Academic literature on the topic 'Bank failures – Models'
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Journal articles on the topic "Bank failures – Models"
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SEN, Safa, and Sara Almeida de Figueiredo. "Forecasting Bank Failure with Machine Learning Models: A study on Turkish Banks." Journal of Economics, Finance and Accounting Studies 3, no. 2 (September 11, 2021): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jefas.2021.3.2.6.
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Forecasting bank failures has been an essential study in the literature due to their significant impact on the economic prosperity of a country. Acting as an intermediary player, banks channel funds from those with surplus capital to those who require capital to carry out their economic activities. Therefore, it is essential to generate early warning systems that could warn banks and stakeholders in case of financial turbulence. In this paper, three machine learning models named as GLMBoost, XGBoost, and SMO were used to forecast bank failures. We used commercial bank failure data of Turkey between 1997 and 2001, where we have 17 failed and 20 healthy banks. Our results show that the Sequential Minimal Optimization and GLMBoost provide the same performance when classifying failed banks, while GLMBoost performs better in AUC and SMO when considering total classification success. Lastly, XGBoost, one of the most recent and robust classification models, surprisingly underperformed in all three metrics we used in research.
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Audrino, Francesco, Alexander Kostrov, and Juan-Pablo Ortega. "Predicting U.S. Bank Failures with MIDAS Logit Models." Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 54, no. 6 (October 8, 2018): 2575–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022109018001308.
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We propose a new approach based on a generalization of the logit model to improve prediction accuracy in U.S. bank failures. Mixed-data sampling (MIDAS) is introduced in the context of a logistic regression. We also mitigate the class-imbalance problem in data and adjust the classification accuracy evaluation. In applying the suggested model to the period from 2004 to 2016, we show that it correctly classifies significantly more bank failure cases than the classic logit model, in particular for long-term forecasting horizons. Some of the largest recent bank failures in the United States that had been previously misclassified are now correctly predicted.
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ZHEN-JIA-LIU. "CROSS-COUNTRY STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF BANK FINANCIAL DISTRESS." Revista de Administração de Empresas 55, no. 5 (October 2015): 593–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-759020150510.
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ABSTRACTBank failures affect owners, employees, and customers, possibly causing large-scale economic distress. Thus, banks must evaluate operational risks and develop early warning systems. This study investigates bank failures in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, the North America Free Trade Area (NAFTA), the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the European Union, newly industrialized countries, the G20, and the G8. We use financial ratios to analyze and explore the appropriateness of prediction models. Results show that capital ratios, interest income compared to interest expenses, non-interest income compared to non-interest expenses, return on equity, and provisions for loan losses have significantly negative correlations with bank failure. However, loan ratios, non-performing loans, and fixed assets all have significantly positive correlations with bank failure. In addition, the accuracy of the logistic model for banks from NAFTA countries provides the best prediction accuracy regarding bank failure.
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SEN, Safa, and Sara Almeida de Figueiredo. "Predicting Bank Failures with Machine Learning Algorithms: A Comparison of Boosting and Cost-Sensitive Models." Journal of Economics, Finance and Accounting Studies 3, no. 2 (September 5, 2021): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jefas.2021.3.2.5.
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Predicting bank failures has been an essential subject in literature due to the significance of the banks for the economic prosperity of a country. Acting as an intermediary player of the economy, banks channel funds between creditors and debtors. In that matter, banks are considered the backbone of the economies; hence, it is important to create early warning systems that identify insolvent banks from solvent ones. Thus, Insolvent banks can apply for assistance and avoid bankruptcy in financially turbulent times. In this paper, we will focus on two different machine learning disciplines: Boosting and Cost-Sensitive methods to predict bank failures. Boosting methods are widely used in the literature due to their better prediction capability. However, Cost-Sensitive Forest is relatively new to the literature and originally invented to solve imbalance problems in software defect detection. Our results show that comparing to the boosting methods, Cost-Sensitive Forest particularly classifies failed banks more accurately. Thus, we suggest using the Cost-Sensitive Forest when predicting bank failures with imbalanced datasets.
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Sarkar, Sumit, and Ram S. Sriram. "Bayesian Models for Early Warning of Bank Failures." Management Science 47, no. 11 (November 2001): 1457–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.47.11.1457.10253.
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Parnes, Dror. "The search for an optimal RBC regulatory system." Journal of Financial Economic Policy 6, no. 1 (April 1, 2014): 78–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfep-05-2013-0021.
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Purpose – The author assembles three hypothetical regulatory regimes and deploys computer simulations to contrast different banking systems based on conventional strategies for appointing risk-based capital minimum thresholds. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – The author instigates cascading failure models within numerous directed graphs and measures the inflicted costs, the accumulated bank failures, and the general robustness of the networks following various economic shocks. Findings – The author finds that a homogeneous regulatory regime is an inferior approach. However, a selected too-big-to-fail scheme portrays the best defensive banking model with the lowest number of total bank failures and the fewest banks' costs and social costs. Research limitations/implications – The author can only theoretically examine this topic. Originality/value – The author overcomes some obstacles in prior studies including the use of a large and complex network and the proportional allocation of funds upon a bank failure.
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Кракович, Виктор, and Daria Udaltsova. "Bank Portfolio Allocation Strategy and Its Probability of Failure: Case of the Russian Banking Sector Purge." Journal of Corporate Finance Research / Корпоративные Финансы | ISSN: 2073-0438 16, no. 2 (September 13, 2022): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/j.jcfr.2073-0438.16.2.2022.32-43.
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This paper aims to discover portfolio allocation strategies that facilitate a bank’s stability. The paper examines the phenomenon of massive failures of Russian banks in the period from 2013 to 2019, in order to identify which of the banks’ strategic decisions regarding assets and liabilities, as well as portfolio structure, lead to higher stability. The dataset contains financial indicators and prudential ratios of 895 commercial banks operating in Russia during that period. 507 banks, or 57% of all banks, lost their license during the considered period. Cases of bank failures were classified depending on whether the Central Bank identified any illegal activities conducted by the failed bank. The high failure rate provides an opportunity to study the differences between failed and non-failed banks in order to determine the factors associated with lowerfailure probability. Following the approach applied in most of the previous studies, we use a logistic regression to model the effect of different asset and liability portfolio structure on the failure probability. The hypothesis that failure probability of a bank is affected by its strategic focus of forming an assets and liabilities portfolio was statistically confirmed. We found that the focus of a bank’s activity on providing loans to individuals and attracting deposits from companies leads to lower failure probability, confirming the results of previous studies. Also, we found that more active cooperation with other banks in terms of both borrowing and lending is associated with lower failure probability. Furthermore, we found that banks are less likely to borrow from or lend money to their fellow banks that later fail with illegal activity accusations.Finally, we found that unlike the EU banks, Russian banks with higher profitability ratios are more stable. The results are relevant for industry practitioners in facilitating the development of a more resilient bank strategy, as well as for regulators for incorporation in early warning models.
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Siakoulis, Vasileios. "Bank failure intensity modeling: an ACD model approach." Journal of Risk Finance 19, no. 5 (November 19, 2018): 454–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jrf-11-2016-0151.
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PurposeThe purpose of this study is to employ a duration-based approach to model the inter-arrival times of bank failures in the US banking system for the period of 1934-2014, in line with the suggestions of Focardi and Fabozzi (2005), who used a similar model for explaining contagion in credit portfolios.Design/methodology/approachConditional duration models that allow duration between bank failures to depend linearly or nonlinearly on its past history are estimated and evaluated.FindingsThe authors find evidence of strong persistence along with nonmonotonic hazard rates, which imply a financial contagion pattern, according to which a high frequency of bank failures generates turbulence, which shortly after leads to additional fails, whereas prolonged periods without abnormal events signify the absence of contagious dependence, which increases the relative periods between bank failure appearance. Further, the authors obtain statistically significant results when they allow duration to depend linearly on past information variables that capture systemic bank crisis factors along with stock and bond market effects.Originality/valueThe originality of this study consists in proposing a new time series approach for the prediction of bank probability of default by incorporating a default-risk contagion mechanism. As contagious bank failures are a key topic in macroprudential supervision, this study could be of value for supervisory authorities in setting pro-active actions and tightening regulatory measures.
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Liu, Li Xian, Shuangzhe Liu, and Milind Sathye. "Predicting Bank Failures: A Synthesis of Literature and Directions for Future Research." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14, no. 10 (October 8, 2021): 474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14100474.
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Risk management has been a topic of great interest to Michael McAleer. Even as recent as 2020, his paper on risk management for COVID-19 was published. In his memory, this article is focused on bankruptcy risk in financial firms. For financial institutions in particular, banks are considered special, given that they perform risk management functions that are unique. Risks in banking arise from both internal and external factors. The GFC underlined the need for comprehensive risk management, and researchers since then have been working towards fulfilling that need. Similarly, the central banks across the world have begun periodic stress-testing of banks’ ability to withstand shocks. This paper investigates the machine-learning and statistical techniques used in the literature on bank failure prediction. The study finds that though considerable progress has been made using advanced statistical and computational techniques, given the complex nature of banking risk, the ability of statistical techniques to predict bank failures is limited. Machine-learning-based models are increasingly becoming popular due to their significant predictive ability. The paper also suggests the directions for future research.
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Hubble, T. C. T. "Slope stability analysis of potential bank failure as a result of toe erosion on weir-impounded lakes: an example from the Nepean River, New South Wales, Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 55, no. 1 (2004): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf03003.
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The consequences of weirs present on the Upper Nepean River on the long-term slope stability of both vegetated and devegetated riverbanks were investigated using models that account for the reinforcement of bank sediments by tree roots. The effects of the weirs in concert with channel widening and deepening caused by dredging in 1970s and 1980s, as well as natural processes, have turned the Upper Nepean from a small upland river into a series of quiet, narrow lakes, measuring 3–5 m deep, 30–70 m wide and several kilometres long. The surface of these lakes is located currently within the steep mid-bank zone. Wind-generated waves have eroded 1–3-m high scarps in the mid-bank region. These scarps are receding laterally at an average rate of 10 cm per year and this process is gradually undermining and destabilising the upper banks. In contrast, the mass of water impounded by the weirs currently acts to provide lateral support to the banks and improves their stability. Therefore, the existence of the weirs and their impounded lakes has currently both positive and negative effects on bank stability. The retention of the weirs will promote continued erosion at the waterline of the weir lakes that will eventually lead to the destabilisation and collapse of both vegetated and devegetated banks during future large floods. Demolition of the weirs would also lead to a renewed phase of bank failure during future floods as the stabilising effects of the weir lakes on the banks would be removed. The size of eventual failures will be larger and the distribution of such failures probably more widespread if the weirs are retained.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Bank failures – Models"
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Welch, Peter. "Model Specification for Bank Failure: A Retrospective Look at Banks in Missouri during the Great Depression." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1765.
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This paper examines banks in Missouri during the Great Depression in order to find the correct model specification for bank failure during economic downturns. The data set controls for a bank’s balance sheet, correspondent network, charters and memberships, county characteristics, and market share, and includes both Federal Reserve member and non-member banks. Using a probit model, it is concluded that the contractionary monetary policy employed by the St. Louis Federal Reserve did not help bank survival, as being a member of the Federal Reserve had no significant effect on a bank’s probability of survival. Additionally, while an increased network led to higher rates of bank survival, connections to Chicago show evidence of contagion risk. Finally, the paper concludes that for future model specification it is important to capture balance sheet, network, and environment characteristics, as leaving out certain information can lead to omitted variable bias.
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Hong, Wei O'Connell Robert M. "An ATP/EMTP model for the study of both normal and abnormal substation equipment operation." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri--Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6652.
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Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on March 10, 2010). The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Thesis advisor: Dr. Robert M O'Connell. Includes bibliographical references.
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Kimmel, Randall K. "Can Statistics Based Early Warning Systems Detect Problem Banks Before Markets?" Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1309322520.
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Nechitailo, Nicholas V. "Finite element analysis of failure modes in dynamically loaded pre-cracked steel plates." Thesis, This resource online, 1995. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-07282008-135430/.
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Hülße, Konstanze [Verfasser], and Frank C. [Akademischer Betreuer] Englmann. "Financial intermediation in a new Keynesian DSGE model : a study on consequences of non-systemic bank failure for monetary policy / Konstanze Hülße ; Betreuer: Frank C. Englmann." Stuttgart : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Stuttgart, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1143597044/34.
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Putnam, Kyle J. "Two Essays in Financial Economics." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2015. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2010.
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The following dissertation contains two distinct empirical essays which contribute to the overall field of Financial Economics. Chapter 1, entitled “The Determinants of Dynamic Dependence: An Analysis of Commodity Futures and Equity Markets,” examines the determinants of the dynamic equity-commodity return correlations between five commodity futures sub-sectors (energy, foods and fibers, grains and oilseeds, livestock, and precious metals) and a value-weighted equity market index (S&P 500). The study utilizes the traditional DCC model, as well as three time-varying copulas: (i) the normal copula, (ii) the student’s t copula, and (iii) the rotated-gumbel copula as dependence measures. Subsequently, the determinants of these various dependence measures are explored by analyzing several macroeconomic, financial, and speculation variables over different sample periods. Results indicate that the dynamic equity-commodity correlations for the energy, grains and oilseeds, precious metals, and to a lesser extent the foods and fibers, sub-sectors have become increasingly explainable by broad macroeconomic and financial market indicators, particularly after May 2003. Furthermore, these variables exhibit heterogeneous effects in terms of both magnitude and sign on each sub-sectors’ equity-commodity correlation structure. Interestingly, the effects of increased financial market speculation are found to be extremely varied among the five sub-sectors. These results have important implications for portfolio selection, price formation, and risk management. Chapter 2, entitled, “US Community Bank Failure: An Empirical Investigation,” examines the declining, but still pivotal role, of the US community banking industry. The study utilizes survival analysis to determine which accounting and macroeconomic variables help to predict community bank failure. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and Federal Reserve Bank data are utilized to compare 452 community banks which failed between 2000 and 2013, relative to a sample of surviving community banks. Empirical results indicate that smaller banks are less likely to fail than their larger community bank counterparts. Additionally, several unique bank-specific indicators of failure emerge which relate to asset quality and liquidity, as well as earnings ratios. Moreover, results show that the use of the macroeconomic indicator of liquidity, the TED spread, provides a substantial improvement in modeling predictive community bank failure.
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Sivadasan, Ajith. "Conception et simulation des circuits numériques en 28nm FDSOI pour la haute fiabilité." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAT118.
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La mise à l'échelle de la technologie CMOS classique augmente les performances des circuits numériques grâce à la possibilité d'incorporation de composants de circuit supplémentaires dans la même zone de silicium. La technologie FDSOI 28nm de ST Microélectroniques est une stratégie d'échelle innovante qui maintient une structure de transistor planaire et donc une meilleure performance sans augmentation des coûts de fabrication de puces pour les applications basse tension. Il est important de s'assurer que l'augmentation des fonctionnalités et des performances ne se fasse pas au détriment de la fiabilité réduite, ce qui est assuré en répondant aux exigences des normes internationales ISO26262 pour les applications critiques dans les environnements automobile et industriel. Les entreprises de semi-conducteurs, pour se conformer à ces normes, doivent donc présenter des capacités d'estimation de la fiabilité au stade de la conception du circuit, qui est pour l'instant évaluer qu'après la fabrication d'un circuit numérique. Ce travail se concentre sur le vieillissement des standard cell et des circuits numériques avec le temps sous l'influence du mécanisme de dégradation du NBTI pour une large gamme de variations de processus, de tension et de température (PVT) et la compensation de vieillissement avec l'application de la tension à la face arrière (Body-Bias). L'un des principaux objectifs de cette thèse est la mise en place d'une infrastructure d'analyse de fiabilité composée d'outils logiciels et d'un modèle de vieillissement dans un cadre industriel d'estimation du taux de défaillance des circuits numériques au stade de la conception des circuits développés en technologie ST 28nm FDSOIScaling of classical CMOS technology provides an increase in performance of digital circuits owing to the possibility of incorporation of additional circuit components within the same silicon area. 28nm FDSOI technology from ST Microelectronics is an innovative scaling strategy maintaining a planar transistor structure and thus provide better performance with no increase in silicon chip fabrication costs for low power applications. It is important to ensure that the increased functionality and performance is not at the expense of decreased reliability, which can be ensured by meeting the requirements of international standards like ISO26262 for critical applications in the automotive and industrial settings. Semiconductor companies, to conform to these standards, are thus required to exhibit the capabilities for reliability estimation at the design conception stage most of which, currently, is done only after a digital circuit has been taped out. This work concentrates on Aging of standard cells and digital circuits with time under the influence of NBTI degradation mechanism for a wide range of Process, Voltage and Temperature (PVT) variations and aging compensation using backbiasing. One of the principal aims of this thesis is the establishment of a reliability analysis infrastructure consisting of software tools and gate level aging model in an industrial framework for failure rate estimation of digital circuits at the design conception stage for circuits developed using ST 28nm FDSOI technology
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Melle, Samuel. "Analyse et modélisation des phénomènes de chargement de diélectriques dans les MEMS RF : application à la fiabilité prédictive de micro-commutateurs électromécaniques micro-ondes." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011359.
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Ces dernières années ont vu l'émergence de nouveaux composants micro-ondes, les micro-commutateurs MEMS RF, possédant des performances très attrayantes pour de nombreux domaines d'application : spatial, automobile, téléphonie mobile& Cependant, une problématique majeure retarde actuellement leur industrialisation : leur fiabilité. Ce manuscrit de thèse a pour but principal de mettre en place les procédures d'investigation de la fiabilité des MEMS RF comprenant le développement des outils matériels et méthodologiques permettant d'analyser et de modéliser les phénomènes régissant la fiabilité de ces composants. Le premier chapitre effectue un état de l'art critique des bancs de tests et des résultats publiés par les laboratoires internationaux travaillant sur la fiabilité des MEMS RF. Le second chapitre détaille le banc de fiabilité développé dans le cadre de nos travaux. Nous présentons les différentes parties le constituant ainsi que les mesures des propriétés des MEMS RF qu'elles permettent d'effectuer en vue d'analyser leur fiabilité. Le troisième chapitre se focalise sur la méthodologie mise en place en vue d'étudier la fiabilité des micro-commutateurs capacitifs. Cette méthodologie est basée sur la détection et l'analyse des modes de défaillance d'une part et sur la modélisation du mécanisme de défaillance d'autre part. Nous proposons ainsi un modèle du chargement du diélectrique, principale cause de défaillance de ce type de composants, et introduisons un facteur de mérite de la fiabilité des MEMS RF permettant une évaluation comparative de leur durée de vie. Dans un quatrième chapitre, nous présentons les trois axes de recherche sur lesquels des études préliminaires ont été effectuées en vue d'améliorer la fiabilité des MEMS RF capacitifs : l'optimisation technologique, l'optimisation de la commande et l'optimisation de la topologie des micro-commutateurs
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ZWART, Sanne. "Coordination, Expectations and Crises." Doctoral thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/7767.
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Defence date: 15 October 2007Examining board: Prof. Giancarlo Corsetti, EUI, Supervisor ; Prof. Bernardo Guimaraes, London School of Economics ; Prof. Karl Schlag, EUI and Universitat Pompeu Fabra ; Prof. Eric Van Damme, Tilburg University
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Lin, Wei-Chu, and 林威助. "Analyzing the Early Warning of Bank Failure Models in Taiwan." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/26977198019993423053.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
經濟學研究所
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The purpose of this research is to analysis the early warning of bank failure models using bank financial indicators and discuss the hazard function of healthy and default banks in Taiwan from 2002 to 2007, the year 2001 is a benchmark year. Factor analysis using Principal components method, and rotating the factor-loading matrix by the varimax method, this research shows that a bank will fail is a function of variables related to six financial indicators, including banking operations , assets quality, bank scale, capital adequacy, liquidity and growing. Empirical results show that the parametric model is superior to the semi-parametric model and the non-parametric model, as the majority of the regressors in the accelerated failure-time model are significant with the correct sign. Overall, the Log-logistic Model is advanced to indicate how the financial indicators can lead to the failure of the banks, and demonstrate good accuracy.
Books on the topic "Bank failures – Models"
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Arena, Marco. Bank failures and bank fundamentals: A comparative analysis of Latin America and East Asia during the nineties using bank-level data. [Ottawa]: Bank of Canada, 2005.
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Cole, Rebel A. Separating the likelihood and timing of bank failure. [Dallas]: Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, 1993.
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W, Cooper Russell. Bank runs: Liquidity and incentives. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1991.
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Caldwell, Greg. An analysis of closure policy under alternative regulatory structures. Ottawa: Bank of Canada, 2005.
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Lang, William W. Optimal bank closure for deposit insurers. [Philadelphia, Pa.]: Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, 1990.
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Ennis, Huberto M. Bank runs and investment decisions revisited. [Richmond, Va.]: Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, 2004.
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Kim, Se-Jik. Managing confidence in emerging market bank runs. [Washington, D.C.]: International Monetary Fund, European Dept., and Research Dept., 2004.
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Zhu, Haibin. Bank runs without self-fulfilling prophecies. Basel, Switzerland: Bank for International Settlements, Monetary and Economic Dept., 2001.
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Zhu, Haibin. Bank runs, welfare and policy implications. Basel, Switzerland: Bank for International Settlements, Monetary and Economic Dept., 2001.
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Garber, Peter M. Bank runs in open economies and the international transmission of panics. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1988.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Bank failures – Models"
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Dias, André, Pedro Campos, and Paulo Garrido. "An Agent Based Propagation Model of Bank Failures." In Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems, 119–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09578-3_10.
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Shin, Sung Woo, and Suleyman Biljin Kilic. "Using PCA-Based Neural Network Committee Model for Early Warning of Bank Failure." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 289–92. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11881070_42.
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Özdemir, Mücahit. "Can Microfinance Be a Solution for the Social Failure of Islamic Banks? A Linkage Model Proposal." In Institutional Islamic Economics and Finance, 80–97. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003227649-7.
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Leng, Qing, Ming Zhang, Gensheng Zhao, Senhao Mao, and Ang Jiang. "Simulation and Hazard Map of Flooding Caused by the Break of a Concrete Gravitational Dam." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 1248–60. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6138-0_109.
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AbstractThe simulation of Concrete Gravitational Dam burst floods is an important research content in the field of disaster prevention and mitigation in water conservancy projects. Due to the extreme rainfall, earthquake, structure failure and etc., the concrete gravitational dam usually breaks in a short time period. The dam break flood will give an extreme risk to the downstream communities. Taking the flood simulation of the Kaliwa Dam in the Philippines as an example, based on the downstream channel of the dam body and the measured terrain on both sides, a numerical simulation model of one-dimensional and two-dimensional coupled flood evolution is constructed, and the numerical simulation of the flood evolution process of the dam collapse is carried out, counts the inundation range, water depth, flow velocity, flood arrival time and other disaster causing factors in the downstream inundation area, and draws the flood hazard map of both banks downstream. The simulation results show that the KALIWA burst accident occurred, the total inundation area downstream is over 38 km2 in the downstream of the Kaliwa Dam. The dam break flood peak takes 1.5 h to reach the downstream estuary, which is the shortest time. The General Nakar City and Infanta City are inundated completely with the depth of 1.0 m to 2.0 m. The terrain near the upper reaches of the lower estuary is open and flat, the downstream area will be affected seriously by the flood. It is proposed to build a flood warning system to give the people downstream of Kaliwa Dam. The results of the research will provide a scientific basis for dam-break flood risk analysis, disaster assessment.
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Padrón, Thais Guerrero, Ljubinka Kovačević, and Mª Isabel Ribes Moreno. "Labour Law and Gender." In Gender-Competent Legal Education, 583–630. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14360-1_17.
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AbstractThe chapter presents an overview of key labour law institutions, aiming at discussing the importance of the gender perspective in labour law. Therefore, the introductory section of the chapter will put this issue into the context of historical and conceptual framework genesis of regulating employment relationships. These issues are connected with the legal subordination and economic dependence of employees, which produce the need to create and implement norms that protect employees, as a weaker party to the employment relationship. This includes the limitation of employers’ (managerial, normative and disciplinary) prerogatives, in order to create the conditions for effective enjoyment of the right of jobseekers and employees for protection against gender-based discrimination. The labour law is, in this regard, traditionally conceived according to the model of a male worker, who is employed on the basis of a standard employment contract (open-ended full time employment contract). This then results in a failure to recognise or provide sufficient consideration of the specific needs that women have as participants in the labour market. The use of the feminist method, which included the understanding of gender as an analytical category in the field of labour law, opened up a new set of labour law issues. For example, in easing the ban on women working in physically demanding jobs, and the conceptualisation of the need to reconcile the professional and family duties of employees.. On the other hand, contemporary labour law, when creating conditions for achieving gender equality, is aimed primarily at women’s empowerment in the world of work. Persisting with this approach can lead to an oversimplified understanding of the principle of gender equality, ignoring the special needs of men in the world of work, as well as ignoring the importance of their role for consistent implementation of the principle of gender equality and women’s empowerment. The second section of the chapter will provide analysis of gender-based discrimination during the hiring process. Other sections will cover the risk of gender-based discrimination regarding rights, obligations and duties deriving from employment relationship, labour law measures to encourage improvements in the occupational safety and health, work-life balance for parents and caregivers, sexual harassment at work and promotion of gender equality in collective labour law.
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Collier, Richard S. "Banks and Misconduct." In Banking on Failure, 193–250. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198859673.003.0007.
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This chapter deals with the issues and implications of misconduct scandals involving banks and the inter-bank market. The discussion begins by surveying the significant incidence of misconduct by banks across the globe and then presents an explanation for this based on systemic features of the banking market. This includes an account of the impact of a number of profound changes to the banking business model which have taken place in the last half-century as banks have shifted to a highly transactional business model and discovered that tax systems around the globe present fertile opportunities for exploitation. The discussion includes an analysis of why it is considered that the banks’ internal and external control mechanisms have materially failed.
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Hsu, Tse-Shan. "Plasticity Model Required to Prevent Geotechnical Failures in Tectonic Earthquakes." In Earthquakes - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.107223.
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Although geotechnical engineering design must meet seismic design specifications, many geotechnical failures, including foundations, retaining walls, and slopes, have nevertheless occurred during tectonic earthquakes. The evaluation of the ultimate bearing capacity of the foundation, the active and passive earth pressure of the retaining wall, and the safety factor of the slope all need to use the shear failure band and soil plasticity models at the same time. In view of this, it is first proven that shear failure bands can only appear in the strain softening model. Secondly, it is shown through case studies that traditional evaluation methods for determining the foundation ultimate bearing capacity, the active earth pressure of the retaining wall, and the safety factor of slope stability all adopt both the shear failure band and the perfectly plastic soil model. Since the perfectly plastic soil model is incompatible with shear failure bands, this results in a large number of foundations, retaining walls, and slopes failing during tectonic earthquakes. Based on the research results, it is suggested that a soil strain softening model compatible with shear failure bands be adopted in the analysis of geotechnical engineering projects so as to ensure safety during tectonic earthquakes.
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Peebles, P. J. E. "Cosmological Models." In Cosmology's Century, 36–113. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691196022.003.0003.
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This chapter examines two spatially homogenous world pictures which captured most of the attention in cosmology from the late 1940s through the mid-1960s: an evolving universe and a universe in a statistically steady state. The evolving model describes expansion according to general relativity from an exceedingly dense early condition often termed the big bang. In the big bang model, a straightforward extrapolation of its evolution back in time ends at a singularity: a manifest failure of standard general relativity. In the alternative world picture, the continual creation of matter keeps the near-homogeneously expanding universe in a steady state. It lacked Albert Einstein's endorsement, but skillful proponents kept the picture visible in England though generally less so at other research centers. The steady-state cosmology is much more predictive than the big bang, which might have been expected to have added more than it did to general interest in the model.
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"Failure of Internal Communication." In Making a Modern Central Bank, 376–408. Cambridge University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108875189.014.
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Keller, Eileen. "The French and the German financial crisis." In Financial Crises and the Limits of Bank Reform, 94–119. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198870746.003.0005.
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This chapter analyses how French and German banks were affected by the crisis and how the crisis unfolded in both countries. It compares the governments’ responses and reconstructs how the crisis was diagnosed. The chapter shows that surprisingly different dynamics developed in both countries, despite an initially rather similar situation. Whereas the financial crisis became a veritable crisis of bank intermediation in the way it was widely perceived in France, in Germany it was primarily considered as a crisis of Anglo-Saxon finance capitalism and the failure of individual banks’ business models that had drifted away from traditional bank lending. While the French concluded that alternatives to bank intermediation should be developed, the Germans focused on strengthening classic bank intermediation. The chapter traces the dynamics that brought about the differing reform agendas and spells out the coalitions that supported corresponding political reforms.
Conference papers on the topic "Bank failures – Models"
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Kılıç, Süleyman Bilgin, Kenan Lopcu, and Semin Paksoy. "Artificial Neural Network Models to Build an Early Warning System for Turkish Commercial Banks before and after the 2001 Financial Crisis." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.00963.
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The objective of this paper is to measure the failure risk of Turkish commercial banks. Bank failures bring to bear high costs on economies as well as on governments and eventually on the public and the taxpayers. During the past two decades, many developed and developing economies have experienced large scale bank failures, and estimates for average bank restructuring costs range from 6% to 10% of the Gross Domestic Product. In Turkey the amount of restructuring costs is approximately 30% of the Gross Domestic Product. In this study, we use 29 selected financial ratios of banks across 1996-2012 periods and the Artificial Neural Network Models to build an early warning system. If commercial bank failure were a predictable event, bank restructuring costs could be minimized. Additionally, if early warning systems are used effectively, the regulatory actions necessary to prevent banks from failing could be taken in advance or in the least a more orderly process of bank closures could be administered. The results overall indicate that almost all commercial banks currently operating in the Turkish banking sector are quite sound and far from failure.
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Li, Xiaofei, Cesar Escalante, James Epperson, and Lewell Gunter. "Early Warning Models for Bank Failures: Lessons from the Late 2000s Great Recession." In Annual International Conferences on Accounting and Finance. Global Science & Technology Forum (GSTF), 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2251-1997_af64.
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Veganzones, David, and Eric Séverin. "ON THE INFLUENCE OF BANKING RELATIONSHIPS ON FRENCH SMES FAILURE." In Economic and Business Trends Shaping the Future. Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Economics-Skopje, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47063/ebtsf.2020.0015.
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Small and medium firms are highly dependent on banks to finance their business activities. Thus, banking relationship may be crucial to overcome financial difficulties and to ensure their continuity. Accordingly, this paper investigates the influence of banking relationship on SMEs failure. In particular, four measures that firms can control to build their banking relationships and, that resemble standard variables from the literature on bank/firms relationships are evaluated: the breadth of relationships (number of banks), the relationship length(relationship duration), the relationship proximity (bank-firm distance) and, the relationship form (type of bank). Applying a logistic regression to a unique sample of 4960 French SME firms over the period 2013-2016, we evidence that banking relationships have a significant role on the SMEs likelihood of failure. More precisely, we find that multibank relationships, working with a small bank and relationship length are significantly negative correlated with SMEs failure. The opposite effect appears in bank-firm distance, which increases the SMEs probability of failure. Additionally, a corporate failure prediction model was built based on both financial ratios and banking relationship variables. The performance of this model was compared to a model based solely on financial ratios as predictive indicators. The results indicate that banking relationship variables possess prediction power to failure and enhance the performance of corporate failure models. Consequently, our findings are important from a policy perspective to further comprehend the role that banks play on SMEs failure.
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Paksoy, Semin, and Mehmet Fatih Traş. "The Financial Risk Evaluation in Turkish Banking System." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01731.
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Banking activities exhibit highly dynamic and evolving feature in recent years. Healthy financial position of the banks therefore gains importance in assuring well-being of all economic agents in a country. Because of banks’ key role in financial markets and real economy, banking failures or inefficient performances may have profound effects on the whole economy. For this reason, it is important to monitor the bank ratios as a strength indicator. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate financial position of the banks in Turkey. To this end, we select particular 29 ratios of the present day banks which are matching the ratios of previously failed banks between the period 1997-2003. Therefore, we construct a data set by which the banks can be categorized into two groups, namely failed and non-failed banks. Data covering the period 1996-2014 extracted from Banking Regulation and Supervision Agency.
In the first place, we perform ANOVA test to evaluate the most relevant ratios for bank failure. The ANOVA test results reveal that 13 of 29 ratios are not significant. The remaining ratios are used to implement factor analysis in order to categorize ratios and calculate factor scores. Lastly, we estimate a Probit regression model to determine conditional probability of failure for a given bank. Our results show that financial position of the banks exhibits substantial variations in Turkey. Furthermore, given the data set and methods employed, most of the banks have a robust financial position and are unlikely to fail.
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Cseh, Balazs, and Jozsef Varga. "The Comparative Analysis of the Alternative Crisis Management Models of the Islamic- and Christian-Based Bank System." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01788.
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There is an increasing demand for investments based on religious basics since these ethical investments mean much more stable financial chances. The economic and financial risk of a fragmented reserve banking system has become obvious by the failure of the neoliberal market economy. Therefore, world economy has to reform the entire credit and bank system that could only be achieved by alternative methods. The Islamic bank is a particularly young alternative opportunity that is based on more equitable and moral principles. However, bringing back the Christian-based banking system that looks back on old traditions and that became extinct could also be an alternative. One of the major principles of the Christian-based banking system is that it is not allowed to borrow and invest in worthless bonds without provision. For the Islamic bank, for instance, speculative affairs that are of high risk and monetary derivates are forbidden, there is voluntary risk management. Risk management and risk-sharing practices based on alternative religious principles will also be analyzed. Due to its procyclic-anticyclic characteristics, the traditional bank system deepens the crisis while the religious bank systems are against the crisis by alleviating the burdens of the debtor. The authors describe and analyze crisis management solutions with a sort of comparative method.
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Vella, Peter P., Tonio Sant, and Robert N. Farrugia. "Integrating Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) in Floating Offshore Wind Turbines." In ASME 2019 2nd International Offshore Wind Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/iowtc2019-7533.
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Abstract The design of an offshore energy storage system carries unknowns which need to be studied at an early stage of the project to avoid unnecessary costs of failures. These risks have led to an increasing dependence on more sophisticated mathematical models. This paper refers specifically to energy storage in the offshore wind farming industry and has the objective of proposing an adiabatic compressed air energy (A-CAES) system which would be integrated on a semi-submersible offshore wind turbine (OWT) platform. Calculations in respect to the sizing of the main sub-components of the system are included and estimates for the overall round trip efficiency are presented. Preliminary calculations to size the various parts of the energy storage system (ESS) have been carried out based on the energy availability of an offshore 8 MW wind turbine with real wind data from the North Sea. The load data to determine the lowest 12-hour demand period was taken from the Nordpool database. The calculations of the proposed conceptual design are based on an operational scenario in which the 24-hour period of a particular day is split in a 12-hour charging and 12-hour discharging cycle. For charging, a 5-bank, 2-stage compressor train is used to pressurize a number of steel cylindrical vessels with compressed air. This is followed by a process in which the compressed air is discharged across 12 hours using a 2-bank, 2-stage expander turbine. The multiple compression banks enable a modular power delivery to the air storage vessels, with the number of compressors utilized varying subject to wind availability. The two stages allowed for the air to be cooled in between the stages using heat exchangers, transferring the heat of compression to a pressurized sea water circuit. The hot water would be stored in thermally insulated vessels at 350°C to heat the inlet expanding air in the discharge period. A 70 and 100 Bar charging scenarios, both with a cushion pressure (CP) in the air storage vessel (ASV) of 10 Bar at the end of the discharge cycle have been considered. Standard performance criteria are calculated such as compression and expansion ratios, inlet and outlet temperatures for the respective expansion and compression air streams and flow rates within the heat exchangers to come up with an indicative sizing proposal for the respective turbo machinery and storage vessels making up the system. Round trip efficiencies are also calculated. The study determined that a CAES system consisting of 9 compressed air storage vessels operating with a peak pressure of 100 Bar should meet the storage requirements. It is also estimated that the entire CAES system would require around 1082 m2 of deck area on the platform to accommodate the pressure vessels, the compressor and expander trains, the heat exchanger and the hot water storage vessel.
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Sørensen, Fredrik F., Malte S. von Benzon, Sigurd S. Klemmensen, Kenneth Schmidt, and Jesper Liniger. "Estimation of Prepressure in Hydraulic Piston Accumulators for Industrial Wind Turbines Using Multi-Model Adaptive Estimation." In ASME/BATH 2019 Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fpmc2019-1665.
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Abstract Failures in pitch systems may cause fatal damage to industrial wind turbines. One of the main reasons for failures in pitch systems is gas leakages of hydraulic accumulators. Due to the limited accessibility of offshore turbines, automated fault detection algorithms potentially increase turbine availability. The gas leakage is detected without downtime by using a model-based approach together with a bank and extended Kalman filters (EKF’s). The residual is analyzed using multi-model adaptive estimation (MMAE). The applied accumulator model relies on a thermal time constant describing the heat flux from the gas to the surroundings. The thermal time constant has been empirically derived from a prepressure of 50 to 172 bar. The fault detection algorithm is tested experimentally in a laboratory on a 25 liters piston accumulator using a load scenario obtained from real turbine data and a prepressure range of 50–140 bar. The Bank of EKF’s can classify the prepressure within a range and thereby detect if a gas leakage has occurred before it results in failure.
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Raghavan, Sathyanarayanan, Ilko Schmadlak, George Leal, and Suresh K. Sitaraman. "Cohesive Zone Models to Predict Multiple White Bumps in Flip-Chip Assemblies." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-40199.
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The drive towards increased functional integration and improved performance in microelectronic devices has led to the introduction of more layers and porous dielectric materials in back end of line (BEOL) stack. These materials have low mechanical strength as well as adhesive strength and thus, interfacial delamination is a major reliability concern for modern microelectronic devices. In this work, we present a cohesive zone element based finite-element model to predict failures observed at the end of flip-chip assembly reflow process. During lead-free flip-chip assembly, thermo-mechanical stresses arise due to the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch between the organic substrate and the silicon die. Such stresses can be high enough to cause cracking of interlayer dielectric layers present in the vicinity of solder bump. In order to predict such failures, mixed mode cohesive zone parameters are first extracted from interfacial fracture characterization experiments of real-life BEOL stacks. Then, the characterized cohesive zone elements are embedded in 2D finite-element models of flip-chip assembly to predict the failure region. The predicted failure region is compared against 2D fracture mechanics based models as well as failure analysis experiment results. Cohesive zone elements are then implemented over multiple bumps to examine simultaneous failure of multiple bumps under reflow assembly, and thus, the effectiveness of cohesive zone elements compared to fracture mechanics approach is demonstrated.
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Curtin, Alex, Reid A. Berdanier, Robert F. Kunz, and Michael L. Jonson. "Evaluating Splitter Blade Designs to Avoid Impeller Failure in a High-Speed Unshrouded Centrifugal Compressor." In ASME Turbo Expo 2019: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2019-91359.
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Abstract This study investigates splitter blade failures experienced during testing of an unshrouded transonic centrifugal compressor. Specifically, when the impeller was deeply throttled using an upstream inlet guide vane to introduce significant pre-swirl, the splitter blades exhibited cracking near the root of the leading edge. The observed failures are of particular interest because the impeller does not exhibit a mode shape typical of this type of failure corresponding to either the upstream IGV or downstream diffuser vane count, nor the anticipated surge frequencies. Accordingly, modal analysis and CFD modeling were performed leading to an understanding of the failure mechanism, and a successful splitter blade cut-back solution was implemented. Specifically, excitation sources developed from a CFD model of the IGV and impeller were used in a blade flutter calculation, in order to determine the aerodynamic damping and unsteady loading on the blade. The CFD model indicates that shockwaves arise near the splitter leading edge for this off-design condition. Due to interactions with the high incidence/separated boundary layer, these shockwaves exhibit streamwise unsteadiness, thereby leading to the observed failure mechanisms. It was determined that by cutting back the splitter blade at the leading edge, the failure could be avoided while minimally affecting the overall stage performance.
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Kaleel, Ibrahim, Marco Petrolo, Erasmo Carrera, and Anthony M. Waas. "Micromechanical Progressive Failure Analysis of Fiber-Reinforced Composite Using Refined Beam Models." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-71304.
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An efficient and novel micromechanical computational platform for progressive failure analysis of fiber reinforced composites is presented. The numerical framework is based on a class of refined beam models called Carrera Unified Formulation (CUF), a generalized hierarchical formulation which yields a refined structural theory via variable kinematic description. The crack band theory is implemented in the framework to capture the damage propagation within the constituents of composite materials. A representative volume element (RVE) containing randomly distributed fibers is modeled using the Component-Wise approach (CW), an extension of CUF beam model based on Lagrange type polynomials. The efficiency of the proposed numerical framework is achieved through the ability of the CUF models to provide accurate three-dimensional displacement and stress fields at a reduced computational cost.
Reports on the topic "Bank failures – Models"
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Carreras, Marco, Stephany Griffith-Jones, José Antonio Ocampo, Jiajun Xu, and Anne Henow. Implementing Innovation Policies: Capabilities of National Development Banks for Innovation Financing. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004390.
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This comparative note describes common and distinct practices on capabilities to support the innovation activities of seven national development banks (NDB): BNDES (Brazil), CORFO (Chile), China Development Bank, CDB (China), BANCOLDEX (Colombia), Bpifrance (France), Korean Development Bank, KDB (South Korea), and NAFINSA (Mexico). The analysis studies the strategies followed by the selected NDBs for the design and implementation of innovation support programs and the capacities they need to be successful. Little is known about the experience of these NDBs in the world that have been the most successful in designing and implementing programs to support innovation. Building on the primary data collected through flexible semi-structured interviews with current or former NDBs officials, validated and supplemented by interviews with stakeholders outside the NDB, this study asks the following research questions: (i) What priority do NDBs assign to the financing of innovation projects?; (ii) Which operational models would be most effective in financing high-potential innovation projects, avoiding capture? Should they operate on the first and/or second tier?; (iii) What capabilities(a) governance; (b) technical (financial and technological); and (c) operational (implementation and sustainability)should NDBs develop to support innovation credit?; (iv) how, based on their contact with clients, can NDBs help identify market failures faced by innovative companies and thus produce and organize information on potential projects with high social returns?; and (v) What is the best framework for coordinating the work of the NDBs with the innovation agencies?
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Wheelock, David C., and Paul W. Wilson. The Contribution of On-Site Examination Ratings to an Empirical Model of Bank Failures. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.20955/wp.1999.023.
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Oduncu, Arif. Country Diagnostic Study – The Kyrgyz Republic. Islamic Development Bank Institute, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55780/rp21001.
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The Country Diagnostic Study (CDS) for the Kyrgyz Republic uses the Hausmann-Rodrik-Velasco growth diagnostics model to identify the binding constraints being faced in its quest for higher and more sustained economic growth and make recommendations to relax these constraints. Hence, the findings of the CDS can help the Islamic Development Bank in identifying areas where it can have a greater impact and provide an evidence-basis to support the development of the Member Country Partnership Strategy (MCPS). During the last two decades, the Kyrgyz Republic has recorded low performance in economic development. The country recorded only 3.0 percent of average annual Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)-adjusted Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita growth from 2000 to 2019. The Kyrgyz Republic is facing several economic and social problems that are challenging its economic development model. This CDS report shows that the most binding constraints to inclusive and sustainable growth include i) low human capital, ii) poor infrastructure, iii) government and market failures, and iv) high cost of capital. The Kyrgyz development model’s performance is a subject of concern not only for the government and other local stakeholders but also for the technical and financial partners of the Kyrgyz Republic, including the Islamic Development Bank. The MCPS aims to contribute to the global efforts made by the Kyrgyz Republic to meet its economic and social needs through leveraging opportunities offered by the new business model of the Bank. Given the Kyrgyz Republic’s positives, the Bank can consider financing transport, energy and ICT infrastructure projects and supporting manufacturing and agricultural sectors to assist economic growth.
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Shelley, John, Nathan Chrisman, and Christopher Haring. Baseline data for a cedar tree revetment monitoring site near Wichita, Kansas. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/44763.
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This US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) National Regional Sediment Management technical note (RSM-TN) documents baseline data collected at a cedar tree revetment installation on a small creek near Wichita, KS. These data can be used in subsequent years to add to the understanding of the longevity, effectiveness, and failure modes of cedar tree revetments as bank stabilization.
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Fermen-Coker, Muge. Implementation of Schoenfield-Wright Failure Criterion into a Three-Dimensional Adiabatic Shear Band Model in CTH. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada428732.
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Seginer, Ido, Louis D. Albright, and Robert W. Langhans. On-line Fault Detection and Diagnosis for Greenhouse Environmental Control. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7575271.bard.
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Background Early detection and identification of faulty greenhouse operation is essential, if losses are to be minimized by taking immediate corrective actions. Automatic detection and identification would also free the greenhouse manager to tend to his other business. Original objectives The general objective was to develop a method, or methods, for the detection, identification and accommodation of faults in the greenhouse. More specific objectives were as follows: 1. Develop accurate systems models, which will enable the detection of small deviations from normal behavior (of sensors, control, structure and crop). 2. Using these models, develop algorithms for an early detection of deviations from the normal. 3. Develop identifying procedures for the most important faults. 4. Develop accommodation procedures while awaiting a repair. The Technion team focused on the shoot environment and the Cornell University team focused on the root environment. Achievements Models: Accurate models were developed for both shoot and root environment in the greenhouse, utilizing neural networks, sometimes combined with robust physical models (hybrid models). Suitable adaptation methods were also successfully developed. The accuracy was sufficient to allow detection of frequently occurring sensor and equipment faults from common measurements. A large data base, covering a wide range of weather conditions, is required for best results. This data base can be created from in-situ routine measurements. Detection and isolation: A robust detection and isolation (formerly referred to as 'identification') method has been developed, which is capable of separating the effect of faults from model inaccuracies and disturbance effects. Sensor and equipment faults: Good detection capabilities have been demonstrated for sensor and equipment failures in both the shoot and root environment. Water stress detection: An excitation method of the shoot environment has been developed, which successfully detected water stress, as soon as the transpiration rate dropped from its normal level. Due to unavailability of suitable monitoring equipment for the root environment, crop faults could not be detected from measurements in the root zone. Dust: The effect of screen clogging by dust has been quantified. Implications Sensor and equipment fault detection and isolation is at a stage where it could be introduced into well equipped and maintained commercial greenhouses on a trial basis. Detection of crop problems requires further work. Dr. Peleg was primarily responsible for developing and implementing the innovative data analysis tools. The cooperation was particularly enhanced by Dr. Peleg's three summer sabbaticals at the ARS, Northem Plains Agricultural Research Laboratory, in Sidney, Montana. Switching from multi-band to hyperspectral remote sensing technology during the last 2 years of the project was advantageous by expanding the scope of detected plant growth attributes e.g. Yield, Leaf Nitrate, Biomass and Sugar Content of sugar beets. However, it disrupted the continuity of the project which was originally planned on a 2 year crop rotation cycle of sugar beets and multiple crops (com and wheat), as commonly planted in eastern Montana. Consequently, at the end of the second year we submitted a continuation BARD proposal which was turned down for funding. This severely hampered our ability to validate our findings as originally planned in a 4-year crop rotation cycle. Thankfully, BARD consented to our request for a one year extension of the project without additional funding. This enabled us to develop most of the methodology for implementing and running the hyperspectral remote sensing system and develop the new analytical tools for solving the non-repeatability problem and analyzing the huge hyperspectral image cube datasets. However, without validation of these tools over a ful14-year crop rotation cycle this project shall remain essentially unfinished. Should the findings of this report prompt the BARD management to encourage us to resubmit our continuation research proposal, we shall be happy to do so.
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Chen, Z., S. E. Grasby, C. Deblonde, and X. Liu. AI-enabled remote sensing data interpretation for geothermal resource evaluation as applied to the Mount Meager geothermal prospective area. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/330008.
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The objective of this study is to search for features and indicators from the identified geothermal resource sweet spot in the south Mount Meager area that are applicable to other volcanic complexes in the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt. A Landsat 8 multi-spectral band dataset, for a total of 57 images ranging from visible through infrared to thermal infrared frequency channels and covering different years and seasons, were selected. Specific features that are indicative of high geothermal heat flux, fractured permeable zones, and groundwater circulation, the three key elements in exploring for geothermal resource, were extracted. The thermal infrared images from different seasons show occurrence of high temperature anomalies and their association with volcanic and intrusive bodies, and reveal the variation in location and intensity of the anomalies with time over four seasons, allowing inference of specific heat transform mechanisms. Automatically extracted linear features using AI/ML algorithms developed for computer vision from various frequency bands show various linear segment groups that are likely surface expression associated with local volcanic activities, regional deformation and slope failure. In conjunction with regional structural models and field observations, the anomalies and features from remotely sensed images were interpreted to provide new insights for improving our understanding of the Mount Meager geothermal system and its characteristics. After validation, the methods developed and indicators identified in this study can be applied to other volcanic complexes in the Garibaldi, or other volcanic belts for geothermal resource reconnaissance.
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ENERGY DISSIPATING MODES AND DESIGN RECOMMENDATION OF H-SHAPED STEEL BAFFLES SUBJECTED TO BOULDER IMPACT. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/ijasc.2021.17.4.3.
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Flexible barriers are one of the most effective protective structures, which have been widely used for the mitigation of rockfalls. As the only compression members in a flexible barrier system, steel posts maintain the integrity of the interception structure to keep the function of the system. Due to the random trajectories of rockfalls, steel posts may be impacted by boulders directly. The impact scenario may result in the failure of the post and even the collapse of the system. In this paper, firstly, steel baffles were proposed to be an additional structural countermeasure to avoid the direct impact of posts. Secondly, numerical method was adopted to study the structural behaviour of steel baffles under direct boulder impact. Then, an available published experimental test of H-shaped steel beams under drop weight impact loading by others was back analyzed to calibrate the finite element model. Finally, numerical simulations were carried out to investigate the energy dissipating modes and energy dissipating efficiency of the H-shaped steel baffles. The simulation results show that there are three typical energy dissipating modes of H-shaped baffles subjected to boulder impact, namely flexural, local compression buckling and shear buckling. Local compression buckling is the most efficient energy dissipating mode. The thickness of the web of an H-shaped baffle is suggested to be 4 mm and 6 mm for the rated dissipating energy of 50 kJ and 100 kJ, respectively.