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1
BALABAN, Ioan. "International and multinational banking under Bretton Woods (1945-1971) : the experience of Italian banks." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/1814/69996.
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Defence date: 11 February 2021<br>Examining Board: Professor Youssef Cassis (European University Institute); Professor Federico Romero (European University Institute); Professor Catherine Schenk (Oxford University); Professor Stefano Battilossi (University of Carlo III)<br>Business economists and financial historians distinguish between a first and a second wave of international and multinational banking. The Great Depression and the two World Wars interrupted the first wave which began in the mid 19th century. The second wave began in the 1960s and was triggered by the advent of the Euromarkets under the international monetary regime of Bretton Woods (1944-1971). The thesis investigates the determinants of the internationalization of European commercial banks under Bretton Woods by focusing on the experience of Italian banks. I argue that Italian banks re-entered international and multinational banking from the late 1940s onwards in order to contribute to establish Italy as a commercial power. Competition between the banks in the international arena led them to integrate Eurodollar deposits into their international and domestic banking strategies in the 1950s and the 1960s thus contributing to the globalization of finance. The big European continental commercial banks internationalized in parallel to Italian banks and for the same reasons. Nevertheless, in contrast to latter, the former became major actors in the Euromarkets as a result of the American challenge after 1965. The thesis argues that the growth of the Euromarkets in the second half of the 1960s was sponsored by the Federal Reserve of the United States. The Federal Reserve encouraged the growth of the Euromarkets, and the role of American banks in the market, in order to defend the US official gold stock and the US balance of payments. Sources are drawn from bank and central bank archives in Italy, France and the United States.
2
Page, Shawn. "Banks and Bankers in Denton County, Texas, 1846-1940." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2016. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc955049/.
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This thesis investigates the importance banks, and bankers had with the development of the Denton County Texas from the 1870s until the beginning of the Second World War. Specifically, their role in the formation of both private and public infrastructure as well as the facilitation towards a more diverse economy. Key elements of bank development are outlined in the study including private, national, and state bank operations.
3
Kim, Song Whan. "The rise in public sector banking : the Japanese banks in Korea, 1878-1938." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.307198.
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Wong, Ho-sze Cecilia, and 黃浩思. "A history of the Wing Lung Bank Co. Ltd." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42575746.
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Lam, Chun-cheung Otto, and 林準祥. "A study of the origins, emergence and development of Western banking in China, 1770s-1866." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B38031012.
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Villalpando-Benitez, Mario. "THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF BANKING REGULATION: THE CASE OF MEXICO, 1940-1978." The Ohio State University, 2000. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/50266785.html.
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Kleeberg, John Martin. "The Disconto-Gesellschaft and German industrialization : a critical examination of the career of a German universal bank 1851-1914." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1988. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:48874939-164a-4064-8473-3d08d1797559.
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This thesis uses the history of the Disconto-Gesellschaft to argue that the role of universal banks in fostering German industrialization was less than has previously been assumed. The archive of the Disconto-Gesellschaft is not currently accessible, so the thesis will use industrial archives to examine the bank's relations with industrial companies. After a discussion of the literature, a summary of other Disconto-Gesellschaft ventures shows that the Dortmunder Union was not an isolated disaster, but one among many. The thesis discusses the boom of 1867-1873 and. suggests it was engendered by a spate of railway building which fed into heavy industry. The next section recounts how the collapse of universal banks during financial crises led most countries outside Germany to separate commercial from investment banking either by law or by custom. The first chapter concludes with a discussion of how German industry raised capital. The second chapter discusses the origins of the Disconto- Gesellschaft; David Hansemann's introduction of a new corporate form, the Kommanditgesellschaft auf Aktien; the Disconto- Gesellschaft' s rise during the crisis of 1859, relations with competitors, internal structure and the character of its management and supervisory board. The third chapter treats the history of the Dortmunder Union, and the reasons for its failure. The fourth chapter discusses Krupp's difficulties in raising funds; how the Disconto-Gesellschaft coped with the problem of lending to two competing firms, Krupp and the Union; and management of this conflict through the rail cartel. The fifth chapter uses the correspondence of Kirdorf and Russell to discuss the coal industry's plight in the 1870's, and the reasons for the success of the Gelsenkirchener Bergwerks-Actien-Gesellschaft. The conclusion suggests that private banks were more successful in financing industry than universal banks like the Disconto-Gesellschaft because their great number meant that even a Krupp could find a private banker who believed in him, and because their narrow capital bases prevented them from keeping lame ducks alive.
8
Engzell, Christofer. "Islamic banks in the United Kingdom : Growth in the 21st century." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Ekonomisk-historiska institutionen, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-88134.
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Welch, Peter. "Model Specification for Bank Failure: A Retrospective Look at Banks in Missouri during the Great Depression." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1765.
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This paper examines banks in Missouri during the Great Depression in order to find the correct model specification for bank failure during economic downturns. The data set controls for a bank’s balance sheet, correspondent network, charters and memberships, county characteristics, and market share, and includes both Federal Reserve member and non-member banks. Using a probit model, it is concluded that the contractionary monetary policy employed by the St. Louis Federal Reserve did not help bank survival, as being a member of the Federal Reserve had no significant effect on a bank’s probability of survival. Additionally, while an increased network led to higher rates of bank survival, connections to Chicago show evidence of contagion risk. Finally, the paper concludes that for future model specification it is important to capture balance sheet, network, and environment characteristics, as leaving out certain information can lead to omitted variable bias.
10
Wong, Ho-sze Cecilia. "A history of the Wing Lung Bank Co. Ltd. : its growth & development = Yonglong Yin Hang fa zhan shi /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42575746.
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Hills, Thomas D. "The Recent Rise of Southern Banking." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2006. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/history_theses/9.
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Between 1984 and 1986 the legislatures of several southern states enacted changes to their banking laws that enabled banking companies in Southern Region states to acquire and be acquired by banking companies in other Southern Region states, as long as these companies qualified as “Southern.” The purpose of the compact was to allow some southern banking companies an opportunity to grow and gain financial strength before full interstate banking was permitted. This study shows that the compact was successful. In 1985 no southern banking companies were among the top ten banks in the country, but by 2005 four were. Furthermore, no major southern bank has been acquired by a U.S. banking company outside of the South, although several southern banking companies have bought banks in other regions. The southern economy and its banking industry have benefited, although the benefits have been unevenly spread among states.
12
Hernandez, Clemente. "Essays on the Mexican economy." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2003. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/61117530.html.
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Eriksson, Per. "Stadshypoteks plats och bana inom det svenska kreditväsendet 1909-1970 : en socialhistorisk studie." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Ekonomisk-historiska institutionen, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-1200.
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Strong, Steven Michael 1981. "Why US financial workers are unorganized = the 19th century origins of a current problem = Por que os trabalhadores do setor financeiro dos EUA não são sindicalizados? : um problema atual com raízes no século 19." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/286415.
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Orientador: Carlos Salas Páez<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T21:58:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
Strong_StevenMichael_M.pdf: 4434873 bytes, checksum: 262e5c552d0eb06aeb40d7022effc867 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2014<br>Resumo: Trabalhadores do setor financeiro dos EUA apresentam a menor taxa de sindicalização em comparação aos trabalhadores de outras indústrias, e estão entre os menos organizados do mundo. À luz da recente crise econômica, o movimento operário dos EUA, junto com os sindicatos internacionais, tem tido grande interesse em reverter as sombrias taxas de sindicalização, devido à importância destes trabalhadores, que estão dentro de um mercado financeiro globalizado altamente dominado por empresas norte-americanas. O atual desafio em organizar estes trabalhadores está enraizado em uma história profunda de evasão, ignorância, desorientação, repressão, e derrotas para os interesses do sindicalismo dos trabalhadores de escritórios. Este trabalho explora as primeiras raízes dos obstáculos atuais que os trabalhadores do setor financeiro enfrentam na tentativa de se sindicalizar, examinando a resistência popular à formação do Setor Financeiro dos EUA no século 19. Uma visão geral do desenvolvimento inicial do setor financeiro, de suas respostas políticas e da organização do trabalho é fornecida, incluindo informações específicas sobre os trabalhadores do setor financeiro, quando disponíveis. O aumento da feminização do trabalho de colarinho branco após a Guerra Civil dos EUA também é explorado. Os fatores chave que contribuem para as baixas taxas de sindicalização incluem o impacto da liderança sindical influenciada pelo populismo, o que contribuiu para as reformas que promovem uma estrutura financeira descentralizada, a exclusão dos trabalhadores de escritório, a feminização da força de trabalho de escritórios, as atitudes das lideranças sindicais em relação às mulheres e trabalhadores de escritório, e a falta de um partido trabalhista nos EUA, tudo isso combinado com a repressão do governo contra os comunistas que pretendiam organizar o setor. Na conclusão, são apresentadas sugestões para a continuação da pesquisa sobre o porquê de os EUA não possuírem um sindicato dos trabalhadores do setor financeiro<br>Abstract: Financial sector workers in the US suffer from the lowest rate of unionization of workers in any of the industries in the US, and are among the least organized in the world. In light of the recent economic crisis, and given the importance of US financial workers within a globalized financial market highly dominated by US firms, the US labor movement, along with unions internationally, has taken great interest in reversing these dismal unionization rates. The current challenge to organizing these workers is rooted in a deep history of avoidance, ignorance, misguidance, repression, and defeats for the interests of office worker unionism. This work explores the early roots of the current obstacles these workers face in attempting to unionize by examining the popular resistance to US Financial Sector formation in the 19th century. An overview of early financial sector development, political responses, and labor organization is provided, including specific information on financial sector workers when available. The increase and feminization of white-collar work after the US Civil War is explored, especially in the clerical industries of the financial sector. Key factors contributing to low unionization rates include the impact of populist-influenced labor leadership that preferred a decentralized financial structure and excluded clerical workers, the feminization of the clerical labor force, the attitudes of trade union leaders towards women and clerical workers, and the combination of a lack of a labor party in the US and government repression of communists who had the vision to organize the sector. Suggestions for continued research on why the US does not have a financial sector workers union are presented in the conclusion<br>Mestrado<br>Economia Social e do Trabalho<br>Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico
15
Hui, Ching, and 許楨. "Modern transformation of the Huizhou merchant : Wu Jim-pah (1850-1927) the Mandarin-capitalist in late Qing Tianjin." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/207899.
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Contrary to the significance that HSBC and its comprador office made on
the modernisation in China at the turn of the 19th and the 20th Century, studies
about the Bank’s expansion in the Beijing-Tianjin area were exceptionally limited.
In this research, the importance of HSBC’s expansion to North China in the 1880s
will be primarily examined by the Bank and its comprador office’s roles in the
railways development in North China.
During this process, Wu Jim-pah, as the first comprador of HSBC in
Tianjin, offered significant aids in establishing HSBC’s collaboration with the
Qing Court and the influential Bei-yang Ministry under Li Hong-zhang’s
administration. This research is going to examine Wu Jim-pah’s career and
personal development in late Qing Huizhou, Suzhou, Shanghai, Tianjin and
Beijing, so as to answer a series of questions related to China’s social-economic
reforms and its earliest capitalists’ formation at the turn of the centuries.
Moreover, acts as the first academic study focusing on Wu Jim-pah’s
participation in the early modernisation projects of late Qing China, this research
put the collection and classification of historical materials in the central place. The
findings of primary resources from the archives in China and overseas, namely,
the Institute of History and Philology of Academia Sinica in Taipei, the National
Library of China, the Shanghai Library, the Southwest Jiao-tong University, the
Tianjin Academy of Social Sciences (TASS), the HSBC Group Archives, London
School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), as well as the Public Record
Office at Kew, London, could be regarded as the most valuable part of this
research.<br>published_or_final_version<br>Humanities and Social Sciences<br>Doctoral<br>Doctor of Philosophy
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Ehlers, Anton. "Die geskiedenis van die trustmaatskappye en eksekuteurskamers van Boland Bank Beperk tot 1971." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52776.
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Dissertation (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The history of the trust companies and boards of executors of Boland Bank Limited
represents a case study of the process through which these rural institutions, as part of
the broader trust movement in South Africa, established themselves as an integral and
respected part of the local financial and social structure of the communities in which
they operated. It also represents a case study of the pressures to which these local
rural trust companies were subjected by the changing South African financial
environment of the 20th century and of the way they reacted to absorb and counter
these pressures. Their reactions and counter-measures were attempts, on the one hand,
to hold on to and promote, and on the other hand, to get rid of and discard their pasts.
The history of Boland Bank Limited to 1971 represents a case study of the trials and
tnbulations; the successes and failures of this process.
Paarl African Trust Company Limited (PAT) and African Mutual Trust and
Assurance Company Limited (AMT), the two leading role players in the
establishment of Boland Bank Limited, was founded in 1900 as a result of the anti-
British feelings generated among a section of the Afrikaners in the Cape Colony
during the Anglo Boer War. These feelings of nationalism manifested in the
Afrikaners' aspiration towards greater economic self-reliance which in the case of
PAT and AMT led to the establishment of two Afrikaner-controlled local rural trust
companies. These two institutions laid the foundation of a mainly Cape based
tradition oflocal rural trust companies with a predominantly Afrikaans character.
In the first half of the 20th century these institutions established themselves as
dynamic local rural financial institutions serving the financial needs of the
predominantly agricultural economies in which they functioned. As an integral part
of their local communities, they were respected as stabilizing economic and social
agents, -a respect demonstrated by the local inhabitants refering to these institutions
as "my Kamer" (my Board).
The changed nature of the economic system and climate of the post war (Second
World War) period in tandem with the tendency towards stricter state control over the
monetary and financial system and institutions, pressurized small local :financial institutions like trust companies and boards of executors to show a profit. In this
regard PAT and AMT were no exception and together with other similar trust
companies were in danger of becoming outdated financialnational monuments.
Against this background PAT and AMT took the lead in the early sixties in a
successful amalgamation initiative which eventually culminated in the formation of
Boland Bank Limited. This process included 17 institutions of which 16 were local
rural trust companies and boards of executors and created the potential for regaining
their lost dynamic nature. These dynamics would eventually carry them into the 21st
century.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die geskiedenis van die trustmaatskappye en eksekuteurskamers van Boland Bank
Beperk verteenwoordig 'n gevallestudie van die proses waardeur die plattelandse
instellings as deel van die breer trustbeweging in Suid-Afrika hulself as 'n integrale
en gerespekteerde deel van die plaaslike finansiele en sosiale struktuur van die
gemeenskappe waarbinne hulle opgetree het, gevestig het. Dit verteenwoordig ook 'n
gevallestudie van die druk waaraan die veranderende Suid-Afrikaanse finansiele
omgewing van die 20ste eeu die plaaslike plattelandse trustmaatskappye onderwerp
het en die wyse waarop hulle gereageer het in 'n poging om die druk te absorbeer en
te opponeer. Hulle reaksies en teenmaatreels was 'n mengsel van pogings om
enersyds die status quo ten opsigte van hulle manier van dink en doen te handhaaf en
andersyds dit te verwerp of van ontslae te raak. Die geskiedenis van Boland Bank tot
1971 verteenwoordig 'n gevallestudie van die ervaringe en wedervaringe, die
suksesse en ook die mislukkings van die proses.
Paarl African Trust Company Limited (PAT) en die African Mutual Trust and
Assurance Company Limited (AMT) , die twee hoofspelers in die daarstelling van
Boland Bank Beperk, is in 1900 gestig as die resultaat van die anti-Britse gevoel wat
deur die Anglo-Boereoorlog onder 'n deel van die Afrikaners in die Kaapkolonie
gegenereer is. Hierdie gevoel van nasionalisme het gemanifesteer in die Afrikaners se
strewe na groter ekonomiese selfstandigheid wat in die geval van PAT en AMT gelei
het tot die stigting van twee Afrikanerbeheerde plaaslike plattelandse
trustmaatskappye. Die twee instellings het die grondslag van 'n hoofsaaklik Kaaps
gebaseerde tradisie van plaaslike plattelandse trustmaatskappye en eksekuteurskamers
met 'n oorwegende Afrikaanse karakter gele.
In die eerste helfte van die 20ste eeu het die instellings hulself as dinamiese plaaslike
plattelandse finansiele instellings gevestig, wat voorsien het in die finansiele
behoeftes van die oorheersend primere landbou-ekonomie waarbinne hulle
gefunksioneer het. As 'n integrale deel van hulle plaaslike gemeenskappe is bulle as
stabiliserende ekonomiese en sosiale agente gerespekteer. Dit was 'n respek wat
gedemonstreer is deur die plaaslike inwoners se verwysing na die instellings as "my
Kamer". Die veranderde aard van die ekonomiese stelsel en klimaat van die naoorlogse
(Tweede Wereldoorlog) periode in tandem met die tendens van strenger staatsbeheer
oor die monetere en finansiele stelsel en instellings het druk geplaas op die
windsgewendheid van klein plaaslike finansiele instellings soos trustmaatskappye en
eksekuteurskamers. In die verband was PAT en AMT geen uitsondering nie en het
hulIe saam met ander soortgelyke trustmaatskappye die gevaar geloop om oudmodiese
finansiele nasionale monumente te word.
Teen hierdie agtergrond het PAT en AMT in die vroee sestigerjare die leiding geneem
in 'n suksesvolle amalgamasie-inisiatief wat uiteindelik in die stigting van Boland
Bank Beperk gekulmineer het. In die proses is 17 instellings, waarvan 16 plaaslike
plattelandse trustmaatskappye en eksekuteurskamers was, ingesluit en daardeur die
potensiaal geskep om hulle verlore dinamika te herwin, Dit was 'n dinamika wat
hulle uiteindelik tot in die 21ste eeu sou dra.
17
Bowdish, Lawrence A. "Invidious Distinctions: Credit Discrimination Against Women, 1960s–Present." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1281925280.
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Hagberg, Axel. "Bankkrishantering : aktörer, marknad och stat." Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, EHFF - Stiftelsen för Ekonomisk-historisk och Företagshistorisk Forskning, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-1264.
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I likhet med i andra länder har det i Sverige under vissa högkonjunkturer uppstått ett så betydande kapitalöverskott, att den finansiella marknaden fått problem att bemästra flödena. Konsekvensen har blivit att den aggregerade risknivån ökat i takt med stigande tillgångspriser. När väl en kontraktion uppstått, har det saknats kapital för att i ordnade former bemästra de nya ekonomiska förutsättningarna. Det är den utvecklingen som föregått kriserna 1878/79, 1921/22 och 1991/92. Temporära insatser har då måst ske vid sidan av det befintliga institutionella systemet. Forskningen ger för Sveriges del en kriskronologi för det finansiella området med krisåren 1763, 1817/18, 1857/58, 1878/79, 1907/08, 1921/22, 1932/33 och 1991/92. Det har vid kriserna 1878/79, 1921/22 och 1991/92 förelegat ett betydande hot om kollaps av det finansiella systemet. Vid dessa tre tillfällen har det efter förhandlingar mellan bankerna och staten kommit att skapas temporära krishanteringsorganisationer – Järnvägshypoteksfonden 1879, AB Kreditkassan 1922 samt Securum AB 1992 – vid sidan om den svenska Riksbanken. Kriserna har hävts med hjälp av de temporärt skapade krisorganisationerna, vilka samtliga har haft en Lender of Last Resort-funktion. Krishanteringstekniken vid krisen 1921/22 kan ses som en vidareutveckling av den som kommit till användning 1878/79. Även om bakgrunden till krisen 1991/92 skiljer sig åt från de två här tidigare nämnda tillfällena, kom tekniken med överflyttandet av tyngande engagemang till ett nytt bolag att likna den teknik som användes redan av AB Kreditkassan. Trots detta betydde tidigare svenska erfarenheter mindre för krisen 1991/92 i detta fall. Idéerna till Securum hämtades istället från senare tids bankkrishantering i USA med inrättandet av så kallade ”bad banks”. Syftet med denna avhandling är att med en institutionell ansats klarlägga och analysera hur de två första av dessa tre finansiella kriser har hanterats. Avhandlingen belyser i detalj det förhandlingsdrama mellan statens och marknadens aktörer som föregått inrättandet av respektive krisorganisation.
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Santiago, Dawn Teresa. "The banking operations of Lionel and Barron Jacobs in Tucson, Arizona, 1867-1913." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276927.
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This thesis focuses on the financial careers of Lionel and Barron Jacobs in Tucson, Arizona, from 1867 to 1913. As early merchants, the Jacobs brothers discovered that cash and credit were scarce in the region, and in 1870 opened a money exchange and lending business. Then in 1879, the Jacobs brothers opened the Pima County Bank to serve the increased economic activity caused by the Tombstone silver discoveries. Mastering the details of banking, they developed management skills and insights. They organized and operated the First National Bank of Tucson (1882-1885), the Bank of Tucson (1885-1887), the Consolidated Bank of Tucson (1887-1890), and the Arizona National Bank (1890-1913). At retirement the Jacobs brothers were among the preeminent financiers of Arizona. A study of their banking experience provides a valuable perspective on the economic growth of southern Arizona during the late nineteenth century and mirrors the problems that bankers faced on remote frontiers.
20
Li, Kwan-leung, and 李君樑. "The European currency crisis: a replay of strains on bretton woods system." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31954522.
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Tilman, Samuel. "Portrait collectif de grands banquiers belges, Bruxelles - Liège - Anvers, 1830-1935: contribution à une histoire des élites." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211143.
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Portrait collectif de grands banquiers belges Bruxelles-Liège-Anvers (1830-1935). Contribution à une histoire des élites (2 volumes)<p><p>Cette recherche, divisée en trois parties, est une première tentative visant à donner une vision prosopographique assez complète d’un groupe patronal dans la Belgique indépendante d’après 1830. Après avoir défini les principales caractéristiques sélectives de l’échantillon de 382 banquiers, la première partie de la thèse tente de synthétiser de manière principalement quantitative les traits distinctifs de l’élite à l’étude. La seconde partie, alternant approches quantitative et qualitative, propose des pistes de réflexion relatives aux réseaux mis à profit par les banquiers belges dans la constitution de leur tissu relationnel. La dernière partie essaye, en quelques pages synthétiques, de replacer les apports de cette recherche prosopographique dans le contexte économique de l’époque. Elle tente ainsi de jeter des ponts entre l’histoire économique et sociale, toutes deux utiles pour bien cerner les particularités du groupe de banquiers étudiés.<p><p><p><p>Collective portrait of Belgian bankers Brussels-Liège-Antwerp (1830-1935).<p>Contribution to a history of élite (2 volumes).<p><p>This research, which is divided in three parts, aims to give for the first time a quite exhaustive “prosopographic” vision of a group of entrepreneurs in post 1830 independent Belgium. The first part is twofold: it defines the principal criteria of selection of the 382 strong sample of bankers, then aims to synthesize from a quantitative point of view the distinctive features of the elite under study. The second part, which relies on both quantitative and qualitative approaches, offers fresh thinking tracks as to the networks set up by Belgian bankers and the benefits thereof from a relational perspective. The final part aims, quite concisely, to set the contributions of this research back in their original economic context, thus bridging the gap between economic and social history, both equally useful to outline the features of the bankers under consideration. <p><p> <p><br>Doctorat en philosophie et lettres, Orientation histoire<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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El, Daccache Georges. "La Banque de Syrie et du Liban, levier de développement ou instrument de l’impérialisme français ? (1919-1945)." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUL110.
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La Banque de Syrie et du Liban a été créée le 2 janvier 1919 par la Banque Impériale ottomane. Étant une banque commerciale, elle s’est vue attribuer, suite à la signature de la Convention du 23 janvier 1924 avec les États du Levant, le privilège de l’émission de la nouvelle livre libano-syrienne. Cette monnaie est rattachée directement au Franc français afin de faciliter le fonctionnement administratif de la France au Levant et le commerce avec la Métropole. Forte de cette position, la Banque n’a pas hésité d’exercer parallèlement son activité de banque commerciale et en tirer profit. Son activité principale est axée vers le crédit et les avances aux États du Levant et aux particuliers. En plus d’être l’agent financier des États du Levant, elle a été connue aussi pour être une banque de dépôt. Sa position d’une banque émettrice du billet local a inspiré confiance à la population locale pour y venir déposer leurs économies. Sa connaissance du territoire a poussé les capitaux français à s’allier avec elle pour l’exécution de leurs investissements au Levant. Tout au long de son existence, la BSL sera un acteur incontournable de la place financière en Orient. Son histoire est considérée comme indissociable de l’histoire économique du Levant et de la France<br>The Bank of Syria and Lebanon was created on January 2, 1919 by the Imperial Ottoman Bank. Being a commercial bank, it has been attributed, following the signature of the Convention of January 23, 1924 with the States of the Levant, the privilege of the issue of the new Lebanese-Syrian bank-note. This currency is directly attached to the French Franc to facilitate the administrative operation of France in the Levant and trade with the Metropolis. In this position, the Bank has not hesitated to simultaneously carry out its commercial banking activity and profit from it. Its main activity is focused on credit and advances to the Levant States and individuals. In addition to being the financial agent of the Levant States, it has also been known to be a deposit bank. Its position as a bank issuing the local bank-note has inspired confidence to the local population to come and deposit their savings. Its knowledge of the territory has pushed French capital to ally with it for the execution of their investments in the Levant. Throughout its existence, BSL will be a key player in the financial market in the East. Its history is considered inseparable from the economic history of the Levant and France
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FALCHERO, Anna Maria. "Industria e finanza in Italia tra guerra e dopoguerra (1914-1921)." Doctoral thesis, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5757.
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Defence date: 28 November 1988<br>Examining board: Prof. Peter Hertner (supervisor) ; Prof. Giorgio Mori ; Prof. Antonio Confalonieri ; Prof. Alan S. Milward<br>First made available online 9 July 2015
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MATRINGE, Nadia. "L'entreprise florentine et la place de Lyon : l'activité de la banque Salviati au milieu du XVIe siècle." Doctoral thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/29619.
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Defence date: 6 December 2013<br>Examining Board: Professor Antony Molho, EUI (supervisor); Professor Jacques Bottin, CNRS (external supervisor); Professor Antonella Romano, EHESS; Dr. Francesco Guidi Bruscoli, Università degli Studi di Firenze<br>This thesis was awarded the European Business History Association (EBHA) Dissertation Prize 2014 in Utrecht in August 2014.<br>PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses<br>The commercial archives of the Salviati bank of Lyons record the entire activity of one of the most important companies on the 16thcentury marketplace. They also keep information relative to other businessmen and companies on the European scene at the time. This thesis scrutinises the organisation, methods and main sectors of activity of the Salviati bank (exchange, finances and commodities trade) in the middle of the 16th century, at the height of Lyons’ prosperity. It examines mercantile practices in relation to economic spaces and underlines the reciprocal influence of Florentine mercantile traditions and Lyonese economic structures. More specifically, it shows how the involvement of Italian firms in Lyons shaped their choice of business organisation and trade objects and how the strategies of Italian businessmen impacted in turn on the functioning of the marketplace. While the study of the Lyonese branch of a Florentine firm allows to assess its adaptability to local economic structures, the analysis of the activity of the main actors on the Lyons marketplace sheds light on the economic and social processes essential to the good functioning of that marketplace (forms of collaboration between various economic operators and different levels of market integration). This leads to a questioning of many of the hypotheses formulated in the current historiography (mostly, on the basis of local sources), concerning the Italian dominion over Lyons, and a refutation of the vision of market organisation and changing economic conditions that it puts forward. The section devoted to the exchange business, the main field of specialisation of the Salviati bank at the time, challenges the notion of Lyon’s key function in the European system of exchange. The uncovering of previously unknown financial techniques, and of techniques whose use in the space-time frame of this thesis is traditionally denied, brings an additional contribution to the history of banking.
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GARCÍA-MONTÓN, Alejandro. "Génova y el Atlántico (c.1650-1680) : emprendedores mediterráneos frente al auge del capitalismo del norte." Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/32113.
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Defence date: 18 June 2014<br>Examining Board: Professor Bartolomé Yun-Casalilla, EUI-Universidad Pablo de Olavide (Director) Professor Regina Grafe, EUI Professor Cátia Antunes, Leiden University Professor Maria Fusaro, Exeter University.<br>While historiography has analyzed the economic rise of northwestern Europe during Seventeenth century, less effort has been devoted to tackle the relative decline of the Mediterranean. Which factors contributed to eclipse the preeminence of south-European merchant-banking networks? How did they react to that shift? This thesis aims at filling that gap by elaborating on the case-study of the Genoese company of Domenico Grillo, offering insight into those questions. The main argument is that the Genoese not only faced increasing competition for the control of exchange circuits but also the reconfiguration of the institutional arrangements that had sustained their previous role as leaders of European financial markets. Challenging the traditional view of decay, this study reveals an astonishing dynamism of Genoese and Italian merchant-bankers in commercial circuits across and within different states and empires, and suggests that these networks adapted rather than collapsed. Furthermore, it shows something perhaps unexpected: the Genoese response went beyond the Mediterranean and encompassed the Atlantic as well. The thesis starts discussing how the Genoese case has been traditionally approached, to then examine the role of those networks in European circuits of exchange. Next, a deep investigation is carried out into the institutional devices supporting Grillo’s business in the Americas, exploring how he collaborated and competed with other actors. The study continues analyzing the trading chains he established across the Mediterranean, Atlantic Europe and the Americas. Finally it focuses on the many times neglected role displayed by the Republic of Genoa in framing the performance of Genoese networks abroad. Using a transnational approach, sources are interrogated in dialogue with the flourishing literature about merchant networks and institutions. Thus, this investigation goes beyond traditional images about the "Genoese capitalism" and revisits one of the axioms underpinning dominant metanarratives about the rise of the so-called "Western civilization".
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BUTZBACH, Olivier. "Varieties within capitalism?: the modernization of French and Italian saving banks, 1980-2000 y Olivier Butzbach." Doctoral thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5231.
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Defence date: 28 November 2005<br>Examining board: Prof. Colin Crouch (University of Warwick) ; Prof. Richard Deeg (Temple University, Philadelphia) ; Prof. Adriano Giannola (University Federico II, Naples) ; Prof. Martin Rhodes (European University Institute)(Supervisor)<br>PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
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Lockard, Paul Andre. "Banks, insider lending and industries of the Connecticut River Valley of Massachusetts, 1813–1860." 2000. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI9960767.
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The Connecticut River Valley (CRV) industrialized early, yet lacked nearly all of the factors that apparently underlay the successful industrialization of eastern Massachusetts, Rhode Island and the Philadelphia region. Lamoreaux's model of bank insider lending was applied to explain this enigma. According to this model, since many insiders were industrialists, extensive insider lending among New England banks resulted in a flow of funds to manufacturing. To test this hypothesis, a random sample of borrowers from two commercial banks and a complete sample from two savings banks was culled from bank loan ledgers. Federal and state censuses town histories were used to determine occupations of the borrowers and the nature of the businesses that borrowed. The data was analyzed to determine the extent of bank lending to Insiders, and to manufacturers and artisans. Contrary to Lamoreaux's model, little insider lending was found, and the insiders were not industrialists. Individual banks lent only modest amounts to manufacturers and artisans, and bank lending was a very small source of industry capital. The largest recipients of bank credit, as a percent of bank loans, were the local elites of lawyers, followed by merchants and farmers. Loans to individual farmers were typically small, however. Loans to industries and artisans went to a wide variety of industries and firm types. While commercial banks lent short term, the savings banks lent long term, noticeably to railroads. These results suggest that access to credit was a factor that shaped the unique pathway to both rising Industrialism and capitalism in the CRV during the antebellum period.
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"The Hong Kong banking crisis of 1982/86: a repetition of the United Kingdom secondary banking crisis of 1973/75." Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1987. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5885756.
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"The evolution of the People's Bank of China as the central bank in China since 1978." 1999. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5889489.
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by Sze Ho-Yee.<br>Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 48-49).<br>ABSTRACT --- p.ii<br>TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iii<br>Chapter<br>Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1<br>General Background --- p.1<br>Research Objectives --- p.3<br>Framework of the Study --- p.3<br>Chapter II. --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.4<br>Chapter III. --- TYPICAL CENTRAL BANK FUNCTIONS --- p.8<br>Policy Function --- p.8<br>Banking Function --- p.9<br>Prudential Function --- p.10<br>Developmental and Research Function --- p.10<br>Chapter IV. --- A REVIEW OF THE BANKING INDUSTRY IN CHINA --- p.12<br>The Central Bank --- p.12<br>State Specialized Banks --- p.13<br>Policy Banks --- p.14<br>Other Commercial banks and Foreign Banks --- p.15<br>Chapter V. --- ROLE OF THE PEOPLE'S BANK OF CHINA AND THE UNDERLYING LEGAL FRAMEWORK --- p.16<br>Formation of PBOC --- p.16<br>Establishment of a legal framework for the Central Bank - PBOC --- p.17<br>Autonomy of the Central Bank - PBOC --- p.17<br>Primary Objective of the Central Bank - PBOC --- p.18<br>Functions of the Central Bank - PBOC --- p.19<br>Monetary Control --- p.19<br>Prudential Regulatory Control --- p.21<br>Currency Issuance and Payment Transfer Systems Control --- p.21<br>Legal Entity --- p.22<br>Chapter VI. --- EVOLUTION OF THE ROLE OF THE PBOC --- p.23<br>"PBOC as a ""Monobank""" --- p.24<br>PBOC as an Independent Ministry --- p.25<br>PBOC as the Central bank --- p.26<br>Independence of the PBOC --- p.27<br>Degree of autonomy for the PBOC --- p.28<br>Chapter VII. --- FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE CHANGES OF PBOC'S ROLE --- p.30<br>Institutional Change --- p.30<br>Economic Reforms --- p.32<br>Market Competition --- p.33<br>Chapter VIII. --- CONCLUSION --- p.35<br>APPENDIX --- p.37<br>BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.48
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POHLE, FRASER Monika. "Noisy optimists : risk management in French and German banks in the 19th and early 20th centuries." Doctoral thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5944.
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Defence date: 29 March 1999<br>Examining Board: Prof. Albert Carerras (Universidad Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona), co-supervisor ; Prof. Peter Hertner (University of Halle), supervisor ; Prof. Alain Plessis (Université Paris X Nanterre) ; Prof. Jaime Reis (European University Institute)<br>PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
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Amaghlobeli, David. "Financial development and technical efficiency : Georgian banking in transition, 1991-2000." Thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/29327.
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In this study overall financial development and the performance of commercial
banks in Georgia during 1991-2000 is analyzed. Georgian banking system emerged
from a scratch after the country gained its independence in 1991. Initial reform path
turned out to be very arduous, full of failures and disappointments. After complete
chaos of 1991-1994 the banking sector recovered quickly owing to extreme
measures taken by the authorities. We discuss in detail the policies pursued by the
National Bank of Georgia, the outcomes of these policies and contrast general
performance of Georgian banks with banks in other transitional economies and
developed countries.
To measure performance of individual commercial banks in 2000, Data
Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was employed. DEA has been extensively used to
study commercial bank efficiency over the last two decades. Major advantages of
DEA are its applicability to small samples, employment of less information than
required by alternative parametric approaches (e.g. information on prices and the
knowledge of functional form for the production relationship is not necessary) and
the ability to perform analysis with multiple inputs and outputs.
We found that inefficiency in the Georgian banking sector was equally due to pure
technical and scale inefficiencies; large banks were oversized because of excessive
branching contributing to their scale inefficiency; and there was a significant
positive relationship between efficiency and profitability.<br>Graduation date: 2002
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Pateguana, Carmelia. "The Bank of Mozambique : historical review from 1975 to 2010." Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/21785.
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The Banco de Moçambique (Bank) was established in May 17, 1975. The 1920 Brussels Conference recommended that in countries without a central bank, it should be created. The ‘Bank’ followed the new model of emerging countries’ central banks (mid-1950s), where those central banks regulated and controlled an existing financial system and promoted the emergence of a money and capital market.
From 1975 the Bank performed commercial functions until 1992, when the functions of commercial banking and central banking were separated. Mozambique tried to establish a socialist society. The prevailing financial system, primarily consisting of of expatriate banks, was reorganised under the state bank. This was a restructuring and integration process. In 1980 the Metical, the new currency of Mozambique, was introduced.
In the 1980s weakening economic conditions in Mozambique mandated the reconsideration of post-independence economic policies. In 1984 Mozambique accepted assistance from the Bretton Woods institutions and from 1987 the country embraced the Economic Rehabilitation Program. The Bank embarked on monetary, credit, supervisory and regulatory policies reforms, to consolidate conventional central bank functions.<br>History<br>M.A. (History)
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Donelle, Justin. "Central banking: political opportunism or economic necessity?" Master's thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-304805.
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Throughout history, at multiple times, countries have implemented central banking systems by monopolizing currencies. The following study looks at key indicators such as bond yields, central bank legislation and free banking era legislation to identify whether changes were due to economic necessity or political opportunism on the part of politicians. The study will analyze 5 countries, most notably Australia, Sweden, Switzerland, United States and Scotland, all of which have had a free banking period and can shed some light on the topic of transition from a free banking system to a centralized monopoly. The comparison draws light on the diverse problems and challenges that arose, most notably finding that in the majority of cases, government intervention caused the banking system to become unstable and help governments to engage in large debt financing under the central banking era. Keywords: Free Banking; Rent-Seeking; Comparative Banking Systems; Central Banks; Political Economy of Monetary Institutions JEL Classification: B53, E02, E42, E44, F59, N13, N14, N11, N12, N21, N22, N23, N24
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SCHMITZ, Stéphanie Anne Marie. "L’influence de l’élite monétaire européenne et des réseaux informels sur la coopération des Six en matière d’intégration économique (1958-1969)." Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/33076.
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Defence date: 8 October 2014<br>Examining Board:
Professeur Kiran Patel, Maastricht University; Professeur Federico Romero, European University Institute; Professeur René Leboutte, Université du Luxembourg; Professeur Eric Bussière, Université Paris–Sorbonne<br>Ce projet cherche à démontrer l’apparition d’une élite monétaire issue d’une coopération transnationale organisée en réseaux et à en déterminer l’influence sur le processus de prise de décision en matière d’intégration économique et monétaire. La volonté d’élaborer cette étude part du constat, formulé notamment par David D. Cameron, qu’en relation avec les origines de l’Union économique et monétaire, l’aspect transnational de la politique mise en oeuvre fut jusqu’à présent négligée par les études sur l’Union européenne. La rareté de la littérature concernant l'intégration économique et monétaire pendant les années soixante, découle de la perception que cette période fut une époque d’échecs, pendant laquelle aucun accomplissement concret en matière d'intégration économique et monétaire ne fut acquis au niveau communautaire. En effet, la chronologie des grandes dates de la mise en place de l’Union économique et monétaire fait apparaître qu'au niveau institutionnel européen, l'essentiel des débats initiaux sur l'identité monétaire, provoqués par le déclin du système de Bretton Woods, se déroula pendant les crises monétaires de 1969 à 1973 et en relation avec l'entrée de la Grande-Bretagne au sein de la CEE. Cependant, ne s'arrêter que sur l'analyse des accomplissements effectués à l'échelle des instances de la Communauté européenne à partir du Sommet de La Haye en 1969, consisterait à occulter la présence, parallèle à l’action des instances officielles, d’un débat et d’une promotion permanente d’idées, ayant trait à l’approfondissement de l’intégration économique et monétaire, idées qui certes ne furent dans leur majorité pas appliquées, mais qui constituèrent néanmoins la base des premières réalisations concrètes. Cette étude portera ainsi en premier lieu sur l’analyse des enceintes communautaires et informelles au sein desquels les débats sur l’intégration économique et monétaire étaient une priorité, ainsi que sur leurs compositions respectives, ce qui permettra l’identification d’une élite monétaire. Ensuite il s’agira non seulement d’étudier les idées formulées au sein de ces instances mais également d’évaluer les liens entre ces enceintes et l’évolution des idées, acquise par le débat permanent, afin de pouvoir en estimer l’influence sur les décisions finales de la Communauté européenne.
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DI, QUIRICO Roberto. "Il sistema bancario italiano all'estero e l'integrazione finanziaria internazionali dell'Italia negli anni tra le due guerre." Doctoral thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5746.
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Defence date: 2 March 1998<br>Examining Board: Franco Bonelli, III Università di Roma ; Peter Hertner, Universität Halle ; Alan Steel Milward, Istituto Universitario Europeo (supervisor)<br>First made available online 25 August 2017<br>Con l'inizio del nuovo secolo ed in particolare dopo la fine della prima guerra mondiale, le maggiori banche italiane iniziarono ad aprire filiali all'estero o a costituire banche affiliate in paesi in cui si aprivano opportunità di penetrazione economica per la finanza e l'industria italiane. Questo processo di internazionalizzazione raggiunse il culmine nel corso degli anni Venti quando, anche grazie all'attività delle banche italiane all'estero, le relazioni internazionali della finanza italiana si intensificarono e permisero un maggior grado di apertura dell'economia del nostro paese agli influssi internazionali oltre che il temporaneo superamento di alcuni dei più vistosi ostacoli al processo di sviluppo economico italiano quali la scarsità di capitali e di valute pregiate. Questo maggior grado di apertura internazionale si ripercosse però in modo molto negativo sul sistema finanziario ed industriale italiano con il sopraggiungere della crisi dei primi anni Trenta che creò tali difficoltà da costringere lo Stato ad un massiccio intervento di salvataggio. Quando sopraggiunsero poi i problemi legati alle sanzioni contro l'Italia per l'aggressione all'Etiopia ed il progressivo avvicinamento dell'Italia all'area di influenza politica ed economica tedesca, l'elemento valutario assunse un ruolo predominante nelle preoccupazioni dei responsabili della politica economica italiana ed il sistema di banche e filiali italiane all'estero assunse un nuovo ruolo quale collettore di divise pregiate e di canale di connessione con l'estero della sempre più debole finanza italiana. Le vicende delle banche italiane all'estero nella prima metà del XX secolo forniscono dunque una serie di spunti di notevole interesse per comprendere meglio i principali aspetti della storia economica italiana di quel periodo e per delineare quelle interazioni tra vicende economiche e scelte politiche che costituiscono uno degli elementi chiave della storia italiana degli anni in esame.
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Colaço, Marta. "Unicredit anking sector: Italy’s prodigy bank returns." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/35216.
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ZIEGLER, Dieter. "Das Korsett der alten Dame : die Geschäftspolitik der Bank of England, 1860-1913." Doctoral thesis, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/6026.
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Defence date: 14 June 1988<br>Examining board: Dr. Philip L. Cottrell, University of Leicester ; Prof. Dr. Peter Hertner, EHI ; Prof. Dr. Alan S. Milward, London School of Economics ; Prof. Dr. Sidney Pollard, Universität Bielefeld ; Prof. Dr. Richard H. Tilly, Universität Münster<br>PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
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PAULET, Elisabeth. "The role of banks in monitoring firms : evidence from the case of the credit mobilier." Doctoral thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5032.
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Defence date: 26 June 1995<br>Examining board: Peter Hertner, E.U.I. ; Prof. William Kennedy, London School of Economics ; Prof. Maurice Levy-Leboyer, University of Paris X ; Prof. David Scharfstein, M.I.T., Cambridge ; Prof. Robert Waldmann, E.U.I., Supervisor<br>PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
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DICKHAUS, Monika. "Zwischen Europa und der Welt :Die internationale Waehrungspolitik der Deutschen Zentralbank 1949-1958." Doctoral thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5745.
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Defence date: 20 March 1995<br>Examining board: Prof. Dr. Werner Abelshauser, Bielefeld (Doktovater) ; Prof. Dr. Richard T. Griffiths, Florenz ; Prof. Dr. Gerd Hardach, Marburg ; Prof. Dr. Peter Hertner, Florenz ; Prof. Dr. Alan S. Milward, London<br>PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
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Horesh, Niv. "British banknotes in China : the Bund and beyond, 1864-1937." Phd thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150292.
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Juhász, Michal. "Řešení bankovních krizí." Master's thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-306066.
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The Diploma Thesis deals with the banking crisis and aims to account for different approaches to the understanding of the nature of banking crisis. The Thesis further aims to provide answers why the banking crisis are caused and why so far there are no measures that would effectivelly prevent such crisis. At first, the Thesis states the definition of banking with the emphasis on banks as the institutional backbone of the current functioning of the financial system. The Thesis pays specific attention to the characteristics of two basic legal banking instruments, particulary loans and deposits. While acknowledging the loan expansion, the thesis argues the role of regulatory authorities and the limits of their competences in regards to the prevention of crisis. Followingly, the Thesis offers a view on a banking crisis phenomenon with appropriate historical overview outlining the banking crisis in Czechoslovakia in years 1918 to 1939 and after 1989, the loan expension influence on the business cycles and approaches to banking crisis solving in respect to stabilization of the banking system and restructuring of banks. At last but not least, the Thesis sums up the global financial crisis that started as a banking crisis, respectively as a crisis of one segment of the banking market in the United States...
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Laas, Andre Otto. "A structured approach to the strategic positioning of asset-backed short-term finance : a South African perspective." Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/23573.
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The emerging financial industry of asset-backed short-term finance was investigated by this study. Literature indicated that banks, locally and globally, are forced by regulation and the use of information technology, to rely less on human judgement and more on programmed decision-making, when evaluating loan applications. This leads to time-consuming processes with non-standard loan applications and loss of opportunities for business persons. Asset-backed short-term finance is a market response to this tendency. Due to the emerging nature of this industry, no previous academic description of or investigation into this industry could be found – a gap in academic literature which this study aims to fill. The industry is strategically positioned in relation to banks by focusing on functionality for urgent non-standard loan applications (period between application and decision, and access to decision-makers) as value proposition, where banks are found lacking. Relatively high interest rates form the profit proposition, as firms in this industry have limited access to funds. Collateral is central as risk-mitigating strategy, forming a part of the profit proposition. The people proposition is essential, as the industry is distinguished by individualised decision-making. A survey among customers of this industry identified four clusters of potential customers: The first had no needs unfulfilled by banks, while the other three clusters were attracted by either functionality, or the evaluation of collateral in contrast to repayment ability, or a combination of the two. A survey among providers revealed hesitance to supply information and a low level of agreement on strategic matters – possibly due to the emergent nature of the industry. It is asserted that the basis for further study was laid.<br>Business Management<br>D. Com. (Business Management)
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Hardy, Marc Alan. "Defining community need through the lens of the elite : a history of the Indianapolis Foundation and its funding of the Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra, 1893-1984." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/3086.
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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)<br>This history investigates the beginnings of community foundations in general and the creation of the Indianapolis Foundation specifically and its eventual funding of the Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra. My findings reveal that, contrary to previous histories that have been written, the creation of community foundations was not driven by benevolence but by changes in federal and state banking laws starting in 1913 that allowed banks to have trust departments that broke the monopoly that trust companies had long enjoyed. In response, trust company executives chartered community trusts to publicly position themselves as benevolent, community-minded businessmen. This distinguished them as trustworthy compared to the greedy bankers of the day, which helped trust companies gain trust customers. Community trusts were responsible for identifying and disbursing funds to deserving beneficiaries, thereby relieving trust companies of a costly and time consuming burden. Even more important, the trust companies retained control over the community trusts by appointing surrogate board members. In addition, none of the trust companies that chartered the Indianapolis Foundation donated their own money, yet appeared charitable. All of these factors made community foundations a very lucrative arrangement.
Funding the areas of arts and culture was not designated in the Indianapolis Foundation’s original purpose statement, yet the Indiana State Symphony Society was funded at the height of the Great Depression while many Indianapolis citizens went hungry. The love of music played a very small part in efforts by the wealthy elite to garner support from the Indianapolis Foundation for the Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra. The public justifications for funding the symphony began with giving psychological relief to the citizens of Indianapolis from the pressures of the Great Depression, to the need of employment for musicians, then the importance of musical education of children, expanding to the importance of the symphony to the city’s reputation, and finally, in the 1980s, the symphony as a community asset that helped rejuvenate downtown Indianapolis. However, the real reason for funding was that the wealthy elite wanted the symphony to use as a flattering cultural institution that would elevate their social status and attract fellow elites and businesses to Indianapolis.