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1
Johnstone, R. E., T. Kirby, and K. Sarti. "The breeding biology of the Forest Red-tailed Black Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus banksii naso Gould in south-western Australia. II. Breeding behaviour and diet." Pacific Conservation Biology 19, no. 2 (2013): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc130143.
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Little is known of the breeding behaviour of the Forest Red-tailed Black Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus banksii naso (FRTBC), a large, iconic forest cockatoo, endemic to the south-west corner of Western Australia, currently listed as Vulnerable under the State Western Australian Wildlife Conservation Act and under the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act. In this paper, we provide details of breeding behaviour of FRTBC based on observations throughout the year over 17 years, together with observations of diet and feeding behaviour over the same period. FRTBC are monogamous hollow-nesters. Breeding was recorded in all months, with peaks in autumn-winter (April– June) and spring (August–October), with few records in January and February. Breeding also varied between years, with little breeding in 1999, 2001 and 2008, but many observations in 2006 and 2009. Breeding occurred at times of fruiting of either of the principal feed trees, Jarrah Eucalyptus marginata or Marri Corymbia calophylla, so it does not depend solely on one or the other of these species. Courtship displays were noted at all times of the day, from before dawn at roost sites to dusk. In total, 205 breeding events were recorded, of which 69 (93%) of 72 nests had breeding confirmed on a second visit. Use of particular nest hollows varied considerably, with some used only once and some up to seven times. Only one egg is laid, which the female incubates for 29 to 31 days, before a nestling hatches weighing between 27 and 32 g. The female remains in the hollow during incubation and only leaves for a short period in the evening to be fed by the male, usually at dusk. The chicks are brooded for up to 10 days, after which the female leaves the nest between dawn and dusk. Pairs of birds appear to recognise each other by calls, not responding to calls by others in the area. Chicks only respond when the parent is heard. Chicks are fully feathered at 48 days. Fledgling success was estimated at 60%. Juveniles remain dependent on the adults 18 months to 2 years. Thirty-seven chicks were banded between 1997 and 2011. Juvenile-immature birds moved on average less than 3 km from their natal tree and older birds were observed moving up to 19 km. This suggests that FRTBC are generally sedentary. Immature birds took up to three times as long as their parents to open Jarrah or Marri nuts and eat the seeds. In recent years there has been an interesting change in foraging behaviour of birds in the northern Darling Range (adjacent to the Perth metropolitan area) with the FRTBC discovering and using a new food source, the introduced Cape Lilac Melia azedarach, and this species is of growing importance as food in the Perth region. In combination, the data on breeding biology and diet highlight the importance of identifying recruitment rates and food availability in managing populations of FRTBC.
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Hobbs, RJ, and L. Atkins. "Fire-Related Dynamics of a Banksia Woodland in South-Western Western Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 38, no. 1 (1990): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9900097.
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We studied the post-fire vegetation development of a low open woodland dominated by Banksia attenuata and B. menziesii near Perth, Western Australia. Two similar stands burned in autumn and spring displayed different regeneration patterns, with seedling regeneration occurring only in the autumn burn area. Vegetative regrowth was more rapid and post-fire species numbers were higher in the spring burn area. Introduced annuals increased significantly in the autumn fire area. Longer-term vegetation development was studied in a series of stands ranging in age since last fire from 1 to >44 years. Species richness was greatest in the 5-year-old stand, and many shrub species were most abundant 2-5 years after fire. Non-native annuals were found only in stands less than 5 years old since last fire. Dominance by the shrub Eremaea pauciflora increased with stand age, although shrub structure and total biomass did not vary greatly except in the oldest stand studied. The proportion of total shrub biomass accounted for by leaves declined with stand age. Both the two major Banksia species had mixed size structures with seedlings present in all stands, indicating that neither is dependent on fire for recruitment. The results indicate that while autumn burns promote seedling regeneration they may also increase invasion by non-natives, and spring burning may be preferable in these Banksia woodlands. Burning rotations longer than those required for fuel reduction purposes are necessary to maximise conservation values.
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Ramsey, MW. "Floret Opening in Banksia menziesii R.Br.; The Importance of Nectarivorous Birds." Australian Journal of Botany 36, no. 2 (1988): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9880225.
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The rates and causes of floret opening in Banksia menziesii were examined in banksia woodland near Perth, Western Australia. On average, 40-60 florets opened per 24 h but this rate was highly variable over the flowering of individual inflorescences. The ages of inflorescences did not greatly influence the rate of floret opening, although fewer florets opened towards the end of flowering. Floret opening occurred predominantly during the day. The numbers of florets opening were similar in wet and dry weather conditions. Florets opened mainly in response to foraging by nectarivorous birds (Meliphagidae) but not honey bees. This would result in more effective pollen transfer to potential avian vectors which may enhance reproductive success.
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Brown, Kate, Kris Brooks, Sally Madden, and Janice Marshall. "Control of the exotic bulb, Yellow Soldier (Lachenalia reflexa) invading a Banksia woodland, Perth, Western Australia." Ecological Management and Restoration 3, no. 1 (April 2002): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-8903.2002.00094.x.
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Hurley, P. J., and P. C. Manins. "Meteorological Modeling on High-Ozone Days in Perth, Western Australia." Journal of Applied Meteorology 34, no. 7 (July 1, 1995): 1643–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450-34.7.1643.
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Abstract The West Australian capital city of Perth is located on a coastal plain between the sea to the west and an escarpment rising to the east. It is isolated from all other cities or sources of pollution. In this study, the meteorological conditions leading to high ozone levels have been classified according to the dominant weather patterns using both synoptic charts and air monitoring data. The data revealed that practically all high-ozone days were associated with recirculation of ozone or its precursors. Meteorological modeling was then performed for the generic conditions leading to high ozone in the Perth region. The modeling predicted that recirculation of surface air over the Perth region was common. Both same-day and next-day recirculation of surface air are features of the model predictions and are conducive to high ozone levels. The modeling predicts day-by-day buildup of smog to be a favored occurrence under these synoptic conditions. Other interesting meteorological features seen in Perth observations on high-ozone days were also predicted by the modeling, including stalling sea breezes under some conditions, hydraulic jump effects over the escarpment, and mesoscale enhancement of the west coast trough.
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Bamford, MJ. "The Impact of Fire and Increasing Time After Fire Upon Heleioporus Eyrei, Limnodynastes Dorsalis and Myobatrachus Gouldii (Anura: Leptodactylidae) in Banksia Woodland Near Perth, Western Australia." Wildlife Research 19, no. 2 (1992): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9920169.
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Banksia woodland is a seasonally arid and fire-prone environment. Although a seemingly inhospitable environment for frogs, seven species were recorded in pitfall-trapping carried out in six areas of Banksia woodland near Perth from April 1983 to March 1986. These areas had different fire histories, ranging from recently burnt to unburnt for 23 years. One of the areas was burnt during the course of the study. Three species made up 95% of captures, viz. Heleioporus eyrei, Limnodynastes dorsalis and Myobatrachus gouldii. Annual numbers of captures of H. eyrei were not greatly affected by fire or increasing time after fire. L. dorsalis and, to a lesser extent, M. gouldii were caught in greater numbers in long-unburnt areas than in recently burnt areas. Variation in the abundance of L. dorsalis and M. gouldii with time after fire did not appear to be related to changes in leaf litter and vegetation density, or to the abundance of invertebrates as potential prey.
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Jordan, C. C., M. H. Brims, E. J. Speijers, and E. M. Davison. "Myxomycetes on the bark of Banksia attenuata and B. menziesii (Proteaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 54, no. 4 (2006): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt05079.
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Myxomycetes on the bark of dead Banksia attenuata and B. menziesii from the Perth metropolitan area of Western Australia were surveyed by the moist chamber technique, to determine whether the flora was similar on both hosts and what were the most important variables that determined the distribution of the most common species. Twenty-seven species of myxomycetes were recovered, including six new records for Australia (Comatricha rigidireta, Echinostelium elachiston, Paradiacheopsis cf. cribrata, P. rigida, Stemonitopsis amoena and S. cf. hyperopta). Members of the order Stemonitales comprised the largest number of species, whereas members of the Liceales occurred on the most bark pieces. The most common species were Licea kleistobolus, Echinostelium minutum, Comatricha elegans, Cribraria minutissima and Paradiacheopsis fimbriata. Overall, B. menziesii and B. attenuata had very similar myxomycete productivity, diversity and species assemblage, as did the tops and bottoms of the logs. It was concluded that they provided very similar microhabitats for myxomycetes. Both pH and the relative moisture content of the bark had an effect on myxomycete productivity. Bark decomposition level, pH and bark surface (top or bottom) were the most important variables determining the distribution of the most common myxomycete species.
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Appleyard, S. J. "Impact of stormwater infiltration basins on groundwater quality, Perth metropolitan region, Western Australia." Environmental Geology 21, no. 4 (August 1993): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00775912.
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Hillman, Alison E., Rongchang Yang, Alan J. Lymbery, and R. C. Andrew Thompson. "Eimeria spp. infecting quenda ( Isoodon obesulus ) in the greater Perth region, Western Australia." Experimental Parasitology 170 (November 2016): 148–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2016.09.012.
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Tangney, Ryan, Nader A. Issa, David J. Merritt, John N. Callow, and Ben P. Miller. "A method for extensive spatiotemporal assessment of soil temperatures during an experimental fire using distributed temperature sensing in optical fibre." International Journal of Wildland Fire 27, no. 2 (2018): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf17107.
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The use of distributed temperature sensing (DTS) for ecological applications has increased rapidly in the last 6 years. Here we demonstrate the first use of DTS to measure soil temperatures during a fuel reduction burn – in an urban grassy Tuart–Banksia woodland remnant near Perth, Western Australia. Optical fibre with an acrylate material coating (diameter 242μm), but no other jacketing or cabling, was buried in the soil at depths between 0 and 5cm. Measurements were recorded over 316m of optical fibre using a DTS measurement unit, providing data over a 5.5-h period at 20-s intervals; resulting in 1243 temporal measurements at 60-cm spatial resolution. Soil temperatures were calibrated to an error of±6.8% at 250°C. Methods for installation, calibration and data visualisation are presented. Issues associated with assessment of DTS data in a fire ecology context are discussed.
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Heliyanto, Bambang, Erik J. Veneklaas, Hans Lambers, and Siegfried L. Krauss. "Preferential outcrossing in Banksia ilicifolia (Proteaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 53, no. 2 (2005): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt04011.
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The breeding system of Banksia ilicifolia was assessed by performing controlled hand-pollination manipulations on flowers in a natural population in Perth, Western Australia. The percentage of 2000 flowers per treatment converted to fruits and seeds was assessed across 24 recipient plants following (1) self-pollination, (2) local outcross pollination (same population), (3) non-local outcross pollination (pollen sourced from another population 30 km away), (4) unpollinated but bagged flowers and (5) unpollinated, unbagged flowers (natural pollination). The relative performance of the resulting seeds was assessed by seed weight, germination rates and, in an unplanned component of the study, resistance to a fungal pathogen. The percentage of flowers converted to fruits following self-pollination was low (0.9%), but demonstrated self-compatibility. Fruit set following cross-pollinations (3.6 and 3.3% for non-local and local crosses, respectively) was significantly greater than that following self-pollination, open-pollination (0.4%) and autogamous (0.04%) treatments. Low fruit set for open-pollinated flowers, compared with self- and outcross-pollination treatments, suggests pollen limitation. Pollen tubes were observed in 15 and 20% of upper styles of flowers hand-pollinated with self and local outcross pollen, respectively. Seed germination was dependent on the source of pollen, where fewer selfed seeds germinated (37%) than did both non-local and local outcrossed seeds (83 and 91%, respectively). Selfed seedlings showed poorer survival (33.3%) following fungal attack than both non-local and local outcrossed seeds (69.2 and 68.5%, respectively). Only 13% of selfed seeds survived to be 2-month-old seedlings, compared with 63% for non-local and 57% for local outcrossed seeds. Ultimately, for 2000 flowers hand-pollinated with self pollen, only three seedlings survived to an age of 16 weeks, compared with 37 and 45 seedlings for local-cross and non-local cross treatments on 2000 hand-pollinated flowers, respectively. These results indicate that in this population, B. ilicifolia is self-compatible, but preferentially outcrossing, with strong early acting inbreeding depression. Consequently, the breeding system of B. ilicifolia promotes the maintenance of genetic variation and a high genetic load.
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Lamont, BB, and A. Markey. "Biogeography of Fire-Killed and Resprouting Banksia Species in South-Western Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 43, no. 3 (1995): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9950283.
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Banksia includes 38 fire-killed (seeders) and 20 resprouting species, and two species with contrasting ecotypes, in south-western Australia. There may be up to 12 seeders per 50 × 50 km grid cell in the southern sandplains and 12 resprouters in the northern sandplains. The patterns of distribution of species across soil type and eight climatic attributes is similar for both life forms, except that greater numbers of resprouting species occur at higher rainfalls and where there is greater seasonal spread of rainfall. Most seeders occur on white sands and rocky substrates, and resprouters occur on yellow sands and the more fertile lateritic soils. Nutrient requirements for both life forms appear to be similar. Resprouters are more widespread than seeders which suggests that resprouters show greater environmental tolerances. The distribution of grid cells containing each life form across soil types and eight climatic attributes is similar and any differences in climatic profile for all species in each category are considered biologically insignificant. Both life forms in section Abietinae are well represented in the climatically distinct southern and northern sandplains indicating no climatic preferences within the lineage. There are no consistent trends in environmental attributes from fire-killed to resprouting ecotypes of B. ashbyi E.G.Baker and B. violacea C.A. Gardner. Multiple-partitioning classification of the floristic data produced 10 groups varying greatly in geography, species richness, and proportion and endemism of each life form. The Lesueur (northern) district has four endemic seeders, six endemic resprouters and a mean of 10 resprouters per cell. The East Eyre (southern) district has five endemic seeders, no endemic resprouters and one resprouter per cell. Both groups have a mean growing season of 5 months. The relative aridities and fluctuations of present and past (Quaternary and late Tertiary) climates are invoked to explain the much higher proportion of resprouters in the northern than southern sandplains and the absence of seeders in the most marginal cells. The absence of endemic species yet high proportion of resprouters (73%) in the extreme south-western corner of the region might be explained by elimination of seeders through frequent burning by Aborigines in the late Quaternary. The increase in the proportion of fire-killed species along the south coast from 23% to 100% at the edge of the Nullarbor Plain also requires an explanation.
13
Gozzard, J. R. "Medium-scale engineering- and environmental-geology mapping of the perth metropolitan region, Western Australia." Engineering Geology 22, no. 1 (September 1985): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(85)90041-9.
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Shearer, BL, and M. Dillon. "Susceptibility of Plant Species in Banksia Woodlands on the Swan Coastal Plain, Western Australia, to Infection by Phytophthora cinnamomi." Australian Journal of Botany 44, no. 4 (1996): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9960433.
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Estimates of the susceptibility of plant species in Banksia woodland to Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands were obtained by determining the incidence of plant death and frequency of isolation of the pathogen, among species occurring in 46 disease centres on the Swan Coastal Plain south of Perth, Western Australia. In the disease centres, dicotyledons outnumbered monocotyledons. About half of all species occurring in the disease centres were from four families of dicotyledons, with the largest number of species from the Myrtaceae, Proteaceae and Papilionaceae. The greatest number of species of monocotyledons were from the Anthericaceae and Cyperaceae. No deaths were recorded for 47% of species found in three or more disease centres. These species were mainly from the Cyperaceae, Haemodoraceae, Myrtaceae and Papilionaceae. The species that tended to die frequently in disease centres were mainly from the Papilionaceae, Proteaceae, Epacridaceae, Xanthorrhoeaceae and the Zamiaceae. Phytophthora cinnamomi was isolated from 26 of the 95 species occurring in three or more disease centres. For most species, the frequency of isolation of P. cinnamomi from recently dead plants was much less than the frequency of dead plants sampled. Isolation from plants was less frequent than from adjacent soil. The pathogen was isolated from recently dead plants or soil mainly for species of the Proteaceae, Myrtaceae, Papilionaceae, Dasypogonaceae, Iridaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae. Cross-tabulation of species by incidence of plant death and isolation of P. cinnamomi from plant and soil, provided the opportunity to classify the response of plant species to infection by P. cinnamomi.
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Ritchie, Alison L., Lauren N. Svejcar, Bronwyn M. Ayre, Julian Bolleter, Aaron Brace, Michael D. Craig, Belinda Davis, et al. "A threatened ecological community: research advances and priorities for Banksia woodlands." Australian Journal of Botany 69, no. 2 (2021): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt20089.
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The rapid expansion of urban areas worldwide is leading to native habitat loss and ecosystem fragmentation and degradation. Although the study of urbanisation’s impact on biodiversity is gaining increasing interest globally, there is still a disconnect between research recommendations and urbanisation strategies. Expansion of the Perth metropolitan area on the Swan Coastal Plain in south-western Australia, one of the world’s thirty-six biodiversity hotspots, continues to affect the Banksia Woodlands (BWs) ecosystem, a federally listed Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Here, we utilise the framework of a 1989 review of the state of knowledge of BWs ecology and conservation to examine scientific advances made in understanding the composition, processes and functions of BWs and BWs’ species over the last 30 years. We highlight key advances in our understanding of the ecological function and role of mechanisms in BWs that are critical to the management of this ecosystem. The most encouraging change since 1989 is the integration of research between historically disparate ecological disciplines. We outline remaining ecological knowledge gaps and identify key research priorities to improve conservation efforts for this TEC. We promote a holistic consideration of BWs with our review providing a comprehensive document that researchers, planners and managers may reference. To effectively conserve ecosystems threatened by urban expansion, a range of stakeholders must be involved in the development and implementation of best practices to conserve and maintain both biodiversity and human wellbeing.
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Hill, TCJ, JT Tippett, and BL Shearer. "Invasion of Bassendean Dune Banksia Woodland by Phytophthora cinnamomi." Australian Journal of Botany 42, no. 6 (1994): 725. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9940725.
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The rate and mechanism of the spread of Phytophthora cinnamomi in Banksia woodland of the Bassendean Dune system north of Perth, Western Australia was studied. Aerial photographs were used to measure the spread of disease in fronts longer than 5 km over 35 years. Fronts in upper slope positions moved downhill and uphill at 1.01 and 1.13 m year-1, respectively, while fronts in low-lying positions moved downgrade and upgrade (with and against the direction of water table flow) at 1.30 and 1.20 m year-1, respectively. Fronts in low-lying areas spread significantly faster than those on upper slopes. Excavations to 2 m depth of the root systems of 21 dying plants of Banksia attenuata R.Br., an overstorey co-dominant, revealed that 28% (3.9 roots/tree) of all first-order roots were infected. Assessment of the proportion of roots infected revealed a significant (P < 0.01) departure from uniform distribution of disease down the profile in both upper slope and drained flat sites. In 14 trees on dune slopes, 6-40 m above the aquifer, infection rate was higher than expected in roots lying at 21-40 cm depth, but lower than expected in roots below 1 m. Seventy three percent of infected roots lay in the top 40 cm of soil. In seven trees on a drained flat, 2-3 m above the aquifer, infection rate was high in the 21-60 cm horizon and also in roots below 1 m. Even though Phytophthora cinnamomi was active in the vicinity of the water table in trees on drained flats, the slow, steady spread of the disease in all landscape positions suggested that the primary mode of fungal invasion was through roots of susceptible vegetation. No evidence was found of accelerated spread of disease caused by the dispersal of zoospores.
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McDougall, Bryn K., and Goen E. Ho. "A Study of the Eutrophication of North Lake, Western Australia." Water Science and Technology 23, no. 1-3 (January 1, 1991): 163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0412.
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North Lake is an urban freshwater wetland, and like other wetlands in the Perth metropolitan region, Western Australia, has become nutrient enriched, with the accompanying problems of algal blooms, decay, odour, infestation with midges and aesthetic deterioration. A study of the water quality of the lake was undertaken to quantify the variation of phosphorus, nitrogen and chlorophyll-a, and the sediments store of nutrients and their release with pH. The dominant algae in the lake, Microcystis, was found to be limited in growth by nitrogen because of the high availability of phosphorus (> 0.1 mg/l), and likely by light because of self-shading (chlorophyll-a > 0.3 mg/l). Sediments released a substantial amount of nutrients as pH rose above 8.5. Together with a parallel study of the nutrient budget of the lake, a management strategy has been derived to overcome the problem of nutrient enrichment that could be applied to other wetlands in the metropolitan region.
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Wrigley, TJ, SW Rolls, and JA Davis. "Limnological features of coastal-plain wetlands on the Gnangara Mound, Perth, Western Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 42, no. 6 (1991): 761. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9910761.
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The Gnangara Mound is an area of elevated sandy soil on the Swan Coastal Plain to the north of Perth. It constitutes a major groundwater resource for metropolitan Perth. Sixteen wetlands on the Mound had total phosphorus concentrations of 12-462�g L-1, the high values being attributed to agricultural and urban activity. Sediment concentrations of total phosphorus and total nitrogen were 61-954 and 1212-16739 �g g-1, respectively. Conductivities were 505-10270 �S cm-1, and pH values were 3.3-9.3. Only one wetland was highly coloured (79.9 8440 m-1), with an E4/E6 ratio of 4.6. Chlorophyll a concentrations were 0.01-130.8�g L-1; in wetlands with low gilvin concentrations, Myxophyceae dominated, whereas wetlands with higher gilvin concentrations had large numbers of diatoms and Chlorophyceae. The highly coloured wetland had the lowest chlorophyll a concentration despite high nutrient concentrations, supporting the hypothesis that the consequent reduction in light or other associated factors are important in maintaining low phytoplankton biomass in dystrophic wetlands of the region, particularly those on Bassendean sands.
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Recher, Harry F. "Impact of Wildfire on the Avifauna of Kings Park, Perth, Western Australia." Wildlife Research 24, no. 6 (1997): 745. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr97008.
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In January 1989, a wildfire burnt 120 ha (45%) of the 267 ha of native vegetation in Kings Park, Perth, Western Australia. The area burnt included a transect along which birds had been censused during 1986 for comparison with censuses on the same transect during 1928–37 and 1952–55. Counts of birds along the transect from 1989 to 1995 indicate a slow recovery in numbers for 11 (38%) of 29 species present in 1986. Two species disappeared from the transect, but one of these was found elsewhere in the park. There are many reasons for the changes in the avifauna of Kings Park, including changes to the structure of the vegetation, the increasing isolation of the park from other native vegetation, and changes in the distribution and abundance of species outside the Perth region. The long-term trends in the avifauna and the impact of the 1989 fire indicate that a new approach to the management of the Park’s vegetation may be required. For example, to avert continuing declines in the Park’s avifauna, it may be helpful to re-establish a canopy of eucalypts and to create a more open understorey with some bare ground. However, the impact of the 1989 fire and the slow recovery of the avifauna illustrate the sensitivity of small reserves to major disturbances and the difficulty of conserving the original biota without intensive intervention.
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A. How, R., and J. Dell. "The zoogeographic significance of urban bushland remnants to reptiles in the Perth region, Western Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 1, no. 2 (1994): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc940132.
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The 71 reptile species occurring in the Perth region make this area as diverse as any similar sized coastal region in Australia. Cluster analysis of the lizard assemblages of 17 bushland remnants in the region indicate that three main sub-regions can be identified; Darling Plateau and Scarp, Offshore Islands and Swan Coastal Plain. Within the Swan Coastal Plain the lizard and skink faunas of remnant bushlands on the same landform are more similar to one another than they are to those of adjacent landforms. The Swan River appears to be a distributional boundary for some species. Species-area relationships indicate a variety of responses amongst the different taxonomic groups of reptiles, with snakes being the most sensitive to loss of habitat. The isolated remnant bushlands of inner urban areas retain a variety of reptile species, but there is no significant relationship with remnant size. The implications of zoogeographic and area relationships to conservation are discussed.
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Searle, D. J., and P. J. Woods. "Detailed Documentation of a Holocene Sea-Level Record in the Perth Region, Southern Western Australia." Quaternary Research 26, no. 3 (November 1986): 299–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(86)90091-8.
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Holocene prograded coastal sequences at Becher/Rockingham, southern Western Australia, contain a detailed record of sea level over the last 6400 yr. Radiocarbon dating and use of a distinct stratigraphic indicator as a sea-level marker permit reconstruction of sea-level history and suggest that the sea was at least 2.5 m above present datum about 6400 yr B.P. before falling to its present level. No evidence was found for eustatic fluctuations of the scale proposed by R. W. Fairbridge [1961,in“Physics and Chemistry of the Earth” (L. H. Ahrens, F. Press, K. Rankema, and S. K. Runcorn, Eds.), Vol. 4, pp. 99–185, Pergamon, Oxford]. The sea-level record preserved on this coast can be explained by hydro-isostasy, tectonism, or eustasy, acting individually or in concert. Without a fixed reference point or analogous data from other locations, a firm conclusion on which mechanism(s) has(have) operated could not be reached. Published sea-level data from this and other coasts are often insufficiently detailed to compare with this study. Application of the techniques of this study to analogous sedimentary sequences elsewhere will provide data of comparable accuracy that would contribute to a more precise understanding of relative sea-level movements in the late Quaternary.
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Bell, Rose-Anne, and J. Nikolaus Callow. "Investigating Banksia Coastal Woodland Decline Using Multi-Temporal Remote Sensing and Field-Based Monitoring Techniques." Remote Sensing 12, no. 4 (February 18, 2020): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12040669.
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Coastal woodlands, notable for their floristic diversity and ecosystem service values, are increasingly under threat from a range of interacting biotic and abiotic stressors. Monitoring these complex ecosystems has traditionally been confined to field-scale vegetation surveys; however, remote sensing applications are increasingly becoming more viable. This study reports on the application of field-based monitoring and remote sensing/(Geographic Information System) GIS to interrogate trends in Banksia coastal woodland decline (Kings Park, Perth and Western Australia) and documents the patterns, and potential drivers, of tree mortality over the period 2012–2016. Application of geographic object-based image analysis (GEOBIA) at a park scale was of limited benefit within the closed-canopy ecosystem, with manual digitisation methods feasible only at the smaller transect scale. Analysis of field-based identification of tree mortality, crown-specific spectral characteristics and park-scale change detection imagery identified climate-driven stressors as the likely primary driver of tree mortality in the woodland, with vegetation decline exacerbated by secondary factors, including water stress and low system resilience occasioned by the inability to access the water table and competition between tree species. The results from this paper provide a platform to inform monitoring efforts using airborne remote sensing within coastal woodlands.
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Ritchie, Alison L., Lauren N. Svejcar, Bronwyn M. Ayre, Julian Bolleter, Aaron Brace, Michael D. Craig, Belinda Davis, et al. "Corrigendum to: A threatened ecological community: research advances and priorities for Banksia woodlands." Australian Journal of Botany 69, no. 2 (2021): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt20089_co.
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The rapid expansion of urban areas worldwide is leading to native habitat loss and ecosystem fragmentation and degradation. Although the study of urbanisation's impact on biodiversity is gaining increasing interest globally, there is still a disconnect between research recommendations and urbanisation strategies. Expansion of the Perth metropolitan area on the Swan Coastal Plain in south-western Australia, one of the world's thirty-six biodiversity hotspots, continues to affect the Banksia Woodlands (BWs) ecosystem, a federally listed Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Here, we utilise the framework of a 1989 review of the state of knowledge of BWs ecology and conservation to examine scientific advances made in understanding the composition, processes and functions of BWs and BWs' species over the last 30 years. We highlight key advances in our understanding of the ecological function and role of mechanisms in BWs that are critical to the management of this ecosystem. The most encouraging change since 1989 is the integration of research between historically disparate ecological disciplines. We outline remaining ecological knowledge gaps and identify key research priorities to improve conservation efforts for this TEC. We promote a holistic consideration of BWs with our review providing a comprehensive document that researchers, planners and managers may reference. To effectively conserve ecosystems threatened by urban expansion, a range of stakeholders must be involved in the development and implementation of best practices to conserve and maintain both biodiversity and human wellbeing.
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Chessman, Bruce C., Kerry M. Trayler, and Jennifer A. Davis. "Family- and species-level biotic indices for macroinvertebrates of wetlands on the Swan Coastal Plain, Western Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 53, no. 5 (2002): 919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf00079.
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SWAMPS (Swan Wetlands Aquatic Macroinvertebrate Pollution Sensitivity) was developed as a biotic index for wetlands near Perth, Western Australia. Numerical grades between 1 and 100 were assigned to wetland macroinvertebrate taxa, generally at the family and species levels, to reflect the sensitivities of these taxa to anthropogenic disturbance, primarily nutrient enrichment. Index scores for individual wetlands were calculated as abundance-weighted or unweighted means of the grades of all taxa present in standard samples. Scores calculated at both the family and species levels showed a strong correlation with independent measures of cultural eutrophication and other anthropogenic disturbances, but such correlations were generally higher for the species-level index. The species index also discriminated more between individual wetlands. SWAMPS should be useful in routine and rapid assessment and monitoring of wetland condition in the Perth region and could be easily adapted to other regions and continents.
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Shearer, B. L., C. E. Crane, R. G. Fairman, and M. J. Grant. "Occurrence of Armillaria luteobubalina and Pathogen-mediated Changes in Coastal Dune Vegetation of South-western Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 45, no. 5 (1997): 905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt96084.
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Sixty-two Armillaria luteobubalina Watling & Kiledisease centres were assessed along the coast from near Cervantes, 160 kmnorth-west of Perth, to Cape Arid, 120 km east of Esperance. Disease centresranged from 0.02 to 6.5 ha in size (mean ± s.e., 1.7 ± 0.2 ha).Most disease centres were active, with mainly old deaths occurring in only7% of centres. Impact was low in only 3% of centres. Diseasecentres mainly occurred on calcareous sands of Holocene dune systems.Susceptible hosts from the Proteaceae, Mimosaceae and Myrtaceae tended to bedominant small trees or shrubs and their death resulted in centres composedmainly of sedges or small shrubs and ground-cover species from a range offamilies. Percentage cover of susceptible plant species was significantly lessin disease centres than adjacent healthy areas. Cover of resistant speciestended to be greater in disease centres than adjacent healthy areas, althoughdifferences were not significant. In association with changes in communitystructure, infection resulted in more bare ground in disease centres thanamongst healthy vegetation. Infection had minimal effect on species richness.The mortality progress curve for the susceptible speciesDryandra sessilis (Knight) Domin increased at a meanapparent infection rate of 0.31 ± s.e. 0.12year-1. A disease centre extended at the rate of 0.004ha year-1 between 1964 and 1983 and 0.07 hayear-1 during the period 1981–1989. Diseaseextension per year was not correlated with yearly rainfall. Threatened taxakilled by A. luteobubalina included the rare andendangered Banksia brownii Baxter ex R.Br.,B. occidentalis R.Br. subsp.formosa Hopper, andB. verticillata R.Br. This is the first report ofdisease significantly altering the structure and composition of coastalvegetation of south-western Australia.Armillaria luteobubalina is a significant additional,and hitherto unrecognised, selection pressure on coastal dune vegetationcommunities, and an important consideration in their management andconservation.
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Lim, David, Geoff Strachan, Dominique Van Gent, and Sandeep Sharma. "Underground storage of carbon dioxide in the Harvey area, south-west Western Australia." APPEA Journal 57, no. 1 (2017): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj16042.
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Underground storage of carbon dioxide as a means of reducing atmospheric emissions of CO2 has been examined both theoretically and practically over the past decade. There is a large amount of research and field experience in the energy sector to show that underground storage of CO2 is feasible. The Global Carbon Capture and Storage Institute has identified 38i large-scale projects (operating and/or in the planning) with many companies currently sequestering tons of CO2 per year. This paper reports on static and dynamic modelling studies conducted on the Harvey structure, onshore Perth Basin, to assess the suitability of the Lesueur Sandstone in the Lower Lesueur Region of Western Australia as a potential geological CO2 sequestration site. The study area for this project within this structure covers 332 km2 and is located approximately 13 km north-west of the town of Harvey, south of Perth. The static and dynamic modelling investigated a suite of full field simulation models that cover a range of subsurface uncertainties providing confidence that the CO2 plume stays below 800 mTVDss (metres true vertical depth sub sea) within the storage complex for more than 1000 years after injection ceases. The results of the modelling show that it could be feasible to inject 800 000 tonnes CO2 per annum over 30 years into the storage complex. Modelling studies shows that the main factors controlling CO2 plume migration are trapped gas saturation and the solubility of CO2 in brine.
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Peirce, JR. "Morphological and phenological variation in three populations of saffron thistle (Carthamus lanatus L.) from Western Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 41, no. 6 (1990): 1193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9901193.
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Saffron thistle (Carthamus lanatus L.), an erect spiny annual herb, is a weed of pasture and cereal crops in some agricultural areas of southern Australia. Cypselas (achenes or seeds) were collected from mature plants at three sites near Salmon Gums, Moorine Rock and Greenough in Western Australia and grown at South Perth. Two forms were observed and could be distinguished by differences in their phenology and the shape of cotyledons and achenes. After two generations at South Perth, germination in the presence or absence of leaching with water or after storage at daily fluctuating temperatures of 15-60�C indicated that there were differences between forms as well as between different accessions of the same form. This result suggests that genetic as well as environmental factors influence the breakdown of dormancy and promote germination. Differences in germination were detected when a single accession was sown at two sites, one in the south and the other in the north of the cereal-growing region of Western Australia. Low rainfall and temperatures in autumn were primarily responsible for slow and staggered germination at the more southern site. The protracted germination of saffron thistle in the southern cereal-growing districts creates a problem for cultural control and correct timing of herbicide applications.
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Leslie, Lance M., Bruce W. Buckley, and Mark Leplastrier. "The Operational Impact of QuikSCAT Winds in Perth, Australia: Examples and Limitations." Weather and Forecasting 23, no. 1 (February 1, 2008): 183–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007waf2007027.1.
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Abstract The preparation of accurate operational weather forecasts and the timely issuance of severe marine weather and ocean warnings and advisories for major oceanic weather systems impacting both coastal areas and the open ocean are major forecasting problems facing the Australian Bureau of Meteorology’s Regional Forecast Centre (RFC) and its collocated Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre (TCWC) in Perth, Western Australia. The region of responsibility for the Perth RFC is vast, covering a large portion of the southeast Indian and Southern Oceans, both of which are extremely data sparse, especially for near-surface marine wind data. Given that these coastline and open-ocean areas are subject to some of the world’s most intense tropical cyclones, rapidly intensifying midlatitude cyclones, and powerful cold fronts, there is now a heavy reliance upon NASA Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) data for both routine and severe weather warning forecasts. The focus of this note is on the role of QuikSCAT data in the Perth RFC for the accurate and early detection of maritime severe weather systems, both tropical and extratropical. First, the role of QuikSCAT data is described, and then three cases are presented in which the QuikSCAT data were pivotal in providing forecast guidance. The cases are a severe tropical cyclone in its development phase off the northwest coast of Australia, a strong southeast Indian Ocean cold front, and an explosively developing midlatitude Southern Ocean cyclone. In each case, the Perth RFC would have been unable to provide early and high-quality operational forecast and warning guidance without the timely availability of the QuikSCAT surface wind data.
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Gallardo, Adrian H. "Groundwater levels under climate change in the Gnangara system, Western Australia." Journal of Water and Climate Change 4, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2013.106.
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The Gnangara system is the main source of freshwater for Perth, Western Australia. However, aquifers in the region are under severe stress due to a drying climate, intensive pumping and changes in land use. The aim of this study is to apply the mean rainfall cumulative deviation and Mann-Kendall analyses at 77 monitoring bores to investigate the response of the water table to key recharge components. This information is critical for setting new allocation limits and reviewing current policies in the region. Results show that overall there is a good correspondence between water levels and rainfall fluctuations. Areas of groundwater recharge are highly sensitive to climate change and have been severely affected by reduction in rainfall rates in recent years. Further, removal of pine plantations correlated well with a rise in groundwater levels although the effect seems to be temporary. The impact of pumping is mainly observed in vicinities of public-supply borefields. Elsewhere, water table trends show a relative stabilisation indicating that storage still exceeds the influence of rainfall reduction in areas dominated by through flow or groundwater discharge. The study contributes to update the status of the Gnangara groundwater resource, and provides new insights for the sustainable management of one of the main aquifer systems in Australia.
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D'Souza, Nola K., Ian J. Colquhoun, Bryan L. Shearer, and Giles E. St J. Hardy. "The potential of five Western Australian native Acacia species for biological control of Phytophthora cinnamomi." Australian Journal of Botany 52, no. 2 (2004): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt03089.
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Five Acacia species native to Western Australia were assessed for their potential to protect the highly susceptible species Banksia grandis Wield from infection by the plant pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands. In a rehabilitated bauxite pit at Jarrahdale 55 km south-east of Perth and in a glasshouse trial, B. grandis planted either alone or with A. pulchella R.Br., A. urophylla Benth., A. extensa Lindl., A. lateriticola Maslin or A. drummondii Lindl., was soil inoculated with P. cinnamomi. It could only be shown that A. pulchella significantly protected B. grandis from P. cinnamomi infection in the rehabilitated bauxite pit trial up to 1 year after inoculation. This confirms the potential of this species for biological control of the pathogen in infested plant communities. The observed protection was not the result of a decrease in soil temperature or moisture. Protection was not emulated in a glasshouse trial where optimum environmental conditions favoured P. cinnamomi. Despite a delay in infection of B. grandis planted with Acacia spp., none of the five species definitively protected B. grandis from P. cinnamomi. However, in the glasshouse trial, A. pulchella, A. extensa, A. lateriticola and A. drummondii did significantly reduce the soil inoculum of P. cinnamomi, indicating a possible biological control effect on the pathogen. The mechanisms of biological control are discussed and the implications for management of rehabilitated bauxite mined areas and forests severely affected by P. cinnamomi are considered.
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Lutz, Natasha, James Fogarty, and Andrew Rate. "Accumulation and potential for transport of microplastics in stormwater drains into marine environments, Perth region, Western Australia." Marine Pollution Bulletin 168 (July 2021): 112362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112362.
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Appleyard, S., S. Wong, B. Willis-Jones, J. Angeloni, and R. Watkins. "Groundwater acidification caused by urban development in Perth, Western Australia: source, distribution, and implications for management." Soil Research 42, no. 6 (2004): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr03074.
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A decline in the watertable due to a long period of low rainfall, and the disturbance of sulfidic peat soils by dewatering and excavation in the Perth suburb of Stirling, has led to widespread acidification of groundwater at the watertable in a residential area and contamination of groundwater by arsenic and metals. The acidification has been caused by the oxidation of sulfide minerals within the peat, which contains up to 15% by weight of oxidiseable sulfur. Groundwater of pH 1.9 has been measured in shallow monitoring bores in the area, as well as high arsenic (up to 7 mg/L), aluminium (up to 290 mg/L), and iron (up to 1300 mg/L) concentrations. Contaminated groundwater pumped from affected domestic garden bores caused plant deaths in gardens and has given rise to health concerns because of high arsenic and metal concentrations. Drilling has indicated that acidic groundwater generally extends 5–10 m below the watertable, and that deeper groundwater is currently unaffected by contamination. As groundwater forms 70% of Perth’s total water usage and sulfide-rich peat soils are common in the region, acid sulfate soil risk maps and management policies need to be developed and implemented as a matter of urgency to prevent similar acidity problems occurring elsewhere in Perth.
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TANG, DANNY, and BRENTON KNOTT. "Freshwater cyclopoids and harpacticoids (Crustacea: Copepoda) from the Gnangara Mound region of Western Australia." Zootaxa 2029, no. 1 (March 6, 2009): 1–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2029.1.1.
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The Gnangara Mound is a 2,200 km 2 unconfined aquifer located in the Swan Coastal Plain of Western Australia. This aquifer is one of the most important ground water resources for the Perth Region and supports a number of groundwaterdependent ecosystems, such as the springs of Ellen Brook and root mat communities of the Yanchep Caves. Although freshwater copepods have been documented previously from those caves and springs, their specific identity were hitherto unknown. The current work formally identifies copepod samples collected from 23 sites (12 cave, three bore, five spring and three surface water localities) within the Gnangara Mound region. Fifteen species were documented in this study: the cyclopoids Australoeucyclops sp., Eucyclops edytae sp. nov., Macrocyclops albidus (Jurine, 1820), Mesocyclops brooksi Pesce, De Laurentiis & Humphreys, 1996, Metacyclops arnaudi (G. O. Sars, 1908), Mixocyclops mortoni sp. nov., Paracyclops chiltoni (Thomson, 1882), Paracyclops intermedius sp. nov. and Tropocyclops confinis (Kiefer, 1930), and the harpacticoids Attheyella (Chappuisiella) hirsuta Chappuis, 1951, Australocamptus hamondi Karanovic, 2004, Elaphoidella bidens (Schmeil, 1894), Kinnecaris eberhardi (Karanovic, 2005), Nitocra lacustris pacifica Yeatman, 1983 and Paranitocrella bastiani gen. et sp. nov. Tropocyclops confinis is recorded from Australia for the first time and A. (Ch.) hirsuta and E. bidens are newly recorded for Western Australia. The only copepod taxa endemic to the Gnangara Mound region are E. edytae sp. nov. (occurs primarily in springs and rarely in the Yanchep National Park Caves) and P. bastiani gen. et sp. nov. (confined to the Yanchep National Park Caves containing tuart root mats). Paracyclops chiltoni was the most common species, whilst T. confinis and N. l. pacifica were rarely encountered. Metacyclops arnaudi was the only taxon absent from ground waters. The copepod fauna recorded in the caves and springs of the Gnangara Mound region are comparable, with respect to species richness, endemicity and the varying degrees of dependency on ground water, to those reported from similar habitats in South Australia and Western Australia. Restoring the root mats and maintaining permanent water flow within the Yanchep Caves, as well as minimising urban development near the Ellen Brook Springs, are essential to protect the copepod species, particularly the endemic P. bastiani gen. et sp. nov. and E. edytae sp. nov., inhabiting these unique ground water environments.
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Michael, Pippa J., Kathryn J. Steadman, and Julie A. Plummer. "Limited ecoclinal variation found in Malva parviflora (small-flowered mallow) across the Mediterranean-climatic agricultural region of Western Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 57, no. 7 (2006): 823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar05187.
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Malva parviflora L. populations were collected from 24 locations across the Mediterranean–climatic agricultural region of Western Australia and grown in Perth in a common garden experiment. Seventeen morphometric and taxonomic measurements were taken and genetic variation was investigated by performing principal components analysis (PCA). Taxonomic measurements confirmed that all plants used in the study were M. parviflora. Greater variation occurred within populations than between populations. Separation between populations was only evident between northern and southern populations along principal components 2 (PC2), which was due mainly to flowering time. Flowering time and consequently photoperiod were highly correlated with latitude and regression analysis revealed a close relationship (r2 = 0.6). Additionally, the pollination system of M. parviflora was examined. Plants were able to self-pollinate without the need for external vectors and the pollen–ovule ratio (31 ± 1.3) revealed that M. parviflora is most likely to be an obligate inbreeder with a slight potential for outcrossing. The limited variation of M. parviflora enhances the likelihood of suitable control strategies being effective across a broad area.
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E. May, J., and B. E. Heterick. "Effects of the coastal brown ant Pheidole megacephala (Fabricius), on the ant fauna of the Perth metropolitan region, Western Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 6, no. 1 (2000): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc000081.
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This paper reports on the apparent displacement of native and exotic ants from gardens in the Perth Metropolitan region by the coastal brown ant (Pheidole megacephala (Fabricius)). Twelve gardens were sampled, four with P. megacephala present, and eight (the controls) where the ant was judged to be absent. Eight out of the 26 ant species recorded (including the coastal brown ant) were introduced. Ninety-two per cent of pitfall trap contents comprised the four most abundant species: P. megacephala, lridomyrmex chasei (Forel), Tetramorium simillimum (F. Smith) and Paratrechina ?obscura (Mayr). Three of the four P. megacephala-dominated gardens were depauperate of almost all other ant species. The fourth P. megacephala-infested garden had a relatively small number of coastal brown ants (104), and the highest number of ant species was found in that garden. The removal of this outlier garden left an average range of one to three species for the other three P. megacephala-infested gardens. Control gardens had between five and 12 ant species. Total ant abundance ranged from an average of 1 027 per P. megacephala-infested garden (increasing to 1 171 if the outlier garden is removed) to 146 at control gardens. There was a significant difference both in ant richness and ant abundance between the controls and P. megacephala-infested gardens (P < 0.05). This remained the case when figures for coastal brown ants were excluded from calculations.
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Qiu, Song, Arthur J. McComb, Richard W. Bell, and Jenny A. Davis. "Estimating production of gilvin from catchment leaf litter during seasonal rains." Marine and Freshwater Research 56, no. 6 (2005): 843. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf04297.
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The yellow substance, gilvin, is an important component of water quality in natural waters. Quantitative study of gilvin production is difficult since gilvin is not a well defined substance. In the present study, leaf litter from four common tree species of south-western Australia were exposed to rainy weather for 183 days and leachate properties were monitored. The gilvin leaching from litter was estimated using a ‘humic acid (HA) equivalent’ concept, derived by drawing an analogy between the spectrophotometric properties of gilvin and that of humic acid. Gilvin (g440, m−1) was leached from litter primarily during the first few weeks after the commencement of the wet season. On average, 13% less gilvin was leached under ‘flooded’ conditions compared with ‘non-flooded’ conditions. Litter leaching in the presence of soil caused a significant time lag (about a month) for the peak load to occur, and reduced the total gilvin in the leachate through soil–litter interactions. Banksia menziesii leaves produced little gilvin, equivalent to 6.6% of that leached from the flooded gum. The Eucalyptus species, such as flooded gum and jarrah, common in wooded catchments in the region, appeared to be a major player producing yellow-coloured substances under annual rainfall conditions in south-western Australia.
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Kelobonye, Keone, Feng Mao, Jianhong Xia, Mohammad Swapan, and Gary McCarney. "The Impact of Employment Self-Sufficiency Measures on Commuting Time: Case Study of Perth, Australia." Sustainability 11, no. 5 (March 11, 2019): 1488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11051488.
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The level of commuting in cities is an important indicator of the efficiency of urban spatial structure. Recent research has come out in support of land use policies that promote balancing the number of employment opportunities and residents in local geographical units to reduce excess commuting. This study explores three employment self-sufficiency indices: job-worker balance (JWB), employment self-sufficiency (ESS) and employment self-containment (ESC), as measures for reducing the level of commuting. Using the case of Perth, Western Australia, we perform a trip-based evaluation of these three variables and investigate their effect on commuting time through statistical correlation. The results reveal that JWB, ESS and ESC levels are relatively poor across the metropolitan region. Higher ESS correlates with lower inflow travel time, but better JWB and higher ESC do not necessarily lead to shorter travel times. The findings of this study suggest that policies solely relying on these measures may not be effective in reducing commuting times. ESS and ESC do not account for the component of the trip outside the zone, which can misrepresent the level of commuting in an area. Incorporating travel time in these measures can complement their reliability, and better represent overall commuting levels within an urban structure.
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Grosjean, Emmanuelle, Dianne S. Edwards, Nadege Rollet, Christopher J. Boreham, Duy Nguyen, and Tamara Buckler. "Geochemical evidence for a new Triassic petroleum system on the western margin of Australia." APPEA Journal 61, no. 2 (2021): 616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj20027.
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The unexpected discovery of oil in Triassic sedimentary rocks of the Phoenix South 1 well on Australia’s North West Shelf (NWS) has catalysed exploration interest in pre-Jurassic plays in the region. Subsequent neighbouring wells Roc 1–2, Phoenix South 2–3 and Dorado 1–3 drilled between 2015 and 2019 penetrated gas and/or oil columns, with the Dorado field containing one of the largest oil resources found in Australia in three decades. This study aims to understand the source of the oils and gases of the greater Phoenix area, Bedout Sub-basin using a multiparameter geochemical approach. Isotopic analyses combined with biomarker data confirm that these fluids represent a new Triassic petroleum system on the NWS unrelated to the Lower Triassic Hovea Member petroleum system of the Perth Basin. The Bedout Sub-basin fluids were generated from source rocks deposited in paralic environments with mixed type II/III kerogen, with lagoonal organofacies exhibiting excellent liquids potential. The Roc 1–2 gases and the Phoenix South 1 oil are likely sourced proximally by Lower–Middle Triassic TR10–TR15 sequences. Loss of gas within the Phoenix South 1 fluid due to potential trap breach has resulted in the formation of in-place oil. These discoveries are testament to new hydrocarbon plays within the Lower–Middle Triassic succession on the NWS.
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Strong, Rowan. "Anglicanism and Sanctity: The Diocese of Perth and the Making of a ‘Local Saint’ in 1984." Studies in Church History 47 (2011): 390–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400001108.
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On 23 February 1984, the bishops of the Anglican Province of Western Australia signed and sealed a document promulgating the Venerable John Ramsden Wollaston a local saint and hero of the Anglican Communion in accordance with Resolutions 77–80 of the Lambeth Conference 1958. These four resolutions had allowed national or provincial Anglican Churches to add to the Calendar of the Saints to permit ‘supplementary commemorations for local use’ according to the following principles where they were extra-scriptural persons. They had to be individuals ‘whose historical character and devotion are beyond doubt’; ‘revisions should be few and without controversy’; and such additions ‘should normally result from a wide-spread desire expressed in the region concerned over a reasonable period of time’.
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Shearer, B. L., C. E. Crane, and A. Cochrane. "Quantification of the susceptibility of the native flora of the South-West Botanical Province, Western Australia, to Phytophthora cinnamomi." Australian Journal of Botany 52, no. 4 (2004): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt03131.
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This study compares, for the first time, variation in estimates of susceptibility of native flora to Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands among four databases and proposes an estimate of the proportion of the flora of the South-West Botanical Province of Western Australia that is susceptible to the pathogen. Estimates of the susceptibility of south-western native flora to P. cinnamomi infection were obtained from databases for Banksia woodland of the Swan Coastal Plain, jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata Donn. ex Smith) forest, the Stirling Range National Park and Rare and Threatened Flora of Western Australia. For the woodland, forest and national park databases, hosts were naturally infected in uncontrolled diverse natural environments. In contrast, threatened flora were artificially inoculated in a shadehouse environment. Considerable variation occurred within taxonomic units, making occurrence within family and genus poor predictors of species susceptibility. Identification of intra-specific resistance suggests that P. cinnamomi could be having a strong selection pressure on some threatened flora at infested sites and the populations could shift to more resistant types. Similar estimates of the proportion of species susceptible to P. cinnamomi among the databases from the wide range of environments suggests that a realistic estimate of species susceptibility to P. cinnamomi infection in the south-western region has been obtained. The mean of 40% susceptible and 14% highly susceptible equates to 2284 and 800 species of the 5710 described plant species in the South-West Botanical Province susceptible and highly susceptible to P. cinnamomi, respectively. Such estimates are important for determining the cost of disease to conservation values and for prioritising disease importance and research priorities. P. cinnamomi in south-western Australia is an unparalleled example of an introduced pathogen with a wide host range causing immense irreversible damage to unique, diverse but mainly susceptible plant communities.
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Lillee, Alyssa, Aesen Thambiran, and Jonathan Laugharne. "Evaluating the mental health of recently arrived refugee adults in Western Australia." Journal of Public Mental Health 14, no. 2 (June 15, 2015): 56–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpmh-05-2013-0033.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to measure the levels of psychological distress in adults entering Western Australia (WA) as refugees through the Australian Humanitarian Programme. To determine if the introduction of mental health screening instruments impacts on the level of referrals for further psychological/psychiatric assessment and treatment. Design/methodology/approach – Participants were 300 consecutive consenting refugee adults attending the Humanitarian Entrant Health Service in Perth, WA. This service is government funded for the general health screening of refugees. The Kessler-10 (K10) and the World Health Organisation’s post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) screener were the principal outcome measures used. Findings – Refugees had a high rate of current probable PTSD (17.2 per cent) as measured with the PTSD screener and mean K10 scores were significantly higher than general population norms. The K10 showed high accuracy for discriminating those with or without probable PTSD. Being married and having more children increased the risk of probable PTSD. In regard to region of origin, refugees from Western and Southern Asia had significantly higher scores on both screeners followed by those from Africa with those from South-Eastern Asia having the lowest scores. Referral rate for psychiatric/psychological treatment was 18 per cent compared to 4.2 per cent in the year prior to the study. Practical implications – This study demonstrates increased psychological distress including a high rate of probable PTSD in a recently arrived multi-ethnic refugee population and also demonstrates significant variations based on region of origin. In addition, it supports the feasibility of using brief screening instruments to improve identification and referral of refugees with significant psychological distress in the context of a comprehensive general medical review. Originality/value – This was an Australian study conducted in a non-psychiatric setting. The outcomes of this study pertain to refugee mental health assessed in a general health setting. The implications of the study findings are of far reaching relevance, inclusive of primary care doctors and general physicians as well as mental health clinicians. In particular the authors note that the findings of this study are to the authors’ knowledge unique in the refugee mental health literature as the participants are recently arrived refugees from diverse ethnic groups.
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Cochrane, Anne. "Can sensitivity to temperature during germination help predict global warming vulnerability?" Seed Science Research 26, no. 1 (December 22, 2015): 14–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258515000355.
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AbstractSeed germination is vital for persistence in species that rely on seeds for post-disturbance regeneration. It is a high-risk phase and vulnerable to environmental parameters. Here, I assessed temperature sensitivity for germination in Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae) from south-western Australia, screening all 38 endemic obligate seeder species. A bi-directional temperature gradient plate with 49 temperature combinations (constant and fluctuating) between 5 and 40°C was used to profile germination temperature requirements and identify upper and lower temperature thresholds for germination. Using these data the impact of increasing temperatures on germination in these species was modelled under high and low greenhouse gas scenarios for 2050 and 2070. The results suggest that many Banksia species from the region have wide physiological tolerance for high germination temperatures, although a number of common, but geographically restricted species, such as B. praemorsa, B. oreophila and B. quercifolia, have more narrow temperature windows for germination than at least one of the rarer species (B. verticillata). Only B. dryandroides is expected to decline in germination in the future; however, the optimal germination timing for many species is predicted to occur later under climate warming. In conjunction with declining rainfall, this germination delay will place seedlings closer to the summer dry in this seasonal Mediterranean-climate ecosystem and thus they will be more vulnerable to desiccation. The framework developed here can be used to identify vulnerable species for monitoring of early population decline.
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Hillman, Alison E., Amanda L. Ash, Alan J. Lymbery, and R. C. Andrew Thompson. "Anthropozoonotic significance, risk factors and spatial distribution of Giardia spp. infections in quenda (Isoodon obesulus) in the greater Perth region, Western Australia." International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 9 (August 2019): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.03.019.
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KNUDSEN, STEEN WILHELM, and KENDALL D. CLEMENTS. "Kyphosus gladius, a new species of sea chub from Western Australia (Teleostei: Kyphosidae), with comments on Segutilum klunzingeri Whitley." Zootaxa 3599, no. 1 (January 3, 2013): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3599.1.1.
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Two morphologically distinct forms of the nominal species Kyphosus sydneyanus (Günther, 1886) (Kyphosidae) were discerned while collecting off Western Australia near Perth in 2009. A morphological comparison with recognized species of Kyphosus and an analysis of mtDNA (Cytochrome b, control region, 12S and 16S) and three nDNA markers (RAG1, RAG2 and Tmo-4C4) demonstrated that the more elongate of these forms was an undescribed species of Kyphosus. It differs from congeners in the Pacific and Indian Oceans in the combination of the following characters: green bar on the operculum, 11–12 dorsal soft fin rays, depth of caudal peduncle 9.9–11.8 % SL, body depth 33.3–41.6 % SL, 55–63 scales in lateral line, 12–16 interorbital scales, 44–55 pored scales in the lateral line, 3–5 gill rakers on upper limb of first gill arch internally, 11–15 gill rakers on lower limb of first gill arch internally, 15–19 total gill rakers on first gill arch, and by having 10 precaudal vertebrae and 16 caudal vertebrae. Examination of museum specimens and available underwater photographs suggests that the new species is restricted to Western Australia, and to date it has been recorded between the Houtman Abrolhos Islands and Albany. Discrepancies between the type specimen and original description of Segutilum klunzingeri Whitley made it impossible to determine the relationship between this taxon and the new species from Western Australia, and thus we consider S. klunzingeri a nomen dubium.
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IVESON, J. B., S. D. BRADSHAW, R. A. HOW, and D. W. SMITH. "Human migration is important in the international spread of exoticSalmonellaserovars in animal and human populations." Epidemiology and Infection 142, no. 11 (December 16, 2013): 2281–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268813003075.
Full textAbstract:
SUMMARYThe exposure of indigenous humans and native fauna in Australia and the Wallacea zoogeographical region of Indonesia to exoticSalmonellaserovars commenced during the colonial period and has accelerated with urbanization and international travel. In this study, the distribution and prevalence of exoticSalmonellaserovars are mapped to assess the extent to which introduced infections are invading native wildlife in areas of high natural biodiversity under threat from expanding human activity. The major exoticSalmonellaserovars, Bovismorbificans, Derby, Javiana, Newport, Panama, Saintpaul and Typhimurium, isolated from wildlife on populated coastal islands in southern temperate areas of Western Australia, were mostly absent from reptiles and native mammals in less populated tropical areas of the state. They were also not recorded on the uninhabited Mitchell Plateau or islands of the Bonaparte Archipelago, adjacent to south-eastern Indonesia. Exotic serovars were, however, isolated in wildlife on 14/17 islands sampled in the Wallacea region of Indonesia and several islands off the west coast of Perth. Increases in international tourism, involving islands such as Bali, have resulted in the isolation of a high proportion of exotic serovar infections suggesting that densely populated island resorts in the Asian region are acting as staging posts for the interchange ofSalmonellainfections between tropical and temperate regions.
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Gales, NJ, AJ Cheal, GJ Pobar, and P. Williamson. "Breeding biology and movements of Australian sea-lions, Neophoca cinerea, off the west coasst of Western Australia." Wildlife Research 19, no. 4 (1992): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9920405.
Full textAbstract:
The Australian sea-lion, Neophoca cinerea, has a 17-18-month breeding cycle on islands off the west coast of Western Australia. Buller, North Fisherman and Beagle Is are the main pupping sites, with several very small colonies (n> 3) at the Abrolhos Is. The 4-5-month pupping seasons are synchronised at North Fisherman and Beagle Is, but the sea-lions from Buller I. breed one month later and those from the Abrolhos Is two months earlier. Pup production and pup mortality were highly variable between seasons over which observations were recorded: 129 pups were born at the main breeding sites in early 1988, the mortality in the first five months was 7.1%, whereas 181 pups were born in late 1989 of which 24.3% died. Pups remain in the vicinity of their natal islands for the first 4-5 months of life before leaving, perhaps on foraging trips, with their mothers. Most return to their natal island, although others haulout on islands up to 27 km away. Some male N. cinerea congregate in bachelor colonies on islands adjacent to the Perth metropolitan region during the non-breeding season and migrate up to 280 km north each breeding season. The status of the isolated, west-coast N. cinerea population is unknown. The current high level of human pressure on sea-lion terrestrial habitats and their food resources indicate a need for further monitoring of this species.
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Gorter, J. D., D. J. Hearty, and A. J. Bond. "JURASSIC PETROLEUM SYSTEMS IN THE HOUTMAN SUB-BASIN, NORTHWESTERN OFFSHORE PERTH BASIN, WESTERN AUSTRALIA: A FRONTIER PETROLEUM PROVINCE ON THE DOORSTEP?" APPEA Journal 44, no. 1 (2004): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj03001.
Full textAbstract:
The under-explored Houtman Sub-basin, a northwestern offshore extension of the hydrocarbon-productive Perth Basin of southwestern Australia, formed during Jurassic rifting of Gondwana. The sub-basin contains the ingredients for an exciting frontier petroleum province with typical rift architecture. Permian, Triassic and Jurassic petroleum systems are proven from the onshore region, with a productive Triassic-sourced hydrocarbon system recently demonstrated in the adjacent Abrolhos Sub-basin by the Cliff Head oil discovery, and several basal Triassic-sourced oil shows. Gas and oil shows from the Early to Middle Jurassic Cattamarra Coal Measures in Houtman–1, the only well drilled in the 32,000 km2 Houtman Sub-basin, are most likely sourced from the organic-rich Cattamarra Coal Measures and are sealed by intraformational shales and the overlying regional marine shale of the Cadda Formation. The disappointing result of Houtman–1 has coloured perceptions of the prospectivity of the Houtman Sub-basin. Despite this negativity, recent seismic acquisition and reprocessing have demonstrated the presence of large structural closures in the sub-basin that could contain substantial oil reserves as indicated by geochemical modelling of the Cattamarra Coal Measures source rocks. Analyses on GOI indicate a palaeo-oil zone at the top of the Cattamarra Coal Measures in Houtman–1 indicating that the gas-prone perception may not be true. QGF intensities from Houtman–1 suggest oil migration in sandstones beneath intra-formational seals in both the Late Jurassic Yarragadee Formation and the Cattamarra Coal Measures. In addition to reservoir sandstones, source rock intervals occur in the lower Yarragadee Formation, but regional sealing units in this formation are to be confirmed.
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Rix, Michael G., Mark S. Harvey, and J. Dale Roberts. "A revision of the textricellin spider genus Raveniella (Araneae:Araneoidea:Micropholcommatidae): exploring patterns of phylogeny and biogeography in an Australian biodiversity hotspot." Invertebrate Systematics 24, no. 3 (2010): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is09048.
Full textAbstract:
South-western Western Australia is a biodiversity hotspot, with high levels of local endemism and a rich but largely undescribed terrestrial invertebrate fauna. Very few phylogeographic studies have been undertaken on south-western Australian invertebrate taxa, and almost nothing is known about historical biogeographic or cladogenic processes, particularly on the relatively young, speciose Quaternary sand dune habitats of the Swan Coastal Plain. Phylogeographic and taxonomic patterns were studied in textricellin micropholcommatid spiders belonging to the genus Raveniella Rix & Harvey. The Micropholcommatidae is a family of small spiders with a widespread distribution in southern Western Australia, and most species are spatially restricted to refugial microhabitats. In total, 340 specimens of Raveniella were collected from 36 surveyed localities on the Swan Coastal Plain and 17 non-Swan Coastal Plain reference localities in south-western Western Australia. Fragments from three nuclear rRNA genes (5.8S, 18S and ITS2), and one mitochondrial protein-coding gene (COI) were used to infer the phylogeny of the genus Raveniella, and to examine phylogeographic patterns on the Swan Coastal Plain. Five new species of Raveniella are described from Western Australia (R. arenacea, sp. nov., R. cirrata, sp. nov., R. janineae, sp. nov., R. mucronata, sp. nov. and R. subcirrata, sp. nov.), along with a single new species from south-eastern Australia (R. apopsis, sp. nov.). Four species of Raveniella were found on the Swan Coastal Plain: two with broader distributions in the High Rainfall and Transitional Rainfall Zones (R. peckorum Rix & Harvey, R. cirrata); and two endemic to the Swan Coastal Plain, found only on the western-most Quindalup dunes (R. arenacea, R. subcirrata). Two coastally restricted species (R. subcirrata, R. janineae) were found to be morphologically cryptic but genetically highly distinct, with female specimens morphologically indistinguishable from their respective sister-taxa (R. cirrata and R. peckorum). The greater Perth region is an important biogeographic overlap zone for all four Swan Coastal Plain species, where the ranges of two endemic coastal species join the northern and south-western limits of the ranges of R. peckorum and R. cirrata, respectively. Most species of Raveniella were found to occupy long, highly autapomorphic molecular branches exhibiting little intraspecific variation, and an analysis of ITS2 rRNA secondary structures among different species of Raveniella revealed the presence of an extraordinary hypervariable helix, ranging from 31 to over 400 nucleotides in length.
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Burgess, Treena I., Janet L. Webster, Juanita A. Ciampini, Diane White, Giles E. StJ Hardy, and Michael J. C. Stukely. "Re-evaluation of Phytophthora Species Isolated During 30 Years of Vegetation Health Surveys in Western Australia Using Molecular Techniques." Plant Disease 93, no. 3 (March 2009): 215–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-3-0215.
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For 30 years, large-scale aerial photography has been used to map the extent of Phytophthora dieback disease in native forests in the southwest of Western Australia, with validation of the observations involving routine testing of soil and root samples for the presence of Phytophthora cinnamomi. In addition to P. cinnamomi, six morpho-species have been identified using this technique: P. citricola, P. megasperma, P. cryptogea, P. drechsleri, P. nicotianae, and P. boehmeriae. In recent years, many new Phytophthora species have been described worldwide, often with similar morphology to existing species; thus, as many of the isolates collected in Western Australia have been difficult to identify based on morphology, molecular identification of the morpho-species is required. Based on amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rDNA gene, sequence data of more than 230 isolates were compared with those of existing species and undescribed taxa. P. inundata, P. asparagi, P. taxon PgChlamydo, P. taxon personii, and P. taxon niederhauserii were identified based on sequence data. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that nine potentially new and undescribed taxa can be distinguished. Several of the new taxa are morphologically indistinguishable from species such as P. citricola, P. drechsleri, and P. megasperma. In some cases, the new taxa are closely related to species with similar morphology (e.g., P.sp.4 and P. citricola). However, the DNA sequences of other new taxa such as P.sp.3 and P.sp.9 show that they are not closely related to morphologically similar species P. drechsleri and P. megasperma, respectively. Most of the new taxa have been associated with dying Banksia spp., while P.sp.2 and P.sp.4 have also been isolated from dying Eucalyptus marginata (jarrah). Some taxa (P.sp.3, 6, and 7) appear to have limited distribution, while others like P.sp.4 are widespread.
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Lamont, Byron B., Neal J. Enright, E. T. F. Witkowski, and J. Groeneveld. "Conservation biology of banksias: insights from natural history to simulation modelling." Australian Journal of Botany 55, no. 3 (2007): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt06024.
Full textAbstract:
We have studied the ecology and conservation requirements of Banksia species in the species-rich sandplains of south-western Australia for 25 years. Loss of habitat through land-clearing has had the greatest impact on their conservation status over the last 50 years. Ascertaining optimal conditions for conservation management in bushland requires detailed knowledge of the species under consideration, including demographic attributes, fire regime, growing conditions and interactions with other species. Where populations have been fragmented, seed production per plant has also fallen. The group most vulnerable to the vagaries of fire, disease, pests, weeds and climate change are the non-sprouters, rather than the resprouters, with population extinction so far confined to non-sprouting species. Recent short-interval fires (<8 years) appear to have had little impact at the landscape scale, possibly because they are rare and patchy. Fire intervals exceeding 25–50 years can also lead to local extinction. Up to 200 viable seeds are required for parent replacement in Banksia hookeriana when growing conditions are poor (low post-fire rainfall, commercial flower harvesting) and seed banks of this size can take up to 12 years to be reached. Seed production is rarely limited by pollinators, but interannual seasonal effects and resource availability are important. Genetic diversity of the seed store is quickly restored to the level of the parents in B. hookeriana. Florivores and granivores generally reduce seed stores, although this varies markedly among species. In Banksia tricuspis, black cockatoos actually increase seed set by selectively destroying borers. Potential loss of populations through the root pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi also challenges management, especially in the southern sandplains. Prefire dead plants are a poor source of seeds for the next generation when fire does occur. Harvesting seeds and sowing post-fire have much to commend them for critically endangered species. Bare areas caused by humans can result in ideal conditions for plant growth and seed set. However, in the case of B. hookeriana/B. prionotes, disturbance by humans has fostered hybridisation, threatening the genetic integrity of both species, whereas fine-textured soils are unsuitable for colonisation or rehabilitation. Few viable seeds become seedlings after fire, owing to post-release granivory and herbivory and unsuitable germination conditions. Seedling-competitive effects ensure that season/intensity of fire is not critical to recruitment levels, except in the presence of weeds. Water availability during summer–autumn is critical and poses a problem for conservation management if the trend for declining rainfall in the region continues. Our simulation modelling for three banksias shows that the probability of co-occurrence is maximal when fire is stochastic around a mean of 13 years, and where fire-proneness and post-fire recruitment success vary in the landscape. Modelling results suggest that non-sprouting banksias could not survive the pre-European frequent-fire scenario suggested by the new grasstree technique for south-western Australia. However, we have yet to fully explore the conservation significance of long-distance dispersal of seeds, recently shown to exceed 2.5 km in B. hookeriana.