding of the birds’ foraging behaviour. The aim of this thesis is to fill some of those gaps. Carnaby’s cockatoos are destructive feeders, removing plant parts with strong beaks by holding them while extracting seed and insect larvae. Surveys of the birds feeding preferences were analysed by recording feeding residues of the number of eaten and uneaten infructescences left behind on the ground following foraging bouts. It was noted that Carnaby’s cockatoo diets were highly variable in terms of plant structures and species manipulated and consumed. Twenty-four species of food plants were manipulated by Carnaby’s cockatoo. Of these, 15 species of plant were consumed for seeds, with 53% of the total being made up of proteaceous species. Six of the 15 species (all Banksia species) were also manipulated as inflorescences. Grubbing for insects that were living in or on the woody stem tissue was observed in 63% of the food resource plant species collected. Carnaby’s cockatoo displayed a strong preference for food resources of the Banksia and Hakea genera. The relationship between Carnaby’s cockatoos and Banksia species was further examined to understand infructescence availability and variability in seasonal and total annual counts to determine the amount of potential food available to Carnaby’s cockatoos. Banksia attenuata, B. grandis, B. ilicifolia, B. menziesii, B. prionotes and B. sessilis were targeted in this study. Infructescence availability was determined through examination of Carnaby’s cockatoo feeding residues and numbers of mature infructescences that make up the standing crop of infructescences containing seeds. Banksia infructescences were available throughout the study for five out of the six species, although seasonal and annual amounts available varied. The numbers of infructescences available were not significantly (P > 0.05) influenced by soil type. However, infructescence numbers were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced by the presence of Phytophthora cinnamomi. In general the number of infructescences significantly (P < 0.05) increased as post-fire age increased. Plant allometric relationships between morphological characteristics and number of infructescences were investigated to help identify factors which best predict infructescence numbers. For B. attenuata, canopy volume, canopy area and girth emerged as the best individual predictive models for explaining the variability of the number of infructescences. Multiple linear regression of all B. attenuata plant morphological variables accounted for 29% of the variability in the number of infructescences. Canopy volume, canopy area, girth and foliage height were the best individual predictive models for determining the number of infructescences for B. menziesii. The combination of all B menziesii plant morphological characteristics explained 44% of the variability in the number of infructescences. All the models tested for B. sessilis revealed significant (P < 0.05) relationships with correlation coefficients > 53%. Canopy area was the best individual predictive factor for B. sessilis, accounting for around 90% of the variation. Multiple linear regression analysis combining all B. sessilis plant morphological variables revealed a correlation coefficient of 92%. In comparison to B. attenuata and B. menziesii (resprouters), B. sessilis is an obligate reseeder which is killed by fire. As a consequence of reseeding post-fire, B. Sessilis commonly occurs in dense thickets and are often more uniform in plant size, age and infructescence availability than resprouters and therefore displays stronger allometric relationships. Determining the influence of external factors on infructescence numbers helps in establishing the amount of food resources available for Carnaby’s cockatoos and in turn highlights the importance of various food resource habitats. Banksia species investigated as part of the food resource availability study were further examined to determine temporal variability of infructescence use by Carnaby’s cockatoo. Carnaby’s cockatoos showed themselves to be tolerant of changing resource availability which allowed them to effectively utilise food resources across the landscape throughout all seasons. Approximately 50% of resources available were utilised by Carnaby’s cockatoo throughout the year, with around 80% of handled infructescences consumed. Carnaby’s cockatoos showed flexibility in diet, with temporal variability in food resource use throughout the year. Infructescence resource use was highest between April and September. Level of consumption was a direct result of infructescence availability with no significant differences recorded in infructescence use in the presence of P. cinnamomi and different post-fire age stands. Seed energetics and proportion of seeds and follicles available and consumed were investigated to determine the number of infructescences required to meet daily metabolic requirements of Carnaby’s cockatoo. Over 65% of infructescences handled were consumed for seed for each Banksia species. B. sessilis recorded the largest number of infructescences and follicles manipulated by Carnaby’s cockatoos. The energy content of Banksia seeds ranged from 20-23 kJ g-1. Seed weight varied from 0.075g ± SE 0.016 for B. attenuata to 0.007g ± SE 0.002 for B. sessilis. The number of infructescences required to meet the birds’ daily energy intake ranged from 14 for B. grandis to 3821 for B. sessilis, based on mean number of follicles manipulated for seed and one-hundred percent seed availability. Incorporation of the potential number of seeds per follicle increased the number of infructescences required: B. attenuata, B. ilicifolia, B. menziesii and B. sessilis increased by almost 200%, while B. prionotes and B. grandis increased by 200% and 300%, respectively. Information collected on plant morphology, structure and infructescence availability combined with infructescence consumption and seed energy reward by Carnaby’s cockatoos allowed the development of food resource algorithms to guide habitat quality assessment. Establishment of quantitative criteria for assessing habitat quality for Carnaby’s cockatoo, such as methods for determining food resource availability, allows for effective integration of biodiversity issues into planning and impact assessment processes. The research undertaken for this thesis will add to the understanding and conservation of Carnaby’s cockatoo, an iconic South Western Australian species.

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Fisher, Judith L. "Fundamental changes to ecosystem properties and processes linked to plant invasion and fire frequency in a biodiverse woodland." University of Western Australia. School of Plant Biology, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0109.

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[Truncated abstract] Mediterranean southwest Australia, a global biodiversity hotspot, has nutrient deficient soils, exacting climatic conditions and is species rich with 7380 native vascular plant species, of which 49% are endemic. The region is expected to experience one of the world's highest degrees of biodiversity loss and change in the coming decades, with introduced species presenting a major threat. Limited knowledge is available on the mechanisms of ecosystem change associated with invasion and fire in this biodiversity hotspot region. Banksia woodland, an iconic complex species-rich natural ecosystem is one of the major vegetation types of the coastal sandplain, extending from 15 to 90 km inland and 400 kms along the west coast. The following hypothesis was tested to explore the ecological impacts of invasion: Is invasion of Banksia woodland by the introduced species Ehrharta calycina and Pelargonium capitatum accompanied by an alteration in ecosystem properties and processes, whereby the degree of change is related to fire frequency and abundance of introduced species? Different vegetation conditions, i.e. Good Condition (GC), Medium Condition (MC), Poor Condition invaded by Ehrharta calycina (PCe) and Poor Condition invaded by Pelargonium capitatum (PCp) were utilized for field assessments. ... In the soil seed bank, species numbers and germinant density decreased significantly for native and seeder (fire sensitive) species between GC sites and invaded sites. Surprisingly 52% of germinants at GC sites were from introduced species, with much of the introduced soil seed bank being persistent. Native species were dominated by perennial shrubs, herbs and sedges, while introduced species were dominated by perennial and annual grasses and herbs. Invasion by introduced species, associated with frequency of fire, altered the ecosystem, thus disadvantaging native species and improving conditions for even greater invasion within the Banksia woodland. Significantly higher soil phosphorus P (total) and P (HCO3) were found at PCe and PCp sites compared to GC sites. Leaf nutrient concentrations of phosphorus were significantly higher, and potassium and copper significantly lower in PCe and PCp sites, with introduced species having significantly greater concentrations than native species (except Manganese). This study demonstrated the key role of phosphorus in the Banksia woodland, in contrast to other research which identified nitrogen as the major nutrient affected by invasion. Higher levels of soil and leaf phosphorus, loss of species diversity and function, changes in fire ecology and canopy cover and a limited native soil seed bank make restoration of a structural and functional Banksia woodland from the soil seed bank alone unlikely. Without management intervention, continuing future fire is likely to result in a transition of vegetation states from GC to MC and MC to PC. The knowledge gained from this study provides a better ecological understanding of the invasive process. This enhanced understanding will enable the development of adaptive management strategies to improve conservation practices within a biodiversity hotspot and reduce the impact of the key threatening process of invasion.

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Kohlíčková, Jana. "Stabilita bank za krize." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-197667.

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Thesis: "The stability of banks in the crisis" presents an analysis of the impact of the financial crisis on the banking sector and individual banks and a demonstration of the behavior of banks in crisis situation. The thesis is divided into four chapters. The first chapter deals with the definition of instability and explain the functioning of the financial crisis. The second chapter discusses the issue of deposit insurance and the possibility of compensation payments during the bank's collapse. The third chapter shows the influence and role of central banks as the creator of the banking environment and as the main supervisory authority. The fourth chapter focuses on the stability of banks from different perspectives, that the bank's activity was not significantly affected during and after the financial crisis.

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Stankus, Tadas. "Kreditų portfelio rizikos valdymas DnB NORD banko pavyzdžiu." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2007. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20070816_163352-66363.

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Magistro darbe yra apibrėžtos pagrindinės komercinių bankų kreditų portfelio rizikos valdymo problemos. Išnagrinėjus Lietuvos ir užsienio autorių literatūrą, pateikti paskolų portfelio sudarymo, rizikos valdymo metodai ir jų praktinės pritaikymo galimybės komerciniuose bankuose. Analitinėje darbo dalyje pateikiami DnB NORD banko paskolų portfelio formavimo bei rizikos valdymo ypatumai. Taip pat pateikiamos paskolų portfelio rizikos valdymo tobulinimo kryptys, akcentuojant kredito, likvidumo ir palūkanų normos kitimo rizikas.
In this master’s final paper are defined main problems of commerce banks in credit portfolio risk management. Due to analyze of Lithuanian and foreign authors, principles of credit portfolio formation, risk management methods and practical appliance in commerce banks are proposed in this work. Peculiarities of credit portfolio formation and risk management in DnB NORD bank are introduced in analytical part of the work. Ways of improving credit portfolio risk management emphasizing credit, liquidity and change of interest rate risks are also offered.

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Šaltis, Mantas. "Fizinių asmenų investavimo Lietuvos komerciniuose bankuose alternatyvų vertinimas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20080929_103653-31765.

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Magistro darbe yra vertinami ir sisteminami teoriniai komercinių bankų investicinės veiklos formavimo ir valdymo kriterijai bei efektyvaus investicinio portfelio sudarymo metodai. Analizuojamos fizinių asmenų investavimo Lietuvos komerciniuose bankuose (AB SEB bankas, AB bankas „Hansabankas“ ir AB DnB NORD bankas) galimybės 2002-2007 metais, bei sudaromi fizinio investuotojo investicinio portfelio subalansuotos, rizikingos ir nerizikingos strategijos, investuojant ilgame ir trumpame perioduose, optimistinis bei pesimistinis variantai, siekiant nustatyti optimaliausią investicinį portfelį. Darbo pabaigoje pateikiamos išvados ir rekomendacijos fiziniams investuotojams. Magistro darbe iškelta hipotezė, kad naudingiausia investuoti ilgesniam laikotarpiui į rizikingiausias investicines alternatyvas, pasitvirtino iš dalies. Ilgesniam laikotarpiui investuoti yra naudingiau nei trumpesniam, tačiau, jei akcijų rinkų krizė ir toliau veiks investicinių fondų investicinių vienetų kainas tokiomis pat tendencijomis, tai investuojant į rizikingiausias alternatyvas galima patirti labai didelių nuostolių. Todėl šiuo metu reikėtų investuoti pagal subalansuotą investavimo strategiją, t.y. kuo labiau diversifikuoti savo portfelio riziką.
There are analyzed the theoretical aspects of the investment activity of the commercial banks and the methods of the effective investment portfolio. Also there are analyzed the investment opportunities of private persons in the Lithuanian commercial banks (SC SEB bank, SC bank “Hansabankas”, SC DnB NORD bank) in the period of 2002-2007. There are set the optimistic and pessimistic version of the persons’ investment risk, non-risk and balanced strategy in long and short periods for the reason to set the most optimal investment portfolio. The hypothesis, that the most useful version for investment is to invest to the risk strategy for the long period, was validated partially. To invest for the longer period is more useful. However, if the crisis of the stock market would be run on, it would be better to invest to the balanced strategy investment portfolio.

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Žilinskaitė, Gintarė. "Lietuvos komercinių bankų aktyvų apimties ir struktūros ekonominė analizė ir vertinimas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2010. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2010~D_20100903_124635-82625.

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Magistro darbe nagrinėjama Lietuvos komercinių bankų aktyvų apimtis bei struktūra. Išanalizuoti ir susisteminti įvairių Lietuvos ir užsienio autorių teoriniai aktyvų struktūros tyrimai, jų formavimo principų ir valdymo tyrimai. Pateikti ir išnagrinėti reikšmingiausi finansiniai rodikliai bei jų skaičiavimo metodikos. Darbe pateikiama Lietuvos komercinių bankų aktyvų apimties ir struktūros dinamika, o taip pat atlikta ekonominė analizė bei pateikiamas jos vertinimas. Atskleisti dinamikos ypatumai, siekiant pabrėžti aktyvų struktūros pokyčius. Be to dėmesio skiriama ir bankų pelningumui bei likvidumui, turintiems įtakos bankų veiklos rezultatams. Nagrinėjamos ir aktyvų kitimą lėmusios priežastys.
This work analyses assets and structure of commerce banks in Lithuania. Theoretical assets’ structure, their formation principles’ and possession researches of various Lithuania’s and foreign authors has been analyzed and organized here. Besides, the most significant finance indexes and their calculation methodologies has been presented and analyzed here too. This work presents assets amount and structure dynamics of Lithuania’s commerce banks as well as accomplished economics analysis and its assessment. Dynamics peculiarities have been revealed trying to accent assets’ structure variations. Moreover, attention has been brought to bank profitability and liquidity, which have influence on bank activity results. Finally, reasons that determined assets variation have been analyzed.

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Norvilaitė, Lina, and Indrė Balčienė. "GYVENTOJŲ NEMOKUMO LIETUVOS BANKAMS EKONOMINIS TYRIMAS IR VERTINIMAS." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2010. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2010~D_20100903_165021-11710.

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Magistro darbe yra suformuluotos gyventojų nemokumo Lietuvos bankams problemos, išanalizuoti ir susiteminti įvairių Lietuvos ir užsienio autorių teoriniai ir praktiniai namų ūkių nemokumo kreditinėms institucijoms tyrimai, įvardinti veiksniai, darantys įtaką šalies gyventojų mokumo būklei, įvertinta finansinių įsipareigojimų komerciniams bankams našta, pateiktos prevencinės priemonės padėsiančios sumažinti gyventojų nemokumą šalies bankams. Išsamiai analizuojami makroekonominiai ir kiti faktoriai, veikiantys Lietuvos gyventojų nemokumą. Atlikta Lietuvos komercinių bankų paskolų gyventojams portfelio analizė. Patvirtinama autorių suformuluota mokslinio tyrimo hipotezė, kad Lietuvos gyventojų, turinčių paskolas, nemokumo mastai auga priklausomai nuo makroekonominių ir kitų rodiklių pokyčių.
This master‘s final paper formulates problems of people insolvency for Lithuanian banks; it analyzes and systemizes theoretical and practical research into insolvency for credit institucions conducted by various Lithuanian and foreign authors; presents factors which influence on insolvency contition of country’s population. It also evaluates burden of financial liabilities for comercial banks and produces precautionary means to reduce people insolvency. The paper presents a detailed analysis of Lithuanian comercial banks loans portfolio for citizens. The authors formulated scientific research, that Lithuanian’s insolvency grows because of macroeconomics and other factors variation, is confirmed.

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Užvalakaitė, Kristina. "Lietuvos komercinių bankų paskolų ūkio šakoms analizė." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2007. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2006~D_20070117_111749-42090.

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Magistriniame darbe analizuojamas verslo sektorių augimo poveikis Lietuvos komercinių bankų paskolų portfeliams. Kredito rizikos valdymas yra viena iš pagrindinių banko funkcijų, kuri reikalauja daug žinių, finansinių išteklių, kompetencijos ir įžvalgumo. Todėl šioje srityje neretai iškyla problemų. Šių dienų pagrindinė problema – nepakankamas dėmesys paskolų portfelio valdymui ir prognozavimui.
This masters diploma paper analyses the influence of business sectors development on the loan portfolios and credit risk of Lithuanian commercial banks. Credit risk management is one of the main internal bank functions, which needs a lot of knowledge, financial resources, competencies and providence. That is why, there are always some problematic fields in this area. The main problem is that on this day, there is paid not enough attention to the whole loan portfolio management, supervision and prognostication basing on business sector growth. Trying to solve this problem, there was made a survey, which revealed the influence of business sectors growth to the loan portfolio and credit risk. The paper consists of three main parts. The first one gives the theory on credit risk problematic, supervision and management models. There is also discussed the main factors in business doing effect on banks loan portfolios and credit risk. The second part looks through the situation in banking and other business sectors, analyses the structure of loan portfolios of several Lithuanian commercial banks. There is also evaluated the loan portfolio influence to “SEB Vilniaus bankas” financial results and the quality of the loan portfolio. Finally the third part evaluates the demand and supply of loans in various business sectors, and makes some suggestions on making the loan portfolio credit risk management more efficient.

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Šiaudkulytė, Gintarė. "Lietuvos komercinių bankų vidaus auditoriaus veiklos efektyvumo vertinimas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20090909_085128-60422.

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Magistro darbo tikslas – pagrįsti vidaus auditoriaus veiklos specifiškumą ir jos vertinimo aspektus ir ištirti vidaus auditoriaus veiklos efektyvumą Lietuvos komercinių bankų sektoriuje. Išanalizavus literatūrą paaiškėjo, kad vidaus auditoriaus veikla laikui bėgant tapo specifiškesnė dėl išsiplėtusių funkcijų ir kompetencijų gausos, nepriklausomybės užtikrinimo ir veiklos vertinimo problematikos. Anketinis tyrimas atskleidė, kad Lietuvos komercinių bankų vidaus auditoriaus veikla vertinama kur kas palankiau, nei kito sektoriaus. Vidaus auditoriaus veikla šiame sektoriuje yra efektyvi, tai ypatingai pasireiškia vidaus kontrolės sistemoje. Sukurta veiklos vertinimo metodika padės atskleisti vidaus auditoriaus veiklos efektyvumą per funkcines sritis ir aplinkos analizę. Efektyvi Lietuvos komercinių bankų vidaus auditoriaus veikla turėtų paskatinti kitas įmones samdyti vidaus auditorius, kaip savo darbuotojus, ir jų pagalba siekti geresnių įmonės rezultatų. Tyrimo duomenys gali būti panaudojami tiriant kito sektoriaus vidaus auditoriaus veiklos efektyvumą.
Master‘s poin of work – to substantiate internal auditor‘s work‘s specification and it‘s estimation of aspects and explore internal auditor‘s work‘s efficiency in Lithuanian commercial bank‘s sector. Literature anglysis discovered that internal auditor‘s work in time became more specifical because of the planty of functions and competencies, independence security and the estimation of the work problem. The form showup that the work of internal auditor‘s is more appreciable then other sector‘s. Internal auditor‘s work is efective in this sector, where more shown in internal control system. Made-up estimated metod of the work let to show the effectiveness of the internal auditor‘s work throught the functional ways and analysis of surrounding. Effective internal auditor‘s work should stimulate other companys to employ internal auditors, as their workers, in order to reach beter company‘s results. Research results can be used to analize other sector‘s interna auditor‘s work efektiveness.

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Remeikis, Tomas. "Bankų sektoriaus koncentracijos lygio įtakos jų veiklos rezultatams vertinimas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20120615_102846-65252.

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Šio darbo tikslas yra įvertinti bankinio sektoriaus koncentracijos lygio įtaką bankų veiklos rezultatams. Siekiant tai įgyvendinti, pirmoje šio darbo dalyje yra pateikiamos ir įvertinamos mokslinių empirinių tyrimų išvados apie koncentracijos įtaką komercinių bankų pelningumo, paskolų portfelio kokybės, kapitalo pakankamumo ir likvidumo rodikliams. Antroje šio darbo dalyje yra formuluojama tyrimo metodologija: pateikiami tirtini komercinių bankų finansiniai rodikliai, pateikiami ES šalių pasirinkimo kriterijai, formuluojamos bei pagrindžiamos esminės tyrimo hipotezės, pateikiamas tyrimo loginis nuoseklumas. Paskutinėje šio darbo dalyje yra atliekamas tyrimas, kuris apima 2006 – 2011m. laikotarpį. Tyrimo išvados atskleidė, kad koncentracija bankų sektoriuje teigiamai įtakoja pelningumo lygių, kapitalo pakankamumo pokyčius bankuose.
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of the banking sectors‘ concentration level on their financial performance. Firstly, analysis of theoretical literature about the impact of concentration level on banking sector performance is conducted. I analyze four different groups of financial indicators: profitability, liquidity, capital ratios and non-performing loans. Secondly, a methology of this paper is presented: a list of financial indicators is given, five main hyptothesis are formulated and validated, cryteria for country selection from EU region is presented, logical sequence of the research is also given. Finally, an analysis is conducted for a 2006 – 2011 time period. Research showed that concentration in the banking sector positively affets the profitability and capital ratios.

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Mikšová, Lucie. "Potíže bank v České republice v letech 1993-2003." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-10819.

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At the end of the 20th century and at the beginning of the 21st century, most banks in the Czech Republic got into trouble. Some banks overcome this problems, but others have to cease their activities and lost their banking license. Difficulties of banks varied from case to case, but there were some common attributes. The first objective of this work is to find these common attributes. The second objective of this work is to identify "culprits" who were most involved in the difficulties of banks in the Czech Republic in the years 1993-2003. Method of incomplete induction will be used in this work. First of all, from all banks, which had difficulties in the years 1993-2003, I selected a sample of ten banks. Then for each bank I will detect the main causes of its problems. Subsequently, through a comparative method, I will determine the most frequent causes of the problems of banks in the years 1993-2003. To each cause I will assign a group of persons or institutions that contributed to its emergence. Finally, according to frequency of institutions and groups, I will identify the main "culprits", who were most involved in the difficulties of banks in the years 1993-2003. This work will be based primarily on the sources available in the library of University of Economics, the Library of the Czech National Bank and specialized literature, which deals with this issue.

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Zhulmanova, Ainur. "Finanční analýza Evropsko-ruské banky, a.s." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-193136.

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This thesis deals with the financial analysis of the Evropsko-ruská banka, a. s. The first part of the thesis presents the existing theoretical knowledge of banks' financial analysis. The second part focuses on the application of the theoretical knowledge on the selected bank. The application is based on the implementation of horizontal and vertical analysis of the basic financial statements and calculating financial ratios. For better interpretation of performed financial analysis the activity of Evropsko-ruská banka, a. s. is compared with the one of banking sector.

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van, Schravendijk Cheri Johanna. "Kaitiakitanga mō te kiekie – sustainable harvest Of Freycinetia Banksii." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Biological Sciences, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1679.

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For generations, the harvest of native flora and fauna by Māori was guided by tikanga. In the art of weaving, the sustainability of the culture was greatly dependant on the careful practice of harvest to ensure the maintenance of resources for future generations – also known as kaitiakitanga. One of the most important weaving materials was the kiekie (Freycinetia banksii). Under tikanga, the traditional method of harvest was to use a hand wrench. This method, it was argued, encouraged vigorous replenishment of the harvested stem, thus mediating human impacts on the resource. However, over the last decade it has arisen that a minority of harvesters may be adopting non-traditional techniques which involve the removal of the entire leaf head. Consequently, patches are slow to recover, and in some cases, the affected stems perish. Despite these observations, there is little in the way of quantitative data. As a result, Te Roopu Raranga Whatu o Aotearoa instigated this research to investigate harvesting practices and their impacts on kiekie. Over 1.5 years, I tested whether traditional harvest was the most appropriate method by measuring how different harvesting techniques affected the recovery of harvested stems at two sites – one at Te Kotuku Whakaoka (Lake Brunner) on the west coast of the South Island, and the second in the Kaimai Ranges, west of Rotorua, in the North Island. Sixty stems at each site were treated with one of three different harvest regimes – a traditional hand wrench that removed approx. one-third of the stem tip biomass and was conducted over two different seasons ((1) spring and (2) autumn), and (3) a non-traditional harvest technique removing 100 % of the stem tip biomass with loppers. An additional investigation was conducted to evaluate the recovery of kiekie after goat browse. To simulate herbivory, 50 % of the total leaf area of the stem tip was removed from twenty of the sixty treatment stems. Results showed that the herbivory treatments significantly slowed new leaf production on the stems, when compared to controls. Overall, costs of harvest were higher for the non-traditional method than the traditional techniques. Nontraditionally harvested stems had a poorer recovery, with 20 % dying, and only 27 % of the remaining stems regenerating with an average of 1.73 side shoots. In comparison, the two traditionally hand wrenched stems produced an average of 2.35 (Spring Wrench) and 2.55 (Autumn Wrench) side shoots. Findings also showed that traditionally hand wrenched stems are recovering back lost resources. One and a half years after harvest, the Spring Wrench shoots had recovered 70 % of the removed biomass (dry weight). Average leaf lengths of the three longest shoot leaves on all side shoots per wrench stem were at ~ 38 % of mature leaf size. One year after harvest Autumn Wrench shoots had recovered 2.7 % of the removed biomass (dry weight) and shoot leaves were at ~ 19 % of mature leaf size. Consequently, both are capable of photosynthate synthesis and supply. Measurements did indicate however, that recovery may be sped up in the Autumn Wrench stems which produced more new shoot leaves on all side shoots than the Spring Wrench stems one year after harvest (32.1 and 26.9 shoot leaves respectively); although these results apply to a short research period and could be enhanced by a longer-term study. The findings validate the concerns of weavers regarding the negative impacts of non-traditional harvest on the sustainability of kiekie resources. Furthermore, there is support for tikanga regarding kiekie harvest. The regeneration of stocks shows that of all the harvest techniques investigated, the traditional modes of harvest are the most effective means of mediating the impacts of human harvest on kiekie.

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Silva, Jose Roberto Schneedorf Ferreira da. "Onde Está Banksy?" Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/JSSS-84JFD7.

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Banksy is a graffiti and stencils authorial code name, a tag looming to the walls, to the façades, to the streets, to the squares of England since the early 90's, spreading for so many other urban spaces around the world (from Europe to Latin America, from USA to Palestine), a transit, an attitude already typical of the new British street artists joint tribe. From suffixing, Banksy is a signature in possible nicknaming to the term bank, on the profit, consumption diminutives; on the barricade, obstacle, resistance superlatives. By his efficient and effective anonymity it's conjectured to hide a 34-year-old English man, Robert Banks, from Bristol. Another possibility would be the pseudonym sheltering a group of artists making an effort at the exact same plastic and conceptual reasoning (cheerful and philosophical, reflexive of the Real and theNow). Besides the street's public spaces, Banksy also operates in original interference and appropriation of other public spaces: amusement parks (like Disneyland), zoos, museums specially; in "art-intruders" which inserts his works ironically defrauding not only the surveillance, but even more the access, the selective process and the authorization. To probe to find him is to create concerning to the ideology and the humor of his anonymity an investigation, a search not for the person or the character, but for what depicts; for his art itinerary, for what it cause and impels, building a small landscape of our days andtacking a dialogue, maybe a dialectics, in an imaginary interview starting from the own sly artist words activity target, invisible target.
Banksy é um codinome autoral, uma assinatura de grafites e estênceis que se assomam aos muros, às fachadas, às ruas, às praças da Inglaterra desde a última década, propagando-se por outros tantos espaços urbanos ao redor do mundo (da Europa à América Latina, dos Estados Unidos à Palestina), um trânsito, uma atitude já típica da nova geração britânica de artistas do urbano em geral, grafiteiros em particular tribo unida. Assinatura em possível apelidação, pelasufixação, do termo inglês bank (banco), nos diminutivos do lucro, do consumo; nos superlativos da barricada, do obstáculo, da resistência. De seu eficiente e eficaz anonimato conjetura-se encobrir um bretão de Bristol, Robert Banks, de supostos trinta e cinco anos. Outra possibilidade estaria no pseudônimo abrigar um coletivo de artistas esforçando-se num mesmo raciocínio plástico e conceitual (bem-humorado e filosófico, reflexivo do real, do agora). Além do espaço público das ruas, Banksy também opera em original interferência e apropriação de outros espaços públicos: parques de diversões (como a Disneylândia), zoológicos, museus principalmente; em "arte-invasões" que inserem suas obras burlando ironicamente não apenas a vigilância, mas especialmente o acesso, o processo seletivo e a autorização. Tentar encontrá-lo é criar respeitante à ideologia e ao humor deseu anonimato uma investigação, uma busca não pelo indivíduo ou pelo personagem, mas pelo que representa; pelo trajeto de sua arte e pela realidade que a causa e impulsiona, construindo um pequeno panorama de nossos tempos e alinhavando um diálogo, talvez uma dialética, numa entrevista imaginária a partir das palavras do próprio sorrateiro artista alvo móvel, alvo invisível.

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43

Morkvėnas, Deividas. "Komercinių bankų investicinės politikos formavimas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2006. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2006~D_20060921_133840-21876.

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According to Lithuanian and foreign authors’ scientific literature, Master’s work explores the main aspects of investment policy formation: stages of investment policy formation, investment strategies and methods of their selection, also analyzes the process of investment efficiency evaluating and main models of investment efficiency evaluating. The main features of investment policy formatting, evaluated efficiency of commercial banks “Hansabankas”, “Vilniaus bankas”, “Sampo bankas” are presented in the exploratory-analytic part of this paper. There was made a survey of “Hansabankas” clients’ attitude to offering services in investment funds field in this final work. Also this paper shows the investment trends perspective evaluating and the development trends of investment policy of commercial banks.

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Ozturk, Huseyin. "Three essays in Turkish banking : development banks, Islamic banks and commercial banks." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31399.

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This thesis is composed of three empirical chapters each of which examines separate segments of Turkish banking system from different perspectives. First empirical chapter investigates regional loan distribution of development banks. The findings in this chapter suggest that political connection has played a significant role in development lending. There is also geographical bias which leads to higher volumes of loans in the regions close to the capital city. Second empirical chapter examines Islamic banks and compares them with conventional banks in terms of profitability and competition grounds. The results reveal that Islamic banks earn more returns with respect to conventional banks. The results also suggest that the regulatory changes of the last decade improve market power of these banks. The last empirical chapter investigates micro structure of Repo and Reverse Repo Market of Turkey in which only commercial banks can transact. This chapter initially presents the network topologies of this market that helps one to understand the characteristics of complex network in this market. This chapter then computes a connectivity measure and investigates the drivers of connectivity out of domestic and external factors. Although results provide very rich insights, external factors dominate the behaviour of network in this market.

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Krėpšta, Simonas. "ES nacionalinių centrinių bankų vaidmuo, užtikrinant šalių finansų sistemų stabilumą. Galimybės ir sprendimai." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20080818_144816-36525.

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Šiame rašto darbe analizuojami Europos Sąjungos šalių narių nacionaliniai centriniai bankai ir jų vaidmuo vykdant finansinio stabilumo užtikrinimo funkciją. Šios, vienos iš pagrindinių funkcijų vykdymas, atliekamas naudojant įvairius finansinio stabilumo užtikrinimo instrumentus, kurių įvairiapusiškas tyrimas yra pagrindinė diplominio darbo ašis. Darbo pagrindinis tikslas yra apibendrinti nacionalinių centrinių bankų teisinį savarankiškumą ES erdvėje, ištirti naudojamų finansinio stabilumo užtikrinimo instrumentų rinkinius ir įvertinti naudojamų rinkinių veiksmingumą. Diplominį darbą sudaro trys pagrindinės dalys. Pirmoje dalyje atliekama finansinio stabilumo sampratos ir centrinių bankų veiksmų, siekiant finansinio stabilumo užtikrinimo, mokslinės literatūros analizė. Antroje dalyje pristatoma atliekamo tyrimo problema, pateikiama tyrimo logika bei metodologija. Trečioje dalyje apibendrinami tyrimo rezultatai, pateikiamos išvados ir autoriaus rekomendacijos nustatytose probleminėse srityse. Darbe atliktas tyrimas patvirtina pakankamai didelį ES nacionalinių centrinių bankų teisinį savarankiškumą bei jų disponuojamų finansinio stabilumo užtikrinimo instrumentų skaičių. Taip pat tyrimo rezultatai leidžia daryti išvadą, jog centrinių bankų finansinio stabilumo užtikrinimo efektyvumas priklauso nuo disponuojamų instrumentų skaičiaus ir jų pobūdžio.
This paper work analyses EU national central banks and their role performing financial stability maintenance function. Implementation of one of central banks’ key functions is exercised through special financial stability instruments which are the hinge in accomplished research in this paper. The main objective in this diploma work is to measure national central banks’ legal independence in EU area, examine different usable sets of financial stability instruments in member countries and estimate efficiency of these sets. This paper work consists of three main parts. Theoretical analysis of financial stability and central banks’ actions in maintaining it, is presented in the first part. Second part covers the main problem and methodology of fulfilled research. All results of the research, their evaluation and authors proposals in the situation are presented in the third part. Accomplished research confirms that nation central banks in EU have considerable legal independence and dispose major part of possible financial stability instruments. The research also affirms that there is a quantitative dependence between disposed financial stability instruments number and their complexion.

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Mkhaiel, Derek Tanios Imad. "BANKSY, RHETORIC, AND REVOLUTION." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/552.

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This thesis examines the projects outlined by the Situationist philosophers and their impact on revolutionizing consciousness. Alongside of this examination this thesis demonstrates how the appropriate rhetorical means in conjunction with street art—specifically the work of Banksy—may lead to the successful implementation and execution of the Situationist's projects. This thesis examines the concept of the spectacle as developed by the Situationists as its object of critique and the concepts of culture, unitary urbanism, psychogeography, détournement and dérive as the framework in which the spectacle can be successfully critiqued in order to foster a more critical consciousness. In addition to this framework my claim is that the aforementioned elements are accomplished by the work of Banksy and his ability to alter the material conditions of our reality through his rhetorical construction of material enactments by creating appropriate and kairotic works which provide life to the Situationist's projects and affords the potentiality of revolutionizing consciousness. In Figure 1. Banksy critiques the idea of spectacularization. There is a fear that technology will distract individuals’ from living and experiencing their lives to the fullest, that their desire to record moments will get in the way with actually living through experiences. In fact the concept of recording events, for many people, is bringing more life to those events than the event itself. We’re currently living in a society where the record of the thing itself is greater than the thing itself. Of course, whenever something is recorded it can be spectacularized--elevated to a greater degree of importance--and shared with many. At the same time, urban architectural achievements have become idols unto themselves. People visit the Eiffel Tower for the purposes of visiting the Eiffel Tower. Even in the act of being a tourist or a spectator we are being placed in positions of passivity. The goal is to absorb whatever man made phenomena has been constructed for the purposes of enjoying it intrinsically without understanding why. In their article "Rhetoric and Materiality in the Museum Park at the North Carolina Museum of Art" Kenneth Zagacki and Victoria Gallagher rhetorically analyze the complex and interwoven spaces of the North Carolina Museum of Art. Their research claims that "the move from symbolicity to materiality involves a shift from examining representations (what does a text mean/what are the persuader's goals) to examining enactments (what does a text or artifact do/what are the consequences beyond that of the persuader's goals) and, as Carole Blair suggests, to considering the significance a particular artifact or text's material existence: What does it do with or against other artifacts? And how does it act on persons?" (Zagacki and Gallagher 172). This move from the purely symbolic importance of a text or artifact to its materiality is exceptionally important when discussing how potential Situationist projects can be materialized into and implemented effectively in the real world. The Situationists were essentially radical realists—their critiques need to exist in the most material form possible in order to generate the conscious liberation that they desired. That being said Margaret LaWare and Victoria Gallagher "...suggest that material rhetorics contribute to discourses of public identity by inviting visitors to see and experience landscape (or physical context) around them in new, and very much embodied ways" (as cited in Zagacki and Gallagher 172). The recursive nature of material rhetorics allows us to analyze exactly how environment's are affecting individual's subjectivities and how they too can go about affecting their world in new ways. I turn to this article specifically for the methodology that Zagacki and Gallagher construct in order to discuss in a more concrete fashion the rhetorical complexity of these spaces and their potential affect on visitors: we argue, through two material enactments of the human/nature interface that we characterize as ‘‘inside/outside’’ and ‘‘regenerative/transformative.’’ By ‘‘inside/outside,’’ we refer to the experience of moving (1) between constructed spaces, such as a museum space or an urban landscape, to less constructed, more organic spaces such as the outdoor park or the rural landscape; and (2) between what we refer to as natural history and human history. By ‘‘regenerative/transformative,’’ we mean moving (1) from natural states to human-constructed states and back again to nature, and (2) from one state of understanding to another. The capacity to create spaces of attention that call forth particular experiences reveals the potential rhetorical impact and reach of the Museum Park’s material forms. (173) The framework established here is specifically most affective when discussing these specific spaces—not every material space will have an inside/outside which would lend itself to phenomenological observation. However, for the purposes of this project, I find it important to reflect on how the "static/dynamic" enactments produced by the space harboring Banksy's work functions as a method to produce the "concrete/utopia" enactment by détourning expectations of space via messages whose kairotic nature—its location in time and place—and content create a specific psychogeography which can revolutionize our expectations and engagement with the world.

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47

Salih, Jasmin. "Getting “Banksied”: Culture Jamming in Practice." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21406.

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This paper discusses culture jamming as the countercultural tool of our current mass media society and argues for a more holistic understanding of the concept in order to open up its subversive potential. Part of this holisitic approach involves emphasizing the role of remediation inherent in the concept. Thus, the aim of this paper is twofold: to elaborate the diverse techniques involved in culture jamming (as opposed to the common reductionist approaches to the concept) and, more importantly, to highlight the remediation elements imbedded in culture jamming practices. To accomplish this, the works of street artist Banksy are taken as a case study and analyzed to answer the following questions: In what ways do the works of street artist Banksy subvert or “jam” culture? And how does remediation come into play in these jamming practices?

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48

Tolley, Rebecca. "Seed Banks." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2007. https://www.amzn.com/031333725X.

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Book Summary: The business of food and drink is for better and worse the business of our nation and our planet, and to most consumers how it works remains largely a mystery. This encyclopedia takes readers as consumers behind the scenes of the food and drink industries. The contributors come from a wide range of fields, and the scope of this encyclopedia is broad, covering from food companies and brands to the environment, health, science and technology, culture, finance, and more. The more than 150 essay entries also cover those issues that have been and continue to be of perennial importance. Historical context is emphasized and the focus is mainly on business in the United States. Most entries include Further Reading. The frontmatter includes an Alphabetical List of Entries and a Topical List of Entries to allow the reader to quickly find subjects of interest. Numerous cross-references in the entries and blind entries provide other search strategies. The person and subject index is another in-depth search tool.

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Okehi, Daniel Onyebuchi. "Modelling Risk Management in Banks: Examining Why Banks Fail?" ScholarWorks, 2014. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/158.

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The persistent bank failures in the Nigerian financial system have been a major concern of the government, depositors, shareholders, and the general public because of the important roles banks play in the economy. The aim of this research was to determine why there have been persistent bank failures in Nigeria and to investigate whether ineffective risk management in banks, coupled with poor corporate governance practices and nonadherence to regulations (independent variables), play a significant role in the banks' performance(dependent variable). The variables were operationalized by taking VaR as the proxy for risk management, having CRO as proxy for ERM , CAR as proxy for corporate governance, and ROE as proxy for performance. The square gap model formed the theoretical basis of this study. The research design was survey design, and a survey instrument was used to collect data from the target population of 300 senior bank executives who were randomly selected from the 24 operating banks in Nigeria. A multiple regression model was used to examine if risk management, governance practices, and regulation adherence significantly predicted bank performance. The findings of the study confirmed that there is a significant positive relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variable. These findings suggest that, by adopting effective risk management, improving corporate governance practices, and adhering to regulations, Nigerian banks can improve their performance. This research has positive social implications for those in the banking industry by ensuring the safety of the depositors' funds in banks, and stabilizing the payment system in the economy, which historically would have been disrupted by systemic failure in the banking industry.

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Fuss, Alison Margot. "The floral biology of banksias in relation to crop production and management." Title page, contents and summary only, 1990. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phf994.pdf.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Banksia'

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