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1
A'HEARN, BRIAN. "Finance-led divergence in the regions of Italy." Financial History Review 12, no. 1 (April 2005): 7–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565005000028.
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The article evaluates finance-led growth as an explanation for regional divergence in Italy over the years 1890–1910. Regional banking disparities are documented and the hypothesis developed that the financial crisis of the early 1890s struck the fledgling Southern Italian banking system at a vulnerable moment, distorting its subsequent development and handicapping the region's economy. The South is revealed to have been a chronically (over the entire period) and comprehensively (on every indicator) unhealthy environment for banks. Further evidence indicates that regional divergence in bank assets was largely due to the South's failure to develop the entire range of large banks. Size-class transition matrix analysis reveals that the typical Southern bank failed to reach a large size because it was born smaller (and less frequently) than in the North, suffered a higher mortality rate, especially in the smaller classes, and had lower growth probabilities, especially in the larger categories. The salience of deposits on the liability side and government securities on the asset side suggests that they reflected more than directly caused the development of their local economies.
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Solari, Stefano. "Luigi Luzzatti and the making of the Italian monetary system." HISTORY OF ECONOMIC THOUGHT AND POLICY, no. 2 (March 2021): 67–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/spe2020-002004.
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After unification (1861) Italy had to face a badly integrated and oddly struc-tured financial system as well as some fragmented or lacking institutions. The fi-nancial position of the country was characterised by double deficit in public and external balance. That caused several monetary and financial difficulties. In par-ticular, monetary and banking institutions had to be step-by-step integrated and reorganised to support economic development in this new economic space. Luigi Luzzatti has been one of the main protagonists of this process of institution build-ing. Besides his commitment with trade tariff negotiation and a variety of initiative in industry and environmental protection, he dedicated a wide effort to monetary institutions. He was one of the main supporters of the "Latin Monetary Union", which lasted from 1865 to 1928 and contributed to reforms dealing with the prob-lem of the plurality of emission banks and of their control. Luzzatti also engaged in the development of "popular banks" to contribute to the structuring of the credit system from the bottom.
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BATTILOSSI, STEFANO. "Did governance fail universal banks? Moral hazard, risk taking, and banking crises in interwar Italy1." Economic History Review 62 (August 2009): 101–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2008.00442.x.
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Faccia, Alessio, Narcisa Roxana Moşteanu, Luigi Pio Leonardo Cavaliere, and Gabriele Santis. "The rise of online banks in Italy “WIDIBA Bank” Case Study." Financial Markets, Institutions and Risks 4, no. 2 (2020): 80–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/fmir.4(2).80-97.2020.
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The digitalization of technologies for the functioning of the country’s economy, in particular banking institutions, has made a significant impetus to accelerate their development. It is stated that the use of advanced information technologies in the banking sector of the economy (which was gradually formalized into the concept of “online banking”) has greatly facilitated the implementation of financial transactions, in particular, minimized the physical circulation of money. The purpose of the article is to study the features and principles of online banking on the example of the Italian bank WIDIBA. Methodical support of the paper includes a method of analysis of specific situations. The key components of the case method of the study are research on the basis of literature review; formalization of key theses (issues) in the context of the unresolved part of the study; accumulation and analysis of collected information; identification of key features of the issue. This research was carried out in the light of two aspects: the strategic principles of the spread of online banking in Italy; digital technologies in the context of the strategic perspective of the Italian bank WIDIBA. The paper considers the historical aspects of the introduction and use of online banking services. It is noted that in Italy today there are 207 publicly registered commercial establishments, of which 81 are located abroad, and 6 operate mostly in the format of providing online banking services. The object of this research is the activity of the Italian bank WIDIBA, which is justified by its valuable practical experience in formalizing a plan of adequate timely strategy for entering the market of online banking services on the basis of a carefully developed development strategy. The theoretical researches were carried out in the work, in particular, in the following directions: definition of strategic actions of bank establishment according to a time lag of functioning; analysis of the budget of the banking institution (net profitability, interest margin, operating and administrative expenses, etc.); analysis of the income statement of the bank (the ratio of net profit and loss, interest margin and brokerage margin); work with financial report or balance sheet data on the structure of assets, liabilities, and investments, retained earnings; study of trend dynamics of cash flows (operational, financial, investment and free cash flows). Excellent strategies are analyzed, which demonstrate how the banking sector is extremely dynamic and, that technological investments still allow easier access to new operators in case of the implementation of innovation strategies. Keywords: Online banks; online banking; electronic banking; fintech; financial services; WIDIBA; banking sector; banks’ strategies.
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Capece, Guendalina, and Domenico Campisi. "A Behavioural Model of E-Banking Usage in Italy." International Journal of Engineering Business Management 5 (January 1, 2013): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/56606.
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E-banking is defined as the automated delivery of new and traditional banking products and services directly to customers through electronic, interactive communication channels. “Pure online” banks are characterized by the absence of physical windows and front-office personnel. Traditional banks are still integrating traditional distribution channels with online ones; the scenario is therefore still evolving over time. Despite the intrinsic potentialities, Italy is far from being a leader in the usage of innovative online instruments in the banking system and will struggle with new innovation waves. In this paper, we measure the potential effective e-banking usage. Furthermore, we investigate the behaviour of users and adopters, identifying the major causes influencing satisfaction and usage and the impact of these different causes on the intensity of utilization. The analysis is based on a panel of 495 real users, thus allowing the profiling of the Italian adopter to discover the causes of usage and outline strategies for the growth of e-banking services in Italy.
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Pauluzzo, Rubens, and Enrico Fioravante Geretto. "Validating the EUCS Model to Measure the Level of Satisfaction of Internet Users in Local Banks in Italy." Journal of Organizational and End User Computing 30, no. 1 (January 2018): 66–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/joeuc.2018010104.
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In this study, the EUCS model has been used for measuring online banking user satisfaction in the local banking sector. The authors focused on Italian co-operative banks. The study involved the submission of a questionnaire to a sample of 600 retail consumers of small-sized co-operative banks. The model was tested with SEM techniques. The findings reinforce EUCS theory for internet banking satisfaction with large sample size, and provide evidence about the psychometric stability of the EUCS tool for measuring online banking user satisfaction in the local banking setting. The study will be useful to policy makers and banks to better understand why internet banking is not the favoured channel for service delivery in Italy and which are the main factors able to increase the acceptance of the online banking channel.
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Giddey, Thibaud, and Malik Mazbouri. "Banking crises, banking mortality and the structuring of the banking market in Switzerland, 1850–2000." Financial History Review 29, no. 2 (August 2022): 247–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565022000129.
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The Swiss financial centre, as it developed during the twentieth century, has for a long time been presented and perceived as a singularly stable and solid environment escaping crises and restructuring. This view, promoted by the dominant actors – private banks, cantonal banks and large commercial banks – presenting their own development, in a teleological vision, as success stories, is strongly challenged by more recent research developments. Our article deals with the evolution of banking demography in Switzerland between 1850 and 2000 and examines the exits of banking institutions from the statistics, identifying six periods of crisis and restructuring. The article proposes a new statistical series that makes it possible to scrutinise with a high level of granularity the banks that fail or are taken over, in particular by observing their category of bank and, for the period 1934–99, their size. It uses historical banking demography as a gateway to understand more broadly the phases of transformation of the financial centre. In doing so, this contribution questions the gap between the existence of significant phases of banking instability, their low importance in collective memory, and the perception of the Swiss banking sector as a model of stability. It also helps to refine our understanding of the evolution of the Swiss financial centre in general.
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Marichal, Carlos. "Banking History and Archives in Latin America." Business History Review 82, no. 3 (2008): 585–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007680500082660.
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In recent years, business history has become a rich and varied terrain for research in Latin America. In this essay, I will present an overview of key aspects of banking history in the region, with an emphasis on the sources that are available in Argentina and Mexico. The extensive archives that have been built up in both countries offer historians the opportunity to study an array of topics: histories of individual banks; the evolution of banking systems; the relation between banking firms and industrial and agricultural development; the role of banks in government finance; the unique historical trajectories of central banks; the rise and relative decline of state-development banks; and the complex history of foreign banks in Latin America from the nineteenth century to the present.
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Swanson, Kara W. "Body Banks: A History of Milk Banks, Blood Banks, and Sperm Banks in the United States." Enterprise & Society 12, no. 4 (December 2011): 749–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1467222700010661.
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My dissertation traces the invention and development of a new form of banking, body banking. Today, the body bank as an institution that collects, stores, processes, and distributes a human body product is a taken-for-granted aspect of medicine in the United States. We donate to blood banks, we cherish sperm bank babies, and we contemplate many sorts of banks, including cord blood banks, gene banks, and egg banks. Such institutions have existed for the past century in the metaphorical shadow of financial banks, and like those better-studied banks have stirred considerable controversy. The driving question behind my dissertation is simply, why banks? How did we come to use “bank” to apply to bodies as well as to dollars? More intriguingly, what does this analogy show us and what is it hiding?
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Ben Bouheni, Faten. "Banking regulation and supervision: can it enhance stability in Europe?" Journal of Financial Economic Policy 6, no. 3 (July 29, 2014): 244–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfep-11-2013-0059.
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Purpose – This paper aims to find the effects of regulatory and supervisory policies on bank risk-taking. The same regulation and supervision have different effects on bank risk-taking depending on influence factors. These factors were considered and a sample of the largest European banks from France, Germany, UK, Italy, Spain and Greece was used over the period 2005-2011. Design/methodology/approach – In this paper, the author analyses the effects of regulation and supervision on risk-taking. The author uses a sample of the biggest banks from six European countries (France, UK, Germany, Italy, Spain and Greece) over the period 2005-2011. Because the applicable entry of IFRS was in 2005, thus data of European banks are not available before this date. For each country in the sample, the 10 largest banks (defined by total assets) that lend money to firms were identified. The author does not include central banks or postal banks, which generally do not lend money to firms and are described as non-banking institutions (La Porta et al., 2002). Findings – It was found that restrictions on bank activities, supervisors’ power and capital adequacy decrease risk-taking. Thus, regulation and supervision enhance bank’s stability. While, deposit insurance increases the risk due to its association to moral hazard. Finally, it was found that strengthening regulatory and supervisory framework raises the risk-taking and weakens the stability of European banks. Originality/value – The author contributes to existing empirical analyses in three ways. First, the existing literature has drawn a lot of attention on US banks. However, the purpose of this paper is to examine the biggest banks of three European leaders (France, Germany and UK) and three more European countries influenced by the recent crisis (Spain, Italy and Greece) over the period 2005-2011. Second, most studies focus mainly on the relationship between regulation and profitability, yet seldom on the relationship between regulation, supervision and risk-taking. The author focuses on this relationship. Third, this study applies the two-step dynamic panel data approach suggested by Blundell and Bond (1998) and also uses dynamic panel generalized method of moments (GMM) method to address potential problems. The two-step GMM estimator that the author uses is generally the most efficient.
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Gulzar, Rosana, Mansor H. Ibrahim, and Mohamed Ariff. "Islamic Banks: History, Stability and Lessons from Cooperative Banking." Jurnal Institutions and Economies 13, no. 3 (July 1, 2021): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/ijie.vol13no3.1.
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Islamic banking’s profit-maximising fervour, building upon the use of interest-resembling products, has raised concerns about its Shariah authenticity and financial stability. While early Islamic economists envisioned an industry built on values of mutuality and participation, architects of Islamic banking have chosen to replicate interest-based conventional banking for the purpose of fast growth. This study has two objectives. First, to narrate the history of Islamic banking, from the theories postulated to the beginnings of the industry. This builds an understanding of why ‘Islamic’ banking operates as it does currently, which has implications for Shariah compliance and financial stability. It is suggested that the mimicking of conventional banks may cause instability since unlike commercial banks, ‘Islamic’ banks face Shariah constraints. This leads to the second objective, which is to analyse the cooperative banking model, which has been described as the closest theoretical model to Islamic banking. Specifically, this study focuses on the model in Europe which, despite its challenges, has managed to silence critics in the way it contributes to communal welfare and financial stability, especially during credit crunches when commercial banks are known to retreat from markets. This first study of a functioning cooperative banking model, in the context of Islamic banking, may thus offer lessons for Islamic banking reform.
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Brilliant, Richard. "Banking on the Data Banks." Art Bulletin 74, no. 3 (September 1992): 374. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3045888.
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Nosratabadi, Saeed, Gergo Pinter, Amir Mosavi, and Sandor Semperger. "Sustainable Banking; Evaluation of the European Business Models." Sustainability 12, no. 6 (March 16, 2020): 2314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062314.
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Sustainability has become one of the challenges of today’s banks. Since sustainable business models are responsible for the environment and society along with generating economic benefits, they are an attractive approach to sustainability. Sustainable business models also offer banks competitive advantages such as increasing brand reputation and cost reduction. However, no framework is presented to evaluate the sustainability of banking business models. To bridge this theoretical gap, the current study using A Delphi-Analytic Hierarchy Process method, firstly, developed a sustainable business model to evaluate the sustainability of the business model of banks. In the second step, the sustainability performance of sixteen banks from eight European countries including Norway, The UK, Poland, Hungary, Germany, France, Spain, and Italy, assessed. The proposed business model components of this study were ranked in terms of their impact on achieving sustainability goals. Consequently, the proposed model components of this study, based on their impact on sustainability, are respectively value proposition, core competencies, financial aspects, business processes, target customers, resources, technology, customer interface, and partner network. The results of the comparison of the banks studied by each country disclosed that the sustainability of the Norwegian and German banks’ business models is higher than in other counties. The studied banks of Hungary and Spain came in second, the banks of The UK, Poland, and France ranked third, and finally, the Italian banks ranked fourth in the sustainability of their business models.
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GROSSMAN, RICHARD S. "Charters, corporations and codes: entry restriction in modern banking law." Financial History Review 8, no. 2 (October 2001): 107–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096856500100021x.
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This paper examines the evolution of the legal foundation under which commercial banks operated in different countries. The earliest incorporated banks were established under charters issued by sovereigns or legislatures. Subsequently, charters were issued: (1) though corporation law; or (2) via special banking codes. Countries that concentrated their note issues in central banks earlier were less in need of detailed banking codes and were, therefore, more likely to have allowed banks to operate under general corporation laws. By contrast, countries in which note issue was not centralised were more likely to have established a detailed banking code.
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Sylla, Richard. "From exceptional to normal: changes in the structure of US banking since 1920." Financial History Review 27, no. 3 (November 3, 2020): 361–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565020000165.
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A century ago the US commercial banking system was exceptional in two ways. It was by good measure the largest commercial banking system of any country. And it was different from the commercial banking systems of other leading countries in having tens of thousands of independent banks with very few branches rather than the more typical pattern of a far smaller number of banks with many branches. Today, a century later, the US system is more normal than exceptional, dominated by a small number of very large banks with extensive branch systems. This article describes the US banking-structure transition from exceptional to normal. It closes with an interesting contrast of US and European banking developments.
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Stefancic, Mitja, and Neophytos Kathitziotis. "An Evaluation Of Italian Banks In The Period Of Financial Distress." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 10, no. 10 (September 27, 2011): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v10i10.5989.
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This paper evaluates the performance of Italian banks during the 2006-2009 period. Banks are analysed according to their business models and their main activities. The analysis focuses on both cooperative and commercial banks. By contrast to commercial banks, Italian cooperative banks do not perceive profit-making as a principle itself. These banks have been able to accumulate capital and provide credit to customers despite the ongoing crisis. On average, they manage their loan portfolio better than commercial banks. Findings suggest that cooperative banking in Italy should be encouraged due to its positive contribution to economic development and possibly financial stability.
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Barra, Cristian, and Roberto Zotti. "Market power and stability of financial institutions: evidence from the Italian banking sector." Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance 28, no. 2 (November 23, 2019): 235–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfrc-05-2019-0055.
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Purpose This paper aims to explore the relationship between bank market power and stability of financial institutions in Italy between 2001 and 2012. The authors first test the existence of a U-shaped relationship between market power and financial stability. Second, they regress the market share indicator on bank risk-taking to underline whether financial stability is affected by increasing or decreasing the market power of banks. Third, they explore whether this relationship is affected by the size, level of capitalization and credit insolvency of banks. Design/methodology/approach Relying on highly territorially disaggregated data at labor market areas level, the authors estimate the impact of bank market power and other explanatory variables on a proxy of risk taking behavior such as the banking “stability inefficiency” derived simultaneously from the estimation of a stability stochastic frontier. Bank market power is taken into account through an individual measure based on loans. Financial stability is calculated through the Z-score. The authors use, as risk-taking measure, the stability inefficiency whose estimation approach is the stochastic frontier analysis. Findings The empirical evidence shows that the inefficiency of financial stability is found to be U-shaped related with respect to the measure of market power. Bank size is an essential factor in explaining the relationship between bank market power and risk-taking. Cooperative banks have fewer incentives to gain market power to better perform in term of risks. The reform of the cooperative banks that took recently place in Italy is not supported by the data. Originality/value The relationship between bank market power and financial stability has been analyzed using a rich sample of cooperative, commercial and popular banks in Italy over the 2001-2012 period. The authors rely on labor market areas being sub-regional geographical areas where the bulk of the labor force lives and works. The paper investigates the market power-stability link considering both cooperative and non-cooperative banks. Indeed, specific attention has been paid on cooperative banks because of their mission in favor of the local community as only few studies, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, examine cooperative banking.
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Beltrame, Lorenzo. "‘It’s a family affair’: The discursive entanglement of social formations in public and private cord blood banking in Italy." Public Understanding of Science 28, no. 8 (August 5, 2019): 917–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963662519864017.
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The dominant narrative in bioethical and biomedical literature criticises private/family cord blood banking as selling a biomedical service that challenges the system of public banks that is based on voluntary donations and distributing umbilical cord blood for medical needs. While the public system is described as embedded in the social relations of reciprocity, solidarity and obligation to the collectivity, private/family banking is accused of being a for-profit commercial market that exploits the emotional vulnerabilities of parents with exaggerated and misleading claims about the clinical uses of umbilical cord blood. This article challenges this view by showing that both banking systems are embedded in social relations. It analyses the discourses produced by Italian public and private umbilical cord blood banks and by healthcare institutions to show how these discourses constitute different social formations and attach diverging meanings of umbilical cord blood banking and clinical use to the set of responsibilities, values and obligations characterising these formations.
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Baglioni, Angelo. "Liberalizzazione, concentrazione e diversificazione del sistema bancario italiano." ECONOMIA E POLITICA INDUSTRIALE, no. 3 (September 2009): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/poli2009-003002.
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- Starting from the early nineties, the Italian banking system has undergone a deep process of deregulation, consolidation and diversification. The deregulation process has enabled Italian banks to enter new - geographical and product - markets. The single European market has introduced a competitive challenge from abroad. The concentration process may be explained on several grounds. Smaller banks have aimed at reaching a more efficient scale of production. Deals involving banks located in Northern and Southern Italy had a prudential rationale, given the weakness of Southern banks. Large banks have presumably pursued a defensive strategy, due to the threat of take-overs from abroad. An important role has been played by the moral suasion exerted by the Bank of Italy. Deregulation and consolidation have come along together with an increase of the competitive pressure, as shown by the decline of interest rate margins. Banks have reacted by diversifying their business, in order to expand their sources of revenue and to create switching costs for their customers (by selling bundles of services). Keywords: banks, deregulation, consolidation, competition Parole chiave: banche, liberalizzazione, concentrazione, concorrenza Jel Classification: G21 - L89
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Dziuba, Dariusz T. "Initiatives to implement and use Crowdfunding Platforms in the Banks of UK, Italy and other European Countries." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 10, no. 2 (March 25, 2022): 07–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2022.1022.
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Purpose of the study: The presented publication separates the market segment of online crowdfunding, which is implemented in banks or used for their needs in European countries.
Methodology: Crowdfunding platforms were identified and the statistics they provide for raising capital in individual banks in European countries. In particular, such implementations were characterized in Italy, Great Britain, the Netherlands, Belgium and other countries, including Central and Eastern Europe.
Main Findings: The considerations managed to distinguish the market segment of banking crowdfunding in the analyzed countries. The results of the research also allowed to estimate the size of this segment across the European continent (at least 229 crowdfunding initiatives in banks were identified, generating an amount of over EUR 5.4 billion).
Applications of the study: The considerations relate to several scientific fields, including economics and finance, or business informatics.
Novelty/Originality of this study: The article separates and measures the market segment of banking crowdfunding on the European continent, which limits the research gap in the scientific literature in this area.
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Kewuyemi, Kareem Muritala. "Customers' Awareness, Attitude and Patronage of Islamic Banking in Nigeria." ICR Journal 6, no. 3 (July 15, 2015): 388–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.52282/icr.v6i3.318.
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This study examines customers’ awareness of Islamic banking products and services in Nigeria and explores their attitude towards them. It also investigates their patronage of the banks. An 18-item questionnaire was designed for businesspersons, Muslims and non-Muslims, to obtain information on issues such as awareness of Islamic banking, loans without interest, collateral security, agency, partnership based on sharing of profits and losses and patronage of an interest free financial system. The results show the willingness of the Muslims and a large number of non-Muslims to patronize Islamic banking products and services. Products and services offered by a large number of the respondents were shariah-compliant. Their readiness to give collateral security, which is neither compulsory nor against the dictates of Islam, indicates their attitude and preparedness to patronise Islamic banks. However, a few non-Muslim respondents state they will not patronise Islamic banking products even if they are profitable and they are the only products in the banking sector in Nigeria. This study will assist promoters of Islamic banks in Nigeria to know where they can establish full-fledged Islamic banks. There is need for the existing and the potential Islamic banks to create more public awareness on Islamic banks.
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Hutomo Mukti, Hagi. "Development of Indonesian Sharia Banks with Malaysia Comparation Method (Study of History, Products and Legal Assets)." Lambung Mangkurat Law Journal 5, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.32801/lamlaj.v5i1.140.
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Sharia banking is developed in response to economic and cultural groupsthat are used to accommodate those who want the services to be carried out withIslamic sharia principles and morals. The development of Sharia banks in Indonesiaand Malaysia needs to be studied more deeply because Malaysia first establishedSharia banks in 1983 through Bank Islam Malaysia Berhad (BIMB) while the firstsharia bank in Indonesia, which named Bank Muamalat, was burned in 1991, whichdetermines the direction of the progress of sharia banks in Indonesia with the provisionsof Law Number 10 of 1998 concerning Banking. Determine the amount ofassets from banks that have a ratio of 1: 10 with Malaysia considering the assets ofsharia banks in Indonesia amounted to US $ 35.62 billion while Malaysia reachedUS $ 423.2 billion. This study focuses on the factors and effects of legal productsfrom the two countries in order to get more comprehensive study and know the relationbetween the legal products with sharia banking development in Indonesia andMalaysia
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Giliberto, Camillo. "Covid-19 crisis and its impacts on the economic and financial sector." Risk Management Magazine 16, no. 3 (December 2021): 35–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.47473/2020rmm0098.
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The World Bank data confirm that the recovery scenario will be different depending on the type of nation, the fundamentals of its economy, etc.. The Bank of Italy expects a growth of more than 4% for Italy at the end of 2021. The Italian banking system has shown great flexibility in dealing with the coronavirus emergency, taking a completely different form from the last in 2008 recession, when credit institutions were part of the problem. With their new social role, today in fact they are leading players. The health of the banking sector has also changed compared to 2008, with a stronger capital position, underlying the substantial resilience of the ecosystem and a more advanced expertise in NPL management. The role of the banks operating in Italy has been and will be to support firms, households and the growth of the economy with the sound and prudent distribution of credit, the offer of modern and efficient payment services thanks also to new technologies, business advice to companies for the development and internationalization. A clear evolution is opening up for banks in post-Covid towards digital business with a growing commitment in terms of investments in information technology.
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De Vita, Luisa, and Antonella Magliocco. "Effects of gender quotas in Italy: a first impact assessment in the Italian banking sector." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 38, no. 7-8 (July 9, 2018): 673–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-11-2017-0150.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a first impact assessment of the Italian quota law in order to explore whether “gender equality by law” contributes to redefining, albeit in part, consolidating and establishing positions of power and decision making. The paper analyses these dynamics by focusing on a specific economic sector, the banking sector. The analysis strives to determine: whether binding quotas are giving rise to an apparent enforcement by building up new distortionary equilibria (such as new forms of horizontal segregation); what extent the financial crisis has impacted on the rhetoric of female representation, and whether it has pushed towards a “regenerative” organizational change aimed at achieving a more inclusive and egalitarian image. Design/methodology/approach The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 reviews the theoretical and empirical debate on gender diversity and quota impact. Section 3 reports macro and micro data on the italian system; Section 4 describes the Italian banking system and gives a first impact assessment on Italian banks of the mandatory gender quotas in Italy (the so-called “Golfo-Mosca law,” named after MPs who proposed the law); some qualitative considerations are carried out on the reactions of Italian banks to the financial crisis in terms of “bridge policies” aimed at corresponding to a higher demand of customer satisfaction and fairness. Section 5 concludes and summarizes the finding of the study. Findings The Italian banking system is not so dramatically ranked among the EU countries as in the recent past. The gender rebalance in management bodies could be considered rather satisfying. If we compare ten-year-old findings, the number of women on board of directors has tripled. But data clearly show a dichotomy due to significant differences between listed and non-listed banks. In non-listed banks, women are still relegated to an under-represented position, reaching only 13 percent on boards of directors (as against 33 percent in listed banks). The data confirm the results found in non-financial sector that women are significantly better represented on audit boards. In accordance with all previous studies, no relevant changes can be noticed on key-decision roles: no CEOs or Directors general are women in listed banks, and women are always more represented in non-executive functions. Originality/value The paper analyses the law experience in Italy as a significant case study by proving that rules such as temporary binding gender quotas (introduced by law in 2011) can be useful, but not always enough to remove blocking or distortive factors in organizational ladders.
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Øksendal, Lars Fredrik. "Dividend policy in Norwegian banking before 1914." Financial History Review 18, no. 2 (February 18, 2011): 217–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565010000314.
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This article discusses the dividend strategy adopted by Norwegian commercial banks before 1914. Based on a unique data set covering all banks in the period 1882– 1913 as well as six other institutions for the pre-1882 period, I identify the existence of a strong bias towards the payment of high and stable dividends to shareholders. The origins of such bias lie in the specific institutional set-up of commercial banking, the expectations of shareholders and the absence of developed securities markets. Combined with a strong preference for high gearing, this feature contributed to increase the fragility of the Norwegian banking system.
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Alemu, Aye Mengistu. "Factors Influencing Consumers’ Financial Transactions in Islamic Banks Compared with Conventional Banks: Empirical Evidence from Selected Middle-East Countries with a Dual Banking System." African and Asian Studies 11, no. 4 (2012): 444–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15692108-12341241.
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Abstract Despite various evidences that show Islamic banking has gained popularity even by non-Muslim consumers and businesses in many parts of the world, there is still a general misconception that consumer’s choice for Islamic banking is only influenced by religious obligations and thus it is just a Muslim-only affair. Yet, our knowledge of consumer motivations for choosing Islamic versus conventional banking services is modest and the research to date is limited and ambiguous on these key issues. Therefore, this study conducts a two-step empirical analyses and first identifies the factors influencing customer’s decision whether to choose Islamic or conventional banking using Linear Probability Model (LPM) and Tobit estimation method, and as a second step, it investigates the main attributing factors to consumers overall level of satisfaction with the services provided by Islamic banks compared to conventional banks using ordinal-logistic regression model. The study was based on a randomly selected 322 bank customers from Bahrain, Jordan, and UAE. The study confirms that although religious factors such as Shari’a compliance are important, other non-religious factors including better quality of services and information disclosure are also playing crucial roles for the growing consumers’ demand for Islamic banking. Nevertheless; factors such as better rate of return, accessibility to credit, and SMS banking are found to be the main significant determinants of consumers’ choice and satisfaction with the services provided by conventional banks. Overall, the recent experience especially after the financial crisis of 2008 demonstrates that Islamic banking system can be part of the solution since it is mainly based on stronger regulatory system.
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Hutomo Mukti, Hagi. "SHARIA BANKING DEVELOPMENT INDONESIA WITH MALAYSIA (STUDY OF COMPARATION OF HISTORY, LEGAL PRODUCTS AND ASSETS)." JURNAL USM LAW REVIEW 3, no. 1 (May 18, 2020): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.26623/julr.v3i1.1836.
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<p>Sharia banking is developed in response to economic and cultural groups that are used to accommodate those who want the services to be carried out with Islamic sharia principles and morals. The development of Sharia banks in Indonesia and Malaysia needs to be studied more deeply because Malaysia first established Sharia banks in 1983 through Bank Islam Malaysia Berhad (BIMB) while the first sharia bank in Indonesia, which name of Bank Muamalat, was burned in 1991, which determines the direction of the progress of sharia banks in Indonesia with the provisions of Law Number 10 of 1998 concerning Banking. Determine the amount of assets from banks that have a ratio of 1: 10 with Malaysia considering the assets of sharia banks in Indonesia amounted to US $ 35.62 billion while Malaysia reached US $ 423.2 billion. This study focuses on the factors and effects of legal products from the two countries in order to get more comprehensive study and knowing the relation between the legal products with sharia banking development in Indonesia and Malaysia.</p>
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Saracco, Paola, Letizia Lombardini, Maria Screnci, Laura Salvaneschi, Anna Tamburini, Riccardo Saccardi, Simonetta Pupella, et al. "Survey On Directed Family Cord Blood Banking for Transplantation Among the National Cord Blood Bank Network in Italy." Blood 114, no. 22 (November 20, 2009): 4195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v114.22.4195.4195.
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Abstract Abstract 4195 Directed family cord blood (DCB) storage provides hemopoietic stem cell source for transplantation (HSCT) for families with an existing or a potentially future recipient with HSCT curable disease (D). The National CB Banks Network in Italy (ITCBN) has a leading role in providing public DCB service for high-risk families, in compliance to GITMO directives for eligibility criteria (HSCT curable D: malignant MD, non MD, inherited ID). To provide best cost-effective practices recommendations it is important to report on DCB procedures and HSCT rate (HSCT-R) among public Banks. By 12.12.2008 almost 1800 DCB units were stored in 18 Italian Banks and 104 (9%) issued for HSCT. The present survey aims at summarizing the over 15 yrs DCB experience among 5 ITCBN Banks active since 1997 (range 1990-1997), and including 670 DCB units. Results Preliminary analysis reports a 94% overall compliance to eligibility criteria directives, and overall HSCT- R for an alive sibling of 12% (63/522); the 63 HSCT were 97% matched, for curing ID in 84% and with 72 % overall survival outcome. Different policies among Banks were compared (Bank vs others: 1) eligibility criteria distribution : Bank PV06 DCB for MD <50% (42% vs 55-67%), Banks Rm04,R04 significant DCB for non sibling recipient (parent with MD) (17-24% vs 0.5%-2%), Bank T02 with significant (53/261) DCB for future sibling with ID (20% vs 2-5%); 2) Timing of HLA typing: Banks T02,FI03,PV06 with DCB following prenatal HLA (20-27% vs 0%), Banks FI03,Rm04,PV06 with CB HLA typed at birth (61-73% vs 23-25%). Significant HSCT-R (37/177=21 %) was reported by PV06 (HLA selection based storage). Lowest HSCT-R by Rm04,R04 (3/101=3%-5/98=5%) (parental mismatch). At T02 when excluding DCB for future sibling (low birth rate), and autologous (11 ID) HSCT-R increased from 6% (15/261) to 9% (15/170) Conclusion. Advice for public long-term DCB storage should depend on HLA compatibility, potential recipient, disease progression, and likelihood/ timing of using DCB; Italian CB Banks are actively cohoperating to find best public banking practices to ensure a CDB storage system that is ethical, cost effective and responsive to patient needs. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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SHIRINYAN, Aram, and Lada SHIRINYAN. "COMPETITIVENESS OF UKRAINE’S BANKING SERVICES MARKET: RIVALRY FACTOR, TRENDS AND RESULTS." Economy of Ukraine 2019, no. 6 (June 22, 2019): 18–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/economyukr.2019.06.018.
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The authors propose a new methodology for the integrated assessment of the competitiveness of Ukraine’s banking services market, which reflects the result and perfection of the competitive interaction of banks and determines the degree of advantage of the set indicators of Ukraine’s banking services market over the set indicators of other sectors of economy and the corresponding markets in other countries. The approach is realized from the standpoint of competitive interaction of banks, business efficiency and distribution of services and is tested to analyze the situation in 2006–2017. The presented study is the second part of the general methodology for assessment of the competitiveness of the banking services market and covers the following items: banking efficiency, degree of monopolization, level of competition of banks, integrated assessment of competitiveness, disproportions and market saturation with players. To identify the advantages, the following relative indicators are introduced: indices of capitalization and concentration overrun, and index of competition exceeding. With this approach, Ukraine’s banking services market is compared with the commensurate markets of the euro-zone countries and other countries of the world. The perfection of the competitive interaction of banks is reflected by the indicators of efficiency, concentration, Herfindahl-Hirschman and disproportions. The generalized assessment of activities of all banks in the market is found due to the integral competitiveness index. In recent years, banking services markets in Ukraine and Romania have been ineffective. Among the countries with economy in transition, the markets of Poland and Turkey are the most attractive reference markets for Ukraine. To approximate the indicators to the level of Poland and Turkey, it is necessary to increase the capitalization and market value of banks by 10 times, to the level of Germany – almost 180 times. Concentration indices in Ukraine are overestimated 1.4 times as compared with Italy and France, 1.3 times – compared with Poland. The trend of Herfindahl-Hirschman index in Ukraine is growing and the integral competitiveness of the banking services market in Ukraine is low, with an estimation “satisfactory”. The necessity of increasing the capitalization of banks, the profitability of bank assets, the decrease in market concentration and the imbalances in the distribution of services is argued.
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Çabucak, Ersin. "Türkiye’de Katılım Bankacılık Sistemi ile İlgili Örnekler." International Journal of Social Sciences 6, no. 26 (October 11, 2022): 329–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.52096/usbd.6.26.20.
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In this study, it has been tried to reveal the success levels of participation banking systems within the general banking system by giving examples in terms of the size of the participation banking system within the general banking system and the performance of the participation banking systems in terms of factors such as service diversity, numerical proportionality and dividend distribution since the establishment of the participation banking systems. . The interest-free banking system, which is called the participation banking system, came out of the idea stage in the 1970s and started to be implemented in Egypt for the first time in 1976. Private Financial Institutions, which were established in Turkey in 1983 with the Statutory Decree (Executive Decree), and Participation Banks with their new names, have shown rapid acceleration on a global scale and especially in Turkey in the last twenty years. Participation banking system in Turkey has shown a serious development especially after 2001 and has become competitive with commercial banks. The fact that participation banking systems were subject to the Banks Law with the amendments made in 1999 and 2001 and that participation banking systems had similar rights in the legislation with commercial banks had a significant impact. Key Words: Private Financial Institutions, Participation Banking, Savings Deposit Insurance Fund
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Briones, Ignacio. "VINCULACIONES POLÍTICAS EN UN RÉGIMEN DE BANCA LIBRE: EL CASO DE LA CRISIS BANCARIA DE 1878 EN CHILE." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 34, no. 3 (March 8, 2016): 479–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610916000057.
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ABSTRACTIn 1878 Chile experienced a banking crisis which brought an end to the Chilean free-banking period based on convertibility initiated in 1860. Using monthly bank balance sheets and other primary sources, I analyze the period and argue that one important explanation for the crisis was the growing relationship between banks and government through state loans to finance fiscal deficits and privileges to the issuing banks. I claim that the crisis emerged from a large bank loan in late 1877 which induced over-issuance and depreciation expectations leading, logically, to a bank run. The Chilean case provides valuable evidence of an element frequently neglected by the free-banking literature: the links between banks and government.
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Maggs, Peter B. "Islamic Banking in Kazakhstan Law." Review of Central and East European Law 36, no. 1 (2011): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/092598811x12960354394641.
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AbstractKazakhstan has adopted legislation designed to facilitate Islamic banking, and at least one Islamic bank has started operations in Kazakhstan. Islamic banking is based upon traditional Islamic law, which forbids the taking of interest, the making of profit without risk, and profiting from "sinful" businesses such as pornography. The legislation in Kazakhstan forbids such activities for Islamic banks and also requires each Islamic bank to have an independent "Council on the principles of Islamic finance" to rule on bank policies and specific transactions. Islamic banking practices use complex combinations of transactions, each permitted by Islamic law, to mimic common conventional banking transactions, such as loans bearing fixed interest rates and repayable on a fixed date. Stable income and manageable principal obligations from credit-worthy borrowers can ensure that a bank will receive high ratings from leading international credit rating agencies and, thus, can satisfy the requirements of Kazakhstan's bank regulators. The formal difference between Islamic banking transactions and the conventional transactions that they mimic could lead to differing treatment for taxation. To provide a level playing field, Kazakhstan has amended its Tax Code to provide for equal treatment of economically equivalent Islamic and conventional banking transactions. Adjustments have also been made to bankruptcy legislation, reflecting the unavailability of deposit insurance for Islamic banks and the special nature of investment deposits in Islamic banks. There are controversies among Islamic law scholars as to whether or not various practices used to mimic conventional banking transactions are unlawful because they violate the spirit of Islamic law. This creates what is called "Sharia risk", the risk that a transaction will be found unlawful after it has been concluded, with consequences highly unfavorable for a party.
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Barbieri, Laura, Mariarosa Borroni, Andrea Lippi, Mariacristina Piva, and Simone Rossi. "Determinants of Bank Branch Presence in Local Areas: A Comparison Between North and South of Italy." International Journal of Economics and Finance 13, no. 9 (July 25, 2021): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v13n9p15.
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A close relationship with customers, mainly achieved through the opening of local branches, has long been a fundamental key to competitive advantage in the banking sector. Financial innovation, changes in customer behavior and competitive dynamics have transformed this relationship over time, leading to the closure of numerous branches. This work explores the determinants of branch evolution in an advanced and notoriously bank-centric country (Italy) using NUTS 3 panel data over the 2000-2016 time-span. Results show how - in general - demographic, industrial and economic variables explain the dynamics of banks’ branch location strategy. However, more heterogeneous evidence emerges when North and South Italy are taken into consideration separately suggesting that territorial and regional dimension might play a role even in the banking sector.
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Gráda, Cormac Ó. "The last major Irish bank failure before 2008." Financial History Review 19, no. 2 (January 18, 2012): 199–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096856501100028x.
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Until 2008, Ireland's banks had a solid reputation. Its two long-established banks could trace their origins back to the beginnings of joint-stock banking in 1825. Few banks of consequence had failed in the interim. The last such failure, the focus of this article, was that of the Munster Bank in 1885. That event tells us much about the history of Irish banking before recent events.
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Comín, Francisco, and Joaquim Cuevas. "THE DEADLY EMBRACE BETWEEN THE BANKS AND THE STATE IN SPAIN, 1850-2015." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 35, no. 3 (November 2, 2017): 387–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610917000106.
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AbstractThis paper focusses on the financial relations between the banking sector and the Treasury in Modern Spain. Tax systems have been insufficient, generating a chronic budget deficit. This drove to irresponsible public debt management, being the State a serial defaulter until 1987. This prevented the budget deficits could be financed by sovereign debt issued on the stock exchanges, and forced the state to resort to banks (public and private). The new series of public debt banks portfolios evolution is explained by their pursuit of returns and by changes in banking regulation and financial repression, which favoured the bankingstatus quo. The paper analyses the causes of banking regulation, derived from the public borrowing policy and also from the banking lobbying strategy. It examines the consequences of the deadly banking-state embrace which brought about the interconnection between fiscal and banking crises.
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Drach, Alexis. "Supervisors against regulation? The Basel Committee and country risk before the International Debt Crisis (1976–1982)." Financial History Review 27, no. 2 (June 25, 2020): 210–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565020000050.
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While the International Debt Crisis of the early 1980s was the most severe financial crisis since World War II and while national and international banking supervision was developing at that time, little is known about the response of supervisors to the deteriorating financial environment in the years preceding the crisis. Complementing the political and business history of the international debt situation, this article aims to unravel the international banking supervision side of the question. Based on archival material from the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) and various central banks, the article examines how the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS), then emerging as the leading forum on international banking supervision, anticipated the International Debt Crisis through the prism of ‘country risk’. The article shows that the Committee refused to recommend strict regulations in this area. It argues that members adopted this position because of the lack of good information and the difficult position of banking supervision between macroeconomic issues and individual banks’ own responsibilities, but also because of somewhat excessive faith in market mechanisms. Their discussions on country risk shed light on critical challenges of banking supervision and, thereby, on the history of banking regulation and prudential thinking.
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Johnson, Leroy. "Banking Sector Stability in Sierra Leone: An Econometric Analysis." International Journal of Scientific Research and Management 10, no. 05 (May 13, 2022): 3500–3517. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v10i5.em06.
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This study assess banking sector stability in Sierra Leone using quarterly data over the period 2009-2019 of the fourteen banks in the sector. The study was carried out in the context of Johansen Cointegration estimation technique and it was found out that in the long run, total bank assets, gross loans positively influence banking sector stability whilst exchange rate had negative effect on banking sector stability. In the short run, total banking assets was also found to have a positive and statistically significant relationship. Arising from theaforementioned estimation results, this study recommends that banks transition to Basel three Capital Framework which is forward looking that shore up the stability of the banking sector and makes provisions for risks that will emanate in the banking realms of Sierra Leone. This is turn will facilitate smooth banking operations and fortifies public confidence in the banking sector.
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Conti-Brown, Peter, and Sean H. Vanatta. "The Logic and Legitimacy of Bank Supervision: The Case of the Bank Holiday of 1933." Business History Review 95, no. 1 (2021): 87–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007680520000896.
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The U.S. banking holiday of March 1933 was a pivotal event in twentieth-century political and economic history. After closing the nation's banks for nine days, the administration of newly inaugurated president Franklin D. Roosevelt restarted the banking system as the first step toward national recovery from the global Great Depression. In the conventional narrative, the holiday succeeded because Roosevelt used his political talents to restore public confidence in the nation's banks. However, such accounts say virtually nothing about what happened during the holiday itself. We reinterpret the banking crises of the 1930s and the 1933 holiday through the lens of bank supervision, the continuous oversight of commercial banks by government officials. Through the 1930s banking crises, federal supervisors identified troubled banks but could not act to close them. Roosevelt empowered supervisors to act decisively during the holiday. By closing some banks, supervisors made credible Roosevelt's claims that banks that reopened were sound. Thus, the union of FDR's political skills with the technical judgment of bank supervisors was the key to solving the banking crisis. Neither could stand alone, and both together were the vital precondition for further economic reforms—including devaluing the dollar—and, with them, Roosevelt's New Deal.
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MOAZZIN, GHASSAN. "Sino-Foreign Business Networks: Foreign and Chinese banks in the Chinese banking sector, 1890–1911." Modern Asian Studies 54, no. 3 (October 10, 2019): 970–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x18000318.
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AbstractAt the turn of the twentieth century, foreign bankers viewed China as one of the up-and-coming markets for international banking. This led to a rapid influx of foreign banks into the banking sector of the China coast. Consequently, foreign banks became a major presence in the treaty ports, where they financed China's foreign trade, provided loans to the Chinese government, and supplied Chinese banks with credit. However, their operations in the Chinese banking sector were always dependent on interaction with Chinese banks. Previous scholarship has largely portrayed the relationship between foreign and Chinese banks in terms of the former dominating and controlling the banking sector of China's treaty ports. This article challenges this view and shows that the relationship between foreign and Chinese banks was one of interdependence rather than one-sided control. It demonstrates how foreign banks had to adapt their business practices to the Chinese business environment and how they were integrated into existing Chinese business networks. Moreover, this article reveals how Chinese entrepreneurs could use their relationship with foreign banks for the benefit of their own business networks and exploit information asymmetries between foreign and Chinese banks to generate profits. The result of the development of this interdependent relationship between foreign and Chinese banks, and of the integration of the former into existing Chinese business networks was the formation of Sino-foreign business networks, which played an important role in making possible the operations of financial markets in China's transnational treaty port economy.
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Musile Tanzi, Paola, Elena Aruanno, and Mattia Suardi. "A European banking business models analysis: the investment services case." Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance 26, no. 1 (February 12, 2018): 35–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfrc-04-2016-0028.
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Purpose Business Model Analysis is acquiring increasing visibility in the European banking regulatory framework, following the European Banking Authority guidelines on common procedures and methodologies for the supervisory review and evaluation process (SREP), developed to assess business and strategic risks (EBA, 2014, 2015a, 2015b, 2015c). Starting from a selected literature review, in the paper, the authors analyse business models set up by financial intermediaries, bank and non-banks, for the distribution of investment services, first by comparing European niche players with European banking global players, and second, comparing European niche players among themselves to understand the evolution of business models for the distribution of investment services at European level. The research is supported by the Baffi–Carefin Research Centre at the Bocconi University (Italy), in collaboration with ANASF, the Italian Association of Financial Advisors (Italy). Design/methodology/approach The authors consider a sample of European financial players from 2009 to 2014. The authors’ focus is on France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, Spain and the UK; overall the authors’ handmade data set is based on 162 annual reports. The authors follow two main questions: Do the niche players, as they are focused on the distribution of investment services, have an upper limit to profitability, compared to the global players, as risk-takers in many financial areas? How is the business model of niche players changing, facing increasing competition and regulatory pressures? Findings Answering the first research question, the highest net profitability is found in the niche players group; the global players, as risk-takers, achieve lower remuneration, in contrast with the risk premium theory. The results were assessed over a limited period, however, deemed in line with the company’s strategic planning horizon. Answering the second research question, the authors focus on the case of niche players, using a cluster analysis. The authors identify three different business models: most dynamic niche players, which combine investment services, insurance and welfare services, achieving the highest margins and stability; players mainly focused on asset management, whose key vulnerability is the degree of open architecture, especially in light of future MiFID 2 implementation; and players mainly focused on the creation of well-structured on-line platforms, which offer also brokerage services, thereby reducing their marginality and potentially increasing their business risk. Research limitations/implications Despite the limited time series, the authors’ research gives some inputs for those interested in deepening the business model analysis focus on the distribution of investment services and the business and strategic risk assessment, both for the global banks and the niche players (banks and non-banks). Practical implications The authors’ results could be of some interest during the strategic assessment of global banks and niche players, both adopting an internal perspective or an external one, as regulator. Social implications By giving some specific insights into the assessment and comparison of business and strategic risks among global and niche players, the authors’ research provides the basis for further research in the field of the distribution of investment services. Originality/value The originality mainly regards the business model risk perspective and the focus of the authors’ analysis: the distribution of investment services. This sector, unlike the asset management, does not have an easily recognisable group of comparables at European level, all the European countries analysed have very different business models. This research avails of an original database, that is unique to Europe.
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Blasco-Martel, Yolanda. "REPUTATION AND THE PALMER RULE IN THE ORIGINS OF BANKING IN SPAIN." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 37, no. 1 (March 2019): 139–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610918000228.
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ABSTRACTThis paper investigates the reasons why provincial issuing banks in Spain maintained high reserves in the 19th century and the effects this had. The introduction of banknotes into the economy meant that convertibility had to be guaranteed. If convertibility was respected, this gave banks a good reputation and made them reliable. The Palmer Rule was a control mechanism stating that a well-managed bank should keep one-third of its liabilities as cash in hand and two-thirds in securities. In Spain the banking system, constituted in the mid-19th century, was characterised by a plurality of issuing banks. Regulations required reserves only to secure notes, with no mention of reserve requirements for banks’ other types of liabilities. However, Spanish provincial banks of issue adopted the Palmer Rule. The Bank of Spain did not follow the same path.
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Gallucci, Carmen, Vincenzo Formisano, Michele Modina, and Rosalia Santulli. "Beyond Banks’ Capitalization: What Affects the Credit Lines?" International Journal of Financial Research 8, no. 4 (September 11, 2017): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v8n4p71.
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The present paper aims at investigating what affects the credit granting beyond banks’capitalization. It focuses on public and private firms’ information available for the banks. We apply moderating regression models on panel data. Our sample is of 123 co-operative credit banks and more than 11,000 firms operating in Italy between 2012 and 2014, for 18,143 observations. Our main findings suggest that firms’ profitability (public information) positively moderates the direct relationship between banks’ capitalization and credit grants; differently, multiple banking, overdue payment and credit limit violation days (private information) negatively moderate the above-cited relationship. Finally, the conjoint moderating effect of public and private information proves to be negative, thus also firms with a good profitability are penalized in credit grant whether they do not take care the relationship with banks.
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Shipton, Kirsty M. W. "The private banks in fourth-century b.c. Athens: a reappraisal." Classical Quarterly 47, no. 2 (December 1997): 396–422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cq/47.2.396.
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This essay has two aims: to affirm the significance of private banking in fourthcentury B.C. Athens, and to propose a model of its role in the economy. Such a project is desirable because there has been a tendency since the publication of Finley's The Ancient Economy to minimalize the significance of banking in ancient Greece. Banking is seen as a ‘fringe activity’ largely carried out by such ‘outsiders’ as metics and ex-slaves.Consequently historians have frequently overlooked the value of banking as a tool for understanding the Greek economy.
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Altamura, Carlo Edoardo. "The Paradox of the 1970s: The Renaissance of International Banking and the Rise of Public Debt." Journal of Modern European History 15, no. 4 (November 2017): 529–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17104/1611-8944-2017-4-529.
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The Paradox of the 1970s: The Renaissance of International Banking and the Rise of Public Debt The 1970s is a paradoxical decade. On the one hand, it marked the gradual demise of the industrial society and the end of the «Golden Age» of capitalism. On the other hand, the decade saw the renaissance of international banking and finance after almost half a century of retreat, thanks to the explosive growth of the Eurodollar market. International banking, which had remained dormant since the 1930s, gradually re-emerged from its ashes as banking institutions started to reconsider their domestic orientation. The growth of the Eurodollar market and the process of banking internationalisation were crucially accelerated by the first oil crisis when private commercial banks replaced public institutions in the intermediation of capital flows between surplus and deficit countries with Eurobonds and, especially, Euroloans. Foreign borrowing provided a relief to nearly all the problems that the monetary and energy crisis had aggravated or created. The side effect to that panacea was the delegation of increasing power to the banking and financial sectors by «privatising» the monetary and financial circuit, and by tying once and for all the destiny of the developing world to the interests of commercial banks. The paper will address the paradox of the 1970s to argue that a clear link exists between the industrial crisis and the renaissance of finance.
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Wheelock, David C. "Government Policy and Banking Market Structure in the 1920s." Journal of Economic History 53, no. 4 (December 1993): 857–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700051342.
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This article investigates interstate differences in banking market structure during the 1920s. It finds that the number of banks per capita and the ratio of state-chartered to federally chartered banks were highest in states with deposit insurance systems, low minimum capital requirements, and branching restrictions. In the 1920s banking consolidation was greatest where falling incomes caused high failure rates, in states with deposit insurance, and where branching increased. After 1920, the high failure rate of insured state banks caused the ratio of state–chartered to federally chartered banks to decline relatively more in states with insurance systems.
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PACELLI, VINCENZO, FRANCESCA PAMPURINI, and STEFANIA SYLOS LABINI. "THE PECULIARITY OF THE COOPERATIVE AND MUTUAL MODEL: EVIDENCE FROM THE EUROPEAN BANKING SECTOR." Journal of Financial Management, Markets and Institutions 07, no. 01 (June 2019): 1940001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2282717x19400012.
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The crucial role of mutual banks in promoting local development is highlighted by an extensive theoretical and empirical literature. The historical success of mutual banks derives not only from their specific business model, but also from their peculiar and distinguishing corporate governance with member ownership. According to a copious literature, these features have probably allowed mutual banks to better withstand financial crisis. This work compares the cost efficiency of European mutual banks by analyzing a sample which consists of the universe of all the banks operating in Italy, Germany, France and Spain over the period 2011–2016, by employing a stochastic approach (Stochastic Frontier Analysis-SFA) to determine the effects of the recent financial crisis on the efficiency level of this particular kind of bank. The analysis aims to point out the determinants of efficiency in order to understand if the mutual model reveals to be still attractive in the modern banking system. The main contribution of the paper to previous literature consists in comparing different impacts of financial crisis on efficiency of mutual banks in main European countries. Furthermore, the results enrich the recent debate about the cooperative and mutual banking system and its raison d’être. Our results show that the European mutual banks reveal a higher degree of efficiency with respect to commercial banks. Cost efficiency appears to be significantly and negatively related to the level of regulatory capital, the level of credit risk, the level of leverage and the cost-income ratio. On the other hand, it is significantly and positively related to the profitability of the traditional lending activity, to the level of prudence in terms of provisions against credit risk and to the amount of liquidity as a buffer against unexpected troubles.
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Shandy Utama, Andrew. "History and Development of Islamic Banking Regulations in the National Legal System of Indonesia." AL-'ADALAH 15, no. 1 (January 18, 2019): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24042/adalah.v15i1.2446.
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The economic crisis in 1998 caused a number of national banks to collapse. Strangely, such a great crisis turned out to have no effect on the syari’ah banking world. Even as the crisis passed, a number of new Shari'ah banks emerged, such as Bank Syariah Mandiri, Bank Permata Syariah, Bank Mega Syariah, Bank Rakyat Indonesia Syariah, Bank Syariah Bukopin, and so forth. This study examines the development of Islamic banking in Indonesia. The aim is to find out factors driving and inhibiting the growth of these banking institutions. This study uses normative legal research methods. The results shows that the Islamic banking institutions could grow and develop rapidly due to two factors: internal and external factors. On the internal side, the Shari'ah bank has a usury management system that makes it able to withstand the economic crisis; while from the external side it has to do with government support, especially after the issuance of Law Number 21 of 2008.
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Sayım, Ferhat. "The Role of Participation Banking as Alternative Financing Channels to Substitute for Deposit Banks and its Growth in the Turkish Finance Market - Period: 2007-2015." EMAJ: Emerging Markets Journal 7, no. 1 (September 22, 2017): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/emaj.2017.106.
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Financial systems and companies have become the most important reasons in the weakness of world economic system. The formation and development process of the financial structure also constitute the infrastructure of the world economic system. The path of the financial system and development has led to discuss with the financial crisis in 2008-2011. One of the solutions in order to reduce problems caused by the conventional banking system is alternative financing systems. In Turkey, the corporations based on profit share system are named participation banks. These banks which settle on different principles in the risk distribution of the portfolio acquired are analyzed more nowadays. Participation based banks are placed in practically every regulation related to banking terms and get their legal infrastructure more steady in the banking legislation of Turkey. This study is a continuation of a series related to the situation of participation banking in Turkey. On the other hand, the literature and the history of participation banking have been given less attention in this study. Literature information on methods in participation banks has been described in previous work of the series. Two analyzes were conducted in this study. One analysis is interpretive analysis that expresses the situation of applications of participation banking against banking risks. The other is an analysis of the figures of participation banks in Turkey as a continuation of the series. This study is a 2007-2015 part of research series. The study tries to explore the place and the importance of participation based banking with the various sub-headings, especially in Turkey. For this reason, we examine the comparative review 2007-2015 data of participation banks which are composed of Total Assets, Equity Net Profit, Collected Funds and Bank Loan Funds. Then we compare the total figures with deposit banks for the same period in Turkey.
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Musa, Hussam, Zdenka Musova, Viacheslav Natorin, George Lazaroiu, and Martin Martin Boda. "Comparison of factors influencing liquidity of European Islamic and conventional banks." Oeconomia Copernicana 12, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 375–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/oc.2021.013.
Full textAbstract:
Research background: The innovation in Shar??ah-compliant banking products has resulted in the rapidly increasing size of assets in Islamic banks worldwide. The assets of such banks have been growing twice as fast as those of conventional banks. Islamic banks do not depend on conventional interest, speculation, or complex derivatives stemming from banking operations. Instead, their actions in respect of profit/risk sharing, and the clarity of the contract are consistent with Islamic Shar??ah principles, which seek to promote a more equal society.
Purpose of the article: This research aims to identify and compare factors influencing the liquidity of Islamic and conventional banks in Europe. Candidate factors are sought amongst profitability, credit quality, credit expansion and capital adequacy indicators.
Methodology: First, relevant financial ratios for 249 observations on Islamic banks and 2,306 observations on conventional banks are selected and compared for the period 2013?2017. Second, liquidity is explained separately for each type of banks by panel data regression to identify its determinants in a comparative context.
Findings & value added: The results indicate that the impact of the net interest margin on the liquidity ratio of Islamic banks is insignificant, which is obviously due to the prohibition of the use of interest (riba). To the contrary, in conventional banking a higher net interest margin results in a reduction in liquidity. Capital adequacy has a positive influence upon liquidity in both types of banks, but in Islamic banking, the influence is 5.4 times greater. The findings strongly suggest that the liquidity of Islamic and conventional banks is affected by different factors.
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Köll, Elisabeth. "Banking in Modern China: Entrepreneurs, Professional Managers, and the Development of Chinese Banks, 1897|ndash|1937. By Linsun Cheng. [Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. xvi+277 pp. £47.50; $65.00. ISBN 0-521-81142-2.] A History of Modern Shanghai Banking: The Rise and Decline of China's Finance Capitalism. By Zhaojin Ji. [Armonk, New York and London, England: M.E. Sharpe, 2003. viii+325 pp. $69.95. ISBN 0-7656-1002-7.]." China Quarterly 179 (September 2004): 837–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741004370608.
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The unstable banking sector presents great challenges to the economy in contemporary China: state-owned banks carry large portfolios of non-performing loans and China's increasingly affluent population produces a rising flow of deposits, but foreign banks are still seriously restricted in their ability to take deposits. Two recently published monographs on the history of banking in modern China put current economic and financial reforms in context by explaining the historical development of modern Chinese banks, their management, and political manoeuvres, especially in the old and new financial capital of China, Shanghai.In Banking in Modern China, Linsun Cheng focuses on banking institutions from the founding of the first modern Chinese bank in 1897 to the beginning of the Japanese invasion and occupation in 1937. During those 40 years, China encountered many political and economic crises impacting on the growth of banks. Whereas earlier studies have to some extent acknowledged the achievements of modern Chinese banks during the Republican period, Cheng's contribution lies in the documentation and analysis of these banks' financial performances, managerial structures, and business practices based on previously inaccessible archival records and bank documents held in Shanghai and Nanjing.