Relevant bibliographies by topics / Banks and banking – Italy – History

Academic literature on the topic 'Banks and banking – Italy – History'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Banks and banking – Italy – History"

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A'HEARN, BRIAN. "Finance-led divergence in the regions of Italy." Financial History Review 12, no. 1 (April 2005): 7–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565005000028.

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The article evaluates finance-led growth as an explanation for regional divergence in Italy over the years 1890–1910. Regional banking disparities are documented and the hypothesis developed that the financial crisis of the early 1890s struck the fledgling Southern Italian banking system at a vulnerable moment, distorting its subsequent development and handicapping the region's economy. The South is revealed to have been a chronically (over the entire period) and comprehensively (on every indicator) unhealthy environment for banks. Further evidence indicates that regional divergence in bank assets was largely due to the South's failure to develop the entire range of large banks. Size-class transition matrix analysis reveals that the typical Southern bank failed to reach a large size because it was born smaller (and less frequently) than in the North, suffered a higher mortality rate, especially in the smaller classes, and had lower growth probabilities, especially in the larger categories. The salience of deposits on the liability side and government securities on the asset side suggests that they reflected more than directly caused the development of their local economies.
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Solari, Stefano. "Luigi Luzzatti and the making of the Italian monetary system." HISTORY OF ECONOMIC THOUGHT AND POLICY, no. 2 (March 2021): 67–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/spe2020-002004.

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After unification (1861) Italy had to face a badly integrated and oddly struc-tured financial system as well as some fragmented or lacking institutions. The fi-nancial position of the country was characterised by double deficit in public and external balance. That caused several monetary and financial difficulties. In par-ticular, monetary and banking institutions had to be step-by-step integrated and reorganised to support economic development in this new economic space. Luigi Luzzatti has been one of the main protagonists of this process of institution build-ing. Besides his commitment with trade tariff negotiation and a variety of initiative in industry and environmental protection, he dedicated a wide effort to monetary institutions. He was one of the main supporters of the "Latin Monetary Union", which lasted from 1865 to 1928 and contributed to reforms dealing with the prob-lem of the plurality of emission banks and of their control. Luzzatti also engaged in the development of "popular banks" to contribute to the structuring of the credit system from the bottom.
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BATTILOSSI, STEFANO. "Did governance fail universal banks? Moral hazard, risk taking, and banking crises in interwar Italy1." Economic History Review 62 (August 2009): 101–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2008.00442.x.

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Faccia, Alessio, Narcisa Roxana Moşteanu, Luigi Pio Leonardo Cavaliere, and Gabriele Santis. "The rise of online banks in Italy “WIDIBA Bank” Case Study." Financial Markets, Institutions and Risks 4, no. 2 (2020): 80–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/fmir.4(2).80-97.2020.

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The digitalization of technologies for the functioning of the country’s economy, in particular banking institutions, has made a significant impetus to accelerate their development. It is stated that the use of advanced information technologies in the banking sector of the economy (which was gradually formalized into the concept of “online banking”) has greatly facilitated the implementation of financial transactions, in particular, minimized the physical circulation of money. The purpose of the article is to study the features and principles of online banking on the example of the Italian bank WIDIBA. Methodical support of the paper includes a method of analysis of specific situations. The key components of the case method of the study are research on the basis of literature review; formalization of key theses (issues) in the context of the unresolved part of the study; accumulation and analysis of collected information; identification of key features of the issue. This research was carried out in the light of two aspects: the strategic principles of the spread of online banking in Italy; digital technologies in the context of the strategic perspective of the Italian bank WIDIBA. The paper considers the historical aspects of the introduction and use of online banking services. It is noted that in Italy today there are 207 publicly registered commercial establishments, of which 81 are located abroad, and 6 operate mostly in the format of providing online banking services. The object of this research is the activity of the Italian bank WIDIBA, which is justified by its valuable practical experience in formalizing a plan of adequate timely strategy for entering the market of online banking services on the basis of a carefully developed development strategy. The theoretical researches were carried out in the work, in particular, in the following directions: definition of strategic actions of bank establishment according to a time lag of functioning; analysis of the budget of the banking institution (net profitability, interest margin, operating and administrative expenses, etc.); analysis of the income statement of the bank (the ratio of net profit and loss, interest margin and brokerage margin); work with financial report or balance sheet data on the structure of assets, liabilities, and investments, retained earnings; study of trend dynamics of cash flows (operational, financial, investment and free cash flows). Excellent strategies are analyzed, which demonstrate how the banking sector is extremely dynamic and, that technological investments still allow easier access to new operators in case of the implementation of innovation strategies. Keywords: Online banks; online banking; electronic banking; fintech; financial services; WIDIBA; banking sector; banks’ strategies.
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Capece, Guendalina, and Domenico Campisi. "A Behavioural Model of E-Banking Usage in Italy." International Journal of Engineering Business Management 5 (January 1, 2013): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/56606.

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E-banking is defined as the automated delivery of new and traditional banking products and services directly to customers through electronic, interactive communication channels. “Pure online” banks are characterized by the absence of physical windows and front-office personnel. Traditional banks are still integrating traditional distribution channels with online ones; the scenario is therefore still evolving over time. Despite the intrinsic potentialities, Italy is far from being a leader in the usage of innovative online instruments in the banking system and will struggle with new innovation waves. In this paper, we measure the potential effective e-banking usage. Furthermore, we investigate the behaviour of users and adopters, identifying the major causes influencing satisfaction and usage and the impact of these different causes on the intensity of utilization. The analysis is based on a panel of 495 real users, thus allowing the profiling of the Italian adopter to discover the causes of usage and outline strategies for the growth of e-banking services in Italy.
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Pauluzzo, Rubens, and Enrico Fioravante Geretto. "Validating the EUCS Model to Measure the Level of Satisfaction of Internet Users in Local Banks in Italy." Journal of Organizational and End User Computing 30, no. 1 (January 2018): 66–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/joeuc.2018010104.

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In this study, the EUCS model has been used for measuring online banking user satisfaction in the local banking sector. The authors focused on Italian co-operative banks. The study involved the submission of a questionnaire to a sample of 600 retail consumers of small-sized co-operative banks. The model was tested with SEM techniques. The findings reinforce EUCS theory for internet banking satisfaction with large sample size, and provide evidence about the psychometric stability of the EUCS tool for measuring online banking user satisfaction in the local banking setting. The study will be useful to policy makers and banks to better understand why internet banking is not the favoured channel for service delivery in Italy and which are the main factors able to increase the acceptance of the online banking channel.
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Giddey, Thibaud, and Malik Mazbouri. "Banking crises, banking mortality and the structuring of the banking market in Switzerland, 1850–2000." Financial History Review 29, no. 2 (August 2022): 247–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565022000129.

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The Swiss financial centre, as it developed during the twentieth century, has for a long time been presented and perceived as a singularly stable and solid environment escaping crises and restructuring. This view, promoted by the dominant actors – private banks, cantonal banks and large commercial banks – presenting their own development, in a teleological vision, as success stories, is strongly challenged by more recent research developments. Our article deals with the evolution of banking demography in Switzerland between 1850 and 2000 and examines the exits of banking institutions from the statistics, identifying six periods of crisis and restructuring. The article proposes a new statistical series that makes it possible to scrutinise with a high level of granularity the banks that fail or are taken over, in particular by observing their category of bank and, for the period 1934–99, their size. It uses historical banking demography as a gateway to understand more broadly the phases of transformation of the financial centre. In doing so, this contribution questions the gap between the existence of significant phases of banking instability, their low importance in collective memory, and the perception of the Swiss banking sector as a model of stability. It also helps to refine our understanding of the evolution of the Swiss financial centre in general.
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Marichal, Carlos. "Banking History and Archives in Latin America." Business History Review 82, no. 3 (2008): 585–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007680500082660.

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In recent years, business history has become a rich and varied terrain for research in Latin America. In this essay, I will present an overview of key aspects of banking history in the region, with an emphasis on the sources that are available in Argentina and Mexico. The extensive archives that have been built up in both countries offer historians the opportunity to study an array of topics: histories of individual banks; the evolution of banking systems; the relation between banking firms and industrial and agricultural development; the role of banks in government finance; the unique historical trajectories of central banks; the rise and relative decline of state-development banks; and the complex history of foreign banks in Latin America from the nineteenth century to the present.
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Swanson, Kara W. "Body Banks: A History of Milk Banks, Blood Banks, and Sperm Banks in the United States." Enterprise & Society 12, no. 4 (December 2011): 749–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1467222700010661.

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My dissertation traces the invention and development of a new form of banking, body banking. Today, the body bank as an institution that collects, stores, processes, and distributes a human body product is a taken-for-granted aspect of medicine in the United States. We donate to blood banks, we cherish sperm bank babies, and we contemplate many sorts of banks, including cord blood banks, gene banks, and egg banks. Such institutions have existed for the past century in the metaphorical shadow of financial banks, and like those better-studied banks have stirred considerable controversy. The driving question behind my dissertation is simply, why banks? How did we come to use “bank” to apply to bodies as well as to dollars? More intriguingly, what does this analogy show us and what is it hiding?
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Ben Bouheni, Faten. "Banking regulation and supervision: can it enhance stability in Europe?" Journal of Financial Economic Policy 6, no. 3 (July 29, 2014): 244–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfep-11-2013-0059.

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Purpose – This paper aims to find the effects of regulatory and supervisory policies on bank risk-taking. The same regulation and supervision have different effects on bank risk-taking depending on influence factors. These factors were considered and a sample of the largest European banks from France, Germany, UK, Italy, Spain and Greece was used over the period 2005-2011. Design/methodology/approach – In this paper, the author analyses the effects of regulation and supervision on risk-taking. The author uses a sample of the biggest banks from six European countries (France, UK, Germany, Italy, Spain and Greece) over the period 2005-2011. Because the applicable entry of IFRS was in 2005, thus data of European banks are not available before this date. For each country in the sample, the 10 largest banks (defined by total assets) that lend money to firms were identified. The author does not include central banks or postal banks, which generally do not lend money to firms and are described as non-banking institutions (La Porta et al., 2002). Findings – It was found that restrictions on bank activities, supervisors’ power and capital adequacy decrease risk-taking. Thus, regulation and supervision enhance bank’s stability. While, deposit insurance increases the risk due to its association to moral hazard. Finally, it was found that strengthening regulatory and supervisory framework raises the risk-taking and weakens the stability of European banks. Originality/value – The author contributes to existing empirical analyses in three ways. First, the existing literature has drawn a lot of attention on US banks. However, the purpose of this paper is to examine the biggest banks of three European leaders (France, Germany and UK) and three more European countries influenced by the recent crisis (Spain, Italy and Greece) over the period 2005-2011. Second, most studies focus mainly on the relationship between regulation and profitability, yet seldom on the relationship between regulation, supervision and risk-taking. The author focuses on this relationship. Third, this study applies the two-step dynamic panel data approach suggested by Blundell and Bond (1998) and also uses dynamic panel generalized method of moments (GMM) method to address potential problems. The two-step GMM estimator that the author uses is generally the most efficient.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Banks and banking – Italy – History"

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BALABAN, Ioan. "International and multinational banking under Bretton Woods (1945-1971) : the experience of Italian banks." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/1814/69996.

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Defence date: 11 February 2021
Examining Board: Professor Youssef Cassis (European University Institute); Professor Federico Romero (European University Institute); Professor Catherine Schenk (Oxford University); Professor Stefano Battilossi (University of Carlo III)
Business economists and financial historians distinguish between a first and a second wave of international and multinational banking. The Great Depression and the two World Wars interrupted the first wave which began in the mid 19th century. The second wave began in the 1960s and was triggered by the advent of the Euromarkets under the international monetary regime of Bretton Woods (1944-1971). The thesis investigates the determinants of the internationalization of European commercial banks under Bretton Woods by focusing on the experience of Italian banks. I argue that Italian banks re-entered international and multinational banking from the late 1940s onwards in order to contribute to establish Italy as a commercial power. Competition between the banks in the international arena led them to integrate Eurodollar deposits into their international and domestic banking strategies in the 1950s and the 1960s thus contributing to the globalization of finance. The big European continental commercial banks internationalized in parallel to Italian banks and for the same reasons. Nevertheless, in contrast to latter, the former became major actors in the Euromarkets as a result of the American challenge after 1965. The thesis argues that the growth of the Euromarkets in the second half of the 1960s was sponsored by the Federal Reserve of the United States. The Federal Reserve encouraged the growth of the Euromarkets, and the role of American banks in the market, in order to defend the US official gold stock and the US balance of payments. Sources are drawn from bank and central bank archives in Italy, France and the United States.
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Page, Shawn. "Banks and Bankers in Denton County, Texas, 1846-1940." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2016. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc955049/.

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This thesis investigates the importance banks, and bankers had with the development of the Denton County Texas from the 1870s until the beginning of the Second World War. Specifically, their role in the formation of both private and public infrastructure as well as the facilitation towards a more diverse economy. Key elements of bank development are outlined in the study including private, national, and state bank operations.
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Kim, Song Whan. "The rise in public sector banking : the Japanese banks in Korea, 1878-1938." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.307198.

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Wong, Ho-sze Cecilia, and 黃浩思. "A history of the Wing Lung Bank Co. Ltd." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42575746.

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Lam, Chun-cheung Otto, and 林準祥. "A study of the origins, emergence and development of Western banking in China, 1770s-1866." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B38031012.

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Villalpando-Benitez, Mario. "THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF BANKING REGULATION: THE CASE OF MEXICO, 1940-1978." The Ohio State University, 2000. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/50266785.html.

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Kleeberg, John Martin. "The Disconto-Gesellschaft and German industrialization : a critical examination of the career of a German universal bank 1851-1914." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1988. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:48874939-164a-4064-8473-3d08d1797559.

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This thesis uses the history of the Disconto-Gesellschaft to argue that the role of universal banks in fostering German industrialization was less than has previously been assumed. The archive of the Disconto-Gesellschaft is not currently accessible, so the thesis will use industrial archives to examine the bank's relations with industrial companies. After a discussion of the literature, a summary of other Disconto-Gesellschaft ventures shows that the Dortmunder Union was not an isolated disaster, but one among many. The thesis discusses the boom of 1867-1873 and. suggests it was engendered by a spate of railway building which fed into heavy industry. The next section recounts how the collapse of universal banks during financial crises led most countries outside Germany to separate commercial from investment banking either by law or by custom. The first chapter concludes with a discussion of how German industry raised capital. The second chapter discusses the origins of the Disconto- Gesellschaft; David Hansemann's introduction of a new corporate form, the Kommanditgesellschaft auf Aktien; the Disconto- Gesellschaft' s rise during the crisis of 1859, relations with competitors, internal structure and the character of its management and supervisory board. The third chapter treats the history of the Dortmunder Union, and the reasons for its failure. The fourth chapter discusses Krupp's difficulties in raising funds; how the Disconto-Gesellschaft coped with the problem of lending to two competing firms, Krupp and the Union; and management of this conflict through the rail cartel. The fifth chapter uses the correspondence of Kirdorf and Russell to discuss the coal industry's plight in the 1870's, and the reasons for the success of the Gelsenkirchener Bergwerks-Actien-Gesellschaft. The conclusion suggests that private banks were more successful in financing industry than universal banks like the Disconto-Gesellschaft because their great number meant that even a Krupp could find a private banker who believed in him, and because their narrow capital bases prevented them from keeping lame ducks alive.
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Engzell, Christofer. "Islamic banks in the United Kingdom : Growth in the 21st century." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Ekonomisk-historiska institutionen, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-88134.

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Welch, Peter. "Model Specification for Bank Failure: A Retrospective Look at Banks in Missouri during the Great Depression." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1765.

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This paper examines banks in Missouri during the Great Depression in order to find the correct model specification for bank failure during economic downturns. The data set controls for a bank’s balance sheet, correspondent network, charters and memberships, county characteristics, and market share, and includes both Federal Reserve member and non-member banks. Using a probit model, it is concluded that the contractionary monetary policy employed by the St. Louis Federal Reserve did not help bank survival, as being a member of the Federal Reserve had no significant effect on a bank’s probability of survival. Additionally, while an increased network led to higher rates of bank survival, connections to Chicago show evidence of contagion risk. Finally, the paper concludes that for future model specification it is important to capture balance sheet, network, and environment characteristics, as leaving out certain information can lead to omitted variable bias.
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Wong, Ho-sze Cecilia. "A history of the Wing Lung Bank Co. Ltd. : its growth & development = Yonglong Yin Hang fa zhan shi /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42575746.

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Books on the topic "Banks and banking – Italy – History"

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1949-, Spinelli Franco, and Spinelli Franco 1949-, eds. A monetary history of Italy. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

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Goldthwaite, Richard A. Banks, palaces, and entrepreneurs in Renaissance Florence. Aldershot, Hampshire, Great Britain: Variorum, 1995.

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The economy of Renaissance Florence. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008.

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1900-, Lane Frederic Chapin, ed. The Venetian money market: Banks, panics, and the public debt, 1200-1500. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1997.

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Commerce méditerranéen et banquiers italiens au Moyen Age. Hampshire, Great Britain: Variorum, 1992.

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C, Mueller Reinhold, ed. Money and banking in medieval and Renaissance Venice: Coins and moneys of account. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985.

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Simone, Ennio De. La Banca Sannitica: Economia e credito a Benevento fra Ottocento e Novecento. Napoli: Edizioni scientifiche italiane, 1999.

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Nappi, Eduardo. L'albergo dei poveri: Documenti inediti XVIII-XX secolo. Napoli: Arte tipografica, 2001.

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Giuseppe, Felloni, ed. La Casa di San Giorgio: Il potere del credito : atti del convegno, Genova, 11 e 12 novembre 2004. Genova: Società ligure di storia patria, 2006.

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Cà de Sass, Milano. [Torino]: Intesa Sanpaolo, 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "Banks and banking – Italy – History"

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Boccuzzi, Giuseppe. "The first application of the BRRD: the case of the four banks in resolution." In Banking Crises in Italy, 53–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-01344-7_4.

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Royo, Sebastián. "Introduction: Spanish Banking—How Do We Explain a History of Fragility?" In Why Banks Fail, 1–51. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-53228-2_1.

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Larsson, Mats, Kristina Lilja, and Tom Petersson. "The Savings Banks and the Swedish Banking System." In Palgrave Studies in the History of Finance, 19–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80775-7_3.

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Finel-Honigman, Irene. "Socio-History of French Banks and Banking: Role Model for Global Banking." In The Changing Environment of International Financial Markets, 304–12. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23161-4_20.

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Rinaldi, Alberto, and Anna Spadavecchia. "The banking-industry relationship in Italy: Large national banks and small local banks compared (1913–1936)." In Bank-Industry versus Stock Market-Industry Relationships, 112–30. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003368670-6.

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Asso, Pier Francesco, Fabio Lavista, and Sebastiano Nerozzi. "Banks, Firms and Economic Culture: Economists and Research Centres in Interwar Italy." In Palgrave Studies in the History of Economic Thought, 179–210. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38331-2_6.

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Vargas-Machuca, María José. "Merchant Bankers, Banking Houses and Large National Banks. The Case of Jaen Province (1800–1936)." In Palgrave Studies in Economic History, 117–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61318-1_8.

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Reitmayer, Morten. "Considerations of Social Capital and Future Research in Banking History." In Decision Taking, Confidence and Risk Management in Banks from Early Modernity to the 20th Century, 315–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42076-9_14.

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Curry, Helen Anne. "Data, Duplication, and Decentralisation: Gene Bank Management in the 1980s and 1990s." In Towards Responsible Plant Data Linkage: Data Challenges for Agricultural Research and Development, 163–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13276-6_9.

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AbstractIn the 1970s, the number of accessions held in national and international seed and gene banks increased steadily. This growth, initially a source of pride, was recognised as a liability by the 1980s. Too many accessions lacked the basic information necessary for researchers to access and use samples knowledgably. Many gene banks came under scrutiny for poor management practices and several found themselves accused of mishandling a ‘global patrimony’ entrusted to their care. In this paper, I explore one response to these concerns that attracted attention from many in the germplasm conservation community: creating linked, standardised databases of collections. Calls for more and better data about accessions often emphasised that these data would make collections easier to use and therefore more valued. Here I take a close look at the early history of data collation and standardisation as a means of ‘rationalising’ collections, a motivation that was not advertised as prominently. This historical example shows the infrastructures developed to facilitate data exchange in the context of seed and gene banking to have been tied up with both mundane imperatives to cut costs and lofty goals of building political bridges—in addition to the often-repeated ambition of making plant breeding more efficient.
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Galbraith, John Kenneth, and James K. Galbraith. "Banks." In Money. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691171661.003.0003.

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This chapter discusses the history of banks as one of three progenitors of money, the others being mints and treasury secretaries or finance ministers. Banking had a substantial presence in Roman times, then declined during the Middle Ages as trade became more hazardous and lending came into conflict with the religious objection to usury. The Renaissance saw the revival of money due in part to trade. It is fair to say that the decline and revival of banking took place in Italy. The banking houses of Venice and Genoa are acknowledged as the precursors of modern commercial banks. The chapter also considers how banking that developed from the seventeenth century spawned cycles of euphoria and panics. Finally, it examines the case of John Law, who established a bank in France that was authorized to issue notes in the form of loans, with the state as the principal borrower.
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Conference papers on the topic "Banks and banking – Italy – History"

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Parne, Prudhvi. "Cloud Computing Strategy and Impact in Banking/Financial Services." In 5th International Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology (COMIT 2021). Academy and Industry Research Collaboration Center (AIRCC), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2021.111704.

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With recent advances in technology, internet has drastically changed the computing world from the concept of parallel computing to distributed computing to grid computing and now to cloud computing. The evolution of cloud computing over the past few years is potentially one of the major advances in the history of computing. Unfortunately, many banks are still hesitant to adopt cloud technology. New technologies such as cloud and AI will have the biggest impacts on the banking industry. For banks and credit unions wanting to achieve greater business agility, cloud technology enables organizations to respond instantly to changing market conditions, leveraging data and applied analytics to achieve customer experience and operational productivity benefits. As a result, cloud computing comes in to provide a solution to such challenges making banking a reliable and trustworthy service. This paper aims at cloud computing strategy, impact in banking and financial institutions and discusses the significant reliance of cloud computing.
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Shaherov, Vadim. "The Rise and Fall of Commercial Banks in the Irkutsk Region in the 1990 — Early 2000." In Irkutsk Historical and Economic Yearbook 2021. Baikal State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/978-5-7253-3040-3.12.

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The article presents the material about the formation of the commercial banking sector of the Irkutsk region in the conditions of perestroika and transition to market relations. The main attention is paid to the history of the creation of commercial banks in the region. Their growth is associated with the tasks of destroying the monopoly of the state credit system and the development of private competition. On the example of the Irkutsk province, the features of the formation of the commercial banking system, the growth and liquidation of most banks are revealed, and the characteristics of the most stable commercial banks in the region are given.
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Freimanis, Kristaps, and Maija Šenfelde. "Credit creation theory and financial intermediation theory: different insights on banks’ operations." In Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Economics Engineering. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cibmee.2019.033.

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Abstract:
Purpose – already for more than one hundred years there is an ongoing discussion about the role and function of banks, which subsequently has affected banking regulation. Three theories of banking were dominant in different periods of the 20th century: Credit creation theory (the oldest), Fractional reserve theory, Financial intermediation theory. Authors are contributing to the theoretical discussion with research showing that Credit creation theory and Financial intermediation theory reflect different insights on banks’ operations. Research methodology – literature review (regarding theories), financial ratio calculations (Loans-to-Deposits ratio); Findings – using Loans-to-Deposits ratio calculations for several banks researchers have found that banks’ lending process can be explained by Credit creation theory however banks’ Strategic Asset-Lability Management can be explained by Financial intermediation theory. Research limitations – (a) only domestic banks were selected as in this research it is important to get the needed relationship between deposits and lending. Subsidiaries of foreign banks could have not balanced balance sheet from Loansto-Deposits ratio perspective as their funding could come from abroad if the business model in Baltics is primarily lending oriented, (b) Baltic market was taken because of know-how of researchers about banks operations here and history of their transformation, (c) audited financial reports were used as they gave a sufficient picture of banks Loansto-Deposits ratio. Practical implications – theoretical discussion in this paper enlightens the role and function of the banks thereby improving understanding of better banking regulation. Authors propose to adjust the current banking regulatory framework which is focused on capital requirements. Originality/Value – current research provides some link between existing banking theories (Credit creation theory and Financial intermediation theory) shaping a new hybrid concept and proposing an adjusted regulatory framework based on this hybrid concept
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