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1
Thiele, K., and PY Ladiges. "A cladistic analysis of Banksia (Proteaceae)." Australian Systematic Botany 9, no. 5 (1996): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9960661.
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Banksia is a genus of more than 90 taxa, many of which are common and characteristic in sclerophyll communities in eastern and south-western Australia. Cladistic analyses based on morphological and anatomical characters were used to resolve relationships in the genus. An initial analysis of 35 terminal taxa, including 9 infrageneric taxa assumed to be monophyletic on the basis of one or more synapomorphies, allowed resolution of basal nodes. Subsequent analyses of the putatively monophyletic infrageneric taxa allowed resolution of distal nodes. Some of these lower-level analyses used a mixture of qualitative characters and coded morphometric characters. Together, the analyses afforded a high degree of resolution within the genus, although relationships of some taxa were not well supported. A new infrageneric classification, in which Banksia is divided into 2 subgenera, 12 series and 11 subseries, is proposed. The classification is broadly similar to previously published classifications of the genus, but discards a number of taxa shown to be para- or poly-phyletic. The following new names are published: Banksia series Lindleyanae K.Thiele, series Ochraceae K.Thiele, subseries Leptophyllae K.Thiele, subseries Longistyles K.Thiele, subseries Nutantes K.Thiele, subseries Sphaerocarpae K.Thiele, subseries Cratistyles K.Thiele, subseries Acclives K.Thiele, subseries Integrifoliae K.Thiele, subseries Ericifoliae K.Thiele, subseries Occidentales K.Thiele and subseries Spinulosae K.Thiele. New combinations are provided for Banksia penicillata (A.S.George) K.Thiele, B. brevidentata (A.S.George) K.Thiele, B. hiemalis (A.S.George) K.Thiele and B. dolichostyla (A.S.George) K.Thiele.
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Ward, SJ. "Life-History of the Eastern Pygmy-Possum, Cercartetus-Nanus (Burramyidae, Marsupialia), in South-Eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Zoology 38, no. 3 (1990): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9900287.
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Populations of Cercartetus nanus were investigated in three areas of Victoria: two areas of Banksia woodland at Wilsons Promontory National Park and an area of mixed eucalypt forest with an under- storey of B. spinulosa at Nar Nar Goon North, east of Melbourne. Most births occurred between November and March, but in areas where the dominant Banksia sp. flowered in winter they took place year-round. Most females produced two litters in a year, but some produced three. Males were reproductively active throughout the year. Litter sizes ranged from two to six, with a modal size of four. Pouch life lasted 30 days and weaning occurred at 65 days. Growth was rapid, young became independent immediately after weaning, and matured as early as 4.5-5.0 months old. Maximum longevity in the field was at least 4 years.
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Stimpson, Margaret Leith, JEREMY J. BRUHL, and PETER H. WESTON. "Could this be Australia’s rarest Banksia? Banksia vincentia (Proteaceae), a new species known from fourteen plants from south-eastern New South Wales, Australia." Phytotaxa 163, no. 5 (March 31, 2014): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.163.5.3.
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Possession of hooked, distinctively discolorous styles, a broadly flabellate common bract subtending each flower pair, and a lignotuber place a putative new species, Banksia sp. Jervis Bay, in the B. spinulosa complex. Phenetic analysis of individuals from all named taxa in the B. spinulosa complex, including B. sp. Jervis Bay, based on leaf, floral, seed and bract characters support recognition of this species, which is described here as Banksia vincentia M.L.Stimpson & P.H.Weston. Known only from fourteen individuals, B. vincentia is distinguished by its semi-prostrate habit, with basally prostrate, distally ascending branches from the lignotuber, and distinctive perianth colouring. Its geographical location and ecological niche also separate it from its most similar congeners.
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Wills, Timothy J. "Using Banksia (Proteaceae) node counts to estimate time since fire." Australian Journal of Botany 51, no. 3 (2003): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt01074.
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In Australia, numerous methods have been used to determine the time since the last fire at a given site. One method involves counting the number of annual growth nodes on Banksia spp. that are either killed by fire, or regenerate from surviving rootstocks, to determine above-ground plant age. Although a number of studies have used the Banksia node-count method to estimate plant and therefore site age, no published data assess the reliability of this method. This study attempted to determine the accuracy of the method, with shrub-form B. marginata individuals from five sites of different age, in a south-eastern Australian sand heath. A significant relationship was found between modal node (internode) counts and the known time since fire, with internode counts at four of the five sites accurate to within 1 year of actual site age up to 21 years (n > 50 individuals per site). The results suggest that the Banksia node-count method is a useful tool for determining site age up to 21 years. However, sample sizes need to be appropriate for the area sampled, given the potential error in counting nodes and the inherent site variability in age classes.
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Evans, KM, and A. Bunce. "A comparison of the foraging behaviour of the eastern pygmy-possum (Cercartetus nanus) and nectarivorous birds in a Banksia integrifolia woodland." Australian Mammalogy 22, no. 1 (2000): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am00081.
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The foraging behaviour of a non-flying mammal, the eastern pygmy-possum (Cercartetus nanus) and nectarivorous birds was compared in a Banksia integrifolia woodland at Wilson's Promontory National Park, Victoria, Australia. Exclusion experiments performed previously in this woodland indicate that both non-flying mammals and nectarivorous birds are important pollinators of B. integrifolia (Cunningham 1991: Oecologia 87: 86-90). In this study it is shown that C. nanus and nectarivorous birds employ different foraging tactics. Nectarivorous birds tended to move further between trees (Χ = 8.16 ± 1.06 m) than C. nanus (Χ = 5.64 ± 0.75 m), although these differences were not significant. Nectarivorous birds were attracted to trees with a significantly larger number of inflorescences (Χ = 36.55 ± 2.84) than C. nanus (Χ = 18.65 ± 2.95), and visited a significantly greater number of inflorescences per tree (Χ = 4.24 ± 0.35) than C. nanus (Χ = 2.33 ± 0.22). Although the two pollinator groups were attracted to banksia plants by different cues, once in the plants they visited an equal proportion of the available inflorescences.
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Blair, John, and Paul Osmond. "Employing Green Roofs to Support Endangered Plant Species: The Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub in Australia." Open Journal of Ecology 10, no. 03 (2020): 111–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oje.2020.103009.
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Goldingay, RL, SM Carthew, and RJ Whelan. "Transfer of Banksia-Spinulosa Pollen by Mammals - Implications for Pollination." Australian Journal of Zoology 35, no. 4 (1987): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9870319.
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Native mammals have been implicated by various authors as visitors to flowers of Australian plants in both eastern and western Australia, but few data are available to allow an estimation of their potential as pollinators. In the present study, Antechinus stuartii, Petaurus breviceps and Rattus fuscipes were regularly trapped in flowering Banksia spinulosa. A few Cercartetus nanus were also captured. Individuals of all species carried pollen on their fur. Pollen loads were greater on mammals which had been in traps for short periods, which suggests that mammals will groom pollen from their fur if left longer in traps. Therefore, pollen loads on foraging mammals have probably been dramatically underestimated by previous authors, and their potential to effect pollination may have been greatly underestimated. Furthermore, significantly more pollen was removed from flowers of B. spinulosa at night than during the day, suggesting the importance of nocturnal pollinators at this site.
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Fjeldså, Jon. "Classification of Waterbird Communities in South-Eastern Australia." Emu - Austral Ornithology 85, no. 3 (September 1985): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu9850141.
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Lamont, BB, and A. Markey. "Biogeography of Fire-Killed and Resprouting Banksia Species in South-Western Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 43, no. 3 (1995): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9950283.
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Banksia includes 38 fire-killed (seeders) and 20 resprouting species, and two species with contrasting ecotypes, in south-western Australia. There may be up to 12 seeders per 50 × 50 km grid cell in the southern sandplains and 12 resprouters in the northern sandplains. The patterns of distribution of species across soil type and eight climatic attributes is similar for both life forms, except that greater numbers of resprouting species occur at higher rainfalls and where there is greater seasonal spread of rainfall. Most seeders occur on white sands and rocky substrates, and resprouters occur on yellow sands and the more fertile lateritic soils. Nutrient requirements for both life forms appear to be similar. Resprouters are more widespread than seeders which suggests that resprouters show greater environmental tolerances. The distribution of grid cells containing each life form across soil types and eight climatic attributes is similar and any differences in climatic profile for all species in each category are considered biologically insignificant. Both life forms in section Abietinae are well represented in the climatically distinct southern and northern sandplains indicating no climatic preferences within the lineage. There are no consistent trends in environmental attributes from fire-killed to resprouting ecotypes of B. ashbyi E.G.Baker and B. violacea C.A. Gardner. Multiple-partitioning classification of the floristic data produced 10 groups varying greatly in geography, species richness, and proportion and endemism of each life form. The Lesueur (northern) district has four endemic seeders, six endemic resprouters and a mean of 10 resprouters per cell. The East Eyre (southern) district has five endemic seeders, no endemic resprouters and one resprouter per cell. Both groups have a mean growing season of 5 months. The relative aridities and fluctuations of present and past (Quaternary and late Tertiary) climates are invoked to explain the much higher proportion of resprouters in the northern than southern sandplains and the absence of seeders in the most marginal cells. The absence of endemic species yet high proportion of resprouters (73%) in the extreme south-western corner of the region might be explained by elimination of seeders through frequent burning by Aborigines in the late Quaternary. The increase in the proportion of fire-killed species along the south coast from 23% to 100% at the edge of the Nullarbor Plain also requires an explanation.
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Phillips, S., D. Coburn, and R. James. "An Observation Of Cat Predation Upon An Eastern Blossom Bat Syconycteris Australis." Australian Mammalogy 23, no. 1 (2001): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am01057.
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WITH a body weight of 15 - 19 g and a mean headbody length of just over 60 mm (Churchill 1998), the eastern blossom bat Syconycteris australis is one of the smallest members of the sub-order Megachiroptera. Within Australia S. australis is restricted in distribution to the east coast from Cape York in Queensland to near Forster on the mid-north coast of New South Wales (NSW) (Law 1994a). Habitat requirements include both rainforest and/or wet sclerophyll forest for roosting purposes and proximal areas of heathland for foraging (Law 1993). The species survives on a diet of nectar and pollen and is heavily dependent upon Banksia integrifolia inflorescences during the winter months (Law 1994b, 1996; Coburn 1995). Blossom bats are generally regarded as solitary and exhibit strong fidelity to their feeding areas (Law 1993), although movements of up to 30 km have been reported (Law 1996).
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Batty, Erin L., Gareth D. Holmes, Daniel J. Murphy, Paul I. Forster, Will C. Neal, and Michael J. Bayly. "Phylogeny, classification and biogeography of." Australian Systematic Botany 35, no. 4 (September 16, 2022): 326–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb22003.
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Philotheca sect. Erionema includes 14 species from eastern Australia and one from south-western Australia. We conducted a phylogenetic analysis of the section, including samples of all species, using sequences of the ITS and ETS regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Results were broadly congruent with a previous analysis based on morphological and flavonoid data. The analysis is consistent with the monophyly of the section and supports the monophyly of six species represented by multiple samples. Philotheca verrucosa (A. Rich.) Paul G. Wilson was resolved as paraphyletic with respect to P. freyciana Rozefelds but with poor support. Philotheca glasshousiensis, P. myoporoides and P. myoporoides subsp. myoporoides were clearly polyphyletic, including separate geographic clades and the classification of each of these taxa requires revision. In particular, disjunct northern populations of P. glasshousiensis probably represent a distinct species, the five subspecies of P. myoporoides could be treated as separate species and at least two other distinct groups that are currently included under the circumscription of subsp. myoporoides could be treated as species. The phylogeny revealed deeply divergent, geographically overlapping clades in eastern Australia and substantial distances (up to 900 km) between sister taxa. We infer that biogeography of the group has been shaped largely by vicariant differentiation of taxa.
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Muir, Annette M., Peter A. Vesk, and Graham Hepworth. "Reproductive trajectories over decadal time-spans after fire for eight obligate-seeder shrub species in south-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 62, no. 5 (2014): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt14117.
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Intervals between fires are critical for the persistence of obligate-seeding shrubs, and are often used in planning fires for fuel reduction and biodiversity conservation in fire-prone ecosystems worldwide. Yet information about the trajectories of reproductive performance for such species is limited and information is often qualitative. To test existing assumptions about reproductive maturity periods for eight obligate-seeding shrubs (with both canopy and soil seedbanks) in foothill forests of south-eastern Australia, we used a chronosequence approach, with sites from 2 years to >40 years post-fire. Quantitative measurements of flowering and fruiting were used to fit models of reproductive response in relation to time-since-fire for each species. Inferred reproductive maturity for each species, based on modelled times to reach 80% of maximum flower production, varied from 5 to 18 years post-fire. For a subset of three species, models predicted 80% maximum seed production occurring 1–7 years later than flowering. Our results confirmed or extended assumptions about post-fire reproductive maturity for these species, and provided a basis for improved incorporation of plant life-history in ecological fire planning. We infer that increased fire frequency makes one of our study taxa, Banksia spinulosa var. cunninghamii (Sieber ex Rchb.) A.S.George, vulnerable to decline because of its long reproductive maturity period and serotinous seed storage.
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Stimpson, Margaret L., Peter H. Weston, Ralph (Wal) D. B. Whalley, and Jeremy J. Bruhl. "A morphometric analysis of the Banksia spinulosa complex (Proteaceae) and its complex taxonomic implications." Australian Systematic Botany 29, no. 1 (2016): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb15030.
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Specimens of all known taxa and putative entities belonging to the Banksia spinulosa complex were collected from Kuranda in northern Queensland, western to central Queensland and down the eastern coast of Australia to Wilsons Promontory in southern Victoria. These specimens were used to investigate morphological variation in habit, stems, leaves, inflorescences, fruits and seeds in the complex. Phenetic analysis (unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean, UPGMA, clustering and semi-strong hybrid multi-dimensional scaling, SSH–MDS, ordination) was performed on the full dataset of 233 entities using 33 characters (18 quantitative, two binary and 13 multistate). To facilitate visualisation of patterns in both clustering and ordination, we also analysed subgroups based on the results of the phenogram from the full dataset. The results showed that the five known and described taxa are phenetically distinct, viz. B. collina sens. str., B. cunninghamii sens. str., B. neoanglica, B. spinulosa and B. vincentia, and provided support for a further 12 morphometrically diagnosable entities, four of which could not be diagnosed with simple combinations of character states and require further investigation. The present study has highlighted that there is much more hidden morphological diversity in the B. spinulosa complex than has previously been recognised in any of the current competing taxonomies.
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Fisher, Adrian, Neil Flood, and Tim Danaher. "Comparing Landsat water index methods for automated water classification in eastern Australia." Remote Sensing of Environment 175 (March 2016): 167–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2015.12.055.
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Groves, RH, PJ Hocking, and A. Mcmahon. "Distribution of Biomass, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Other Nutrients in Banksia marginata and B. ornata Shoots of Different Ages After Fire." Australian Journal of Botany 34, no. 6 (1986): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9860709.
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The heathland form of Banksia marginata Cav. regenerates rarely from seed but commonly by resprout- ing from buds on lateral roots, whereas Banksia ornata F. Muell. regenerates only from seed, usually released after fire. The two species co-occur in heath vegetation on nutrient-poor soils in south-eastern South Australia and western Victoria. Shoots were sampled from stands of B. marginata aged from 1 to 25 years and of B. ornata aged from 1 to 50+ years after fire in the Little Desert National Park, western Victoria. B. marginata, the resprouter, distributed a greater proportion of the total shoot dry matter and content of all nutrients to vegetative growth over its shorter life span than B. ornata, the non-sprouter. About 50% of the total phosphorus in B. ornata shoots at 50+ years was present in cones (including seeds) compared with only about 20% in B. marginata shoots at a comparable stage of senescence (25 years). This difference between the species was also true to a lesser degree for nitrogen. There were considerable differences between other nutrients in their distribution patterns in shoots. Nutrients could be grouped together on the basis of distribution in shoots more satisfactorily than on presumed physio- logical roles. Stems were major sites of nutrient accumulation in both species. The content of a particular nutrient in seeds as a proportion of the content in the living parts of the shoot ranged from 0.03% (Na, Mn) to 2.0% (P) in B. marginata, and from 0.3% (Na) to as high as 31% (P) in B. ornata. Concen- trations of all nutrients except sodium were much higher in seeds than in the woody cones or vegetative organs of both species; seeds of B. ornata were particularly rich in calcium and manganese. We conclude that the different patterns of distribution of biomass and nutrients, especially nitrogen and phosphorus, within shoots of the two species reflect their different regenerative modes after fire. Introduction Phosphorus and, to a lesser extent, nitrogen limit the growth of sclerophyllous shrubs on nutrient-poor soils in southern Australia
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Chao, Hsu-Yao, Mark A. Clements, Anne M. Mackenzie, Ralf G. Dietzgen, John E. Thomas, and Andrew D. W. Geering. "Viruses Infecting Greenhood Orchids (Pterostylidinae) in Eastern Australia." Viruses 14, no. 2 (February 10, 2022): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14020365.
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The Australasian biogeographic realm is a major centre of diversity for orchids, with every subfamily of the Orchidaceae represented and high levels of endemism at the species rank. It is hypothesised that there is a commensurate diversity of viruses infecting this group of plants. In this study, we have utilised high-throughput sequencing to survey for viruses infecting greenhood orchids (Pterostylidinae) in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory. The main aim of this study was to characterise Pterostylis blotch virus (PtBV), a previously reported but uncharacterised virus that had been tentatively classified in the genus Orthotospovirus. This classification was confirmed by genome sequencing, and phylogenetic analyses suggested that PtBV is representative of a new species that is possibly indigenous to Australia as it does not belong to either the American or Eurasian clades of orthotospoviruses. Apart from PtBV, putative new viruses in the genera Alphaendornavirus, Amalgavirus, Polerovirus and Totivirus were discovered, and complete genome sequences were obtained for each virus. It is concluded that the polerovirus is likely an example of an introduced virus infecting a native plant species in its natural habitat, as this virus is probably vectored by an aphid, and Australia has a depauperate native aphid fauna that does not include any species that are host-adapted to orchids.
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Navarro, Alejandro, Mary Young, Peter I. Macreadie, Emily Nicholson, and Daniel Ierodiaconou. "Mangrove and Saltmarsh Distribution Mapping and Land Cover Change Assessment for South-Eastern Australia from 1991 to 2015." Remote Sensing 13, no. 8 (April 8, 2021): 1450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13081450.
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Coastal wetland ecosystems, such as saltmarsh and mangroves, provide a wide range of important ecological and socio-economic services. A good understanding of the spatial and temporal distribution of these ecosystems is critical to maximising the benefits from restoration and conservation projects. We mapped mangrove and saltmarsh ecosystem transitions from 1991 to 2015 in south-eastern Australia, using remotely sensed Landsat data and a Random Forest classification. Our classification results were improved by the addition of two physical variables (Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM), and Distance to Water). We also provide evidence that the addition of post-classification, spatial and temporal, filters improve overall accuracy of coastal wetlands detection by up to 16%. Mangrove and saltmarsh maps produced in this study had an overall User Accuracy of 0.82–0.95 and 0.81–0.87 and an overall Producer Accuracy of 0.71–0.88 and 0.24–0.87 for mangrove and saltmarsh, respectively. We found that mangrove ecosystems in south-eastern Australia have lost an area of 1148 ha (7.6%), whilst saltmarsh experienced an overall increase in coverage of 4157 ha (20.3%) over this 24-year period. The maps developed in this study allow local managers to quantify persistence, gains, and losses of coastal wetlands in south-eastern Australia.
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Broadhurst, Linda, David Bush, and Jim Begley. "Managing Genetic Diversity and Representation in Banksia marginata (Proteaceae) Seed Production Areas Used for Conservation and Restoration." Diversity 13, no. 2 (January 21, 2021): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13020039.
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Landscape degradation is a major threat to global biodiversity that is being further exacerbated by climate change. Halting or reversing biodiversity decline using seed-based restoration requires tons of seed, most of which is sourced from wild populations. However, in regions where restoration is most urgent, wild seed sources are often fragmented, declining and producing seed with low genetic diversity. Seed production areas (SPAs) can help to reduce the burden of collecting native seed from remnant vegetation, improve genetic diversity in managed seed crops and contribute to species conservation. Banksia marginata (Proteaceae) is a key restoration species in south-eastern Australia but is highly fragmented and declining across much of its range. We evaluated genetic diversity, population genetic structure and relatedness in two B. marginata SPAs and the wild populations from which the SPA germplasm was sourced. We found high levels of relatedness within most remnants and that the population genetic structure was best described by three groups of trees. We suggest that SPAs are likely to be important to meet future native seed demand but that best practice protocols are required to assist land managers design and manage these resources including genetic analyses to guide the selection of germplasm.
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Fergusson, B., and AJ Graham. "A Quantitative Study of Soil-Plant Relations in the Eastern Goldfields of Western Australia." Rangeland Journal 20, no. 1 (1998): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9980119.
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The soil and plants at a 27.4 ha field site near Kalgoorlie, Western Australia, were surveyed and analysed with multivariate statistics. Cluster analysis identified four distinct plant communities at the study site. These were: Acacia acuminata shrubland Eucalyptus gvfithsii woodland Eucalyptus salrnonophloia woodland 'Ground Covers' - areas characterised by the presence of generalist herbs, low shrubs and weeds, and the absence of dominant upper storey species. Discriminant function analysis identified site elevation and soil exchangeable Ca as the primary environmental discriminants between the plant communities. Using these two variables, sample points were classified into one of the four plant communities. The two methods of classification matched well, with classification based on the two environmental variables providing an indication of which plant community would be most likely to establish in disturbed areas. This type of information can be important to revegetation programs in the region, guiding the use of appropriate plant species under different rehabilitation conditions. Key wcrds: environmental variables, plant communities, multivariate analysis, classification, revegetation
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Hunter, John. "Grasslands on Coastal Headlands in New South Wales, south eastern Australia." Vegetation Classification and Survey 1 (June 16, 2020): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vcs/2020/48228.
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Aims: To use unsupervised techniques to produce a hierarchical classification of grasslands on coastal headlands of New South Wales in eastern Australia. Methods: A dataset of 520 vegetation plots scored on cover and placed across grasslands on coastal headlands (ca. 2000 km of coastline). Vegetation assemblages were identified with the aid of a clustering method based on group averaging and tested using similarity profile analysis (SIMPROF) using Bray-Curtis similarity. A hierarchical schema was developed based on EcoVeg hierarchy and was circumscribed using positive and negative diagnostic taxa via similarity percentage analysis (SIMPER) and importance based on summed cover scores and frequency. Mapping the occurrences grasslands was initially constructed using remote sensing which was verified and modified with on ground observations. Results: One group Themeda – Pultenaea – Zoysia – Cynodon grasslands and heathy grasslands was defined to include all coastal headland grassland vegetation of the New South Wales, and within this, three alliances and ten associations. Only one of the circumscribed associations is represented within the current state classification schema. In total 107 ha were mapped of which 68 ha occurred within secure conservation tenure. Conclusions: A number of unique and rare grassland assemblages on coastal headlands have to date gone undescribed. The most common alliance constitutes approximately 87% of extant grassland occurrences but is currently the only type listed as endangered and afforded protection. Although Poa spp. are listed as a threat to Themeda dominated assemblages on headlands data from this study suggest that this is unlikely to be the case. Taxonomic reference: PlantNET (http://plantnet/10rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/; accessed June 2019). Abbreviations: BC Act = Biodiversity Conservation Act; NMDS = non-metric multidimensional scaling; NSW = New South Wales; PCT = Plant Community Type; SIMPER = similarity percentage analysis; SIMPROF = Similarity profile analysis.
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Theobald, Alison, Hamish McGowan, Johanna Speirs, and Nik Callow. "A Synoptic Classification of Inflow-Generating Precipitation in the Snowy Mountains, Australia." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 54, no. 8 (August 2015): 1713–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-14-0278.1.
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AbstractPrecipitation falling in the Snowy Mountains region of southeastern Australia provides fuel for hydroelectric power generation and environmental flows along major river systems, as well as critical water resources for agricultural irrigation. A synoptic climatology of daily precipitation that triggers a quantifiable increase in streamflow in the headwater catchments of the Snowy Mountains region is presented for the period 1958–2012. Here, previous synoptic-meteorological studies of the region are extended by using a longer-term, year-round precipitation and reanalysis dataset combined with a novel, automated synoptic-classification technique. A three-dimensional representation of synoptic circulation is developed by effectively combining meteorological variables through the depth of the troposphere. Eleven distinct synoptic types are identified, describing key circulation features and moisture pathways that deliver precipitation to the Snowy Mountains. Synoptic types with the highest precipitation totals are commonly associated with moisture pathways originating from the northeast and northwest of Australia. These systems generate the greatest precipitation totals across the westerly and high-elevation areas of the Snowy Mountains, but precipitation is reduced in the eastern-elevation areas in the lee of the mountain ranges. In eastern regions, synoptic types with onshore transport of humid air from the Tasman Sea are the major source of precipitation. Strong seasonality in synoptic types is evident, with frontal and cutoff-low types dominating in winter and inland heat troughs prevailing in summer. Interaction between tropical and extratropical systems is evident in all seasons.
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Hunter, John T., and Vanessa H. Hunter. "Montane mire vegetation of the New England Tablelands Bioregion of Eastern Australia." Vegetation Classification and Survey 1 (May 4, 2020): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vcs/2020/48765.
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Aims: To use unsupervised techniques to produce a hierarchical classification of montane mires of the study region. Study area: New England Tablelands Bioregion (NETB) of eastern Australia. Methods: A dataset of 280 vascular floristic survey plots placed across the variation in montane mires of the NETB was collated. Vegetation types were identified with the aid of a clustering method based on group averaging and tested using similarity profile analysis (SIMPROF) and through ordinations using Bray-Curtis similarity and non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS). A hierarchical schema was developed based on EcoVeg hierarchy and was circumscribed using positive and negative diagnostic taxa via similarity percentage analysis (SIMPER) and importance based on summed cover scores and frequency. Results: We defined one macrogroup to include all montane mire vegetation of the NETB and within these two groups and twelve alliances. Conclusions: Our study re-enforced the separation of bogs from other montane mire systems and confirmed the separation of fens and wet meadows, a distinction that previously had not been independently tested. Based on our results many existing montane mire communities of the NETB have been ill-defined at multiple hierarchical levels, leading to confusion in threat status and mapping. Additionally, nearly half of the alliances we recognise were found to have no correlates within current classification systems, which necessarily has implications for the effectiveness of current conservation planning. Taxonomic reference: PlantNET (http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/, accessed June 2016). Abbreviations: BC Act = Biodiversity Conservation Act; EPBC Act = Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Act; NETB = New England Tablelands Bioregion; NMDS = non-metric multidimensional scaling; PCT = plant community type; RE = regional ecosystem; SIMPER = similarity percentage analysis; SIMPROF = similarity profile analysis.
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Tulloch, Ayesha I., and Chris R. Dickman. "Floristic and structural components of habitat use by the eastern pygmy-possum (Cercartetus nanus) in burnt and unburnt habitats." Wildlife Research 33, no. 8 (2006): 627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr06057.
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The eastern pygmy-possum (Cercartetus nanus) occurs broadly but patchily in south-eastern Australia. It is a small, difficult-to-trap marsupial with poorly known resource and habitat preferences. This study investigated the structural and floristic habitat resources used and selected by C. nanus in Royal National Park (which was heavily burnt by bushfire in 1994) and Heathcote National Park (most of which had remained unburnt for over two decades at the time of study), in central-coastal New South Wales. Three different sampling methods were used – pitfall traps, Elliott traps and hair tubes – with pitfall trapping being by far the most effective method for detecting C. nanus. Live-trapping in different habitats revealed higher numbers of C. nanus in unburnt and burnt woodland, burnt heathland and burnt coastal complex than in unburnt coastal complex and burnt and unburnt rainforest. To identify the components of habitat contributing to this pattern, we first scored floristic and structural features of vegetation around trap stations and then quantified habitat components further by using spool- and radio-tracking. We found little evidence that C. nanus responded to any structural components of habitat, although arboreal activity was greater, not surprisingly, in wooded than in burnt heathland habitats. C. nanus was associated most strongly with the abundance of certain plants in the Proteaceae and Myrtaceae. In particular, the species prefers Banksia spp. (probably for food) and Eucalyptus and Xanthorrhoea spp. (probably for shelter).
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Shearer, BL, and JT Tippett. "Distribution and Impact of Armillaria luteobubalina in the Eucalyptus marginata Forest of South-Western Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 36, no. 4 (1988): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9880433.
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Armillaria luteobubalina is a widespread primary pathogen in the Eucalyptus marginata forest of south-western Australia. Over 200 infection centres were identified during the 5-year period between 1981 and 1985. The fungus sporulated during June and July, usually from roots but sometimes from stems (e.g. E. calophylla). Armillaria luteobubalina basidiomes were found originating from roots of 34 plant species, with greatest incidence on roots of E. marginata. Root systems were excavated and patterns of A . Luteobubalina invasion recorded. Rhizomorphs were not found and fungal spread between hosts was via root to root contacts, Variation in host species' susceptibility to the fungus was reflected in different patterns of xylem compartmentalisation and variable amounts of cambial damage. The degree of resistance expressed at the collar or lower stem determined the fate of individuals of the various species. Lack of resistance in Eucalyptus wandoo to tangential spread of A. luteobubalina often resulted in death by the time columns of decay had advanced into the lower stem or butt. Banksia grandis, E. calophylla, E. gomphocephala, and E. marginata resisted to varying degrees. Inverted V-shaped lesions, often mis- taken for fire scars, were evidence of the ability of E. gomphocephala and E. marginata individuals to resist tangential spread and prevent girdling of stems. In stems of E. calophylla, lesions did not have a definite V shape, decay penetrated deeper and the fungus persisted longer than in those of E. marginata. Host mortality following infection was greater in the intermediate- and low-rainfall zones of the eastern E. marginata forest than in the high-rainfall zone to the west.
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Entwisle, TJ. "A monograph of Vaucheria (Vaucheriaceae, Chrysophyta) in south-eastern mainland Australia." Australian Systematic Botany 1, no. 1 (1988): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9880001.
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Twenty-five species of Vaucheria have been found in south-eastern Australia, from both freshwater and saline habitats. As many collections were sterile, the study of plants in culture was necessary for identification as well as for the evaluation of taxonomic characters. A reassessment of the sectional classification has led to the raising of the subsections Racemosae (Walz) Heering and Sessiles (Walz) Heering to sectional level. Of the nine sections of the genus recognised, six are represented in south-eastern Australia. A key has been provided to all sections and species found during the study. Twentyone species are new records for the continent, including the newly described V. bicornigera [section Tubuligerae (Walz) Heering sens, nov.], V. gyrogyna [section Racemosae (Walz) sect, nov.] and V. nanandra [section Corniculatae (Walz) Heering sens. nov.]. Two other species, V. gardneri Collins and V. subarechavaletae Borge, were previously only known from the U.S.A. and Argentina respectively. The salient morphological features of all species have been illustrated with light micrographs or with scanning electron micrographs.
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Hunter, John T., and Eda Addicott. "Poplar box woodlands of Eastern Australia: an assessment of a threatened ecological community within the IVC framework." Vegetation Classification and Survey 2 (December 6, 2021): 241–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vcs/2021/71216.
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Aims: Ecosystems nationally at risk in Australia are listed under the Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Act (EPBC Act), and many cross State jurisdictional boundaries. The determination of these ecosystems across the State boundaries are based on expert knowledge. The International Vegetation Classification has the potential to be useful as a cross-jurisdictional hierarchy which also gives global perspective to ecosystems. Study Area: All bioregions that include Eucalyptus populnea as a dominant or major component of woodlands across the species known distribution. Methods: We use plot-based data (455 plots) from two states (Queensland and New South Wales) in eastern Australia and quantitative classification methods to assess the definition and description for the Poplar Box Woodland ecosystem type (hereafter “ecological community” or “community”) that is listed as endangered under the EPBC Act. Analyses were conducted using kR-CLUSTER methods to generate alliances. Within these alliances, analyses were undertaken to define associations using agglomerative hierarchical clustering and similarity profile testing (SIMPROF). We then explore how assigning this community into the IVC hierarchy may provide a mechanism for linking Australian communities, defined at the association and alliance levels, to international communities at risk. Results: We define three alliances and 23 associations based on the results of floristic analysis. Using the standard rule-set of the IVC system, we found that the IVC hierarchy was a useful instrument in correlating ecological communities across jurisdictional boundaries where different classification systems are used. It is potentially important in giving a broader understanding of communities that may be at risk continentally and globally. Conclusions: We conclude that the IVC hierarchy can incorporate Australian communities at the association level into useful units at higher levels, and provides a useful classification tool for Australian ecosystems. Taxonomic reference: PlantNET (http://plantnet/10rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/) [accessed June 2019]. Abbreviations: EPBC Act = Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Act; IVC = International Vegetation Classification; NMDS = non-metric multidimensional scaling; NSW = New South Wales; PCT = Plant Community Type; QLD = Queensland; RE = Regional Vegetation Community; SIMPER = similarity percentage analysis; SIMPROF = Similarity profile analysis.
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Pope, Mick, Christian Jakob, and Michael J. Reeder. "Objective Classification of Tropical Mesoscale Convective Systems." Journal of Climate 22, no. 22 (November 15, 2009): 5797–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jcli2777.1.
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Abstract A cluster analysis is applied to the mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) that developed in northern Australia and the surrounding oceans during six wet seasons (September–April) from 1995/96 to 2000/01. During this period, 13 585 MCSs were identified and tracked using an infrared channel (IR1) on the Japanese Meteorological Agency Geostationary Meteorological Satellite 5 (GMS5). Based on the lifetimes of the MCSs, the area covered by cloud, the expansion rate of the cloud, the minimum cloud-top temperature, and their zonal direction of propagation, the MCSs are grouped objectively into four classes. One of the strengths of the analysis is that it objectively condenses a large dataset into a small number of classes, each with its own physical characteristics. MCSs in class 1 (short) are relatively short lived, with 95% having lifetimes less than 5 h, and they are found most frequently over the oceans during the early and late parts of the wet season. MCSs in classes 2 and 3 [long and intermediate west (Int-West)] are longer lived and propagate to the west, developing over continental northwest Australia in deep easterly flow during breaks in the monsoon. These two classes are distinguished principally by their lifetime, with 95% of MCSs in the long class having lifetimes exceeding 4 h. Class 4 (Int-East) comprises MCSs that form over the subtropical latitudes of eastern Australia and in the deep westerly flow over northern parts of the continent during the monsoon and active phases of the MJO.
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Law, BS. "Roosting and foraging ecology of the Queensland blossom bat (Syconycteris australis) in north-eastern New South Wales: flexibility in response to seasonal variation." Wildlife Research 20, no. 4 (1993): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9930419.
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Radiotelemetry was used to track blossom bats (Syconycteris australis) at Iluka and Harrington in northern New South Wales. A total of 31 bats was tracked to 110 roosts. Bats foraged on nectar and pollen in Banksia integrtfolia heathland, but roosted 50-4000m away in littoral rainforest. Bats showed a strong fidelity to their feeding area (about 13ha), returning to their original capture point each night and spending a large proportion of their foraging time there. After leaving their roost, adults spent, on average, 45% of their time active and remained in heathland throughout the night. All age-sex classes roosted solitarily during the day amongst rainforest foliage, usually in the subcanopy layer. Most roosts were occupied for one day only and adults were more roost-mobile than juveniles. Mean movements between roosts were greater at Harrington (125m), where the rainforest is fragmented, than at Iluka (42m), where rainforest is intact. Bats shifted their roosts seasonally, from the rainforest edge in winter to the rainforest interior in spring/autumn. This behaviour allows for avoidance of cold temperatures inside the forest in winter and of hot temperatures of the forest exterior in spring/autumn. A further possible response to the seasonal climate prevailing at the study area was a reduction in the commuting distance (from roosts to feeding areas) from autumn/spring (1.4km) to winter (0.8km). Such flexible roosting and foraging strategies may be effective in allowing S. australis to exploit subtropical and temperate areas of Australia.
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McLay, Todd G. B., Michael J. Bayly, and Pauline Y. Ladiges. "Is south-western Western Australia a centre of origin for eastern Australian taxa or is the centre an artefact of a method of analysis? A comment on Hakea and its supposed divergence over the past 12 million years." Australian Systematic Botany 29, no. 2 (2016): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb16024.
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Lamont et al. (2016) concluded that the Australian sclerophyllous genus Hakea (Proteaceae) arose 18million years ago in the South West of Western Australia (SWA) and dispersed 18 times to eastern (EA) and central Australia (CA) only 12million years ago (mid-Miocene). Their explanation of the biogeographic history of Hakea was based on the following: accepting a fully resolved molecular phylogenetic tree, although ~40% of nodes had posterior probability values below 0.95; using all nodes including geographically paralogous nodes to determine ancestral area probabilities; and applying a strict clock to estimate clade divergence times. Our re-analyses of the same dataset using a relaxed clock model pushes the age of Hakea to 32.4 (21.8–43.7) million years ago relative to its nearest outgroups, and the age of the divergence of two major clades (A and B) to 24.7 (17.2–33.7) million years ago. Calibration based on a new finding of Late Cretaceous fossil Banksia pushes these dates to 48.0 (24.3–75.2) million years ago and 36.6 (18.5–55.4) million years ago respectively. We confirm that each of the two main clades includes lineages in SWA, CA and EA. At the basal node of Clade A, two eastern Australian species form the sister group to three SWA scrub–heath–Eremaean species. These two groups together are sister to a large, mostly unresolved clade of SWA, CA and EA taxa. Similarly, at the base of Clade B is a polytomy of lineages from the SWA, CA and EA, with no resolution of area relationships. There is no evidence of a centre of origin and diversification of the genus is older than the mid-Miocene, being at least Oligocene, and probably older, although calibration points for molecular dating are too far removed from the ingroup to provide any great confidence in the methodology. Consideration should be given to the possibility of vicariance of multiple, widespread ancestral lineages as an explanation for lineages now disjunct between EA and SWA.
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Griffith, Stephen J., Susan Rutherford, Kerri L. Clarke, and Nigel W. M. Warwick. "Water relations of wallum species in contrasting groundwater habitats of Pleistocene beach ridge barriers on the lower north coast of New South Wales, Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 63, no. 7 (2015): 618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt15103.
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This study examined the water relations of sclerophyllous evergreen vegetation (wallum) on coastal sand barriers in eastern Australia. Many wallum species may be groundwater dependent, although the extent of this dependency is largely unknown. Twenty-six perennial tree, shrub and herb species were investigated in three groundwater habitats (ridge, open depression, closed depression). Pre-dawn and midday shoot xylem water potentials (ψx) were measured monthly between late autumn 2010 and late summer 2011. Pressure–volume curve traits were determined in mid- to late spring 2009, including the osmotic potential at full (π100) and zero (π0) turgor, and bulk modulus of elasticity (ε). Carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) were also determined in mid- to late spring 2009, to measure water-use efficiency (WUE). The species displayed a range of physiological strategies in response to water relations, and these strategies overlapped among contrasting growth forms and habitats. Linear relationships between osmotic and elastic adjustment were significant. A strong correlation between δ13C and distribution along the hydrological gradient was not apparent. Banksia ericifolia subsp. macrantha (A.S.George) A.S.George, Eucalyptus racemosa Cav. subsp. racemosa and Eucalyptus robusta Sm. displayed little seasonal variation in ψx and maintained a comparatively high pre-dawn ψx, and are therefore likely to be phreatophytic. Wetland vegetation in the lowest part of the landscape appeared to tolerate extreme fluctuations in water availability linked to a prevailing climatic pattern of variable and unreliable seasonal rainfall.
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Auld, T. D., and M. K. J. Ooi. "Applying seed germination studies in fire management for biodiversity conservation in south-eastern Australia." Web Ecology 8, no. 1 (June 4, 2008): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/we-8-47-2008.
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Abstract. We examine the patterns of germination response to fire in the fire-prone flora of the Sydney basin, south-eastern Australia, using examples from several decades of research. The flora shows a strong response to fire-related germination cues. Most species show an interaction between heat and smoke, a number respond only to heat, whilst a few are likely to respond only to smoke. Many recruit in the first 12 months after fire and show no obvious seasonal patterns of recruitment, whilst several species have a strong seasonal germination requirement, even in this essentially aseasonal rainfall region. Key challenges remaining include designing future seed germination studies within the context of informing the germination response surface to smoke and heat interactions, and incorporation of the impact of varying soil moisture on seed germination post-fire, including its affect on resetting of seed dormancy. An understanding of the resilience of species to frequent fire also requires further work, to identify species and functional types most at risk. This work must ideally be integrated within the framework of the management of fire regimes that will change under a changing climate. We suggest that the functional classification of plant types in relation to fire could be enhanced by a consideration of both the type of germination response to fire (type of cues required) and the timing of the response (seasonally driven in response to seed dormancy characteristics, or independent of season). We provide a simplified version of such an addition to functional trait classification in relation to fire.
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Rutherford, Susan, Stephen J. Griffith, and Nigel W. M. Warwick. "Water relations of selected wallum species in dry sclerophyll woodland on the lower north coast of New South Wales, Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 61, no. 4 (2013): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt13037.
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The present study examined the water relations of wallum dry sclerophyll woodland on the lower north coast of New South Wales (NSW). Wallum is the regionally distinct vegetation of Quaternary dunefields and beach ridge plains along the eastern coast of Australia. Wallum sand masses contain large aquifers, and previous studies have suggested that many of the plant species may be groundwater dependent. However, the extent of this dependency is largely unknown, despite an increasing reliance on the aquifers for groundwater extraction. Fifteen species from five growth-form categories and seven plant families were investigated. The pre-dawn and midday xylem water potential (ψx) of all species was monitored over a 20-month period from December 2007 to July 2009. Pressure–volume curve traits were determined for each species in late autumn 2008, including the osmotic potential at full (π100) and zero (π0) turgor, and bulk modulus of elasticity (ε). Carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) were determined in mid-autumn 2008 to measure water use efficiency (WUE). Comparative differences in water relations could be loosely related to growth forms. A tree (Eucalyptus racemosa subsp. racemosa) and most large shrubs had low midday ψx, π100 and π0, and high ε and WUE; whereas the majority of small and medium shrubs had high midday ψx, π100 and π0, and low ε and WUE. However, some species of similar growth form displayed contrasting behaviour in their water relations (e.g. the herbs Caustis recurvata var. recurvata and Hypolaena fastigiata), and such differences require further investigation. The results suggest that E. racemosa subsp. racemosa is likely to be groundwater dependent, and large shrubs such as Banksia aemula may also utilise groundwater. Both species are widespread in wallum, and therefore have the potential to play a key role in monitoring ecosystem health where aquifers are subject to groundwater extraction.
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Indsto, James O., Peter H. Weston, and Mark A. Clements. "A molecular phylogenetic analysis of Diuris (Orchidaceae) based on AFLP and ITS reveals three major clades and a basal species." Australian Systematic Botany 22, no. 1 (2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb08029.
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Diuris is a terrestrial orchid genus of at least 61 and possibly more than 100 species, restricted to Australia except for one species endemic in Timor. Distinctive species groups have respective eastern and western centres of distribution. Although species affinities have been vaguely understood for many years, no formal infrageneric treatment has been undertaken as Diuris possesses few reliable morphological characters for a classification system. We have undertaken cladistic parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of Diuris by using the ITS1–5.8S–ITS2 region of nuclear rDNA and morphological characters, with a subset of samples also studied by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) as an independent test of phylogenetic relationships. Four major clades with strong bootstrap support were resolved and are named here according to a recently published classification; D. sulphurea forms a lineage (subg. Paradiuris) of its own that is well supported as the sister to the rest of Diuris. Two other major eastern clades contained species related to D. maculata (subg. Xanthodiuris) and D. punctata (subg. Diuris), respectively. Although these latter two subgenera are genetically well resolved, there is minimal genetic variation at species level, consistent with recent, rapid speciation. A fourth clade (subg. Hesperodiuris) has a centre of distribution in Western Australia, and has more genetic and morphological variation than the eastern subgenera. Total evidence analysis provides support for the western clade being sister group to the two eastern subgenera Diuris and Xanthodiuris; however, this relationship was not resolved by molecular data. Hybridisation is known to be common among species within subgenera Diuris and Xanthodiuris. Instances of incongruence between different datasets were found suggestive of hybridisation events between species of different sections of Diuris.
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Hnatiuk, RJ, and BR Maslin. "Phytogeography of Acacia in Australia in Relation to Climate and Species-Richness." Australian Journal of Botany 36, no. 4 (1988): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9880361.
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This paper reports on the kinds of geographic patterns encountered in the distribution of Australian species of Acacia and on some climatic correlates of these patterns. The analyses were based on distribution data of 837 species mapped on a 1° x 1.5° grid. The area of highest density of species was the south-west corner of the continent, especially adjacent to the major boundary separating the Arid Zone from the more humid South West Botanical Province. The second major centre of richness occurred in eastern Australia south of the Tropic of Capricorn along the topographically heterogeneous Great Dividing Range. Secondary centres of species-richness occurred in northern and north-eastern Australia, a number of rocky tablelands of the Arid Zone and in western Victoria. The principal species-poor areas were located in sandy and some riverine areas of the Arid Zone, in temperate forests of Tasmania and in coastal areas of the north of the continent. The geographic patterns of each section of Acacia, when combined with those of species density, highlighted the tropical (section Juliflorae) v. temperate areas (sections Phyllodineae, Pulchellae, Botrycephalae and Alatae). The numerical classification of grids resulted in the recognition of eight major Acacia areas, arranged under four Acacia regions: (1) South-west; (2) Eastern, comprising a southern and a northern area; (3) Northern, comprising an eastern and a western area; (4) Central, comprising a south-east, a central and a north-west area. A discriminant function analysis indicated that precipitation was more important than temperature in distinguishing between areas. Discussion of the potential evolutionary significance of these findings and brief comparison with other biogeographic studies are given.
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Carolin, R. "A Review of the Family Portulacaceae." Australian Journal of Botany 35, no. 4 (1987): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9870383.
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A number of attributes that has proved useful to delimit subfamilial taxa within the Portulacaceae are critically assessed and some little used ones are introduced. The attributes are polarised by an outgroup comparison and a Wagner tree constructed. Some reversals which occur on this tree are considered unacceptable and branches are moved to eliminate this factor, although a longer tree, in terms of character state changes, is produced. A phylogenetic sequence is proposed on this basis and a new classification of the family attempted. On the basis of these results it is suggested that: (1) the genus Calandrinia s.1. be divided into five genera; (2) the genera Talinaria and Anacampseros are closely related; (3) Talinum may not be a natural genus; (4) the family can be conveniently divided into five tribes. A biogeographical analysis indicates that closer floristic relationships exist between western America and Australia and between eastern America and Africa than between eastern and western America or between Australia and Africa.
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Matthews, E. G. "Classification, phylogeny and biogeography of the genera of Adeliini (Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae)." Invertebrate Systematics 12, no. 5 (1998): 685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/it97008.
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In the tribe Adeliini, 45 genera are recognised: 24 endemic to Australia, nineto New Zealand, eight to New Caledonia, and three to Chile, and one(Licinoma Pascoe) that occurs in both Australia andChile. The genera of Australia and Chile are keyed and fully described, andall recognised species of Adeliini from Australia (303) and Chile (12),including synonyms and 66 new combinations, are listed in appendices. Onlycryptic features (defensive glands, stridulatory files, aedeagus, ovipositorand female tract) are described for New Zealand and New Caledonian genera, butall characters are included in an overall data matrix for analysis.The Adeliini are considered to be a tribe separate from Laenini. Therelationships of Phobelia Blanchard, Laenini,Goniaderini and Oncotini are briefly discussed. Four generic names aresynonymised: Achora Pascoe, 1869 =Isopteron Hope, 1840; DystalicaPascoe, 1869 = Adelium Kirby, 1818;Macroperas Carter, 1914 =Daedrosis Bates, 1868; andPseudadelium Kaszab, 1982 =Neoadelium Carter, 1908. New specific synonymiesproposed are Daedrosis rufipes Carter, 1934 =Tetragonomenes ruficornis (Champion, 1894);Adelium sinuaticolle Carter, 1914 =A. hackeri Carter, 1908;Dystalica multilineata Carter, 1937 =Seirotrana strigipennis Bates, 1873; andAdelium delicatulumCarter, 1919 =Adelium panagaeicolle Macleay, 1872. Two new names areproposed for new secondary homonyms: Daedrosis carteri,nom. nov. for D. antennalis Carter, 1920 (not Carter,1914), and Isopteron kulzeri, nom. nov. forCestrinus gracilis Kulzer, 1964 (not Carter, 1939).Eleven new genera and seven new species are described from Australia:Apocryphodes based onA. thompsoni, sp. nov; Bellendenumbased on B. gonyxuthum, sp. nov.;Bolusculus based on B. arcanus,sp. nov.; Diaspirus based onD. bellendenus, sp. nov.;Dicyrtodes based on D. arneius,sp. nov.; Diemenoma based onAdelium commodum Pascoe, 1869;Dorrigonum based onLicinoma umbilicata Carter, 1924;Epomidus, based on E. prionodes,sp. nov.; Monteithium based onM. ascetum, sp. nov.; Nolicimabased on Cardiothorax angusticollis Carter, 1906; andYarranum based onSeirotrana crenicollis Pascoe, 1869. Two new genera andone new species are described from Chile: Penadeliumbased on P. araucanum, sp. nov., andValdivium based onAdelium sulcatulum Fairmaire & Germain, 1860.All world genera but one were used for a phylogenetic reconstruction usingparsimony, which in turn is the basis for a biogeographic analysis. It wasfound to be necessary to divide Australia into two areas: the wet tropics ofnorthern Queensland, which have genera forming a monophyletic group with someof those of New Caledonia, and south-eastern Australia, which includes generaforming monophyletic groups with those of Chile. New Zealand genera do notparticipate in convincing monophyletic relationships with those of any othersingle area.
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KHAN, RAEES, SHEIKH ZAIN UL ABIDIN, ABDUL SAMAD MUMTAZ, FAHIM ALTINORDU, and ALEXANDER SENNIKOV. "Lectotypification of the Linnaean name Lobelia coronopifolia (Campanulaceae)." Phytotaxa 331, no. 1 (December 8, 2017): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.331.1.14.
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The genus Lobelia Linnaeus (1753: 929) honors the memory of Mathias de l’Obel (1538–1616), a Flemish physician and botanist who published important pre-Linnaean works on plant classification (see Shosteck 1974). Lobelia, a genus native to the New World, northern and western Europe, Africa, southern and eastern Asia, Australia and New Zealand, comprises 415 species and it is the second largest genus out of the 84 ones which currently belong to Campanulaceae Juss. (Lammers 2011).
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Adams, Maria D., Bradley S. Law, and Matthew S. Gibson. "Reliable Automation of Bat Call Identification for Eastern New South Wales, Australia, Using Classification Trees and AnaScheme Software." Acta Chiropterologica 12, no. 1 (June 2010): 231–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3161/150811010x504725.
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Short, Graham, David Harasti, and Healy Hamilton. "Hippocampus whitei Bleeker, 1855, a senior synonym of the southern Queensland seahorse H. procerus Kuiter, 2001: molecular and morphological evidence (Teleostei, Syngnathidae)." ZooKeys 824 (February 14, 2019): 109–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.824.30921.
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The taxonomic status of the seahorse Hippocampusprocerus Kuiter, 2001, type locality Hervey Bay, QLD, Australia, was re-examined based on its strong morphological similarity and geographical proximity to its congener H.whitei Bleeker, 1855, a species recorded in ten estuaries of New South Wales, Australia. Kuiter (2001) distinguished H.procerus from H.whitei by a taller coronet, marginally lower meristics, and spinier physiognomy. Meristic, morphometric, and key diagnostic morphological character comparisons from vouchered specimens of the two purported species collected from Sydney Harbour, Nelson Bay, Port Stephens, NSW and Hervey Bay, Bundaberg, and Moreton Bay, QLD did not show diagnostic differences to support species-level classification of H.procerus. Furthermore, partial mitochondrial COI sequence data from specimens sampled from known geographical distributions in NSW and Southport, QLD failed to discriminate between populations as a result of shared haplotypes, and revealed an average intraspecific divergence of 0.002%. Hippocampusprocerus is hereby placed in the synonymy of H.whitei; a redescription is provided, with a revised record of its range across eastern Australia.
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SZABO, JUDIT K., EUGENIO M. FEDRIANI, M. MANUELA SEGOVIA-GONZÁLEZ, LEE B. ASTHEIMER, and MIKE J. HOOPER. "DYNAMICS AND SPATIO-TEMPORAL VARIABILITY OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN EASTERN AUSTRALIA USING FUNCTIONAL PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS." Journal of Biological Systems 18, no. 04 (December 2010): 763–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218339010003500.
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This paper introduces a new technique in ecology to analyze spatial and temporal variability in environmental variables. By using simple statistics, we explore the relations between abiotic and biotic variables that influence animal distributions. However, spatial and temporal variability in rainfall, a key variable in ecological studies, can cause difficulties to any basic model including time evolution. The study was of a landscape scale (three million square kilometers in eastern Australia), mainly over the period of 1998–2004. We simultaneously considered qualitative spatial (soil and habitat types) and quantitative temporal (rainfall) variables in a Geographical Information System environment. In addition to some techniques commonly used in ecology, we applied a new method, Functional Principal Component Analysis, which proved to be very suitable for this case, as it explained more than 97% of the total variance of the rainfall data, providing us with substitute variables that are easier to manage and are even able to explain rainfall patterns. The main variable came from a habitat classification that showed strong correlations with rainfall values and soil types.
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Claytongreene, KA, and DH Ashton. "The Dynamics of Callitris columellaris/Eucalyptus albens Communities Along the Snowy River and Its Tributaries in South-Eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 38, no. 4 (1990): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9900403.
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The vegetation in the rain shadow areas of the Snowy River region was studied. Five distinct woodland communities were recognised from a numerical classification, a community dominated by C. columellaris at lower altitudes on north and west aspects, three mixed C. columellaris/E. albens communities which are also aspect and altitude dependent, and a higher altitude, cool aspect, E. albens dominated community. Although C. columellaris and E. albens occupy separate niches, they compete strongly. Contrasting dispersal and germination behaviour between the two species may explain the current distribution and structure of these woodlands.
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Growns, I. "A numerical classification of reproductive guilds of the freshwater fishes of south-eastern Australia and their application to river management." Fisheries Management and Ecology 11, no. 6 (December 2004): 369–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2400.2004.00404.x.
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Radford, Cameron G., Mike Letnic, Melanie Fillios, and Mathew S. Crowther. "An assessment of the taxonomic status of wild canids in south-eastern New South Wales: phenotypic variation in dingoes." Australian Journal of Zoology 60, no. 2 (2012): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo12006.
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In Australia, the genetic integrity of dingoes (Canis lupus dingo) is threatened through hybridisation with feral dogs and consequently the identification of the modern ‘pure’ dingo is ambiguous. There are no accurate classification techniques for dingoes and dingo–dog hybrids in the wild. Genetics, skull morphology and visual assessment are methods currently used, but they often yield contrasting results. We tested skull morphological and visual assessment methods for classifying wild canids in south-eastern New South Wales and examined temporal and geographic trends in skull morphology. Published equations based on discriminant functions revealed varying percentages of dingoes, dogs and their hybrids over time, and did not yield similar results to visual assessment methods. Skull characteristics generally became larger over time but have recently stabilised. Changes in the morphology of the molars were consistent with the occurrence of hybridisation with dogs. Geographic variation was apparent and consistent with Bergmann’s Law, with skulls increasing in size with altitude. This study highlights the importance for improved classification methods of wild canids and the importance of considering geographical variation in morphological studies.
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Aravena, Ricardo A., Mitchell B. Lyons, Adam Roff, and David A. Keith. "A Colourimetric Approach to Ecological Remote Sensing: Case Study for the Rainforests of South-Eastern Australia." Remote Sensing 13, no. 13 (June 29, 2021): 2544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13132544.
Full textAbstract:
To facilitate the simplification, visualisation and communicability of satellite imagery classifications, this study applied visual analytics to validate a colourimetric approach via the direct and scalable measurement of hue angle from enhanced false colour band ratio RGB composites. A holistic visual analysis of the landscape was formalised by creating and applying an ontological image interpretation key from an ecological-colourimetric deduction for rainforests within the variegated landscapes of south-eastern Australia. A workflow based on simple one-class, one-index density slicing was developed to implement this deductive approach to mapping using freely available Sentinel-2 imagery and the super computing power from Google Earth Engine for general public use. A comprehensive accuracy assessment based on existing field observations showed that the hue from a new false colour blend combining two band ratio RGBs provided the best overall results, producing a 15 m classification with an overall average accuracy of 79%. Additionally, a new index based on a band ratio subtraction performed better than any existing vegetation index typically used for tropical evergreen forests with comparable results to the false colour blend. The results emphasise the importance of the SWIR1 band in discriminating rainforests from other vegetation types. While traditional vegetation indices focus on productivity, colourimetric measurement offers versatile multivariate indicators that can encapsulate properties such as greenness, wetness and brightness as physiognomic indicators. The results confirmed the potential for the large-scale, high-resolution mapping of broadly defined vegetation types.
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Liebherr, James K. "Phylogenetic placement of the Australian Pharetis, gen. nov., and Spherita, gen. nov., in a revised classification of the circum-Antarctic Moriomorphini (Coleoptera : Carabidae)." Invertebrate Systematics 34, no. 1 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is19012.
Full textAbstract:
The carabid beetle tribe Moriomorphini attains a disjunct austral geographical distribution, with member taxa occupying Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, the Sundas, southern South America and Polynesia. The group arose in Australia, the area exhibiting the greatest generic diversity for the tribe. In this contribution, two new genera are added to the Australian fauna. Pharetis thayerae, gen. nov., sp. nov., is described from Grenvillia, New South Wales, and Spherita newtoni, gen. nov., sp. nov., is described from Avon Valley National Park, Western Australia. Their phylogenetic placement within the tribe is accomplished by parsimony analysis based on 208 morphological characters across 124 taxa, 114 in-group species and 10 outgroup taxa representing Trechini, Psydrini and Patrobini. Nearly all polytypic moriomorphine genera are represented in the analysis by at least two exemplars, allowing initial tests of generic monophyly. A revised classification is proposed for Moriomorphini, with subtribal clades related as (Amblytelina + (Moriomorphina + Tropopterina)). The Western Australian genus Spherita is placed as adelphotaxon to Sitaphe Moore, a genus restricted to tropical montane Queensland. From the phylogenetic analysis, other non-contemporaneous east–west Australian disjunctions can be inferred, as well as multiple trans-Tasman area relationships between eastern Australia and New Zealand, all proposed to be of Miocene age. Pharetis exhibits a disjunct, trans-Antarctic relationship with Tropopterus Solier, its sister-group, distributed in southern South America. Alternative vicariance-based and dispersal-based hypotheses are discussed for the origin of Tropopterus. A review of the taxonomic development of the tribe illustrates the signal importance of monotypic genera in elucidating biological diversity.
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Hirst, Alastair J. "Broad-scale environmental gradients among estuarine benthic macrofaunal assemblages of south-eastern Australia: implications for monitoring estuaries." Marine and Freshwater Research 55, no. 1 (2004): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf03011.
Full textAbstract:
The importance of abiotic factors in explaining patterns of estuarine benthic macrofaunal community structure was examined on a broad spatial scale across south-eastern Australia. Macrofaunal communities were surveyed using an Ekman grab and a modified epibenthic sled (dredge) at each sampling site: data for 24 environmental variables were also collected. Twenty-eight estuaries were sampled on a single occasion during late summer at three stratified locations within each estuary (upper, mid and lower). Macrofaunal community composition was best explained by a common environmental gradient summarising variation in both salinity and longitude. Hence, although the distribution of macrofaunal taxa can be clearly linked to changes in salinity, the geographical position of the sites along an east–west axis, rather than a generalised down-stream gradient, appears to best explain the data. This association was primarily linked to broad-scale changes in estuarine morphology across the geographical range of this survey. A sediment-based environmental gradient among grab samples, but not dredge samples, reflected the largely infaunal nature of the grab samples. In general, the present survey did not support the classification of estuarine assemblages on the basis of a range of physical parameters but, instead, emphasised the continuity of estuarine benthic macrofaunal community structure on a broad spatial scale.
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Duff, Thomas J., Tina L. Bell, and Alan York. "Predicting continuous variation in forest fuel load using biophysical models: a case study in south-eastern Australia." International Journal of Wildland Fire 22, no. 3 (2013): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf11087.
Full textAbstract:
The increasing potential for wildfires in Mediterranean-type landscapes has resulted in pressure to mitigate fire threats. This is typically achieved by strategic reduction of fuel. To prioritise fuel management, it is necessary to understand vegetation dynamics and the relationships between plants and fuel. As the direct measurement of fuel in the field is labour intensive, mapped vegetation classes are typically used as to estimate fuel load. As vegetation properties vary continuously, the error in such estimates can be high. Remotely sensed and biophysical data are commonly used for vegetation classification, but rarely for estimating fuel load. This study investigated how fuel load varied with vegetation composition in an Australian woodland and assessed the potential for using biophysical models to create continuous estimates. Fuel was found to be influenced by species abundance, with some species having a greater contribution to load than others. Fuel was found to be somewhat predictable, with quantities related to fire history and several other biophysical variables. Models were applied to create continuous maps of fuel load; these provided a more precise representation of fuel variation than using discrete classes. Improved maps have the potential to facilitate improved prediction of fire behaviour and assist targeted fuel management.
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Woinarski, J. C. Z., K. Brennan, I. Cowie, A. Fisher, P. K. Latz, and J. Russell-Smith. "Vegetation of the Wessel and English Company Islands, North-eastern Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 48, no. 1 (2000): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt98037.
Full textAbstract:
Vegetation patterning is described for two neighbouring continental island chains off Arnhem Land, Australia. A total of 684 species was recorded from 57 islands, with reasonably comprehensive lists for 36 of these islands. Almost 90% of the deviance in plant species richness was associated with island size. The richness of plants dispersed by sea and/or vertebrates was proportionally greater on small islands; that of relatively poor dispersers was greater on larger islands. Twelve vegetation communities were defined by classification of plant species composition in 226 50 × 50-m quadrats. There was no relationship between island size and species richness at the quadrat level, at least for the most extensive vegetation types. The vegetation of the islands is now composed of two main elements—an original set of communities (mostly of heath, tussock grassland and eucalypt open forest) whose species have poor inter-island dispersal, and a set of more recent colonists (mostly of strand, mangrove and coastal thicket communities). The former group is allied to the sandstone flora of western Arnhem Land, but is species-poor in comparison, as the islands lack the deep gorges which drive much of the species richness of western Arnhem Land. The latter group comprises many species with a broad geographic range across tropical coastal areas, including many species which have been shown elsewhere to be highly vagile. Many species of the former set appear to have been lost from the smaller islands. The island flora has been influenced by three sets of human managers. Aboriginal use of the islands has been long-standing and probably resulted in a fire regime which may have accentuated environmental patchiness. Centuries of wet-season use of some islands by Macassan trepang-harvesters, ending early this century, has apparently left few effects other than the persistence of occasional small populations of an introduced food tree. In contrast, European use of these islands has been minimal and fleeting, but is associated with the introduction of most weeds.
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Kuhn, Stephen, Matthew J. Cracknell, and Anya M. Reading. "Lithologic mapping using Random Forests applied to geophysical and remote-sensing data: A demonstration study from the Eastern Goldfields of Australia." GEOPHYSICS 83, no. 4 (July 1, 2018): B183—B193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2017-0590.1.
Full textAbstract:
The Eastern Goldfields of Western Australia is one of the world’s premier gold-producing regions; however, large areas of prospective bedrock are under cover and lack detailed lithologic mapping. Away from the near-mine environment, exploration for new gold prospects requires mapping geology using the limited data available with robust estimates of uncertainty. We used the machine learning algorithm Random Forests (RF) to classify the lithology of an underexplored area adjacent to the historically significant Junction gold mine, using geophysical and remote-sensing data, with no geochemical sampling available at this reconnaissance stage. Using a sparse training sample, 1.6% of the total ground area, we produce a refined lithologic map. The classification is stable, despite including parts of the study area with later intrusions and variable cover depth, and it preserves the stratigraphic units defined in the training data. We assess the uncertainty associated with this new RF classification using information entropy, identifying those areas of the refined map that are most likely to be incorrectly classified. We find that information entropy correlates well with inaccuracy, providing a mechanism for explorers to direct future expenditure toward areas most likely to be incorrectly mapped or geologically complex. We conclude that the method can be an effective additional tool available to geoscientists in a greenfield, orogenic gold setting when confronted with limited data. We determine that the method could be used either to substantially improve an existing map, or produce a new map, taking sparse observations as a starting point. It can be implemented in similar situations (with limited outcrop information and no geochemical data) as an objective, data-driven alternative to conventional interpretation with the additional value of quantifying uncertainty.
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Gray, CA, and NM Otway. "Spatial and temporal differences in assemblages of demersal fishes on the inner continental shelf off Sydney, south-eastern Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 45, no. 4 (1994): 665. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9940665.
Full textAbstract:
Variations in assemblages of demersal fishes occurring in different depths of water (30, 60 and 100 m) on the inner continental shelf off Sydney are described. Assemblages comprised a diverse and abundant ichthyofauna; many species were of economic importance. Classification analyses showed that assemblages of demersal fishes at 30 and 60 m depth were most similar to each other and that they consistently differed from those at 100 m depth. This difference may reflect a change in the demersal ichthyofauna from a nearshore to an offshore assemblage. The depth-delineated differences between assemblages agree with those found in similar studies on demersal fishes in coastal waters elsewhere. The distributions and relative abundances of many species differed markedly among depths, but such differences were not always consistent between localities or throughout time. Despite this, some species showed some temporal affinity with a particular site and/or depth. The study confirmed spatial and temporal variabilities in the demersal fish fauna in coastal waters off Sydney; such heterogeneity must be considered when future studies are designed.