Academic literature on the topic 'Bank failures – Government policy'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Bank failures – Government policy.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Bank failures – Government policy"
1
Lee, Sook-Jong. "Financial Restructuring in Korea and Japan: Resolution of Non-Performing Loans and Reorganization of Financial Institutions." Journal of East Asian Studies 2, no. 2 (August 2002): 143–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s159824080000093x.
Full textAbstract:
South Korea and Japan responded to their financial crisis of the late 1990s by restructuring financial institutions. Also, financial authorities were created to supervise financial institutions and lead financial restructuring. Financial restructuring focused on the resolution of non-performing loans that had been contributing to financial failures and on strengthening their equity capital bases for sound management. Huge amounts of public funds were mobilized to pursue these policy goals. The Korean government took more drastic measures by closing or merging many failing financial institutions. Financial restructuring also facilitated bank concentration in Korea — and Japan — giving births to several mega banks. Both governments of Korea and Japan encouraged bank concentration by allowing the establishment of a financial holding company. The Korean government was more actively involved in merging banks while Japanese bank mergers were taken by business initiatives.Financial restructuring is expected to bring more market oriented business practices among financial institutions and loosen cooperative ties among financial institutions, corporations, and financial bureaucracy in both countries. Close bank-corporation ties through main bank system and corporate networks within a business group are being loosened in Japan particularly since concerned parties have come to seek market rationality over loyalty. On the other hand, the intervention in financial sector and the mediation in bank-corporation relationship by financial bureaucracy are expected to be weakened in the case of Korea. Nevertheless, discretionary power of Korea's financial bureaucracy appears stronger for the time being since it took the helmsman of determining which financial institution is out of market.
2
Mas, Ignacio. "Policy-Induced Disincentives to Financial Sector Development: Selected Examples from Latin America in the 1980s." Journal of Latin American Studies 27, no. 3 (October 1995): 683–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00011652.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis commentary argues that heavy-handed regulation and onerous implicit taxation of financial intermediaries in Latin America in the 1980s was softened by governments' assumption of responsibility for bank failures. This in turn induced governments to avoid dealing with bank distress, with disastrous subsequent consequences. In effect, mismanaged bank regulations were propped up by mismanaged bank exit procedures. The disincentives induced by such financial policies on bankers, depositors, creditors and regulators were pervasive. Illustrations are drawn from the experiences of four Latin American countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Nicaragua, Venezuela) in the 1980s.
3
Musa, Ibrahim, Sule Magaji, and Abul-Azeez Hassan. "Analysis of Infrastructural Challenges, Cybercrime, and the Cashless Policy in Nigeria." ARIS2 - Advanced Research on Information Systems Security 2, no. 1 (August 11, 2022): 13–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.56394/aris2.v2i1.15.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract
This study makes an analysis of infrastructural challenges and the cashless policy in Kaduna state, Nigeria. A survey was conducted to collect the primary data through a structured questionnaire and interviews with bank customers, bank officials, and security personnel to obtain information on infrastructural challenges since the introduction of the Cashless policy by the Central Bank of Nigeria in 2012. Frequency distribution and simple percentage methods are used to analyze the data. Findings show that infrastructural challenges include network failure and infrastructural deficiency, debiting by Automated Teller Machine (ATM) without disbursing cash to beneficiaries, problems not rectified quickly by the banks, and charging by banks for using electronic banking methods. This leads to fraud, cybercrimes, and reduced confidence in the banking system. It is recommended that banks should be made to provide the minimum infrastructure required for cashless policy to succeed. In addition, there should be adequate cyber security measures implemented by banks and the government.
4
Fiordelisi, Franco, and Ornella Ricci. "“Whatever it takes”: An Empirical Assessment of the Value of Policy Actions in Banking." Review of Finance 20, no. 6 (December 17, 2015): 2321–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rof/rfv053.
Full textAbstract:
What types of policy intervention had a greater impact during the financial crisis? By using a detailed dataset of worldwide policy, we answer this question focusing on Global Systemically Important banks (G-SIBs), looking both to stock returns and Credit Default Swap (CDS) spreads reactions. As robustness checks, we also analyze a control sample of 31 large Non-Financial Companies (NFCs). Overall, we show that different policy interventions from governments and central banks have produced diverse market reactions: investors generally appreciate monetary policy interventions for G-SIBs (but not for NFCs) and do not welcome bank failures and bailouts (for both G-SIBs and NCFs).
5
Winthrop, Rob. "The Real World Heritage Conservation and Development." Practicing Anthropology 24, no. 3 (July 1, 2002): 50–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.24.3.385323qw45w8688l.
Full textAbstract:
This is a troubled time for development policy, and for the institutions that define it. The World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Trade Organization have been subjected to an unprecedented barrage of criticism. Since the disastrous 1999 WTO meeting in Seattle, the conspicuous failures of development policy—structural adjustment, the Asian financial crisis, and the unraveling of the post-Soviet economies—have become a matter of public debate. Critics of development have directed much of their fire at the assumptions of neoliberal economics, which prescribes fiscal austerity, monetary stability, trade liberalization, and a minimalist role for government. But it is less often recognized that development economics is in the midst of its own debate, which in tandem with the voices of outside critics may portend interesting changes in the practice of institutions such as the World Bank. Through such debates, and the innovative programs they may engender, anthropologists may find new intellectual and practical connections with the field of international development.
6
HANSEN, JØRGEN KARTHUM, and STEIN HANSEN. "Integrating environmental concerns into economy-wide policies in developing countries: the role of multilateral development banks." Environment and Development Economics 4, no. 1 (February 1999): 45–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x99000042.
Full textAbstract:
This study addresses the role of multilateral development banks and their effectiveness in bringing environmental considerations, issues and consequences into structural and sectoral adjustment programmes in developing countries. It addresses a series of complex generic issues showing that such programmes cannot be meaningfully studied in isolation from other aid cooperation and government development programmes. The study proposes and discusses alternative explanations on how the multilateral development banks may have influenced thinking in borrowing countries. By looking more closely at the Philippines the study provides an insight into the dynamics and diversity of such programme lending and how its design can affect resource management and the environment in benign or adverse ways. It shows what complementary remedial action can be taken when institutional barriers, policy failures and market failures threaten the environment. It provides an analysis of how awareness of such interlinkages has emerged since 1980 and manifested itself in aid cooperation in general and in economy-wide adjustment lending in particular since 1987, while gradually being absorbed in governmental development plans and programmes with varying degrees of domestic ownership. In particular, we find that there seems to have been shifts in the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank's environmental policies after the publication of the Brundtland Commission Report in 1987.
7
Husnul Khotimah, Rachmadani Eka, Thohir Luth, and Hanif Nur Widhiyanti. "PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP BANK ATAS PERJANJIAN KREDIT KONSUMSI BAGI ORANG ASING." Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum LEGALITY 26, no. 1 (August 15, 2018): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/jihl.v26i1.6616.
Full textAbstract:
Since 2005 the rule of Bank Indonesia is already issued a policy about consumer credit facilities in order to get a place or a home for foreign people who live in Indonesia, but it is not enough to make all the bank that took place in Indonesia give that facilities. One of the reasons discrepancy of a number banks to give that credit facilities to foreign people is because the risk in case there is a failure or the person is not fulfilling the obligation. Considering the debtor is a foreigner, while the object of the guarantee is a land with a right of use that has a limited period, and until now there is still no regulations from both the Indonesian government and from Bank Indonesia that specifically provide protection against banks on consumer credit facilities for foreigners. In this paper, the writer will discuss the effort of legal protection that can be done by the Bank are preventive effort and repressive effort. Preventive legal protection efforts undertaken by banks is with credit agreements. Repressive legal protection effort, if the foreign debtors can not fulfill the obligation one of them is to stop the consumer credit agreement.
8
Olomu, Michael Oluwaseun, Moses Clinton Ekperiware, and Taiwo Akinlo. "Agricultural sector value chain and government policy in Nigeria: issues, challenges and prospects." African Journal of Economic and Management Studies 11, no. 3 (March 16, 2020): 525–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ajems-03-2019-0103.
Full textAbstract:
PurposeThis paper systematically reviewed the contributions of the recent Nigerian government agricultural policies and the impacts on the agricultural value chain system in line with the structural transformation of the sector and the Nigeria's vision 20:2020. The study also suggest strategies to upgrading various segments of the agricultural value chain and argue that Nigeria's agricultural sector requires huge investments and innovative ideas to increase production and create value addition across the most profitable areas of the value chain.Design/methodology/approachThe authors systematically present evidences and data from the Central Bank of Nigeria (the apex monetary authority of Nigeria) and Nigerian Bureau of Statistics (oversees and publishes statistics for Nigeria) to estimate the impact of Government agricultural policies on the value chains system.FindingsThe study discovers that the various recent government policy interventions to tackle the austere challenges in the agricultural sector are yet to yield much significant solution. Given to the dwindling performance of the sector, the Nigerian agricultural value chain is somewhat affected with systemic and services gaps which underpin the market failures (missing markets and weak markets), although the agricultural value chain has the potential of triggering economic growth in a higher scale with a trickle-down effect to other sectors of the Nigerian economy.Practical implicationsOverall, the findings indicate strategies to upgrading the production and processing segments of the agricultural value chain and argues that Nigeria's agricultural sector requires huge investments and innovative ideas to increase production and create value addition across the most profitable areas of the value chain.Social implicationsThe study proves that enhancing value addition in the agricultural sector is imperative to achieving triple-benefits of increasing productivity by building resilient systems that leverage on finance opportunities, deepening economic inclusive growth and achieving great milestones.Originality/valueThis study is the first attempt to focus on agricultural value chain system in line with the structural transformation and the Nigeria's vision 20:2020.
9
MAN, KWONG CHI. "Finance and the Northern Expedition: From the Northeast Asian Perspective, 1925–1928." Modern Asian Studies 48, no. 6 (February 11, 2014): 1695–739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x13000139.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis paper looks at the problems faced by the Chinese silver-backed currencies in Manchuria during the period of Northern Expedition (1925–1928), the Chinese attempt to overcome these problems, and the reasons for its failure. Manchuria was a peculiar territory during the interwar period (1919–1939), where several currencies, backed by silver or gold, competed against one another. The Chinese silver banknote, first introduced at the turn of the twentieth century, was challenged by gold-backed Japanese yen issued by the Bank of Korea, and by the Russian ruble. This competition was set in the context of the struggle for political control over the area between China (the Qing Dynasty and its successor, the Chinese Republic), Russia (and its successor the Soviet Union), and the Japanese Empire, as well as the war between the southern Nationalists (Kuomintang) and the militarists (warlords) who controlled the Chinese central government in Beijing and Manchuria. This paper suggests that the difficult financial situation determined the course followed by the warlords, and that their failure was the result of the complex regional context, and the failures in their military strategy rather than of their fiscal policy.
10
Kapsis, Ilias. "Competition law and policy for the EU banking sector in a period of increased economic uncertainty." International Journal of Law and Management 54, no. 4 (July 6, 2012): 284–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17542431211245323.
Full textAbstract:
PurposeThe purpose of this article is to discuss the long‐term impact of the current financial and economic crisis on competition in the European Union (EU) banking sector.Design/methodology/approachThe article first discusses the long term role of competition in the banking sector, commenting on policy developments prior to the crisis. Then the impact of the crisis is discussed focusing on two main areas of policy state: aids and bank regulation and supervision. The article culminates with the conclusions.FindingsThe main findings about state aids are that the efforts of the Commission to ensure that aided companies would not use the government support to distort competition seem to be working. However, given that the full impact on competition of these aids may take years to be felt, the Commission should be prepared to take action where necessary to ensure that competition will be protected. The provision of state aids could not have been avoided due to the grave systemic risks associated with bank failures. In respect of regulation and supervision, the article concluded that there is a lot of work to be done in this area to ensure that mistakes that led to the crisis will not be repeated but also that there is need for the Commission to ensure that the reforms to the regulatory and supervisory architecture do not occur at the expense of competition.Originality/valueThe article contains proposals about policy adjustments, thus contributing to the ongoing debate about the role of competition policy in the efforts to address the impact of the crisis.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Bank failures – Government policy"
1
Choi, In Suk. "Intra-Industry Effects of the Ten Largest United States Bank Failures: Evidence from the Capital Markets." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1987. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc330923/.
Full textAbstract:
This study examines the differential effect of each of the ten largest bank failures on shareholders' wealth of non-failed banks over the period from 1973 through 1984. It examines how contagion and information effects of major bank failures have changed over time.
FDIC policy for settling failures has important implications for system stability, and has changed over time. This study's purpose is to provide empirical evidence on the effects of FDIC policy. The FDIC's handling of the Penn Square failure signaled a policy shift and offers a unique opportunity to examine changes in market reactions to large bank failures.
The literature on the capital market effects of major bank failures provides limited evidence on the impact of bank failures and related FDIC policy. Most fail to discriminate between contagion and information effects, and conduct analysis on one (or a few) bank failure(s) in the mid-1970s using traditional event study methodology.
This study considers multivariate regression (MVRM) an appropriate methodology for bank failures which are likely to have simultaneous impact on non-failed banks. MVRM, which accounts for contemporaneous cross-sectional dependence of residuals, has three advantages over standard residual analysis: no "event clustering" problem, multiple hypotheses tests, and computational efficiency. This study uses daily stock-return data for fifty-one non-failed commercial banks. For each bank failure, the non-failed banksare grouped into three portfolios: "information-related," "large," and "small." The impact on each portfolio is tested for an average effect and joint hypotheses on excess return.
This study offers evidence on no contagion effects and lack of information effects before Penn Square, strong information effects since Penn Square, contagion effects in post-Penn Square failures, and capital market discipline on large banks since Penn Square. There has been a change in the nature of the impact of bank failures since Penn Square.
2
PETRICEK, Matic. "Essays on bank behaviour and financial regulation." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/60671.
Full textAbstract:
Defence date: 18 January 2019Examining Board: Prof. Juan Dolado, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Supervisor; Prof. Árpád Ábrahám, EUI; Prof. Tobias Berg, Frankfurt School of Finance & Management; Prof. Enrico Sette, Bank of Italy.
This thesis studies bank behaviour in response to financial regulation and monetary policy. In the first chapter a novel approach to address issues of endogeneity in estimating a causal effect of leverage on risk taking by banks is used. By using data on local bank office deposits and local unemployment an instrument is constructed to use in a regression of leverage on a measure of risk taking constructed from new issuance of loans. The results are consistent with a theoretical prediction that due to limited liability banks increase their risk taking after an exogenous increase in leverage. The second chapter estimates the effect of deposit insurance on the risk-taking behaviour of banks. As shown in the theoretical literature, deposit insurance may induce moral hazard and incentivise banks to take on more risk. This chapter provides an experimental setup in which an increase in the coverage limit of deposit insurance in the U.S. is exploited in order to identify the difference in risk taking by banks that were affected and banks that were not. This difference comes from the fact that state chartered savings banks in Massachusetts had unlimited deposit insurance coverage at the time when it was increased for all other banks in the US. Given that all banks in the sample are subject to the same regulatory and supervisory requirements, and that they are similar in other characteristics, the effect of such increase in deposit insurance can be isolated. The findings suggest that, contrary to the literature, an increase in deposit insurance did not increase bank risk-taking, nor did it affect market discipline, evident through a lack of effect on deposit rates. Motivated by substantial differences in employment dynamics across different geographical areas and substantial differences across banks which operate in these geographical areas, the third chapter estimates the effect of characteristics of banks operating in a particular location on the impact of monetary policy on the local economic outcomes. The results suggest that the effect of monetary policy on local employment and local total payroll intensifies as the capital structure of local banks improves and the credit risk associated with local banks decreases. These findings go in line with a prediction that healthy banks find it easier to attain alternative sources of funding following a monetary tightening. The results also show that size and liquidity position of local banks does not affect the impact of monetary policy.
--1 Bank Funding and Risk Taking (Chapter 1: co-authored Alessandro Ferrari, Carmen García Galindo and Andreas Winkler) --2 Deposit Insurance and Bank Risk Taking (Chapter 2: co-authored Carolina López-Quiles) --3 Local Effects of Monetary Policy
3
Kam, Hing-fat William, and 金興發. "The dynamics of crisis management in the Hong Kong government." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1989. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31975872.
Full text
4
TASSINARI, Mattia. "POLITICA INDUSTRIALE NEGLI STATI UNITI. Teoria, pratiche e una proposta per mitigare i “Government Failures”." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2389380.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years, especially during the global economic crisis, the industrial policy has emerged in political, academic, and public debate as one of the main topics in the promotion of socio-economic development. Alongside this “rebirth”, however, the difficulty of the government to implementing effective and efficient interventions has been highlighted.
The main goal of this work is to understand, through the study of the American case, the characteristics and the major causes of the failures of the industrial policy, in order to formulate new proposals to improving the effectiveness and efficiency of the interventions.
The first part of the thesis describes the dominant theoretical approaches to public intervention. Reinterpreting this debate, this work illustrates how industrial policy should be considered, how State and Market can coexist, and in which way government intervention can be a tool to amplify the collective benefits arising from the productive dynamics.
The second part of the work focuses on the historical reality, analyzing the US industrial policy since the early 80s to the first term of the Obama administration. In order to understand the role that can be played by government in modern economies, the study of the American case is extremely relevant. In fact, while the “traditional” rhetoric of the government, rooted in the US since the years of the Washington Consensus, has always rejected the industrial policy, it has been a constant presence in the history of American development. Therefore, in this scenario it is necessary to overcome the ideological debate on public intervention, and improve the ability of governments to respond to the challenges raised by the contemporary context.
Starting from these considerations, the third part of the work focuses in particular on problems related to the promotion of strategic sectors. In this area a proposal to mitigate the vulnerability of the government in the defining of the policy goals is presented. The main idea developed is to establish a set of criteria to support public decision-makers in the identification of strategic sectors, thus promoting a more rigorous and transparent procedure of decision-making. In this regard, it is built a statistical tool - the Strategic Sector Index (SSI) – which synthesizes the value of different sectoral variables and provides a ranking of the strategic sectors for a given economy on the basis of policy priorities.
5
Wan, Qun, and 万群. "A legal perspective on the disposition of non-performing loans and bank restructuring: a study of China's state-owned commercial banks." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B36388701.
Full text
6
Aggarwal, Sonia. "State Intervention in the Indian Software Industry." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/438.
Full textAbstract:
India's meteoric economic growth rate has been a subject of much discussion since the country began its economic liberalization in the early 1990s. The software segment, in particular, is growing at a rate of 48.5 percent. The conventional wisdom argues that market forces have driven India's software's success, and more broadly, information technology. This thesis marshals evidence for the role of the state in interaction with the software sector. More specifically, by discussing India's broad-scale import substitution industrialization efforts from the 1950s to 1991 and its transition to a more open economic structure, as well as more industry specific policies within a theoretical context, this work attempts to identify the key driving forces and impact of government policy.
Most works that have attempted to assess such state efforts have done so in a casual fashion, without linking the actions to carefully specified rationales for state intervention. This thesis specifies four plausible rationales for government intervention: market failures, government goals in promoting a domestic industry for national security and the state role in international negotiations that might affect specific sectors, intervention driven by rent seeking behavior on the part of private-sector actors, and state intervention to address previous government policies in a particular market that may be seen as being inadequate or failures. It then empirically assesses the support for each of these claims in light of the evolution of the Indian software industry since its inception. In so doing, this work allows one to gauge the significant contributions of the state within a clear context of possible state roles. It also helps in understanding the software industry’s current challenges, and possible future role of the state in the industry.
7
Menegário, Alexandre Hattnher. "Determinantes da disponibilidade de crédito de longo prazo no Brasil: uma análise da linha Finem do BNDES." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11132/tde-17082012-085035/.
Full textAbstract:
A busca por maior disponibilidade de crédito de longo prazo para investimentos produtivos vem adquirindo importância no Brasil, pois possibilita que empresas se lancem em empreendimentos de média e grande escala, alimentando o processo de crescimento econômico e desenvolvimento do País. A modalidade Financiamento a Empreendimentos (Finem) do BNDES é uma das poucas linhas de crédito bancário interna que oferece a possibilidade de financiamento de projetos de investimento de montantes elevados e longo prazo de maturação. No entanto, o montante disponibilizado por essa linha vem apresentando pequena evolução em relação ao PIB. Esperava-se aumento dessa disponibilidade com o Plano Real e a criação de um ambiente econômico propício ao planejamento de longo prazo, o que não ocorreu. Assim, este estudo tem por objetivo avaliar os principais fatores que influenciam a disponibilidade de crédito de longo prazo no Brasil destinado a investimentos produtivos, visando não somente expandir essa disponibilidade como também criar condições para que bancos múltiplos venham a atuar com maior vigor nesse processo. No modelo estudado, foram incluídas como variáveis, além daquela de maior interesse, os desembolsos da linha Finem, representando a disponibilidade desse tipo de crédito, outras relacionadas a questões macroeconômicas, ao arcabouço teórico de falhas de mercado e intervenção do Estado e ao desempenho do BNDES, com dados coletados entre 2001 e 2011. Utilizando um Modelo Autorregressivo Vetorial com Correção de Erro (VEC), este estudo constata a importância da intervenção do Estado, via alocação de recursos, no processo de disponibilização desse tipo de crédito, confirmando a hipótese de que mesmo o BNDES apresentando bons índices de desempenho e buscando diversificar suas fontes de recursos, a intervenção do Estado ainda se mostra como alternativa essencial para elevar a disponibilidade dessa linha de crédito. O estudo evidencia ainda que a estabilidade econômica também é fator relevante, por permitir planejamento de longo prazo, comprovando de forma empírica estudos anteriores sobre o tema. Outros fatores, como crescimento econômico, disponibilidade de alternativas e desempenho do BNDES na concessão de crédito também se mostram diretamente relacionados à disponibilidade desse tipo de crédito. Por outro lado, o lucro líquido do BNDES tem pouca importância nos desembolsos da linha Finem, resultado que se justifica pela folga no Índice de Basileia que a instituição teve no período analisado. O resultado referente à influência do Risco-Brasil, por sua vez, mostra que as captações de recursos externos do BNDES podem estar sendo guiadas por outros fatores, como questões orçamentárias ou políticas governamentais. Os resultados indicam que seria de se considerar a intervenção do Estado na alocação de recursos aos bancos múltiplos para que esses possam atuar com maior vigor na disponibilização desse tipo de crédito. Por fim, o presente estudo expõe a necessidade de se dedicar maior atenção à destinação dos recursos oriundos desse tipo específico de crédito, para que ele possa efetivamente colaborar com a promoção do crescimento e desenvolvimento do País.The search for greater availability of long-term credit for productive investments in Brazil has been gaining importance since it enables companies to engage in medium and large-scale businesses, feeding the economic growth and development processes. The line of credit provided by BNDES, called Financing to Enterprises (Finem), is one of the few lines existing in Brazil which offers the possibility of financing investment projects with large amounts and long-term maturity. However, the amount provided by this line has shown little progress in relation to GDP. It was expected an increase of that availability with the Real Plan and the creation of an economic environment favorable to long-term planning, which did not occur. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the main factors influencing the availability of long-term credit in Brazil for productive investments, not only in order to expand it but also creating conditions for multiple banks to effectively participate in that process. The model specified for this study included variables such as the disbursements of the Finem line of credit, representing the availability of that credit, and others related to macroeconomic issues, theoretical framework of market failures and government intervention and BNDES performance, with data collected between 2001 and 2011. Using an Autoregressive Model with Vector Error Correction (VEC), this study notes the importance of government intervention, through allocation of resources, in providing this type of credit, confirming the hypothesis that although BNDES presents good levels of performance and seeks to diversify its funding sources, government intervention is still an essential alternative to increase the availability of that line of credit. This study also shows that economic stability is a relevant factor, for allowing long-term planning, by empirically confirming previous studies on the subject. Other factors such as economic growth, availability of alternatives and BNDES lending performance are directly related to the availability of such credit. On the other hand, BNDES profits have little importance on Finem disbursements, a result that is justified by the BNDES Basel Ratio ascertained in that period. The result concerning the influence of Brazil Risk index, in turn, shows that the external funds obtained by BNDES may have been guided by other factors such as budgetary issues or government policies. The results indicate that policy makers would consider government intervention in the allocation of resources to multiple banks, so that they can intensify the availability of such credit. Finally, this study exposes the necessity to dedicate more attention to the destination of resources from this particular type of credit, so that it can effectively contribute to promote growth and development in Brazil.
8
Kayali, H. "Jumping obstacles : the Israeli settlement course." Thesis, Coventry University, 2016. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/d95fd85e-f685-4b29-9640-19f758dd841a/1.
Full textAbstract:
Since 2005, when the International Criminal Court (ICC) issued its opinion deeming the Israeli Separation Wall and settlements illegal, there have been significant developments in the nonviolent methods adopted for countering Israeli occupation. While Palestinian nonviolent resistance has existed throughout history, from this time onwards, there have been a number of factors that give this period its unique traits. The most central method that has been adopted by all nonviolent actors is to influence economic interaction with Israel in a way that is in line with international law, and is supportive of the official positions adopted by the countries that nonviolent activists aim to influence. While Israeli settlements are illegal according to international law, they include industrial areas that export products to many countries. Through this contradiction, nonviolent activists have found an opportunity to pressurise countries to end their economic ties with those settlements, and consequently put pressure Israel to change its settlement policies. Some of these call for ending economic ties with Israel itself, because it is upholding the settlements, and some call for ending ties only with Israeli settlements; in other words, some target the criminal and others just the crime. In 2010, the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) adopted its first unilateral program that was not in agreement with Israel, and which introduced a strategy for the cessation of economic ties with Israeli settlements. This was done through a mixture of national public awareness campaigns to influence consumer behaviour, and the introduction of legislation by which it became illegal for Palestinian enterprises to have any economic ties with Israeli settlements. After starting by focussing on its own markets, the PNA called upon other countries to follow suit by lobbying government officials, parliamentarians, and financial institutions. However, this action came five years after a call for a full boycott, including divestment and sanctions against Israel, made by Palestinian civil society organizations and political parties. This call, known as the BDS call had gained tremendous support and amalgamated a large pool of members internationally by the time that the PNA started with its campaign for a limited boycott. This disparity has had a significant influence on the dynamics of the boycott movement, both locally in Palestine and globally. This research explores those dynamics. It takes an in-‐‑depth look at the effort to end economic ties with settlements, including who the actors are, what they aim for, how they interact, and how effective they have been. The PNA’s program to end economic ties with settlements was chosen as a case study for this doctoral thesis, because of its central position in relation to the topic and the unique access to its documentation through the author’s previous role as its director.
9
Gonzo, Prosper. "Central Bank policy and the exchange rate under an inflation targeting regime: a case dtudy of South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1015043.
Full textAbstract:
This work examined the optimality of the inclusion of the exchange rate in the reaction function of the Central Bank in an inflation targeting framework. The study attempts to answer the question whether the exchange rate should have an independent role in an open economy Taylor-type rule. To this end, a Taylor-type rule is incorporating the exchange rate is estimated by the cointegration and vector error correction modeling (VECM) using quarterly data for the period of 1995 to 2009. The empirical studies point out the importance of the exchange rates in explaining and forecasting the behaviour of the South African Reserve Bank monetary policy control variable.
10
Foo, Wing-yan Polly, and 傅詠欣. "Sources of financing for Hong Kong small business start-ups." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31267920.
Full textBooks on the topic "Bank failures – Government policy"
1
Honohan, Patrick. Banking system failures in developing and transition countries: Diagnosis and prediction. Basle: Bank for International Settlements, 1997.
Find full text
2
Honohan, Patrick. Banking system failures in developing and transition countries: Diagnosis and predictions. Basle, Switzerland: Bank for International Settlements, Monetary and Economic Dept., 1997.
Find full text
3
Kang, Tong-su. Kŭmyung kigwan tosan chedo kaesŏn pangan. Sŏul Tʻŭkpyŏlsi: Hanʼguk Kaebal Yŏnʼguwŏn, 2006.
Find full text
4
Recent bank failures and regulatory initiatives: Hearing before the Committeee on Banking and Financial Services, House of Representatives, One Hundred Sixth Congress, second session, February 8, 2000. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2000.
Find full text
5
Gómez, Pablo César Guzmán. La crisis financiera venezolana y la política de auxilios financieros. Caracas: Universidad Central de Venezuela, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales, Escuela de Economía, 1995.
Find full text
6
Osío, Gustavo García. Lecciones de la crisis bancaria de Venezuela. Caracas: Ediciones IESA, 1998.
Find full text
7
Faraco, Francisco J. La crisis bancaria venezolana: Análisis preliminar. Caracas: Editorial Panapo, 1995.
Find full text
8
Potential mixed messages: Is guidance from Washington being implemented by federal bank examiners? : field hearing before the Subcommittee on Financial Institutions and Consumer Credit of the Committee on Financial Services, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, first session, August 16, 2011. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2012.
Find full text
9
Larionova, I. V. Reorganizat︠s︡ii︠a︡ kommercheskikh bankov. Moskva: Finansy i statistika, 2000.
Find full text
10
Michael, Andrews. State-owned banks, stability, privatization, and growth: Practical policy decisions in a world without empiricial proof. [Washington, D.C.]: International Monetary Fund, Monetary and Financial Systems Dept., 2005.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Bank failures – Government policy"
1
Weimer, David L., and Aidan R. Vining. "Correcting Market and Government Failures." In Policy Analysis, 205–58. 6 Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2017. | Revised edition of Policy analysis, 2011.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315442129-10.
Full text
2
Buigues, Pierre-André, and Khalid Sekkat. "Argument Against Public Support: Government Failures." In Industrial Policy in Europe, Japan and the USA, 20–28. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230244351_3.
Full text
3
Carlberg, Michael. "Central Bank and Government Cooperate." In Dynamic Policy Interactions in a Monetary Union, 102–8. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18228-0_6.
Full text
4
Carlberg, Michael. "Competition between the Union Central Bank, the German Government, and the French Government." In Policy Competition and Policy Cooperation in a Monetary Union, 39–48. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24796-8_5.
Full text
5
Carlberg, Michael. "Cooperation between the Union Central Bank, the German Government, and the French Government." In Policy Competition and Policy Cooperation in a Monetary Union, 49–56. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24796-8_6.
Full text
6
Carlberg, Michael. "Competition between the European Central Bank, the German Government, and the French Government." In Policy Coordination in a Monetary Union, 175–83. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24797-5_21.
Full text
7
Carlberg, Michael. "Cooperation between the European Central Bank, the German Government, and the French Government." In Policy Coordination in a Monetary Union, 184–90. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24797-5_22.
Full text
8
Carlberg, Michael. "Competition between the Union Central Bank, the German Government, and the French Government." In Policy Coordination in a Monetary Union, 44–52. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24797-5_6.
Full text
9
Carlberg, Michael. "Cooperation between the Union Central Bank, the German Government, and the French Government." In Policy Coordination in a Monetary Union, 53–59. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24797-5_7.
Full text
10
Carlberg, Michael. "First the Central Bank Decides, then the Government Decides." In Dynamic Policy Interactions in a Monetary Union, 13–39. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18228-0_2.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Bank failures – Government policy"
1
Cahyono, Eko Fajar, M. Fariz Fadillah Mardianto, and Tika Widiastuti. "Impact of Government Policy on Hajj Funds Transfer on Conventional Bank and Islamic Bank Third Party Funds in Indonesia: Difference in Difference Approach." In 1st International Conference on Islamic Ecnomics, Business and Philanthropy. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0007078901760180.
Full text
2
Murray, Chris, David Wild, Ann McCall, John Mathieson, and Ben Russell. "Legitimacy as the Key: The Long-Term Management of Radioactive Waste in the UK." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4828.
Full textAbstract:
This paper provides an overview of the current status of radioactive waste management in the UK from the point of view of Nirex, the organisation responsible for providing safe, environmentally sound and publicly acceptable options for the long-term management of radioactive materials. Essentially, it argues that: • the waste exists and must be dealt with in an ethical manner; • legitimacy is the key to public acceptance of any attempt to solve the waste issue; and • credible options and a new political will allow, and indeed, compel this generation to deal with it. In doing this, the paper takes account of a number of recent announcements and ongoing developments in the UK nuclear industry, in particular: • the recent announcement that Nirex is to be made independent of industry; • the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs and Devolved Administrations’ Managing Radioactive Waste Safely consultation exercise; • the creation of the Committee on Radioactive Waste Management to oversee the consultation; • the creation of the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority to manage the civil nuclear site clean-up programme; • proposals for improved regulation of Intermediate Level Waste conditioning and packaging; and • proposals by the European Commission for a new radioactive waste Directive. These institutional and policy changes amount to an evolution of the back-end of the fuel cycle that represents the most radical transformation in the UK nuclear industry for many years. In a large part, this is a transformation made necessary by past failures in trying to impose a solution on the general public. Therefore, in order for these changes to result in a successful long-term radioactive waste management programme, it is necessary to pay as much attention to political and social concerns as scientific and technical ones. Primarily it is crucial that all parties involved act in an open and transparent manner so that the decisions made achieve a high degree of legitimacy and thus public acceptance. Crucially too, the problem must be framed in the correct term — that the waste exists irrespective of the future of nuclear power and that this is an issue that must be addressed now. Thus there is a legitimacy of purpose and scope in moving forward that addresses the ethical imperative of this generation dealing with the waste. Put together with the action the government is taking to create the necessary institutional framework, Nirex believes that for the first time in a generation the UK has the building blocks in place to find a publicly acceptable, long-term solution for radioactive waste.
3
Dhivani Gusmi, Adibah, and Achmad Nurmandi. "Algorithmic Government Framework to Support Government Data Disclosure." In 8th International Conference on Human Interaction and Emerging Technologies. AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002779.
Full textAbstract:
This study aims to analyze the working concept of government algorithms in supporting government data openness. The focus of this research was on the United States, United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and Spain. In the digital era, the government is guided to be active in providing information to the public. This study focuses on implementing data disclosure in the United States, England, the Netherlands, and Spain. This study uses qualitative methods, and the tools used for statistical and bibliometric analysis are VOSviewer and NVivo Plus 12. The data sources for this research are 363 articles on Open Government. Data has increased in the last ten years in the Scopus database. The data analysis phase of this research uses VOSviewer with simple statistical and bibliometric analysis. The results of data analysis show that the most popular keywords are information, ogd itself, and citizens. The trend found that many studies focused more on transparency, information, citizens, and OGD. However, the keywords used also change every year. Each country has a different algorithm for open government. The United States finds more transparency in compiling data. Meanwhile, the UK talks more about the availability of data to make digital government implemented efficiently. It also strengthens the policy that the Netherlands enforces open government data to investigate criminal cases that refer to citizen/community involvement in the Netherlands. Lastly, Spain pays attention to the transparency used to inform some policies in Spain. In the four countries mentioned transparency and information. Also, it is stated that citizen engagement is also a significant finding in each article. However, there are failures to have open government data mainly due to the site and its licenses. They examined the open data that the government uses today as part of an algorithm that has worked previously with experts in computers and information technology.
4
Hariandja, Satria Braja, and Ningrum Sirait. "Juridical Analysis on Government Regulation in Lieu of Law (PERPPU) Number 1 of 2017 on Access to Financial Information for Tax Purposes, Bank and Costumer Confidentiality." In International Conference on Public Policy, Social Computing and Development 2017 (ICOPOSDev 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icoposdev-17.2018.8.
Full text
5
Tören, Evrim, and Mehmet Balcılar. "Fiscal Policy Shocks and the Dynamics of Asset Prices in Turkey." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01285.
Full textAbstract:
Asset markets and the asset prices affect financial institutions, consumers, producers and policy makers while they are making decisions. There is an important relationship not only between the financial market and banking system but also between the housing market and the credit market. Therefore, the study analyzes the impact of fiscal policy on asset prices by using beyasian vector autoregressive models. The sample data has been gathered from the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey. The aim is to demonstrate the effects of fiscal policy shocks on stock prices and housing prices. The data covers the period between 1988:Q1 and 2014:Q2. Overall, the results confirm that the spending shocks coming from fiscal policy have a greater influence on the stock prices. In addition, the government revenue shocks are more influential on the house prices compared to the stock prices in Turkey.
6
Janay, Abdullahi Ibrahim, and Bülent Kılıç. "The World Bank and its Roles toward Health: Common Criticisms." In 6th International Students Science Congress. Izmir International Guest Student Association, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52460/issc.2022.053.
Full textAbstract:
The World Bank (WB) was established in 1944 for the purpose of issuing long-term loans to governments for reconstruction and economic development following the Second World War (1). Over the time perspectives on development have changed dramatically. In particular, the WB’s focus began to shift to investments in health, energy, telecommunication, transport and infrastructure to earn more profit. In the field of health, the WB has focused on three areas, especially in developing countries: health, nutrition, and population. WB now has a more sophisticated view of well-being, living standards, and poverty and is committing more than 1 billion USD annually for new health projects. (2). The WB’s roles include financing, provision of information, surveillance, technical assistance and training and policy advice (3). The WB has achieved some gains in the fight against poverty. Reducing poverty focuses in part encompassing policies to promote equality but inequalities are still increasing all over the World, especially in the developing countries (4). However, the WB has faced a lot of critiques related to health. Some critiques related to health sector polices and say the bank's conditions on borrowing countries emphasize privatization and public sector contraction. This involved reducing government expenditures (in some cases for health) which have deleterious health effects (2). Other critiques related to the way of raising funds called a user charge for using public sector health services and point to evidence showing that user charges result in a decline in the uptake of services, especially among the people who are most socioeconomically deprived. The bank is also criticized for introducing DALYs to global health assessments. Critics point out that the introduction of DALYs was not based on sound methodology and that the underlying assumptions for their usefulness are weak (2, 5). Finally, the WB is also accused of bribing or conniving top government officials in the developing countries where it projects (6). There is a need for strengthening across the WB in several areas. A critical area is for the WB to strengthen its ability to work on multi-stakeholder solutions through engagement with the public sector, private sector, and citizens, and support primarily the public sector for health services. Similarly, about half of low-income countries are classified as fragile and conflict-affected, posing particular challenges. Furthermore, progress in fighting against poverty and sharing prosperity is accompanied by rising inequality in many countries. So, the WB should increase its efforts to address these issues (4). Introducing evidence into policy making is also a key issue to be strengthened for the future (5). It is also needed to strengthen the monitoring and evaluation methods in the countries.
7
Nedeljkovic, Milan, and Nikola Vasiljevic. "EMERGING FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKETS AND MONETARY POLICY IN EURO AREA: EVIDENCE FROM THE CRISIS." In 4th International Scientific Conference – EMAN 2020 – Economics and Management: How to Cope With Disrupted Times. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.s.p.2020.11.
Full textAbstract:
We examine how emerging market (EM) foreign exchange (FX) markets respond to innovations in the monetary policy in advanced economies over the crisis period. We focus on the case of the European Central Bank (ECB) which pursued a combination of different policies during the Eurozone sovereign crisis. In a new econometric framework, we identify responses of foreign exchange markets in three EM economies (Hungary, Poland and Turkey) to different types of ECB policies. We find weak effect of the ECB’s Euro liquidity provisions on the EM foreign exchange markets. In contrast, while the ECB’s foreign exchange liquidity provisions as well as government bond interventions and policy rate changes did not impact the FX levels, they led to higher uncertainty in the FX markets. The results are indicative of the additional, uncertainty channels through which monetary policy shocks in advanced economies may affect the business cycle fluctuations in the EM economies.
8
Tang, Victor, and Kevin N. Otto. "Multifunctional Enterprise Readiness: Beyond the Policy of Build-Test-Fix Cyclic Rework." In ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2009-87721.
Full textAbstract:
NASA, the US Government and many companies attempt to manage the development and launch of new technology using Technology Readiness Levels, TRLs. Unfortunately, TRLs as generally defined are outdated and flawed, based on the extent of prototype or hardware use in the field. Urgency in improving TRL levels drives early release of hardware before it is ready, and initiates cyclic rounds of debugging and fixing failures in the field or laboratory. Such a build-test-fix approach to product development is now well documented to be inefficient and wasteful. We present updated definitions of technology readiness levels (TRLs) based on the lean and design-for-six-sigma product design methodology, a radical departure from the “build-test-fix” methodology of conventional TRLs. We argue that the iterative build-test-fix approach of cyclic rework is costly to product development, as well as, downstream manufacturing and services. We call our updated TRL the L-TRL, for Lean TRL. Consistent with our L-TRL, we also present updated definitions for Manufacturing Readiness Levels (MRLs) to address lean and six-sigma manufacturing principles. Hence we call them L-MRL. We address a void in the literature and unveil definitions for service readiness levels (SRLs).
9
Sabyrbekov, Rahat. "Software Development in Kyrgyzstan: Potential Source of Economic Growth." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c02.00256.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years, software development in the Kyrgyz Republic demonstrated 60-70% growth rate. Kyrgyz software products are exported to Central Asian neighbors and to the Western countries such as Italy, Australia and Holland. With the highest Internet penetration in the region and pool of qualified staff Kyrgyzstan has real chances to sustain the growth rate of the industry. Moreover, the cheap labor creates comparative advantage for local software producers. The break-up the Soviet Union lead to bankruptcies of traditional industries in the Kyrgyz Republic and thousands of highly qualified engineers were left unemployed. Simultaneously since independence Kyrgyz government implemented number of reforms to encourage development of Information and Communication Technologies which lead to the establishment of ICT infrastructure in the region.
The paper analyzes the development trend of the software production industry in the Kyrgyz Republic. We will also overview international experience as in the leading software producers as well as in neighboring countries. The study also builds projections for the next decade and draw on certain policy implications. In addition the paper will provide policy recommendations. The data used is from by the Association on IT companies, questionnaires, National Statistics Committee, Word Bank and Asian Development Bank.
10
FREIMANIS, Kristaps, and Maija ŠENFELDE. "METHODOLOGY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF REGULATION COSTS IN THE BANKING MARKET." In International Scientific Conference „Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Economics Engineering". Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cibmee.2021.600.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – In the field of the economics’ regulation researchers so far have built the conceptual framework showing how the deadweight loss of market failures decrease and costs of the government intervention increase with the increased level of the government intervention. In order to quantify relationships between the level of intervention, intervention costs and the deadweight loss with econometric models it is important to understand how to quantify the regulation costs as a part of intervention costs. The objective of the research presented in this paper is to find the appropriate methodology for the quantification of the regulation costs in the banking market. Research methodology – literature review (regarding theories), mathematical methods for quantification and econometric methods for validation purposes. Findings – research shows that in the assessment of regulation costs three main stakeholders should be included – microprudential regulator, macroprudential regulator and financial regulation’s policy maker. Research presents their cost assessment methodology. Its validation shows that in general methodology works as expected, i.e., higher government intervention levels lead to higher regulation costs, however this general rule has exceptions, which in authors’ view indicates that other factors have an impact on the cost levels. Research limitations – research shows how to assess the costs of main stakeholders based on the publicly available information. More precise view could be obtained if in the cooperation with authorities more details on certain cost items are received. Practical implications – research results will be used to assess all government intervention costs (other positions include compliance costs and other indirect costs) and finalize the quantification of the framework. Quantified framework could be used for more precise policy making regarding the regulation of the banking market. Originality/Value – research shows how to quantify the regulation costs of the banking market as currently there are only conceptual ideas.
Reports on the topic "Bank failures – Government policy"
1
Levine, M. D., J. G. Koomey, J. E. McMahon, A. H. Sanstad, and E. Hirst. Energy efficiency, market failures, and government policy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10146704.
Full text
2
Palatiello, Brett, and Philip Pinkington. Government Deficits and Interest Rates: A Keynesian View. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp183.
Full textAbstract:
We test the neoclassical loanable funds model which postulates that, ceteris paribus, government borrowing increases the long-term rate of interest. The empirical literature exploring such a connection remains largely mixed. We clarify the conflicting results by deploying an ARDL model to decompose the relationship in the United States into long and short-run effects across multiple measures of the government deficit and long-term interest rate. We find a tendency for changes in the deficit to increase long-term interest rates in the short run but the effect is reversed in the long run. We argue that these results are consistent with John Maynard Keynes’ view of the long-term rate as being heavily influenced by monetary policy, central bank credibility and market convention.
3
Felipe, Jesus, Scott Fullwiler, Gemma Estrada, Maria Hanna Jaber, Mary Ann Magadia, and Remrick Patagan. How “Monetization” Really Works—Examples from Nations’ Policy Responses to COVID-19. Asian Development Bank, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps200368-2.
Full textAbstract:
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has forced governments to provide stimulus packages amid falling tax revenues, prompting debate on “monetization” of government debt. Drawing on selected country experiences, this paper shows through actual central bank operations and accounting that “monetization,” commonly equated with “printing money,” is operationally impossible and that inflationary concerns are misplaced.
4
Kekovole, John. Components of Kenya's future population growth and population policy implications. Population Council, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy1996.1006.
Full textAbstract:
The world’s population has grown rapidly from about 2.5 billion in 1950 to a current size of 5.8 billion. As noted in this report, most of the increase has been recorded in the developing countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin America due to continued high fertility in the face of reductions in levels of mortality. Kenya provides a unique opportunity to study the impact of various policy options on future population growth. The primary objective of this study is to measure the impact of different causes of continued population growth on Kenya’s future size and to formulate appropriate policy measures to minimize the adverse socioeconomic consequences of population growth. This study briefly reviews population policies pursued by the Kenyan government since the formulation of the first such policy in 1967. Projections made by the World Bank and the United Nations are summarized, and a new set of projections is presented to highlight the contributions of the different causes of future growth. The study concludes with policy implications emanating from this analysis.
5
Oduncu, Arif. Country Diagnostic Study – The Kyrgyz Republic. Islamic Development Bank Institute, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55780/rp21001.
Full textAbstract:
The Country Diagnostic Study (CDS) for the Kyrgyz Republic uses the Hausmann-Rodrik-Velasco growth diagnostics model to identify the binding constraints being faced in its quest for higher and more sustained economic growth and make recommendations to relax these constraints. Hence, the findings of the CDS can help the Islamic Development Bank in identifying areas where it can have a greater impact and provide an evidence-basis to support the development of the Member Country Partnership Strategy (MCPS). During the last two decades, the Kyrgyz Republic has recorded low performance in economic development. The country recorded only 3.0 percent of average annual Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)-adjusted Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita growth from 2000 to 2019. The Kyrgyz Republic is facing several economic and social problems that are challenging its economic development model. This CDS report shows that the most binding constraints to inclusive and sustainable growth include i) low human capital, ii) poor infrastructure, iii) government and market failures, and iv) high cost of capital. The Kyrgyz development model’s performance is a subject of concern not only for the government and other local stakeholders but also for the technical and financial partners of the Kyrgyz Republic, including the Islamic Development Bank. The MCPS aims to contribute to the global efforts made by the Kyrgyz Republic to meet its economic and social needs through leveraging opportunities offered by the new business model of the Bank. Given the Kyrgyz Republic’s positives, the Bank can consider financing transport, energy and ICT infrastructure projects and supporting manufacturing and agricultural sectors to assist economic growth.
6
Lozano-Espitia, Ignacio, and Fernando Arias-Rodríguez. The Relationship between Fiscal and Monetary Policies in Colombia: An Empirical Exploration of the Credit Risk Channel. Banco de la República, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1196.
Full textAbstract:
This paper aims to provide evidence on the relationship between fiscal and monetary policy in Colombia through an empirical exploration of the credit risk channel. Under this approach, fiscal policy plays an important explanatory role in the sovereign risk premium, which, in turn, could affect the exchange rate and inflation expectations. The Central Bank reacts to inflation expectations using the policy interest rate; consequently, such reaction could be indirectly influenced by fiscal behavior. Using monthly data from January 2003 to December 2019, we estimate both jointly and independently the reduced-form core equations of a system that describes the credit risk channel in a small open economy. Our findings are in line with the model predictions. Fiscal policy affected the country’s sovereign risk during this period, but only slightly. Hence, there is insufcient evidence to sustain the idea that monetary policy has been signifcantly influenced by government fiscal management.
7
Kaye, Tom, Caspar Groeneveld, Caitlin Moss, and Björn Haßler. Nepal “Ask me anything” Session: Responses to audience questions. EdTech Hub, May 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53832/edtechhub.0014.
Full textAbstract:
On Thursday, 30 April 2020, the EdTech Hub participated in an “Ask me anything” session for policy-makers and funders in Nepal. The session focused on designing high-quality, effective, distance education programmes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants included high-level officials from the Nepalese government (e.g., the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, the Curriculum Development Office and the Education Review Office), representatives from development partners (e.g., the World Bank, UNICEF and USAID) and other education organisations (e.g., OLE Nepal). The session was convened for two purposes. First, to consider international good practice and current trends in distance education during the COVID-19 pandemic, presented by the World Bank EduTech team and the EdTech Hub. Second, for the EdTech Hub team to gather questions from participants, to be able to target guidance specifically to the situation in Nepal. This document provides answers to a consolidated list of 10 questions received from stakeholders during the session. To consolidate any overlap, we have occasionally combined multiple questions into one. In other cases, where multiple important issues required a focused response, we split apart questions.
8
Cristia, Julian P., Pedro Bernal, Julieth Santamaria, Paula Algarra, Carolina Bernal, Lisseth Escalante, Andrés Gallegos, et al. A Cost-Benefit Analysis of Selected Digital Projects in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004525.
Full textAbstract:
The increase in access to digital technologies is opening up opportunities for governments in Latin America and the Caribbean to offer digital public services. However, there is scarce evidence regarding the benefits and costs of potential projects which makes it difficult for governments in the region to prioritize digital projects for implementation. As part of the report titled “Digitalizing Public Services: Opportunities for Latin America and the Caribbean,” produced by the Inter-American Development Bank (Cristia and Vlaicu, 2022), a set of cost-benefit analyses of the digital public services were performed. The present document complements the mentioned report by presenting the methodology, assumptions, and results of these cost-benefit analyses. To increase the comparability of the results across digital public services evaluated, common assumptions and a standardized methodology were used. Moreover, contextual conditions were fixed across projects by estimating results for a base country, Peru. The robustness of the results were examined by replicating the analysis for Chile, El Salvador, and Jamaica. Digital public services were evaluated in three sectors: education, health and government administrative services (e.g. production of identity cards). For each sector, the benefits and costs of two digital projects were estimated. For some these digital projects, only one policy option was assessed but, in other cases, several policy options were analyzed. A total of 11 policy options were assessed as part of this exercise. Results indicate that, in general, the policy options analyzed produced positive net present values. However, there is wide variation in the net present value across policy options suggesting that governments should carefully evaluate which digital public services they should prioritize for implementation.
9
Mahdavian, Farnaz. Germany Country Report. University of Stavanger, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.180.
Full textAbstract:
Germany is a parliamentary democracy (The Federal Government, 2021) with two politically independent levels of 1) Federal (Bund) and 2) State (Länder or Bundesländer), and has a highly differentiated decentralized system of Government and administration (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit, 2021). The 16 states in Germany have their own government and legislations which means the federal authority has the responsibility of formulating policy, and the states are responsible for implementation (Franzke, 2020). The Federal Government supports the states in dealing with extraordinary danger and the Federal Ministry of the Interior (BMI) supports the states' operations with technology, expertise and other services (Federal Ministry of Interior, Building and Community, 2020). Due to the decentralized system of government, the Federal Government does not have the power to impose pandemic emergency measures. In the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, in order to slowdown the spread of coronavirus, on 16 March 2020 the federal and state governments attempted to harmonize joint guidelines, however one month later State governments started to act more independently (Franzke & Kuhlmann, 2021). In Germany, health insurance is compulsory and more than 11% of Germany’s GDP goes into healthcare spending (Federal Statistical Office, 2021). Health related policy at the federal level is the primary responsibility of the Federal Ministry of Health. This ministry supervises institutions dealing with higher level of public health including the Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), the Paul-Ehrlich-Institute (PEI), the Robert Koch Institute (RKI) and the Federal Centre for Health Education (Federal Ministry of Health, 2020). The first German National Pandemic Plan (NPP), published in 2005, comprises two parts. Part one, updated in 2017, provides a framework for the pandemic plans of the states and the implementation plans of the municipalities, and part two, updated in 2016, is the scientific part of the National Pandemic Plan (Robert Koch Institut, 2017). The joint Federal-State working group on pandemic planning was established in 2005. A pandemic plan for German citizens abroad was published by the German Foreign Office on its website in 2005 (Robert Koch Institut, 2017). In 2007, the federal and state Governments, under the joint leadership of the Federal Ministry of the Interior and the Federal Ministry of Health, simulated influenza pandemic exercise called LÜKEX 07, and trained cross-states and cross-department crisis management (Bundesanstalt Technisches Hilfswerk, 2007b). In 2017, within the context of the G20, Germany ran a health emergency simulation exercise with representatives from WHO and the World Bank to prepare for future pandemic events (Federal Ministry of Health et al., 2017). By the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, on 27 February 2020, a joint crisis team of the Federal Ministry of the Interior (BMI) and the Federal Ministry of Health (BMG) was established (Die Bundesregierung, 2020a). On 4 March 2020 RKI published a Supplement to the National Pandemic Plan for COVID-19 (Robert Koch Institut, 2020d), and on 28 March 2020, a law for the protection of the population in an epidemic situation of national scope (Infektionsschutzgesetz) came into force (Bundesgesundheitsministerium, 2020b). In the first early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, Germany managed to slow down the speed of the outbreak but was less successful in dealing with the second phase. Coronavirus-related information and measures were communicated through various platforms including TV, radio, press conferences, federal and state government official homepages, social media and applications. In mid-March 2020, the federal and state governments implemented extensive measures nationwide for pandemic containment. Step by step, social distancing and shutdowns were enforced by all Federal States, involving closing schools, day-cares and kindergartens, pubs, restaurants, shops, prayer services, borders, and imposing a curfew. To support those affected financially by the pandemic, the German Government provided large economic packages (Bundesministerium der Finanzen, 2020). These measures have adopted to the COVID-19 situation and changed over the pandemic. On 22 April 2020, the clinical trial of the corona vaccine was approved by Paul Ehrlich Institute, and in late December 2020, the distribution of vaccination in Germany and all other EU countries
10
Carrera-Marquis, Daniela, Marisela Canache, and Franklin Espiga. Open configuration options Hurricane Dorian “AT-A-GLANCE” Assessment of the Effects and Impacts DALA Visualization. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004056.
Full textAbstract:
fter hurricane Dorian and the provision of initial emergency services, the government of The Bahamas asked the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) to assess the resulting damage, losses and additional costs. The IDB requested the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) for technical assistance with the assessment. The report, Assessment of the Effects and Impacts of HURRICANE DORIAN in THE BAHAMAS, published in August 2020 presents the results in detail (1). It also brings recommendations to guide a resilient reconstruction process that can reduce vulnerabilities and risks for the population and for every sector of the economy. Since 2015, it is the fourth assessment in this kind conducted by IDB and ECLAC in The Bahamas. The Bahamas Country Office Preparedness Recovery and Reconstruction Team (P2RCT) has prepared a visual summary of the Assessment of the Effects and Impacts of HURRICANE DORIAN in THE BAHAMAS. This brief will facilitate the dissemination and awareness of key information related to The Bahamas vulnerability to the effects of natural disasters, as well as emphasize the need to strengthen efforts in policy management and disaster risk management (DRM) to achieve greater levels of resilience and risk mitigation. The HURRICANE DORIAN “AT-A-AGLANCE” Assessment of the Effects and Impacts DALA Visualization document, collects economic data and the most relevant aspects of the work carried out during the field sessions, with IDB and ECLAC experts analysis and recommendations.