Relevant bibliographies by topics / Banks and banking, European – History – 20th century

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Banks and banking, European – History – 20th century'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Banks and banking, European – History – 20th century"

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Pap, István. "BMW tulajdonosból szerzetes. Camillo Castiglione élete." Kaleidoscope history 11, no. 23 (2021): 277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17107/kh.2021.23.277-283.

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Born in Triest 1879, Camillo Castiglioni is one of the most influential persons in European industrial and banking history. At the beginning of the 20th century, he participated in establishing and financing many major companies. He founded aircraft factories, among them the MLG and Ufag, but his permanent achievement was the start-up of the BMW machine factory and the founding of its economic success. He set up several banks, and his financial talents did not leave him either during the years of World War 1 or the Great Depression. He was one of Europe's most important financial professionals and capital owners until the rise of fascism. Because of his Jewish ancestry, he eventually had to hide and survive World War II as a disguised monk in a monastery.
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Bazilevich, Mikhail E., and Anton A. Kim. "STYLISTIC FEATURES OF THE EUROPEAN ARCHITECTURE OF BANKING INSTITUTIONS IN GUANGZHOU LATE 19TH – EARLY 20TH CENTURY ON THE EXAMPLE OF SHAMYAN ISLAND." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Kul'turologiya i iskusstvovedenie, no. 41 (2021): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/22220836/41/1.

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The article is devoted to the architecture of European banking institutions in Guangzhou, built on the territory of Shamyan island in the late 19th – early 20th century. A brief historical excursion into the history of the formation of the British and French concessions is given. This publication examines the stylistic and compositional features of the architecture of such banking institutions as: Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation; The Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China; International banking corporation (City Bank); Bank of Taiwan; Commercial Corporation of Mitsubishi; Yokogama Specie Bank; The E.D.Sassoon & Co.Ltd. и D. Sassoon Sons Co. Ltd; Bank of Indochina; China & France Industry Bank. A composite and stylistic analysis was conducted, an iconographic description of the buildings of the main banks located within the boundaries of the former European concessions on Shamyan Island is given The study reveals the general principles of the development of the architecture of banking institutions in Guangzhou. The materials and results of the research carried out by the authors of this article allowed us to formulate the following conclusions: 1. The territorial isolation of the Shamyan island from the Chinese part of Guangzhou, as well as the operation within the concessions of British and French laws, contributed to the fact that the development of the architectural ensemble of the island as a whole was carried out in line with the advanced West European architectural and urban trends. 2. Most of the banking buildings here are built in the eclectic style with the predominance of neoclassicism features, of course, this fact is connected with the desire of the owners of bank corporations to demonstrate to the clients and competitors the financial strength of their organizations. 3. In the architecture of the considered banking institutions there is an active use of tectonics and elements of the order system, colonnades, arcades, the allocation of the first floor in the form of a rustic plinth. The motifs of Renaissance architecture, Baroque and Art Nouveau are also traced. 4. The formation of the appearance of banking buildings in Shamyan was strongly influenced by local conditions. The hot and humid subtropical climate of the south of China contributed to the spread in the architecture of the structures of this type of order colonnades, forming deep open verandas, as well as the use of X-shaped creaks-elements to ensure the natural ventilation of buildings, which, in addition, became an expressive element of the facade decoration
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Sylla, Richard. "From exceptional to normal: changes in the structure of US banking since 1920." Financial History Review 27, no. 3 (November 3, 2020): 361–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565020000165.

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A century ago the US commercial banking system was exceptional in two ways. It was by good measure the largest commercial banking system of any country. And it was different from the commercial banking systems of other leading countries in having tens of thousands of independent banks with very few branches rather than the more typical pattern of a far smaller number of banks with many branches. Today, a century later, the US system is more normal than exceptional, dominated by a small number of very large banks with extensive branch systems. This article describes the US banking-structure transition from exceptional to normal. It closes with an interesting contrast of US and European banking developments.
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Vunjak, Nenad, Miloš Dragosavac, Jelena Vitomir, and Petra Stojanović. "Central and South – Eastern Europe Banking Sectors in the Sustainable Development Function." ECONOMICS 8, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eoik-2020-0009.

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AbstractChanges in banking sectors with the onset of the global financial crisis were related to: globalization, sector deregulation, technological change and financial innovation. Structural changes within banking services (at the end of the 20th century) relate to: the consolidation of banks, the merging of banking and non-banking financial institutions and their competition with one another. Significant place in the part of sustainable development belongs to bank performance, vision and mission of banks. The corporate vision of banks should be the “framework” for the future development of a bank. The corporate mission should be a “roadmap” to the realization of the bank’s vision and an expression of the business philosophy of the bank in question.It is of particular importance for the banking sectors of the CEE countries to define: the vision, the mission, the situational analysis and the planned long-term goals of the bank. With the advent of the global financial crisis, the financial activity of banks in the Central and Southeastern European region decreased, as the number of attractive fusion and acquisition banks in the region concerned was reduced.The aim of the research is to determine the importance of the vision, mission and clearly set goals in banks, where the analysis of banking sectors in 13 countries over a period of 11 years was carried out. The analysis of GDP and its growth in the period from 2008 to 2018 indicates a dynamic growth in the countries of Central Europe and some countries of Southeast Europe. The analysis of the assets of the banking sector and its share in GDP indicates the dominant participation of the countries of Central and Southeastern Europe that are members of the European Union relative to the candidate countries for EU member states. Analysis of the banking sector of the influx countries shows that more than 70% of the banking market in Southeast European countries is influenced by foreign highly developed banking groups. Sustainable development can only be achieved through the active joint action of the banking sectors of the Central and Southeast European countries.
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Matringe, Nadia. "The Fair Deposit: Credit Reallocation and Trade Finance in the Early Modern Period." Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 72, no. 2 (June 2017): 275–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ahsse.2019.13.

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Based on the private records of a prominent sixteenth-century merchant bank (Salviati of Lyon), this article focuses on an important instrument of trade finance in the early modern period: the fair deposit. While the financial history of deposit banking has often been separated from that of merchant banking, this study demonstrates that during the sixteenth century a specific type of deposit banking emerged at fairs, intrinsically connected to merchant banking and international trade. As analysis of the Salviati archives reveals, the fair deposit was an instrument of both clearing and credit, sustaining the financing of large-scale European trade. Credit mostly derived from international trade and banking, where it was reinjected almost immediately. Investments were stimulated by the numerous advantages offered by the fairs held at Lyon: licit lending at interest, a choice of investments, and the possibility of making purchases and rapid transfers. Loans to local and foreign businessmen nourished the trade of commodities and, above all, the exchange business, conferring on Lyon a crucial position in the European trade and exchange system. This form of deposit banking was closely related to the development of merchant banks that worked mostly on commission, drawing substantial profits from it without becoming specialists or even deposit banks.
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Bekkin, R. I. "Muslim Bank as a Historical Category: Creating Credit Institutions for Muslims In the First Half of the 20 th Century." MGIMO Review of International Relations 13, no. 5 (November 11, 2020): 149–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2020-5-74-149-167.

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Abstract: The article examines theoretical and practical aspects of the activities of Muslim banks in the countries of Eurasia in the first half of the 20th century. These credit institutions were created on the initiative of Muslim entrepreneurs who sought to have an affordable source of financing for their activities. Muslim banks were an important element of the financial system of a number of countries during the era of colonialism. In the context of competition in the capital markets between Western banks and credit institutions belonging to different religious and ethnic groups, as well as competition of the latter with each other, Muslim banks acted as an instrument for ensuring the economic independence of Muslim communities in a number of countries and regions in the period under review. After the countries of Asia gained independence, Muslim banks were transformed into ordinary national banks.The activities of Muslim banks are considered in the article against the background of discussions on the admissibility of loan-based banking operations in the context of the prohibition of usury (riba) in Islamic law. The article emphasizes that Muslim banks in their activities relied on the theological and legal conclusions (fatwas) of Islamic scholars who considered such activities legitimate and not falling under the Quranic concept of usury.The author adheres to the point of view that the creation of an independent state or nationalterritorial / national-cultural autonomy of Muslims was a natural result of the struggle of the Muslim bourgeoisie with competitors for the markets for goods and services in a number of countries and regions, considering both Muslim and Islamic banks only as a certain stage in the development of banking in a number of countries in Asia, Africa and Europe.The article disputes the idea that both Islamic banks and the Islamic economic model as a whole are monolithic structures that cannot be modified. According to the author, the very creation of Islamic banks, as well as their convergence with conventional (non-Islamic) credit institutions, which we observe today, is a natural result of a change in the economic interests of the ruling class both in the countries of the spread of Islam and in the Western world.The article examines the history of the creation of Muslim banks in Bosnia and Herzegovina and in British India. These regions are brought together by the fact that Muslims who lived there were forced to compete with representatives of other ethno-confessional groups and communities living in the same territory. Particular attention is paid to the theological and legal discussions on the creation of a Muslim bank in Russia.
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RATH, SIBA P. "Chanakya Sutras and Arthasastra : The Gospels of Corporate Management for Modern Application." Dev Sanskriti Interdisciplinary International Journal 4 (July 31, 2014): 44–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.36018/dsiij.v4i0.44.

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The modern world corporate management and corporate governance is dominated by the theories and practices of American Management System, Japanese Management System and European Management System. Japanese Management techniques and practices are the champion concepts for any organization to follow in the context of quality management, production efficiency management, market competition management and above all human capital management etc. Japanese have established the dynamics of human capital and knowledge management as the best practices for any organization. The soundness of Japanese Management is derived from its treasure through revival of the Samurai System and traditional knowledge banks. European and American Management System are known for their contributions in the industrialization process of the world in the 19th and 20th century in the pre and post colonialism era. Indian oriental texts, gospels, practices, concepts, doctrines and arguments through logic are the sources of many Japanese management philosophies. India is a store house of pragmatic management and flawless applications in its ancient history phases. Oriental management texts and concepts need revival and rediscovery of the principles and system of applied management for use in the modern corporate world. Indian oriental system can and will create a system of its own as (IMS) Indian Management System like the Japanese. Proved and applied management of Chanakya during the Maurya Dynasty is historically evident as the best ever management practices India followed. Arthasastra and Chanakya Sutras are the two gospels of Indian management, enough to establish IMS the Indian management system for the modern corporate world of 21st century. These gospels applications are examined in the contemporary context for corporate use.
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Orlyk, Mykhailo. "The Development of Small Lending in the Naddnieper Ukraine in the Second Half of the 19th - Early 20th Century." Central Ukrainian Scientific Bulletin. Economic Sciences, no. 5(38) (2020): 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.32515/2663-1636.2020.5(38).83-96.

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The aim of the article is to consider the peculiarities of the organization of small loan institutions and to investigate the mechanism of lending by loan-saving partnership and loan association operating in the Naddnieper Ukraine in the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries. It was analyzed the scientific heritage of the economic thought's representatives in the studied period. Both general scientific and special methods of scientific research were used to solve the tasks that were set as the purpose of the research. System and structural approaches, analysis, method of scientific abstraction, comparison, synthesis, and analysis were used during writing the article. The article analyzes the evolutionary development of small lending institutions, as well as establishes their role in the credit system of Dnieper Ukraine. The establishment of small loan institutions on the shared responsibility basis was a highly effective way to unite the Ukrainian peasantry for finding the necessary money to buy land and meet agricultural needs. The main premise of creation such credit societies was the absence of the banking system at the time of the introduction of Emancipation Reform of Alexander II. The only state bank (Peasants' Land Bank) that could serve the peasantry was founded with a great delay - in 1882, while the urgent need to credit peasants arose during the agrarian reform of 1861. Joint-stock banks, for its part, were not able to develop small peasant loans due to organizational difficulties and problems with allotment of land’s valuation, and so on. Local authorities provided important impetus for increasing the organizational activity of the peasantry in the field of small credit in the early stages, but the small loan institutions, only after the implementation of the required legislative framework, begin to play an important role in the credit services market in Naddnieper Ukraine. As a result of the study two types of small credit institutions: loan-saving partnership and loan association, it was proved that they had the characteristics of cooperatives. It is proved that the main characteristic feature of loan-saving partnership was the formation of ownership capital based on share contributions, which strengthened the mutual responsibility of each member of the partnership and increased interest in the profitable activities of the partnership. The results of this study can be used in teaching courses related to economic theory and the history of economic thought. And it can form the basis for studying the prospects for further agrarian reforms aimed at supporting small agricultural entrepreneurship.
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Dobrescu, Vasile. "Landmarks in the Evolution of the Main Types of Banking Operations of Albina in Sibiu 1872-1946. II." Acta Marisiensis. Seria Historia 3, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amsh-2021-0004.

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Abstract The 75 years history of Albina Bank reflects in its main characteristics that particularize it in the modern banking system the forms and crediting policies present in its statutes. The initial focus of the Albina Bank board was to activate a diverse palate of credit activities – in the first statute of the bank we can find no less than 15 types of loans. Few were actually accommodated, according to the possibilities of financing and also related to the social and economic background of the future debtors that came, the majority until 1918 from the rural areas. More so, the bank took into account the economic, financial and political context where the Romanian elite from Transylvania activated. Thus, in the first period of activity of the Albina bank its board will activate the most mobile types of crediting (credit of input and lending with public collaterals) wanting to increase the funding sources. Later on, after a period of stability with regard to its financing capacity the bank will activate the mortgages and credits with bills of exchange covered by mortgage more suitable for economic investments in the rural areas with the perspective to use the higher lending for larger scale investments to modernize the land properties and acquiring land properties. In the same time for the everyday needs of the small owners the bank will open the so-called peasant credits or credits on agricultural products. For the needs of merchants and craftsmen the bank will introduce the overdraft. Until 1914 the credit of input and the mortgages will predominate. The mortgages will be backed financially by the ability of the bank to issue land bills. Next in value we can find credits with bills of exchange covered by mortgage, followed by the overdraft rather unstable in earnings. The credits for peasants and the credits on agricultural products were dropped at the beginning of the 20th century. A special place had the buying of the bills of exchange that Albina has issued in the first two decades of its existence to support its own banking business. Later on, with the development of its own liquidities it started to offer credits and buy bills of exchange from a large number of Romanian banks and credit institutions this turning Albina into a major trader in bank securities intermediating buying and selling of bills of exchange between Romanian and Austro Hungarian banks until 1918, preserving this role even in the interwar period for some of the small and mid-size banks. The bank will also acquire shares and public effects to consolidate its financial capability. The negative consequences of World War 1 were reflected in the drop in the nominal and real value of the bank’s business but also the crediting policies by reevaluating the volume of the main crediting activities. Thus the value of the mortgages and the exchange credits has decreased and the overdrafts became dominant by 1924, maintaining first place in the activity of the bank even after. The major political changes after the unification and the economic changes brought in by inflation, conversion, and depreciation of the currency along with the financial practices of the Old Kingdom banking system will bring about new options in the crediting policy of the bank in the post-war period. First, the bank sought to diversify the crediting targets to expand the lending to companies and industrial enterprises. This opening towards the urban environment imposed faster trading of capital and the transformation of the credits. They became more mobile, the long-term credit being reduced gradually until its extinction. The overdraft and the credits with bills of exchange will be preferred and the credits with bills of exchange covered by mortgage will diminish until their disappearance from the accounts starting with 1934. The economic crisis between 1929 and 1933 will negatively impact the bank. The debts, especially those of the peasant clients, will be blocked. This situation will be partially resolved by the Conversion of Debt Law in April 1934 but has impacted greatly its financial capabilities. The law for the organization of banking commerce in June 1934 will help bank Albina to redefine its crediting policies towards more mobility but the rhythm of its progress will be slow until the Second World War. The accounts of the bank show a focus towards more mobility in crediting. There were two main directions in the bank activity. Of exchange credit and overdraft with titles, mortgages, and goods as collateral. Then there were the shares and titles portfolios, the debt conversions, the long-term lending (not significant and registered only until 1940), and the real estate portfolio. Concluding we note that the crediting mode of Albina was structured over time, based not just on the financial resources, intentions, and bank policies but was influenced by the changes in legislation that organized the everyday functioning of the financial and banking business, and overall they were influenced by the economic and geopolitical context.
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"European Banking Overseas, 19th-20th Century." Australian Economic History Review 46, no. 1 (March 2006): 99–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8446.2006.00156.x.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Banks and banking, European – History – 20th century"

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BALABAN, Ioan. "International and multinational banking under Bretton Woods (1945-1971) : the experience of Italian banks." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/1814/69996.

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Defence date: 11 February 2021
Examining Board: Professor Youssef Cassis (European University Institute); Professor Federico Romero (European University Institute); Professor Catherine Schenk (Oxford University); Professor Stefano Battilossi (University of Carlo III)
Business economists and financial historians distinguish between a first and a second wave of international and multinational banking. The Great Depression and the two World Wars interrupted the first wave which began in the mid 19th century. The second wave began in the 1960s and was triggered by the advent of the Euromarkets under the international monetary regime of Bretton Woods (1944-1971). The thesis investigates the determinants of the internationalization of European commercial banks under Bretton Woods by focusing on the experience of Italian banks. I argue that Italian banks re-entered international and multinational banking from the late 1940s onwards in order to contribute to establish Italy as a commercial power. Competition between the banks in the international arena led them to integrate Eurodollar deposits into their international and domestic banking strategies in the 1950s and the 1960s thus contributing to the globalization of finance. The big European continental commercial banks internationalized in parallel to Italian banks and for the same reasons. Nevertheless, in contrast to latter, the former became major actors in the Euromarkets as a result of the American challenge after 1965. The thesis argues that the growth of the Euromarkets in the second half of the 1960s was sponsored by the Federal Reserve of the United States. The Federal Reserve encouraged the growth of the Euromarkets, and the role of American banks in the market, in order to defend the US official gold stock and the US balance of payments. Sources are drawn from bank and central bank archives in Italy, France and the United States.
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Tilman, Samuel. "Portrait collectif de grands banquiers belges, Bruxelles - Liège - Anvers, 1830-1935: contribution à une histoire des élites." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211143.

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Portrait collectif de grands banquiers belges Bruxelles-Liège-Anvers (1830-1935). Contribution à une histoire des élites (2 volumes)

Cette recherche, divisée en trois parties, est une première tentative visant à donner une vision prosopographique assez complète d’un groupe patronal dans la Belgique indépendante d’après 1830. Après avoir défini les principales caractéristiques sélectives de l’échantillon de 382 banquiers, la première partie de la thèse tente de synthétiser de manière principalement quantitative les traits distinctifs de l’élite à l’étude. La seconde partie, alternant approches quantitative et qualitative, propose des pistes de réflexion relatives aux réseaux mis à profit par les banquiers belges dans la constitution de leur tissu relationnel. La dernière partie essaye, en quelques pages synthétiques, de replacer les apports de cette recherche prosopographique dans le contexte économique de l’époque. Elle tente ainsi de jeter des ponts entre l’histoire économique et sociale, toutes deux utiles pour bien cerner les particularités du groupe de banquiers étudiés.

Collective portrait of Belgian bankers Brussels-Liège-Antwerp (1830-1935).

Contribution to a history of élite (2 volumes).

This research, which is divided in three parts, aims to give for the first time a quite exhaustive “prosopographic” vision of a group of entrepreneurs in post 1830 independent Belgium. The first part is twofold: it defines the principal criteria of selection of the 382 strong sample of bankers, then aims to synthesize from a quantitative point of view the distinctive features of the elite under study. The second part, which relies on both quantitative and qualitative approaches, offers fresh thinking tracks as to the networks set up by Belgian bankers and the benefits thereof from a relational perspective. The final part aims, quite concisely, to set the contributions of this research back in their original economic context, thus bridging the gap between economic and social history, both equally useful to outline the features of the bankers under consideration.


Doctorat en philosophie et lettres, Orientation histoire
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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SCHMITZ, Stéphanie Anne Marie. "L’influence de l’élite monétaire européenne et des réseaux informels sur la coopération des Six en matière d’intégration économique (1958-1969)." Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/33076.

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Defence date: 8 October 2014
Examining Board: Professeur Kiran Patel, Maastricht University; Professeur Federico Romero, European University Institute; Professeur René Leboutte, Université du Luxembourg; Professeur Eric Bussière, Université Paris–Sorbonne
Ce projet cherche à démontrer l’apparition d’une élite monétaire issue d’une coopération transnationale organisée en réseaux et à en déterminer l’influence sur le processus de prise de décision en matière d’intégration économique et monétaire. La volonté d’élaborer cette étude part du constat, formulé notamment par David D. Cameron, qu’en relation avec les origines de l’Union économique et monétaire, l’aspect transnational de la politique mise en oeuvre fut jusqu’à présent négligée par les études sur l’Union européenne. La rareté de la littérature concernant l'intégration économique et monétaire pendant les années soixante, découle de la perception que cette période fut une époque d’échecs, pendant laquelle aucun accomplissement concret en matière d'intégration économique et monétaire ne fut acquis au niveau communautaire. En effet, la chronologie des grandes dates de la mise en place de l’Union économique et monétaire fait apparaître qu'au niveau institutionnel européen, l'essentiel des débats initiaux sur l'identité monétaire, provoqués par le déclin du système de Bretton Woods, se déroula pendant les crises monétaires de 1969 à 1973 et en relation avec l'entrée de la Grande-Bretagne au sein de la CEE. Cependant, ne s'arrêter que sur l'analyse des accomplissements effectués à l'échelle des instances de la Communauté européenne à partir du Sommet de La Haye en 1969, consisterait à occulter la présence, parallèle à l’action des instances officielles, d’un débat et d’une promotion permanente d’idées, ayant trait à l’approfondissement de l’intégration économique et monétaire, idées qui certes ne furent dans leur majorité pas appliquées, mais qui constituèrent néanmoins la base des premières réalisations concrètes. Cette étude portera ainsi en premier lieu sur l’analyse des enceintes communautaires et informelles au sein desquels les débats sur l’intégration économique et monétaire étaient une priorité, ainsi que sur leurs compositions respectives, ce qui permettra l’identification d’une élite monétaire. Ensuite il s’agira non seulement d’étudier les idées formulées au sein de ces instances mais également d’évaluer les liens entre ces enceintes et l’évolution des idées, acquise par le débat permanent, afin de pouvoir en estimer l’influence sur les décisions finales de la Communauté européenne.
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DICKHAUS, Monika. "Zwischen Europa und der Welt :Die internationale Waehrungspolitik der Deutschen Zentralbank 1949-1958." Doctoral thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5745.

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Defence date: 20 March 1995
Examining board: Prof. Dr. Werner Abelshauser, Bielefeld (Doktovater) ; Prof. Dr. Richard T. Griffiths, Florenz ; Prof. Dr. Gerd Hardach, Marburg ; Prof. Dr. Peter Hertner, Florenz ; Prof. Dr. Alan S. Milward, London
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
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POHLE, FRASER Monika. "Noisy optimists : risk management in French and German banks in the 19th and early 20th centuries." Doctoral thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5944.

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Defence date: 29 March 1999
Examining Board: Prof. Albert Carerras (Universidad Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona), co-supervisor ; Prof. Peter Hertner (University of Halle), supervisor ; Prof. Alain Plessis (Université Paris X Nanterre) ; Prof. Jaime Reis (European University Institute)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
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Amaghlobeli, David. "Financial development and technical efficiency : Georgian banking in transition, 1991-2000." Thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/29327.

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In this study overall financial development and the performance of commercial banks in Georgia during 1991-2000 is analyzed. Georgian banking system emerged from a scratch after the country gained its independence in 1991. Initial reform path turned out to be very arduous, full of failures and disappointments. After complete chaos of 1991-1994 the banking sector recovered quickly owing to extreme measures taken by the authorities. We discuss in detail the policies pursued by the National Bank of Georgia, the outcomes of these policies and contrast general performance of Georgian banks with banks in other transitional economies and developed countries. To measure performance of individual commercial banks in 2000, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was employed. DEA has been extensively used to study commercial bank efficiency over the last two decades. Major advantages of DEA are its applicability to small samples, employment of less information than required by alternative parametric approaches (e.g. information on prices and the knowledge of functional form for the production relationship is not necessary) and the ability to perform analysis with multiple inputs and outputs. We found that inefficiency in the Georgian banking sector was equally due to pure technical and scale inefficiencies; large banks were oversized because of excessive branching contributing to their scale inefficiency; and there was a significant positive relationship between efficiency and profitability.
Graduation date: 2002
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DI, QUIRICO Roberto. "Il sistema bancario italiano all'estero e l'integrazione finanziaria internazionali dell'Italia negli anni tra le due guerre." Doctoral thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5746.

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Defence date: 2 March 1998
Examining Board: Franco Bonelli, III Università di Roma ; Peter Hertner, Universität Halle ; Alan Steel Milward, Istituto Universitario Europeo (supervisor)
First made available online 25 August 2017
Con l'inizio del nuovo secolo ed in particolare dopo la fine della prima guerra mondiale, le maggiori banche italiane iniziarono ad aprire filiali all'estero o a costituire banche affiliate in paesi in cui si aprivano opportunità di penetrazione economica per la finanza e l'industria italiane. Questo processo di internazionalizzazione raggiunse il culmine nel corso degli anni Venti quando, anche grazie all'attività delle banche italiane all'estero, le relazioni internazionali della finanza italiana si intensificarono e permisero un maggior grado di apertura dell'economia del nostro paese agli influssi internazionali oltre che il temporaneo superamento di alcuni dei più vistosi ostacoli al processo di sviluppo economico italiano quali la scarsità di capitali e di valute pregiate. Questo maggior grado di apertura internazionale si ripercosse però in modo molto negativo sul sistema finanziario ed industriale italiano con il sopraggiungere della crisi dei primi anni Trenta che creò tali difficoltà da costringere lo Stato ad un massiccio intervento di salvataggio. Quando sopraggiunsero poi i problemi legati alle sanzioni contro l'Italia per l'aggressione all'Etiopia ed il progressivo avvicinamento dell'Italia all'area di influenza politica ed economica tedesca, l'elemento valutario assunse un ruolo predominante nelle preoccupazioni dei responsabili della politica economica italiana ed il sistema di banche e filiali italiane all'estero assunse un nuovo ruolo quale collettore di divise pregiate e di canale di connessione con l'estero della sempre più debole finanza italiana. Le vicende delle banche italiane all'estero nella prima metà del XX secolo forniscono dunque una serie di spunti di notevole interesse per comprendere meglio i principali aspetti della storia economica italiana di quel periodo e per delineare quelle interazioni tra vicende economiche e scelte politiche che costituiscono uno degli elementi chiave della storia italiana degli anni in esame.
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Books on the topic "Banks and banking, European – History – 20th century"

1

1955-, Graaf Ton de, Jonker Joost 1955-, Mobron Jaap-Jan 1964-, and ABN AMRO Bank, eds. European banking overseas, 19th-20th century. Amsterdam: ABN AMRO Historical Archives, 2002.

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1944-, Cottrell P. L., Lindgren Håkan, and Teichova Alice, eds. European industry and banking between the wars: A review of bank-industry relations. Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1992.

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Kōstēs, Kōstas. The creators and the creation of banking enterprises in Europe from the 18th to the 20th century. Athens: Alpha Bank Historical Archives, 2002.

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Augar, Philip. The death of gentlemanly capitalism: The rise and fall of London's investment banks. London: Penguin, 2000.

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Augar, Philip. The death of gentlemanly capitalism: The rise and fall of London's investment banks. London: Penguin, 2001.

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American commercial banks in corporate finance, 1929-1941: A study in banking concentration. New York: Garland, 1999.

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Phantom of fear: The banking panic of 1933. Jefferson, N.C: McFarland & Company, 2012.

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János, Botos. A history of the General Banking and Trust Co. Ltd. and its legal predecessors, 1922-1992. [Hungary?]: J. Botos, 1992.

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20 shi ji xi fang huo bi jin rong li lun yan jiu: Jin zhan yu shu ping = Research on Western money and finance theory in the 20th century ; A review of theory development. Beijing: Jing ji ke xue chu ban she, 2003.

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editor, Kahuda Jan, ed. Mezi brázdou a bankovním úvěrem: O agrárních a peněžních dějinách 19. a 20. století : výbor prací k 60. narozeninám = Between the furrow and the bank credit : agrarian and monetary history of the 19th and 20th century. Praha: Národní archiv v Praze, 2012.

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Book chapters on the topic "Banks and banking, European – History – 20th century"

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Reitmayer, Morten. "Considerations of Social Capital and Future Research in Banking History." In Decision Taking, Confidence and Risk Management in Banks from Early Modernity to the 20th Century, 315–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42076-9_14.

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Conference papers on the topic "Banks and banking, European – History – 20th century"

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Freimanis, Kristaps, and Maija Šenfelde. "Credit creation theory and financial intermediation theory: different insights on banks’ operations." In Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Economics Engineering. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cibmee.2019.033.

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Abstract:
Purpose – already for more than one hundred years there is an ongoing discussion about the role and function of banks, which subsequently has affected banking regulation. Three theories of banking were dominant in different periods of the 20th century: Credit creation theory (the oldest), Fractional reserve theory, Financial intermediation theory. Authors are contributing to the theoretical discussion with research showing that Credit creation theory and Financial intermediation theory reflect different insights on banks’ operations. Research methodology – literature review (regarding theories), financial ratio calculations (Loans-to-Deposits ratio); Findings – using Loans-to-Deposits ratio calculations for several banks researchers have found that banks’ lending process can be explained by Credit creation theory however banks’ Strategic Asset-Lability Management can be explained by Financial intermediation theory. Research limitations – (a) only domestic banks were selected as in this research it is important to get the needed relationship between deposits and lending. Subsidiaries of foreign banks could have not balanced balance sheet from Loansto-Deposits ratio perspective as their funding could come from abroad if the business model in Baltics is primarily lending oriented, (b) Baltic market was taken because of know-how of researchers about banks operations here and history of their transformation, (c) audited financial reports were used as they gave a sufficient picture of banks Loansto-Deposits ratio. Practical implications – theoretical discussion in this paper enlightens the role and function of the banks thereby improving understanding of better banking regulation. Authors propose to adjust the current banking regulatory framework which is focused on capital requirements. Originality/Value – current research provides some link between existing banking theories (Credit creation theory and Financial intermediation theory) shaping a new hybrid concept and proposing an adjusted regulatory framework based on this hybrid concept
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