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Huet, Jacobé. "Prospective and Retrospective: Le Corbusier’s Twofold Voyage d’Orient." Muqarnas Online 38, no. 1 (December 6, 2021): 291–330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22118993-00381p10.
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Abstract In 1911, a twenty-three-year-old Le Corbusier embarked on a six-month journey from Dresden to Istanbul, and back to his native Switzerland through Greece and Italy. Upon his return, the young architect unsuccessfully attempted to publish his travel notes as a book in 1912 and again in 1914. Only in 1965, forty days before his death, did Le Corbusier conduct the final revision of his 1914 typescript for publication. The next year, Le Voyage d’Orient was published posthumously. Previous scholarship on this book has overlooked the importance of Le Corbusier’s 1965 edits, consequently approaching the work as an authentic testament of the author’s youthful spirit. Based on a new and contextualized reading of the 1914 typescript hand-annotated by Le Corbusier in 1965, this article demonstrates how the late edits constitute a re-writing of a segment of Le Corbusier’s own history, especially in relation to his ideas of modernity, tradition, inspiration, and attachment to Mediterranean architecture.
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Neldner, Manfred. "Competition Necessarily Tends to Produce Excess: The Experience of Free Banking in Switzerland." German Economic Review 4, no. 3 (August 1, 2003): 389–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0475.00086.
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Abstract According to McCulloch, Longfield and Loyd, a free banking system is always prone to overissues of bank notes. Their view is supported by the free banking era in Switzerland (1826-1907), where, due to competitive pressures within the banking community and the absence of note-brand loyalty on the part of the general public, overissues (causing a rise in the foreign exchange rates above the upper gold and silver points) finally became permanent. Free competition, therefore, had to give way to collusive action and, in 1907 (with the open consent of the issuing banks), to the establishment of the Swiss National Bank.
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Cotherman, Charles E. "To Think Christianly: A History of L'Abri." Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 73, no. 3 (September 2021): 186–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.56315/pscf9-21cotherman.
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TO THINK CHRISTIANLY: A History of L'Abri, Regent College, and the Christian Study Center Movement by Charles E. Cotherman. Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic, 2020. 320 pages. Hardcover; $35.00. ISBN: 9780830852826. *How do Christians studying at secular universities, where religion is either ignored or attacked, achieve an integral Christian perspective on their areas of study and future careers? Charles Cotherman presents a first-rate history of one way that Christians have sought to answer this question, namely, in establishing Christian study centers on or adjacent to university campuses. *The Christian study center movement (CSCM) in North America arose to teach and guide Christians in how to think and behave Christianly in all areas and professions of life, by drawing upon the insights of biblical and theological studies. Cotherman defines such a study center as "a local Christian community dedicated to spiritual, intellectual and relational flourishing via the cultivation of deep spirituality, intellectual and artistic engagement, and cultivation of hospitable presence" (p. 8). He rightly contends that the roots of the CSCM movement are found in two institutions: L'Abri Fellowship in Switzerland (founded 1955) and Regent College in Vancouver (founded 1968). In Part 1, Innovation, he presents the history of these two institutions. *In chapter one, Cotherman gives an account of the birth and development of L'Abri under the leadership of Francis and Edith Schaeffer. As missionaries to an increasingly secular Europe, their encounter with its culture, art, and philosophical ideas led Francis to contextualize the gospel--as an evangelical Presbyterian minister rooted in the Reformed faith--in an intellectually honest fashion to people influenced by this culture. L'Abri's ministry was so effective because of two other equally important features: the practice of a deep spirituality amidst the rhythms of everyday life, and the practice of relationships in a hospitable community, both of which Francis and Edith were instrumental in shaping. As more people visited L'Abri and were helped in their faith or accepted the gospel, it became known in the wider evangelical Christian world. This gave rise to branches of L'Abri being established in other nations, and to Christians seeking to establish communities on university campuses that embodied L'Abri's intellectual, spiritual, and relational strengths. *In chapter two, Cotherman presents the history of the rise of Regent College and its progress toward financial and academic stability at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver. The first principal, James Houston, played a key role in attracting good faculty and in shaping the curriculum to educate laypeople in the Christian worldview for their secular careers. It provided students with a strong sense of community and vital spirituality. Regent also sought to be a witness to and partner with the university by purchasing property on the campus and by obtaining university affiliation. With the decline in enrollment for lay theological education in the 1970s, Regent survived by offering the MDiv degree (1978), attracting new students preparing for pastoral ministry. When other attempts at establishing Christian colleges and Christian study centers were initiated at other universities, Houston served to encourage and guide such ventures by drawing upon Regent's experience. *Inspired by the vision and community of L'Abri and by the success of Regent College, Christians ministering at other university campuses sought to establish "evangelical living and learning centers" on or near the campuses of state universities (p. 91). Part 2, Replication, gives an account of three such CSCM ventures: (1) the C. S. Lewis Institute (initially at the University of Maryland, later in downtown Washington, DC); (2) New College, Berkeley; and (3) the Center for Christian Study at the University of Virginia, Charlottesville. Cotherman also includes in this section a chapter on the history and progress of Ligonier Ministries under the leadership and teaching gifts of R. C. Sproul (initially in Pennsylvania, then in Orlando, Florida). Although originally modelled after L'Abri as a lay-teaching retreat center in a rural setting, Ligonier's move to Orlando marked a shift to a ministry focused on Sproul's teaching gifts in (Reformed) theological education that concentrated on video and print materials. The history of Ligonier is clearly the outlier here. Perhaps Cotherman includes it because it began as a retreat center for students, but it gradually became focused on general lay theological education, especially after its move to Orlando. *The three Christian university learning centers all began with grand visions of providing university-level education to aid students, studying at the large universities, in formulating a worldview to enable them to integrate their Christian faith with their academic and professional education. Although these three sought to become free-standing colleges with high-quality faculty, to teach courses during the academic year, and in summer study institutes, the challenges of raising funds, attracting full-time faculty, and finding permanent facilities resulted in all of them having to scale back their plans. The Lewis Institute turned its attention to relational learning, eventually establishing regional centers in eighteen cities; New College, Berkeley, became an affiliate, nondegree granting institution of the Graduate Theological Union, being the evangelical voice there; and the Center for Christian Study shifted its focus to being an inviting and hospitable place for study, formation, and relationships in its building on the edge of the campus. All three found that replicating a Regent College was a much more difficult project than they had originally thought. *Cotherman notes that all four attempts of the CSCM, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, ran into the new reality: American Christians were not willing to take a year off their careers to study for a nonaccredited diploma. Students were more interested in getting degrees that had financial payoffs. The most successful venture was the Center for Christian Study, which used the building it purchased as a hub for various Christian ministries at the university, and as a center for hospitality to Christian and non-Christian students. The Charlottesville Center became a catalyst for the formation of the Consortium of Christian Study Centers across North America. This included not only the three university centers mentioned above, but also numerous others that had arisen on university campuses. Many of the centers became convinced that "the path forward was more a matter of faithful presence through deeply rooted, engaged and hospitable relationships and institutions than it was about the apologetics or cultural bluster that had defined some aspects of the movement in its early days" (p. 252). *Cotherman's concluding chapter notes that the CSCM has largely focused on ministries of faithful presence and generous hospitality, with the goal of holistic flourishing at the universities that they serve. Such flourishing includes helping Christian students to cultivate the ability to think Christianly about current issues and their vocations as they engage the pluralistic ideologies, cultural practices, and neo-pagan practices on university campuses. Cotherman rightly observes that, while both L'Abri and Regent College inspired many to establish such centers, it was Regent that had played the prominent role as a model for those aiming to guide students and to interact with modern secular universities. L'Abri was focused around the unique community that the Schaeffers created and the giftedness of Francis and Edith, but L'Abri failed to interact with the wider academic world. In striving to be a Christian presence on campus, Regent was the appropriate model for the CSCM. *The details of the historical accounts in the book serve to remind the reader that, while grandiose visions and goals drove many in the movement, their reduced aspirations led to the CSCM being better suited to effective witnessing, appropriate educating, and faithful service to students and lay-people today. Any who would start such a Christian study center or who wonder how an existing one can survive should read this book and learn the lessons from the history of the ventures presented. Humility in one's plans and small beginnings are appropriate for any such ministry to avoid the mistakes of the centers presented. *While Cotherman touches on the rising antagonism to Christianity and Christians on university campuses, he fails to provide significant treatment of this new challenge that the CSCM faces. I think we can imply from this fine book that, as the CSCM movement adapted to the new realities in the latter part of the twentieth century, it can also adapt to the intensified attacks on the Christian faith in the twenty-first century. While the challenges ahead are great for Christian university ministries, Christian witness has the resources of the word of God, the wisdom of the Spirit, and the motivation of the gospel which continue to guide biblical discipleship and faithful witness. This historical survey by Cotherman can serve as an encouragement to campus ministry for our increasingly secularized western culture. *Reviewed by Guenther ("Gene") Haas, Professor Emeritus, Religion and Theology Department, Redeemer University, Ancaster, ON L9K 1J4.
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Clay, Christopher. "The Bank Notes of the Imperial Ottoman Bank, 1863-1876." New Perspectives on Turkey 9 (1993): 101–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0896634600002235.
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During the middle and later decades of the nineteenth century successive generations of Ottoman statesmen made a sustained effort to transform the traditional-style Islamic empire, responsibility for which they had inherited, into a modern state. The difficulties they faced were enormous and, as is well known, ultimately proved insurmountable, so that what was left of the their territories finally disintegrated in the decade following the revolution of 1908. However, if there was one problem above all others to which could be ascribed the failure in turn of the Tanzimat, Hamidian, and Young Turk reformers, it was the financial weakness of the central government. Partly because of the inadequate tax base provided by an overwhelmingly agricultural economy, partly because of an inadequate administrative machine (especially in respect of tax collection and the control of expenditure), and partly because of the high level of military expenditure necessitated by constant external and internal threats to its integrity, the nineteenth century Ottoman state never had enough money, and from this one overwhelming fact derived a host of other woes.
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Fiege, M., and S. Mihm. "Mark Fiege and Stephen Mihm on Bank Notes." Environmental History 13, no. 2 (April 1, 2008): 351–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/envhis/13.2.351.
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Game, Chantal S., Lisa M. Cullen, and Alistair M. Brown. "The rise of financial accountability in British joint stock banks: 1825 to 1845." Financial History Review 27, no. 2 (August 2020): 234–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565020000086.
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This study explores parliamentary reforms related to the financial accountability of banks following the 1825–6 and 1836–7 financial crises in England. An appraisal of nineteenth-century parliamentary Hansard transcripts reveals early banking legislative pursuits. The study observes the laissez-faire and interventionist approaches towards the banking enactments of 1826, 1833 and 1844 that underpin the transformation of financial accountability during this era. The Bank Notes Act 1826 imposed financial accountability on the Bank of England by requiring the mandatory disclosure of notes issued. The Bank Notes Act 1833 extended this requirement to all other banks. The Bank Charter Act 1833 increased the financial accountability of the Bank of England by requiring it to provide an account of bullion and securities belonging to the governor and company, as well as deposits held by the bank. Thereafter, the Joint Stock Banks Act 1844 pioneered the regular publication of assets and liabilities and communication of the balance sheet and profit and loss account to shareholders. State intervention in the financial accountability of banks during the period from 1825 to 1845 appears to have been cumulative.
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Shi, Ji Long, Yi Mu, Yang Zhi Zhang, Wu Gan Luo, Rong Wang, and Xiao Yang Fang. "The Nondestructive Identification of Printing Pigments in Bank Notes Issued by Yantai XiGongshun, the Republic of China." Advanced Materials Research 174 (December 2010): 533–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.174.533.
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Two kinds of bank note issued by YanTai XiGongShun, the Republic of China, are collected by Laboratory of Printing History, School of Printing and Packaging Engineering, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication. The colors on these bank notes are bright and the patterns and signs can be easily recognized. All bank notes are of the elongated shape, and are printed with bank name, par value, circulation area, anti-counterfeiting characters and decorative pictures in the front of the bank notes. The two colors on these bank notes were analyzed using laser Raman microscopy, and the results showed that the red, blue and green pigments are cinnabar, Lapis lazuli, respectively.
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Hetherington, Bruce W. "Bank Entry and the Low Issue of National Bank Notes: A Re-examination." Journal of Economic History 50, no. 3 (September 1990): 669–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700037220.
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Trofimova, Olga Efimovna. "Small and medium businesses in Switzerland and multinational companies." Mezhdunarodnaja jekonomika (The World Economics), no. 10 (October 25, 2021): 772–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-04-2110-04.
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The article gives a comparative study of the main elements of Swiss system of business — transnational corporations and small and medium companies (SMEs). Using the methods of statistical analysis, systematic and comparative approaches the author analyzes their role in country economy, modification of activities and changes of their positions in innovative spheres. The author examines the factors of attractiveness and preferences which have influenced the location of TNC headquarters in Switzerland and its new trends. Multinationals are a driving force for Switzerland`s economy development. Swiss multinationals are also leaders in foreign direct investments. The study shows special significance of small and medium enterprises for Swiss economy and exports, their contribution to innovations and R&D. Foreign trade provides the greatest impetus for SMEs growth. The author analyzes the process of internationalization of small and medium companies in specific conditions of small country and their support by different instruments in the framework of three-tier system of interaction (federal center — cantons — municipalities) including financial support and preferential taxation. The federal government supports SMEs in obtaining bank loans by funding loan guarantee cooperatives. As a result it was envisaged that transnational companies and SMEs cooperated in creating a competitive and innovative economy and cluster model in Switzerland. The author notes the negative influence of pandemia on Swiss economy and MNC and SME, but at the same time there are some signs of its recovery.
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Skeehan, Danielle. "Bank Notes and Shinplasters: The Rage for Paper Money in the Early Republic." American Nineteenth Century History 22, no. 2 (May 4, 2021): 226–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14664658.2021.1973256.
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BAKKER, GERBEN. "Quarter notes and bank notes: the economics of music composition in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries." Economic History Review 57, no. 4 (November 2004): 796–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2004.00295_23.x.
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Arzumanova, L. L., and A. O. Logvencheva. "The history of legal regulation of metallic monetary systems in Russia." Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)), no. 9 (November 7, 2020): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2020.73.9.171-179.
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The article presents a study of the history of the use of precious metals as the basis of metal monetary systems in Russia.The formation of metal monetary systems in Russia is associated with the need to ensure the release of paper money — notes. In the first part of the article, the use of precious metals for minting coins from the Х century is investigated. before the introduction of bank notes in 1768.Further, after analyzing the primary measures for providing bank notes with precious metals, it is substantiated that in the Russian Empire the regulatory consolidation of the transition to metal monetary systems occurred only in the ХIХ century. According to the results of the reforms: E. F. Kankrin, during which silver monometallism was established, then — S. Yu. Witte, in the framework of which the transition to the gold standard, which existed before the First World War in 1914, was carried out.
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Giddey, Thibaud, and Malik Mazbouri. "Banking crises, banking mortality and the structuring of the banking market in Switzerland, 1850–2000." Financial History Review 29, no. 2 (August 2022): 247–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565022000129.
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The Swiss financial centre, as it developed during the twentieth century, has for a long time been presented and perceived as a singularly stable and solid environment escaping crises and restructuring. This view, promoted by the dominant actors – private banks, cantonal banks and large commercial banks – presenting their own development, in a teleological vision, as success stories, is strongly challenged by more recent research developments. Our article deals with the evolution of banking demography in Switzerland between 1850 and 2000 and examines the exits of banking institutions from the statistics, identifying six periods of crisis and restructuring. The article proposes a new statistical series that makes it possible to scrutinise with a high level of granularity the banks that fail or are taken over, in particular by observing their category of bank and, for the period 1934–99, their size. It uses historical banking demography as a gateway to understand more broadly the phases of transformation of the financial centre. In doing so, this contribution questions the gap between the existence of significant phases of banking instability, their low importance in collective memory, and the perception of the Swiss banking sector as a model of stability. It also helps to refine our understanding of the evolution of the Swiss financial centre in general.
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Selgin, George A., and Lawrence H. White. "Monetary Reform and the Redemption of National Bank Notes, 1863–1913." Business History Review 68, no. 2 (1994): 205–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3117442.
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It is well known that contemporary critics of the National Banking System complained about its failure to meet peak demands for currency. Less often discussed are complaints about the system's inability to remove excess notes from circulation during periods of slack demand for currency—a problem that critics attributed to the lack of an effective redemption mechanism. Beginning in 1864, important attempts were made to reform redemption arrangements, both privately and through legislation, and redemption reform was a key component of the “asset currency” movement to deregulate note issue. This article examines the motives and outcomes of redemption reform efforts up to the passage of the Federal Reserve Act, which substituted a discretionary control over the currency stock for the automatic elasticity that the asset currency movement had originally sought.
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Decker, Frank. "Bills, notes and money in early New South Wales, 1788–1822." Financial History Review 18, no. 1 (November 16, 2010): 71–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565010000272.
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This article provides a revised account of the development of financial instruments, money and banking in the early penal colony of New South Wales. It is found that private instruments monetised the economy, while the role of state debt, coin and commodities was to finally settle remaining balances. Money originated in the form of small merchant notes. These were created by the need to pay labourers and underpinned a local pound currency standard. A detailed review of colonial court cases and currency legislation reveals that the first bank was founded, contrary to colonial orders, to remove the disruptive impact of exchange rate fluctuations and to achieve a stable private note issue at par with pound sterling bills on London.
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Lawack, Vivienne. "Case Notes: An Exploratory Analysis of Central Bank Digital Currencies — Some Considerations." South African Mercantile Law Journal 34, no. 1 (2022): 118–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/samlj/v34/i1a5.
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The history of central banking began with payment services. Ever since then, payment-related innovation has always been an integral part of central banking (BIS Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructures and Markets Committee Report, ‘Central Bank Digital Currencies’ (2018) iii). Payments have evolved extensively over the years with the emergence of various technologies, from the development of real-time gross settlement (‘RTGS’) systems, to electronic money and mobile money, to name a few. The arrival of financial technologies or ‘fintech’ has led to cryptocurrencies and now central bank digital currency (‘CBDC’) (on cryptocurrencies, see Reddy & Lawack, ‘An overview of the regulatory developments in South Africa regarding the use of cryptocurrencies’ (2019) 31 SA Merc LJ 1–28; see also Deloitte, ‘Are Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) the money of tomorrow?’, available at https://www2.deloitte.com/ie/en/pages/financial-services/ articles/central-bank-digital-currencies-money-tomorrow.html, accessed on 3 May 2021). A CBDC represents another potential innovation in the area of an evolving branch of the law called ‘fintech law’. This exploratory analysis provides an overview of the meaning of CBDC and the legal nature of money and CBDC. In addition, it provides a broad overview of some legal implications, policy considerations and regulatory issues. Challenges and risks are also highlighted.
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HORTLUND, PER. "Is the law of reflux valid? Sweden, 1880-1913." Financial History Review 13, no. 2 (October 2006): 217–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565006000254.
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In the classical monetary debates, the Banking School held that notes would be equally demand-elastic whether supplied by many issuers or a single one. The Free Banking School held that notes would be less demand-elastic if supplied by a single issuer. These assertions have rarely, if ever, been subject to more stringent statistical testing. In this study the elastic properties of the note stock of the Swedish note banking system in 1880–95 is compared with those of the regime in 1904–13, when the Bank of Sweden held a note monopoly. Evidence suggests that notes did not become less elastic after monopolisation, thus lending support to the views of the Banking School.
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Goldberg, Dror. "Why was America's First Bank Aborted?" Journal of Economic History 71, no. 1 (March 2011): 211–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050711000088.
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In 1686 the leadership of Massachusetts became involved in the first operational bank scheme in America. In 1688 this note-issuing bank was mysteriously aborted at an advanced stage. I suggest a new, simple explanation for the bank's demise. The bank's notes were supposed to be backed mostly by private land in Massachusetts, but a new royal governor invalidated all the land titles. This episode demonstrates the importance of clearly defined and enforced property rights for the development of financial institutions.“After showing him an Indian deed for land, he said that their hand was no more worth than a scratch with a bear's paw, undervaluing all my titles, though everyway legal under our former charter government.”1Joseph Lynde
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O'Brien, Patrick K., and Nuno Palma. "Danger to the Old Lady of Threadneedle Street? The Bank Restriction Act and the regime shift to paper money, 1797–1821." European Review of Economic History 24, no. 2 (November 11, 2019): 390–426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ereh/hez008.
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Abstract The Bank Restriction Act of 1797 was the unconventional monetary policy of its time. It suspended the convertibility of the Bank of England's notes into gold, a policy that lasted until 1821. The current historical consensus is that it was a result of the state's need to finance the war, France’s remonetization, a loss of confidence in the English country banks, and a run on the Bank of England’s reserves following a landing of French troops in Wales. We argue that while these factors help us understand the timing of the suspension, they cannot explain its success. We deploy new long-term data that leads us to a complementary explanation: the policy succeeded thanks to the reputation of the Bank of England, achieved through a century of prudential collaboration between the Bank and the Treasury.
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Hughes, Michael P., and Chris Palke. "The Bank For International Settlements: An Evolutionary Institution." Journal of Business Case Studies (JBCS) 15, no. 1 (May 10, 2019): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jbcs.v15i1.10281.
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Established in 1930 in Basel, Switzerland, to expedite and supervise the payment of reparations by Germany to the victors of World War I, the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) quickly evolved into a banking establishment for various national central banks to negotiate and work out mutually-beneficial monetary policies and financial arrangements outside of the usual political and national channels. During World War II the BIS stayed open as a neutral central bank for central banks and provided significant back-channel communications between the Allied and Axis powers that could not have occurred any other way. As an example, discussions for the reconstruction of post-WWII Germany were underway between German and Allied representatives to the BIS at least two years prior to Germany’s surrender in May 1945. The post-WWII BIS then went on to become a global central bank for the world’s national central banks. In spite of the BIS holding so much effective financial power on an international scale and, hence, affecting nearly everyone in the world, few have ever heard of the BIS. This includes many economists and financial-economists. Why? Although technically not a secret organization, the BIS has always maintained an intentionally low profile. The BIS has never advertised its existence. It operates through many other organizations it has either directly created or where it holds major influence. This paper discusses the BIS, its history, and its impact and influence on world events. Questions concerning the role the BIS should possibly play in world events and central banking are raised for discussion near the end of this paper.
This paper is focused primarily towards both upper-level undergraduate and graduate finance and economics courses, particularly in the areas of money, banking and financial institutions, financial markets, and monetary policy. However, other courses, to include those outside of the financial-economic arena, can find great use for this subject matter as well. Such outside arenas could include political science and history courses.
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Redenius, Scott A. "Designing a national currency: antebellum payment networks and the structure of the national banking system." Financial History Review 14, no. 2 (October 2007): 207–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565007000546.
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As reflected in the April 2006 issue of the Financial History Review, monetary historians remain divided over the central features of the US monetary union and their contribution to US economic development. In that issue – which focused on the monetary union formed by the Constitution and early federal monetary legislation – Ronald Michener and Robert E. Wright focused on the creation of a uniform unit of account defined in terms of specie. The establishment of a uniform unit of account ‘simplified domestic and international transactions’ compared with the colonial period when ‘[e]conomic calculations across regions were complicated by the fact that people had to reckon with different units of account, without the aid of electronic calculators’. By contrast, Richard Sylla emphasised the role the Bank of the United States played in reducing the costs and risks of clearing and settling interregional payments. An institution, like the Bank, that operated on a national scale was particularly important in the United States because of the limited geographical scope of state bank operations. The Bank's notes and deposits became a truly national monetary standard, and the Bank helped to maintain the value of state bank notes, the principal means of cash payment in the antebellum economy, by enforcing par redemption.
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Gray, William Glenn. "“Number One in Europe”: The Startling Emergence of the Deutsche Mark, 1968–1969." Central European History 39, no. 1 (March 2006): 56–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938906000033.
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The dollars—and pounds, and francs—came pouring in. Speculators and small savers across Western Europe raced to exchange their currencies for the Deutsche Mark. “Hot money” flowed into Germany at astounding rates. The reserves of West Germany's central bank, the Bundesbank, shot up by DM 9.4 billion ($2.15 billion) in the first three weeks of November 1968—with DM 7.3 billion arriving in just three days of trading. Airports in Germany barred exchanges of more than one hundred francs at a time; train stations in Zurich stopped accepting French notes altogether.
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SHIN, HIROKI. "PAPER MONEY, THE NATION, AND THE SUSPENSION OF CASH PAYMENTS IN 1797." Historical Journal 58, no. 2 (May 11, 2015): 415–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x14000284.
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AbstractThis article considers British society's response to the suspension of cash payments in February 1797. Although this event marked the beginning of the so-called Bank Restriction Period, during which the Bank of England's notes were inconvertible, there have been no detailed studies on the social and political situation surrounding the suspension. This article provides an in-depth examination of the events leading up to and immediately following the suspension. It questions existing accounts of the suspension as a smooth transition into the nationwide use of paper money and describes the complex process that came into play to avert a nationwide financial collapse. The decision to suspend the Bank's cash payments stemmed from deep-rooted financial instability, exacerbated by recurrent invasion scares that heightened after the French attempt on Bantry Bay, Ireland, in December 1796. Under such circumstances, national support for drastic financial measures could not be taken for granted. The article demonstrates that the declaration movement, which was a form of consolidated and visualized trust in the financial system, played a crucial role in the 1797 suspension crisis.
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O'Meara, Alix, Laura Infanti, Jörg Sigle, Martin Stern, and Andreas S. Buser. "The Value of Routine Ferritin Measurement In Blood Donors." Blood 116, no. 21 (November 19, 2010): 3353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v116.21.3353.3353.
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Abstract Abstract 3353 Iron store depletion is a common side effect of whole-blood donation. Iron loss may lead to iron deficiency symptoms such as fatigue, decreased physical and job performance then gradually result in iron deficiency anemia. As of 2004, routine serum ferritin testing was implemented at our Center. We analyzed the impact of this measure on our donor population with regard to hemoglobin level, anemia occurrence and donor deferral due to low hemoglobin. A total of 160'612 intended donations of 23'557 healthy blood donors at a single institution (Blutspendezentrum beider Basel, Basel, Switzerland) between 1996 and 2009 were analyzed. At each visit, complete blood counts were taken from fingerprick samples and donors were deferred if the capillary hemoglobin concentration proved <133 g/L (m) or <123 g/L (f). From 2004 on, serum ferritin was measured systematically. Upon detection of ferritin levels indicative of iron depletion or iron deficiency anemia, donors were contacted by a blood bank physician and received medical counseling. The further procedure of iron supplementation, donation interval extension or GP referral in the case of abnormal history remained at the physician and donor's discretion.Our donor population consisted of 10'893 males and 12'664 females, 8165 being women of childbearing age (age 18–45). Mean hemoglobin concentration of male donors rose from 151.7 g/L (before 2004) to 153.6 g/L after 2004 (difference 1.9 g/L, 95% CI 1.7 – 1.9 g/L). In women of all ages, the mean hemoglobin concentration increased from 135.7 to 138.3 g/L (difference 2.6 g/L, 95% CI 2.4 – 2.7 g/L) (Figure 1). The hemoglobin concentration of women of childbearing age was 134.2 g/L before 2004 and 137.0 g/L thereafter (difference 2.8 g/L, 95% CI 2.6 – 3.0 g/L). To rule out an alternative cause for the increase in hemoglobin, we assessed the evolution of hemoglobin levels in the periods of 1996–2003 and 2004–2009. In the former period, hemoglobin levels decreased at a mean rate of 0.22 g/L (95% CI -0.19 - -0.26 g/L) per year in male donors, whereas no significant change was seen in female donors (mean change 0.04 g/L, 95% CI -0.01 – 0.09 g/L). In the second period (2004 – 2009), mean hemoglobin levels increased in both male (mean increase per year 0.20 g/L, 95% CI 0.14 – 0.25 g/L) and female donors (mean increase per year 0.16 g/L, 95% CI 0.09 – 0.23 g/L). Before the introduction of routine ferritin measuring, 1.6% (95% CI 1.5 – 1.7%) of donors showed anemia according to WHO definitions (m: Hb<130; f: Hb<120). Anemia occurred in 1.1% of our donors after 2004 (95% CI 1.0 – 1.2%, difference before/after 2004 0.5%, 95% CI -0.6 – -0.3%). Frequency of anemia declined in both male donors (before 2004 0.7%, after 2004 0.5%) and in female donors (before 2004 3.6%, after 2004 2.2%). In the group of women of childbearing age, 4.9% (95% CI 4.6 – 5.3%) were anemic before and 3.1% (95% CI 2.7– 3.4%) after 2004 (difference before/after 2004 -1.8%, 95% CI -1.4 – -2.4%). In all visits to our center before 2004, 2.8% of donors (95% CI 2.7 – 2.9%) were not accepted for phlebotomy due to a hemoglobin count below the mandatory threshold. After 2004, the percentage of rejected donors due to a low hemoglobin count decreased to 1.9% (95% CI 1.8 – 2.0%, difference before/after 2004 -0.9%, 95% CI -0.7 – -1.0%). In particular in the group of women in childbearing age a clear reduction of the rejection rates was noted (before 2004: 7.6% CI 7.2 – 8.1%, thereafter: 4.8% CI 4.4 – 5.2%, difference before/after 2004 -2.8%, 95% CI -2.2 – -3.4%). In conclusion, the introduction of systematic serum ferritin measurements allowed an optimized management of donors with iron deficiency, with efficacious prevention of iron deficiency anemia. This resulted in an increase of mean hemoglobin levels in blood donors particularly in women of childbearing age, the population at highest risk for iron deficiency anemia. Both the incidence of pre-donation anemia and the frequency of donors rejected due to low hemoglobin decreased significantly. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Blasco-Martel, Yolanda. "REPUTATION AND THE PALMER RULE IN THE ORIGINS OF BANKING IN SPAIN." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 37, no. 1 (March 2019): 139–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610918000228.
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ABSTRACTThis paper investigates the reasons why provincial issuing banks in Spain maintained high reserves in the 19th century and the effects this had. The introduction of banknotes into the economy meant that convertibility had to be guaranteed. If convertibility was respected, this gave banks a good reputation and made them reliable. The Palmer Rule was a control mechanism stating that a well-managed bank should keep one-third of its liabilities as cash in hand and two-thirds in securities. In Spain the banking system, constituted in the mid-19th century, was characterised by a plurality of issuing banks. Regulations required reserves only to secure notes, with no mention of reserve requirements for banks’ other types of liabilities. However, Spanish provincial banks of issue adopted the Palmer Rule. The Bank of Spain did not follow the same path.
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Barnes, Victoria, and Lucy Newton. "Corporate identity, company law and currency: a survey of community images on English bank notes." Management & Organizational History 17, no. 1-2 (April 3, 2022): 43–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17449359.2022.2078371.
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Guest, Philip. "Indonesia: Family Planning Perspectives in the 1990s. By The World Bank. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 1990. Pp. xxii, 143. Figures, Tables, Notes, Bibliography." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 23, no. 1 (March 1992): 190–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400011632.
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Reyes-Mercado, Pável. "Bankaool Bank: architecting an online-only financial brand." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 7, no. 3 (August 1, 2017): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-02-2017-0016.
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Subject area Marketing of financial products. Study level/applicability Graduate level. Occasionally, for undergraduate students with a strong background on branding strategies and strategic analysis. Applicable to analyze how companies can improve their branding strategies in highly regulated industries. Case overview In 2016, Claire Solís was discussing with her team the paths to ignite growth and brand awareness of the only digital bank in Mexico. To better position the brand on the Mexican financial market, Bankaool had decided to go 100 per cent online, a branch-less institution. The case presents a condensed history of banking and the shifts in digital consumer behavior. As the case continues, Bankaool products are introduced along with some concerns to keep the business going, particularly, regarding the bank’s health and further growth. The newly appointed CMO and her team have to decide next steps to boost product growth just before the Fintech industry grows more mature and competitive – a scenario of more complex decisions. While they reckoned the potential of Bankaool in sales for the short term, they also need a strategy to position the Bankaool brand in the long term while they struggle with a need to accelerate growth and generate a return for investors. Expected learning outcomes To understand the launching of a new bank in the digital arena. To understand consumer behavior in a setting of increasingly higher digital coverage and diffusion of smart devices. To recognize that brand value goes well beyond product development and launch. To gain awareness on the perks and perils of a digital-only bank. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes. Subject code CSS 8: Marketing.
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Mayer, Judith. "Indonesia: Sustainable Development of Forests, Land, and Water. By The World Bank. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 1990. Pp. xl, 190. Maps, Tables, Figures, Notes." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 23, no. 1 (March 1992): 188–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400011620.
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Pettier, Jean-Baptiste. "“A question of bank notes, cars, and houses!” Matchmaking and the Moral Economy of Love in Urban China." Comparative Studies in Society and History 64, no. 2 (February 3, 2022): 510–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417521000499.
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AbstractChinese practices of matchmaking have been controversial for over a century. Their continued transformations reveal a complex nexus of sentimental and material dimensions in the marriage-decision process at the heart of the negotiations between families and in their selections of proper candidates. This interplay between personal sentiments, concrete considerations, and the desire for success makes marriage controversial, as “love” is claimed and proclaimed at the same time. Moral debates around materialism, which have reverberated through the public sphere over the last decade, show how “love” acts as a tool of social reproduction while it also expresses sincere aspirations for an emotionally satisfying life. In comparative perspective, the complex of romantic love examined here reveals a recent, original synthesis of the tradition of parental arrangement and the political question of the place of love in modernity. The paper elucidates one of the contradictions within Chinese society today: the family remains central, but wider trends of individualization continue to unfold. A multifaceted understanding of love clarifies how it can bind families together while it also discourages others from pursuing romance.
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Moore, Katie A. "Bank Notes and Shinplasters: The Rage for Paper Money in the Early Republic by Joshua R. Greenberg." Journal of the Early Republic 41, no. 4 (2021): 679–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jer.2021.0089.
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Jellinek, Lea. "Indonesia - Indonesia: Strategy for a Sustained Reduction in Poverty. By The World Bank. Washington, DC: The World Bank, 1990. Pp. xxv, 181. Maps, Figures, Tables, Notes." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 23, no. 2 (September 1992): 465–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400006470.
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Sørensen, Anders Ravn. "At designe danskhed: Forestillinger om nationen på danske pengesedler." Kulturstudier 4, no. 1 (May 29, 2013): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/ks.v4i1.8143.
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To design Danishness: performances of the nation on Danish banknotes In this article, I analyse four different banknote-design competitions that were hosted by Denmark’s National Bank (Nationalbanken) between 1908 and 2007. The proposals for new banknotes have evoked different narratives about the national community, and I describe how these proposals were characterised by two opposing trends: one style alluded to a romantic national narrative by using ancient relics, barrows and classical landscapes to highlight a common history of origin; the other included more popular and commonplace motifs, such as foodstuff, industry and leisure activities. Historically, Nationalbanken has struggled to balance these different trends while preserving the notes’ legitimacy, and it has endeavoured to make the notes reflect contemporary Danish values. However, as the design processes unfolded over 100 years, the bank’s governors seemed to reconsider such ideas and, despite being given different suggestions, they have always chosen the most conservative iconography. I suggest that decision-makers within the bank have been reluctant to innovate banknote designs and make the notes reflect contemporary values, out of fear that such motives might jeopardise the trustworthiness of Danish paper currency. In maintaining this attitude, Nationalbanken has ultimately reinforced a romanticist narrative about the Danish nation.
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Stanley, Matthew. "Jan Guichelaar. Willem de Sitter: Einstein’s Friend and Opponent. (Springer Biographies.) xxii + 278 pp., notes, index. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2018. €40.95 (cloth). ISBN 9783319983363." Isis 111, no. 1 (March 2020): 200–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/707850.
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Jones, A., M. Sargeant, and M. Andiappan. "Real-world treatment patterns and outcomes in patients initiating lurasidone for the treatment of schizophrenia in Europe." European Psychiatry 65, S1 (June 2022): S205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.537.
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Introduction Lurasidone is a second-generation antipsychotic shown to have a lower risk of weight gain and a lower incidence of metabolic adverse events compared with some medications in the same class. Objectives To describe treatment patterns, clinical outcomes and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) over 12 months following lurasidone initiation in patients with schizophrenia. Methods This was a multi-centre observational study involving data collection from patients’ medical records, conducted in seven mental health centres in the United Kingdom (UK) and Switzerland. The study included patients aged ≥18 years who initiated lurasidone after 1 January 2016 for the treatment of schizophrenia. Data were collected from medical records both retrospectively and prospectively using a standardised data collection form. Data collected included patient characteristics, treatment history, lurasidone regimens, clinical outcomes and ADRs. Results Forty-eight patients participated in the study. The median (interquartile range [IQR]) age at lurasidone initiation was 33.5 (25.5-50.3) years and 31 (65%) patients were male. The median (range) lurasidone starting dose was 37 mg daily (9.3–148 mg). Thirty-eight (79%) patients continued lurasidone for the entire 12-month follow-up period. Among the 14 (29%) patients with documented relapse, the median (IQR) time to relapse was 3.4 (1.5–7.9) months. Five ADRs were recorded in patient notes judged as related to lurasidone: agitation, nausea, akathisia, somnolence and vomiting (one patient each). Conclusions In this real-world study of patients with schizophrenia in the UK and Switzerland, 79% of patients continued lurasidone for at least 12 months, and ADRs were reported rarely in patient notes. Disclosure This study was sponsored by CNX Therapeutics Ltd (formerly Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Europe Ltd). AJ is an employee of CNX Therapeutics. MA is an employee of OPEN HEALTH who was contracted by CNX Therapeutics for data analysis and medical writing.
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Kwiatkowski, Wojciech. "PIERWSZY BANK STANÓW ZJEDNOCZONYCH JAKO PIERWOWZÓR SYSTEMU REZERWY FEDERALNEJ." Zeszyty Prawnicze 9, no. 1 (June 25, 2017): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zp.2009.9.1.07.
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First Bank of the United States as a Prototype for the Federal Reserve SystemSummaryThe article describes the history of the First Bank of the United Statesfirst banking- institution, that was charted in XVII-th century North America as an effect of a cooperation of two federal bodies – Congress and the President. Although, the federal government possessed only 20 %, of the shares with federal licences it could conduct its activity on territory of the whole country. Moreover – the Bank is now referred to as the first central bank in the United States because of its national scope and services rendered to the federal government. The Bank helped the government to obtain emergency loans, facilitated the payment of taxes, and served as the receiver and disburser of the public funds. In addition, it issued bank notes and made them fully redeemable in coin. During a 20-years period the Bank achieved a commercial success and maintained a financial stability. However, in 1811 Congress did not renew the charter because the Bank’s constitutionality was questioned.Alexander Hamilton (the first U.S. Secretary of the Treasury), who was [the followerof creation of the bank, already in 1790 assumed that the federal government had the power to charter banks because the Constitution granted the government the right to establish institutions necessary for its operations. Addifferent viewpoint was presented by Thomas Jefferson who favored a more decentralized government and believed that only the states could charter banks under the Constitution. Furthermore – because the Constitution did not expressly grant the power to Congress, he reasoned that federally chartered banks were unconstitutional. Finally in 1819, as a far-reaching decision, the Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall followed Hamilton’s reasoning and ruled in case McCulloch vs Maryland that the Second Bank of the United States was constitutional. For U.S. federal government this decision of the Supreme Court was very important about 200 years later – in 1913, when president Wilson, many politicians’ and main U.S. bankers decided to create the Federal Reserve System.
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Pandoman, Agus. "Islamic Financial Infrastructure towards the Establishment of Sharia Central Banks." Formosa Journal of Applied Sciences 1, no. 5 (October 31, 2022): 873–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.55927/fjas.v1i5.1459.
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History notes that America has gotten two giant economic crises both the Great Depression of 1930s and the Financial Crisis of 2008’s. On August 15, 1971 the United States Dollar went down drastically. Without Congressional approval, President Nixon ended the coinage between the United States Dollar and the gold. Consequently the dollar becomes Monopoly Money. After that, the biggest economic boom in history has begun. In 2009, when the economy ran aground, Central Bankers in the world created trillion dollars, yen, pesos, euros and pounds by following a monopoly for bankers.1 The concept has changed to the present time. The distribution of money has become a concept of debt in various forms, including the use of money as a capital instrument. The main contributors to capital in Islamic trade traffic (muamalah) are economic real, not loans (non-loans), actors who direct money used for business capital are concentrated in the form of financing, but after the end of the Gold standard (fiat money), how far the meaning of financing can fulfill justice based on Islamic economics. The concept of the Bank is any camouflage with the money industry, and it is not clear enough, exactly the difference between the Bank and Islamic nuances, because all financial industries are under one container, namely the interest-base central bank. In short, Islamic banking with a financing system, while conventional banking with a loan system. Two different central banks are greatly needed.
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Chodorow-Reich, Gabriel, Gita Gopinath, Prachi Mishra, and Abhinav Narayanan. "Cash and the Economy: Evidence from India’s Demonetization*." Quarterly Journal of Economics 135, no. 1 (September 10, 2019): 57–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjz027.
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Abstract We analyze a unique episode in the history of monetary economics, the 2016 Indian “demonetization.” This policy made 86% of cash in circulation illegal tender overnight, with new notes gradually introduced over the next several months. We present a model of demonetization where agents hold cash both to satisfy a cash-in-advance constraint and for tax evasion purposes. We test the predictions of the model in the cross-section of Indian districts using several novel data sets including: the geographic distribution of demonetized and new notes for causal inference; night light activity and employment surveys to measure economic activity including in the informal sector; debit/credit cards and e-wallet transactions data; and banking data on deposit and credit growth. Districts experiencing more severe demonetization had relative reductions in economic activity, faster adoption of alternative payment technologies, and lower bank credit growth. The cross-sectional responses cumulate to a contraction in aggregate employment and night lights–based output due to the the cash shortage of at least 2 percentage points and of bank credit of 2 percentage points in 2016Q4 relative to their counterfactual paths, effects that dissipate over the next few months. Our analysis rejects monetary neutrality using a large-scale natural experiment, something that is still rare in the vast literature on the effects of monetary policy.
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Shcherbak, Mykola, and Nadiia Shcherbak. "ARCHIVAL DOCUMENTS ABOUT SOCIAL ANTAGONISM IN THE DNIEPER UKRAINE IN THE 19th CENTURY." Almanac of Ukrainian Studies, no. 29 (2021): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2520-2626/2021.29.28.
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The article highlights the specifics of the Right Bank of Ukraine and notes that it is in the XIX century was a polyethnic region, which, having its own history, was characterized by ethnic, religious, socio-economic, administrative features and even had its own legislation. Throughout this period, the right-bank Ukrainian lands remained a field of sharp political and social confrontation. Describing the situation on the Right Bank of Ukraine, the authors of the article argue that since joining the Russian Empire, the tsarist government has not taken into account all the features of this territory. He did not pay attention to the Ukrainian people, but saw here only the Polish nobility, which he tried to persuade to his side by various concessions. At the same time, the majority of the population of the Right Bank were Ukrainians, almost all of whom were peasants. At the beginning of the XIX century. There were about 3 million such peasants. Land real estate on the Right Bank of Ukraine was owned by a small number of Polish magnates. It is concluded that after the suppression of the Polish uprising of 1830-1831, an active policy of Russification began. Right-bank Ukraine has become a field of sharp political and social confrontation. This is confirmed by archival sources, first of all, the office documents of the Chancellery of the Governor-General of Kyiv, Podil and Volyn, which are preserved in the Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine in Kyiv. The authors of the article emphasize that in the second half of the XIX century. the issue of reducing Polish land ownership on the Right Bank of Ukraine was very important in the activities of the local administration. The large number of laws and regulations contained in the collections of legislative acts, the numerous correspondence between local authorities and the center, which is stored in the archives, testify to its special relevance.
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Siemińska, Ewa, and Małgorzata Krajewska. "Exchange Rate Risk On The Mortgage Market." Real Estate Management and Valuation 23, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 74–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/remav-2015-0038.
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Abstract Strict connections of the real estate market with the financial market are an unquestionable phenomenon at every level of investing, starting from the lowest individual investor, and finishing with national and transnational players. One of the more interesting examples of such a dependency is the problem of the risk of financing the real estate market, which results from numerous macro-, mezo- and microeconomic conditions, including, inter alias, the phenomenon of capital migration, supranational bank regulations or the development of currency exchange rates on world markets. The most recent example of such a dependency is, among others, the decision of the National Bank of Switzerland from the beginning of 2015 to abandon the Swiss franc-euro cap, which will go down in the history of the world financial market. Its global effects will surely be very difficult to assess, while the resulting turbulences and consequences for many (institutional, corporation and individual) market participants cause, on the one hand, awaiting a reaction and actions aimed at helping entities affected by the consequences of the mentioned decision and, on the other, many questions and doubts. The paper will present current selected aspects concerning currency risk in the context of financing the residential real estate market and the directions of actions prepared in reaction to the abovementioned risk. Polish conditions will be presented against the background of examples of foreign solutions. The aim of the work is to present: the essence of currency risk in the context of the current financial situation of the Polish banking sector, the most important directions of proposals for remedial actions aimed at mitigating the effects of the significant increase in the exchange rate of the Swiss franc in relation to the Polish currency, a short overview of selected solutions/regulations regarding the exchange rate risk of mortgages taken out in a foreign currency in other countries. The method employed was the critical analysis of the most-recent reports and recommendations of the National Bank of Poland, Polish Financial Supervision Authority, Polish Banking Union, and other experts on the subject of financing the real estate market, as well as a comparative analysis of solutions regarding currency risk in selected countries.
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Kayman, Martin A. "The "New Sort of Specialty" and the "New Province of Writing": Bank Notes, Fiction and the Law in Tom Jones." ELH 68, no. 3 (2001): 633–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/elh.2001.0025.
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Kraft, J. P. "F. M. Scherer. Quarter Notes and Bank Notes: The Economics of Music Composition in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2004. x + 264 pp. ISBN 0-691-11621-0, $35.00 (cloth)." Enterprise and Society 5, no. 4 (December 1, 2004): 701–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/es/khh090.
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Einaudi, Luca. "‘The Generous Utopia of Yesterday Can Become the Practical Achievement of Tomorrow’: 1000 Years of Monetary Union in Europe." National Institute Economic Review 172 (April 2000): 90–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795010017200109.
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Monetary unions have been a recurring element in European history, driven by the need to overcome obstacles to trade caused by the fragmentation of political authority. Between the 14th and the 19th centuries, a series of coinage unions were set up in the German speaking world, which served as models for the Latin and Scandinavian monetary unions in 1865 and 1872. With the growing size of participating states and the transformation of money, thanks to the end of bimetallism and the wider use of bank notes and deposits, the objectives and the practical management of monetary unions became more complex and more political. Monetary union became strictly associated with European federalism and required new common institutions after the end of the classical metallic standards in 1914.
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Plotnitsky, Arkady. "Peter Roquette. The Riemann Hypothesis in Characteristic p in Historical Perspective. (History of Mathematics Subseries: Lecture Notes in Mathematics, 2222.) x + 233 pp., bibl., index. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2018. €47.95 (paper). ISBN 9783319990675." Isis 111, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 411–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/709333.
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Kobrak, Chris. "Die Geschichte der National-Bank, 1921 bis 2011 [The History of National-Bank, 1921 to 2011]. By Joachim Scholtyseck. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2011. 423 pp. Photographs, bibliography, notes, index. Cloth, €44.00. ISBN: 978-3-515-09831-1." Business History Review 87, no. 2 (2013): 369–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007680513000573.
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Adler, Antony. "Samuel A. Robinson. Ocean Science and the British Cold War State. (Palgrave Studies in the History of Science and Technology.) xiv + 278 pp., notes, index. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018. €103.99 (cloth). ISBN 9783319730950." Isis 110, no. 4 (December 2019): 858–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/706888.
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Depoortère, Christophe. "TWO UNPUBLISHED LETTERS BY DAVID RICARDO ON A MONETARY PAMPHLET BY SAMUEL TERTIUS GALTON." Journal of the History of Economic Thought 37, no. 3 (August 11, 2015): 341–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1053837215000279.
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This article transcripts and analyzes two hitherto unpublished letters by David Ricardo. The first one (6 December 1812), was addressed to Leonard Horner. In the second one (3 March 1813), Ricardo thanked Samuel Tertius Galton for having sent him the pamphlet on monetary questions Galton had just published. This second letter was very useful to identify the work discussed by Ricardo in the first letter. Indeed, in his writing to Horner, Ricardo commented extensively on Galton’s manuscript. He dealt with important monetary issues such as the distinction between a deteriorated and a depreciated currency, the determination of the par of exchange between countries admitting two different monetary standards, and the distinction between an increased issue of notes by the Bank of England and an increased quantity of money in circulation.
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Jaremski, Matthew. "Bank Notes and Shinplasters: The Rage for Paper Money in the Early Republic. By Joshua R. Greenberg. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2020. Pp. 245. $34.95, hardcover." Journal of Economic History 81, no. 4 (November 24, 2021): 1267–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050721000486.
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Ovsyannikov, Vladimir V., and Evgeny V. Ruslanov. "Мончазинское городище ― многослойный памятник в Южном Предуралье." Oriental Studies 14, no. 2 (July 20, 2021): 301–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2021-54-2-301-313.
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Introduction. Starting from the early Iron Age, the high root bank of the Belaya — downstream from its confluence with the Sim River and virtually to the Ufa Peninsula — was serving a natural barrier that separated the local tribes from nomadic populations who would sporadically penetrate into the left-bank flood pastures. It is along this barrier line that a group of sedentary settlements (hillforts of Okhlebinino I, II, Akberdino I-III, Shipovo, Monchazy) was discovered and identified as those of the Kara-Abyz culture. Supposedly, this advance warning system was still functioning in later periods too, i.e. the pre- and Golden Horde eras, and was somewhat related to antiquities of the Chiyalik archaeological culture. Goals. The work aims to introduce into scientific circulation archaeological materials from the Iron Age and the Late Middle Ages obtained as a result of repeated examinations and explorations at the site of Monchazy located 40 km southeast of Ufa in the lower reaches of the Sim River. The article provides data on the cultural layer of the monument, its defensive structures, introduces analogies to the found metal products, and reveals their cultural and historical aspects. Results. The results obtained indicate the site of the monument was used by both the Kara-Abyz population of the Southern Cis-Urals in the early Iron Age and the late medieval ‘Chiyalik’ residents. The paper also notes that this territory (the middle reaches of the Belaya between the mouths of the Bir and Sim rivers) was a transit area for carriers of Kara-Abyz ceramics with sand admixtures, while carriers of the Chialik culture quite often used fortified promontories of earlier eras (fortified settlements of Kara-Abyz, Bazhino, Ufa I, Ufa II). The publication also provides a broad historical cross-section of the eras (early Iron Age and Late Middle Ages) in relation to the territory on the right bank of the Belaya River. The work also provides data on the archaeological environment near the hillfort of Monchazy. The rather extensive archaeological materials make it possible to conclude as to the difference between ceramic traditions among the population of the Kara-Abyz archaeological culture. It is also noted that nomadic groups of Kipchaks that arrived in the territory of the settlement could have been included in the cultural environment by sedentary carriers of Chiyalik ceramics who professed Islam.
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Maiatskii, Dmitry I. "Northern and Western Europe in “Illustrated Tributaries of the Qing Empire”." Oriental Studies 19, no. 4 (2020): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2020-19-4-81-93.
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This paper explores features of the visual images and descriptions of the inhabitants of four European states (Sweden, Great Britain, the Netherlands and Switzerland), found in “Huang Qing Zhi Gong Tu” (“Tributaries of the ruling Qing dynasty”) – a Chinese historical and ethnographic book compiled by Fu Heng in the middle of the 18th century. The book is stored in the collection of rare Oriental books at St. Petersburg State University. Eight xylographic illustrations of the inhabitants of the European states are selected and analyzed. The attached explanatory texts are also translated. They contain information about the geographical location of the countries mentioned, as well as the history of their contacts with China and some notes about the inhabitants of these countries, including an anthropological portrait, a description of costumes, customs, occupations and so on. The interpretation is carried out in accordance with the principles of scientific translation used by academician Vasiliy M. Alekseev (1881–1951). In case of need the translations are supplemented with textological, historiographic and culturological commentaries. An analysis of the drawings and texts aids in recreating the picture of the perception by the Chinese of the mid-18th century of the four European states. The archaic names of countries and peoples used by compilers are analyzed. Misconceptions and stereotypes of Chinese compilers are revealed. Attempts are being made to explain their possible origins. The author of the paper found out that the compilers sometimes relied upon a method of explanation of the phenomena unknown to the Chinese by rethinking similar facts from the history and culture of China.